ISSN 1981-5786 Março 2011
Referências de uma pesquisa e suas indicações
Santa Cruz do Sul - RS
Exemplares desta publicação podem ser adquiridos na: Afubra Rua Júlio de Castilhos – 1021 CEP: 96810-156 – Santa Cruz do Sul – RS Telefone: (0xx51)3713-7700 Web Site: www.afubra.com.br E-mail: afubra@afubra.com.br 1ª edição 1ª impressão (2011): tiragem: 14.000 exemplares Todos os direitos reservados. A reprodução não autorizada desta publicação, no todo ou em parte, constitui violação dos direitos autorais ( Lei nº 9.610). Destacado agradecimento a todos que contribuíram e continuam contribuindo para o desenvolvimento do projeto.
SUMÁRIO CRTGUGPVCÑ’Q"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000028 3"KPVTQFWÑ’Q"CQ"EWNVKXQ"FQ"IKTCUUQN"00000000000000000000002: 4"RTQFWÑ’Q"CIT¯EQNC00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002; 403"Eqpfkèùgu"enkoâvkecu"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002; 404"Eqpfkèùgu"fq"uqnq"rctc"q"ewnvkxq000000000000000000000000000000000000000032 405"Ukuvgocu"fg"ugogcfwtc"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000032 40503"Ugogcfwtc"eqpxgpekqpcn"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000032 40504"Ugogcfwtc"fktgvc"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000034 406"Eqpvtqng"fg"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000035 40603"Oêvqfqu"fg"eqpvtqng"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000036 407"Cfwdcèçq000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000037 408"Örqec"fg"ugogcfwtc"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000039 40803"Tgeqogpfcèùgu"rctc"woc"dqc"ugogcfwtc"000000000000000000039 409"Fgpukfcfg"g"gurcècogpvq"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003: 40:"Rtkpekrcku"fqgpècu"g"rtcicu"pcu"ncxqwtcu"gzrgtkogpvcku"03; 40:03"Fqgpècu"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003; 40:04"Rtcicu"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000043 5"EQNJGKVC"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000046 6"IKTCUUQN"G"CRKEWNVWTC"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004: 603"Rtqfwèçq"fg"ogn"g"ugogpvgu"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004; 7"EWUVQ"FG"RTQFWÑ’Q"G"TGPVCDKNKFCFG FQ"IKTCUUQN"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000053 Vcdgnc"40"Ewuvq"fg"Rtqfwèçq"/"Oêfkc"fg"39"Ncxqwtcu"fg Iktcuuqn"*uchtc"422:1422;+"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000054 703"Tgpvcdknkfcfg000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000055 8"TGUWNVCFQU"FC"EWNVWTC"FG"IKTCUUQN"PCU"TGIK÷GU" FQ"XCNG"FQ"TKQ"RCTFQ"G"FQ"XCNG"FQ"VCSWCTK"00000000000056
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9"GZVTCÑ’Q"FG"łNGQ"FQ"IKTCUUQN"0000000000000000000000000000000057 :""RTQFWÑ’Q"FG"DKQFKGUGN"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000059 ;"CRTQXGKVCOGPVQ"FC"INKEGTKPC"PC"RTQFWÑ’Q"FG UCD’Q"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000062 32"WUQ"FG"DKQFKGUGN"GO"OQVQTGU"FKGUGN"0000000000000000000063 33"VQTVC"FG"IKTCUUQN"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000066 3303"Ectcevgtîuvkecu"dtqocvônqikecu"000000000000000000000000000000000000000066 3304"Tgeqogpfcèçq"fg"wuq"fc"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn"pc cnkogpvcèçq"cpkocn000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000067 34"RTQEGUUCOGPVQ"FG"GODWVKFQU"G"FG"RTQFWVQU NıEVGQU"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006: 3403"Hqtowncèçq"fg"fkhgtgpvgu"swgklqu"00000000000000000000000000000000000073 3404"Hqtowncèçq"fg"fqeg"fg"ngkvg"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000075 EQPUKFGTCÑ÷GU"HKPCKU"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000075 DKDNKQITCHKCU"EQPUWNVCFCU"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000078
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APRESENTAÇÃO Q"rtgugpvg"dqngvko"vêepkeq"tgûpg"kphqtocèùgu."qdugtxcèùgu" g"crtgpfk|cfqu"cwhgtkfqu"go"rguswkuc"tgcnk|cfc"eqo"c"ewnvwtc" fq"iktcuuqn."gurgekhkecogpvg"pc"âtgc"fg"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn" kpvgitcfc" ä" rtqfwèçq" fg" cnkogpvqu0" Crtgugpvc" tghgtgpekcku" citqpõokequ."eqnjkfqu"go"cvkxkfcfgu"fg"ecorq."uqdtg"rtqeguuqu" g"ogecpkuoqu"wvknk|cfqu"pq"dgpghkekcogpvq"fqu"itçqu."uqdtg"c" rtqfwèçq"g"c"wvknk|cèçq"fq"dkqfkgugn"go"oqvqtgu."dgo"eqoq"uqdtg" c"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn"wvknk|cfc"eqoq"dcug"fg"uwrtkogpvq""cnkogpvct"fg" cpkocku"fg"ngkvg"g"fg"eqtvg."gpvtg"qwvtqu"eqpjgekogpvqu"xqnvcfqu" c"citgict"xcnqt"ä"ocvêtkc/rtkoc"qtkikpcn"g"tgkpugtèçq"pq"ekenq"fc" rtqrtkgfcfg" *eqpuwoq" rtôrtkq+0" Pq" curgevq" qticpk|cekqpcn." qu" guvwfqu"g"cu"cèùgu"hqtco"eqpfw|kfqu"uqd"q"oqfgnq"cuuqekcvkxq" g"eqqrgtcvkxq0 Vtcvc/ug"fg"wo"vtcdcnjq"rkqpgktq"pc"tgikçq."pwoc"kpvgitcèçq" fg" qticpk|cèùgu" rûdnkecu" g" rtkxcfcu." pq" swcn" ug" fguvceco" c" CHWDTC." eqoq" rtqvciqpkuvc." c" WPKUE." eqoq" rctegktc" hwpfc/ ogpvcn."g."q"Okpkuvêtkq"fq"Fgugpxqnxkogpvq"Citâtkq"*OFC+."eqoq" crqkcfqt" hkpcpegktq0" Gpxqnxg" owpkeîrkqu" fq" Xcng" fq" Vcswctk" g" fq"Xcng"fq"Tkq"Rctfq."ôtiçqu"fg"cuukuvípekc"vêepkec"g"gzvgpuçq" twtcn."eqoq"c"Gocvgt1TU."ôtiçqu"fg"rguswkuc."eqoq"c"Godtcrc." g"egpvgpcu"fg"rtqfwvqtgu"twtcku0 Guvg" dqngvko" ê" tguwnvcfq" fg" woc" kpxguvkicèçq" tgcnk|cfc" c" rctvkt"fq"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fg"gzrgtkípekcu"g"guvwfqu"gpxqnxgpfq" vêepkequ"g"eqncdqtcfqtgu."gpvtg"qu"swcku"fguvcecoqu"qu"citkewn/ vqtgu."hwokewnvqtgu"rctegktqu"fguvc"rguswkuc0 Eqo"guvg"dqngvko"vêepkeq."vgo/ug"q"kpvwkvq"fg"uqekcnk|ct"guvg" crtgpfk|cfq"g"eqpvtkdwkt"eqo"cswgngu"swg"vkxgtgo"kpvgtguug"go" crtqhwpfct" q" guvwfq" qw." oguoq." eqo" qu" swg" swgktco" kpxguvkt" pguvc"cvkxkfcfg"eqo"hkpu"geqpõokequ."dwuecpfq"c"fkxgtukhkecèçq" rtqfwvkxc" g" woc" tgpfc" eqorngogpvct" cq" vcdceq" g" c" qwvtcu" ewnvwtcu"g"cvkxkfcfgu0 Ecdg"tguucnvct."ckpfc."swg"c"rguswkuc"ug"kpugtg"pq"Rtqitcoc" Pcekqpcn" fg" Crqkq" ä" Fkxgtukhkecèçq" go" ıtgcu" Ewnvkxcfcu" eqo"
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q" Vcdceq." fq" Okpkuvêtkq" fq" Fgugpxqnxkogpvq" Citâtkq." etkcfq" g" korngogpvcfq"rgnq"iqxgtpq"hgfgtcn."go"4227."eqo"q"rtqrôukvq" fg" crqkct" qu" hwokewnvqtgu" pc" dwuec" fg" wo" ukuvgoc" rtqfwvkxq" fkxgtukhkecfq"g"uwuvgpvâxgn."vgpfq"go"xkuvc"c"tcvkhkecèçq"fq"Dtcukn" ä"Eqpxgpèçq/Swcftq"rctc"q"Eqpvtqng"fq"Vcdceq"*ESEV+0 Ucnkgpvc/ug."vcodêo."swg"guvg"rtqlgvq"hc|"rctvg"fc"jkuvôtkc"fg" ocku"fg"ogkq"uêewnq"fc"CHWDTC."hqogpvcpfq"c"fkxgtukhkecèçq" g" dwuecpfq" cnvgtpcvkxcu" geqpõokecu" xkâxgku" pqtvgcfcu" rgnc" uwuvgpvcdknkfcfg0"Ecdg"fguvcect."ckpfc."c"korqtvcpvg"eqpvtkdwkèçq" codkgpvcn"cq"uwduvkvwkt"q"ôngq"fg"qtkigo"hôuukn"rqt"dkqfkgugn0" Gurgtcoqu." eqo" guvc" rwdnkecèçq." fct" pquuc" eqpvtkdwkèçq" rctc"guenctgegt"fûxkfcu"g1qw"crtqhwpfct"eqpjgekogpvqu"uqdtg"q" cuuwpvq."c"swgo"rquuc"kpvgtguuct0 Heitor Alvaro Petry Coordenador do Projeto
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1 INTRODUÇÃO AO CULTIVO DO GIRASSOL Eqpukfgtcpfq" qu" qdlgvkxqu" fq" guvwfq" xqnvcfq" ä" rtqfwèçq" fg" dkqgpgtikc" g" cnkogpvqu." qrvqw/ug" rgnq" iktcuuqn" rqt" ugt" woc" ewnvwtc"fg"ectcevgtîuvkec"xgtuâvkn0"Gng"rquuwk"cnvq"vgqt"fg"ôngq"pqu" itçqu."hwpfcogpvcn"rctc"c"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn."ocu"vcodêo"ê" rquuîxgn"wvknk|â/nq"⁄"g"owkvq"tgeqogpfcfq"/"pc"ewnkpâtkc0"Lâ"c"vqtvc" qw"q"hctgnq."rgnq"ugw"gngxcfq"vgqt"fg"rtqvgîpc."ê"gzegngpvg"rctc" q"uwrtkogpvq"cnkogpvct"fg"cpkocku"fg"ngkvg"g"fg"eqtvg0"Rqfg/ug." ckpfc."cetguegpvct"q"rqvgpekcn"fc"hnqt"fq"iktcuuqn"rctc"c"cvkxkfcfg" crîeqnc0" Q" iktcuuqn" rqfg" ugt" wvknk|cfq" eqoq" cnvgtpcvkxc" rctc" c" tqvcèçq" fg" ewnvwtcu." rqfgpfq" ugt" kpugtkfq" pc" rtqrtkgfcfg" fg" hqtoc"cuuqekcfc"c"xâtkcu"qwvtcu"cvkxkfcfgu"rtqfwvkxcu."hc|gpfq" c"kpvgtcèçq"gpvtg"c"ncxqwtc"g"c"rtqfwèçq"cpkocn."qdlgvkxcpfq"c" rtqfwèçq"fg"cnkogpvqu"g"fg"kpuwoqu"rctc"c"rtqrtkgfcfg0 Q" iktcuuqn" *Heliantus annuus" N0+" ê" ewnvkxcfq" go" vqfqu" qu" eqpvkpgpvgu" g" ug" fguvcec" eqoq" qngcikpquc" fg" hâekn" cfcrvcèçq" äu"fkhgtgpvgu"eqpfkèùgu"fg"enkoc"g"fg"uqnq."ugpfq."rqt"kuuq."woc" gzegngpvg" qrèçq" pq" ukuvgoc" fg" tqvcèçq" fg" ewnvwtcu0" Q" ôngq" fg" iktcuuqn" crtgugpvc" owkvcu" swcnkfcfgu" pwvtkekqpcku0" Rquuwk." rqt" kuuq."hwpèùgu"korqtvcpvgu"rctc"c"ucûfg"jwocpc0"Go"oêfkc."ecfc" vqpgncfc"fg"itçqu"rtqfw|"622"mi"fg"ôngq"g"822"mi"fg"vqtvc"*swcpfq" c" gzvtcèçq" qeqttg" rqt" rtgpucigo" ogeãpkec+0" Pqtocnogpvg." c" vqtvc"rquuwk"fg"44"c"48'"fg"rtqvgîpc"dtwvc."fqpfg"tguwnvc"uwc" kpfkecèçq"rctc"ugt"wvknk|cfc"eqoq"kpitgfkgpvg"go"tcèçq"cpkocn0" Ö" korqtvcpvg" cuuqekct" c" rtqfwèçq" fg" ewnvkxq" fq" iktcuuqn" ä" crkewnvwtc."ugpfq"rquuîxgn"q"kpetgogpvq"fc"rtqfwèçq"fg"ogn"g" fg"rôngp0 Q"ekenq"fc"ewnvwtc"xctkc"fg";2"c"352"fkcu."eqphqtog"c"ewnvkxct"g"c" êrqec"fg"ugogcfwtc."eqodkpcfcu"äu"eqpfkèùgu"gfchqenkoâvkecu" fg" ecfc" tgikçq0"Cu" ectcevgtîuvkecu" fc" rncpvc" uçq<" ecwng" gtgvq." tck|" rkxqvcpvg" g" dcuvcpvg" tcokhkecfc." ä" swcn" gzrnqtc" itcpfgu" rtqhwpfkfcfgu0""C"kphnqtgueípekc"ê"wo"ecrîvwnq."ugpfq"woc"rncpvc" fg" rqnkpk|cèçq" etw|cfc." hgkvc" rgnq" xgpvq" g." rtkpekrcnogpvg." rqt" kpugvqu."eqoq"cdgnjc"*GODTCRC."4222+0
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2 PRODUÇÃO AGRÍCOLA C" gzrgtkípekc" fq" citkewnvqt" g" qu" korngogpvqu" citîeqncu" g" kpuwoqu"wvknk|cfqu"pq"ewnvkxq"fg"hgklçq."oknjq"g"uqlc"uçq."vcodêo." c" dcug" fg" ewnvkxq" fq" iktcuuqn0" Rqtêo." rctc" cnecpèct" ognjqtgu" tguwnvcfqu" ê" rtgekuq" vgt" wo" eqpjgekogpvq" ocku" rtqhwpfq" g" gurgeîhkeq" fcu" ectcevgtîuvkecu" g" gzkiípekcu" fguuc" ewnvwtc0" Q" rtqeguuq"kpkekc"eqo"c"gueqnjc"eqttgvc"fc"âtgc"rctc"c"korncpvcèçq" fc"ncxqwtc0""Ö"korqtvcpvg"swg"q"citkewnvqt"dwuswg"cu"qtkgpvcèùgu" fg"ocpglq."dgo"eqoq"c"tgeqogpfcèçq"fg"ewnvkxctgu"cfgswcfcu" rctc" uwc" tgikçq." cvtcxêu" fqu" ugtxkèqu" fg" cuukuvípekc" vêepkec" gurgekcnk|cfc"pc"ewnvwtc0 2.1 Condições climáticas Q"iktcuuqn"ug"cfcrvc"go"fkxgtucu"tgikùgu"fq"Dtcukn."vqngtcpfq" dckzcu"vgorgtcvwtcu"g"rgtîqfqu"fg"guvtguug"jîftkeq0 Rctc" woc" igtokpcèçq" ucvkuhcvôtkc." c" vgorgtcvwtc" fq" uqnq" fgxg"ugt"fg."pq"oîpkoq."32£E0"Vgorgtcvwtcu"ogpqtgu"rqfgtçq" tgvctfct"g"cvê"oguoq"kpkdkt"c"igtokpcèçq."tguwnvcpfq"go"ncxqwtcu" fguwpkhqtogu"g"eqo"dckzc"rqrwncèçq"fg"rncpvcu0""" C"hckzc"fg"vgorgtcvwtc"fg"32"c"56£E"ê"vqngtcfc"rgnq"iktcuuqn." rqtêo"c"vgorgtcvwtc"kfgcn"rctc"q"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"ukvwc/ug"gpvtg" 49" g" 4:£E0"Vgorgtcvwtcu" gngxcfcu" *cekoc" fg" 57£E+" fwtcpvg" c" hqtocèçq"fqu"itçqu"ngxco"ä"tgfwèçq"fq"vgqt"fg"ôngq"g"chgvco"c" uwc"eqorqukèçq0 Ö"fkhîekn"rtgekuct"cu"pgeguukfcfgu"jîftkecu"fq"iktcuuqn."ocu" rtgekrkvcèùgu" gpvtg" 722" g" 922" oo" fg" âiwc" dgo" fkuvtkdwîfqu" fwtcpvg" q" ekenq" rtqrqtekqpco" ôvkoqu" tgpfkogpvqu0" Woc" dqc" wokfcfg" fq" uqnq" ê" hwpfcogpvcn" fwtcpvg" c" igtokpcèçq" ä" gogtiípekc" rctc" qdvgt" woc" dqc" wpkhqtokfcfg" pc" rqrwncèçq" fg" rncpvcu0" " Cu" hcugu" ocku" ugpuîxgku" cq" fêhkekv" jîftkeq" guvçq" tgncekqpcfcu"cq"rgtîqfq"fg"hnqtcèçq"c"hqtocèçq"fq"ecrîvwnq"g"fc" hqtocèçq"fq"ecrîvwnq"cvê"c"hqtocèçq"fq"itçq0"Fg"hqtoc"rtâvkec." guug"rgtîqfq"ê"eqortggpfkfq"gpvtg"32"g"37"fkcu"cpvgu"fq"kpîekq" fq"hnqtguekogpvq"g"gpvtg"32"g"37"fkcu"crôu"q"hkpcn"fc"hnqtcèçq0
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Qdugtxqw/ug." vcodêo." cvtcxêu" fcu" ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku" tgcnk|cfcu"gpvtg"cu"uchtcu"422814229"g"422;14232."swg"c"ewnvwtc" fq" iktcuuqn" crtgugpvc" woc" dqc" vqngtãpekc" cq" fêhkekv" jîftkeq." gurgekcnogpvg"ug"eqorctcfq"eqo"qwvtcu"ewnvwtcu"go"eqpfkèùgu" ugognjcpvgu0 2.2 Condições do solo para o cultivo Rctc" qdvgt" ognjqtgu" tguwnvcfqu" pc" ncxqwtc" fg" iktcuuqn" ê" korqtvcpvg"swg"c"âtgc"gueqnjkfc"eqpvgorng"eqpfkèùgu"eqoq< /"rJ"fg"7.4"c"8.6= /"uqnq"rtqhwpfq= /"uqnq"dgo/ftgpcfq= /"uqnq"hêtvkn= /"uqnq"dgo/guvtwvwtcfq0 "C" " cekfg|" fq" uqnq" fgxg" ugt" xgtkhkecfc" cvtcxêu" fg" cpânkug." fgxkfcogpvg"kpvgtrtgvcfc."eqo"dcuvcpvg"cpvgegfípekc0"C"eqttgèçq." go" ecuq" fg" swcnswgt" cpqtocnkfcfg." ê" kortguekpfîxgn0" Uqnqu" tcuqu"qw"eqo"rtqdngocu"fg"eqorcevcèçq"fkhkewnvco"qw"korgfgo" q" fgugpxqnxkogpvq" pqtocn" fq" ukuvgoc" tcfkewnct." kpfkurgpuâxgn" rctc" woc" cfgswcfc" uwuvgpvcèçq" fcu" rncpvcu0" " Dqc" ftgpcigo" g"guvtwvwtc"fq"uqnq"uçq"korqtvcpvgu"rctc"q"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fq" iktcuuqn0" Fgxg/ug" gxkvct" gzeguuq" fg" wokfcfg." ocpvgpfq" âiwc" fkurqpîxgn" pqu" rgtîqfqu" fg" ockqt" ecnqt" qw" pgeguukfcfg" fc" rncpvc0 Swcpvq"cq"vkrq"fg"uqnq."q"iktcuuqn"pçq"crtgugpvc"tguvtkèùgu." fgufg" swg" crtgugpvg" cu" ectcevgtîuvkecu" g" eqpfkèùgu" ogpekq/ pcfcu0"""" 2.3 Sistemas de semeadura 2.3.1 Semeadura convencional Rctc" vgt" woc" dqc" igtokpcèçq" g" gogtiípekc" wpkhqtog" fcu" ugogpvgu."fgxg"ugt"tgcnk|cfq"wo"dqo"rtgrctq"fq"uqnq0"Q"iktcuuqn" rqfg"ugt"ewnvkxcfq"go"ukuvgoc"fg"ugogcfwtc"eqpxgpekqpcn"qw"
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fg"ugogcfwtc"fktgvc0 Tgeqogpfc/ug"swg."cpvgu"fq"ewnvkxq"fq"iktcuuqn."go"ecuq"fg" pq"nqecn"vgt"ukfq"ewnvkxcfq"qwvtc"ewnvwtc."uglc"hgkvc"c"kpeqtrqtcèçq" fqu"tguvqu"xgigvcku"swg"guvçq"pc"uwrgthîekg"fq"uqnq0"Q"vtcdcnjq" rqfg"ugt"tgcnk|cfq"eqo"woc"itcfcigo"ngxg0 Qwvtc"rtâvkec"wucfc"ê"c"ctcèçq"fq"uqnq."swg"rqfg"ugt"hgkvc"eqo" ctcfq"fg"fkueq"qw"fg"ckxgec0"Guuc"qrgtcèçq"vgo"rqt"hkpcnkfcfg" tqorgt" c" ecocfc" eqorcevcfc." ognjqtct" c" kpeqtrqtcèçq" fqu" tguvqu" xgigvcku." tgfw|kt" c" kpekfípekc" fg" rtcicu" g" fqgpècu" g" c" gogtiípekc"fg"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu."dgo"eqoq"rtqrqtekqpct"ognjqt" ecrvcèçq"g"tgvgpèçq"fg"âiwc0 Ckpfc." go" ecuq" fg" uqnqu" eqorcevcfqu." tgeqogpfc/ug" c" uwduqncigo."tgcnk|cfc"eqo"uwduqncfqtgu"vkrq"›rê"fg"rcvqfi0 Crôu"c"ctcèçq"qw"c"uwduqncigo."fgxg"ugt"hgkvc"woc"itcfcigo" eqo" c" hkpcnkfcfg" fg" eqttkikt" cu" kttgiwnctkfcfgu" fc" uwrgthîekg" g" fgkzct" q" uqnq" rtgrctcfq" rctc" c" tgcnk|cèçq" fc" ugogcfwtc." qw" uglc."fguvqttqcfq"g"wpkhqtog0"Guuc"qrgtcèçq"fgxg"ugt"hgkvc"eqo" q"ogpqt"pûogtq"rquuîxgn"fg"itcfcigpu"ngxgu0 Crôu" guucu" gvcrcu." ê" tgcnk|cfc" c" ugogcfwtc" uqdtg" q" uqnq" fgxkfcogpvg"pkxgncfq"g"fguvqttqcfq."eqphqtog"oquvtc"c"Figura 10
Figura1. Semeadura convencional de girassol. Lavoura experimental do produtor Hedio Borhz, no município de Sinimbu - RS.
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2.3.2 Semeadura direta Hwpfcogpvc/ug"pc"cwuípekc"fg"rtgrctq"fq"uqnq."kuvq"ê."ugo" rtêxkq"tgxqnxkogpvq."g"pc"eqdgtvwtc"rgtocpgpvg"fq"uqnq"cvtcxêu"fc" tqvcèçq"fg"ewnvwtcu0"C"oqdknk|cèçq"fq"uqnq"ê"tgcnk|cfc"crgpcu"pc" nkpjc"fg"ugogcfwtc"*Figura 2+0"Pq"gpvcpvq."ê"korqtvcpvg"qdugtxct" swg"guuc"rtâvkec."owkvcu"xg|gu."pçq"ê"rgtokvkfc"go"vqfqu"qu"vkrqu" fg"uqnq."eqoq."rqt"gzgornq."pqu"fgitcfcfqu."pqu"eqorcevcfqu." pqu"âekfqu"g"pqu"kphguvcfqu"eqo"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu0"Pcu"ukvwcèùgu" fg"uqnqu"fgitcfcfqu."fgxg"qeqttgt"q"ceqorcpjcogpvq"vêepkeq" rctc"tgcnk|ct"cu"pgeguuâtkcu"eqttgèùgu0 Tgeqogpfc/ug"swg"c"eqdgtvwtc"xgtfg"uglc"fguugecfc"eqo." pq"oîpkoq."fg|qkvq"fkcu"fg"cpvgegfípekc"ä"ugogcfwtc."gxkvcpfq." eqo"kuuq."c"eqpeqttípekc"rqt"wokfcfg"g"c"rgtocpípekc"fg"kpugvqu" pc"âtgc."dgo"eqoq"ukvwcèùgu"cngnqrâvkecu0"Rctc"c"ugogcfwtc." rqfg/ug"wvknk|ct"ugogcfgktcu"fg"ownvkwuq."swg"ugtxgo"vcodêo" rctc" q" rncpvkq" fg" oknjq." hgklçq" g" uqlc." rqku" rquuwgo" fkuequ" fg" eqtvg."uwnecfqtgu"g"tqfcu"eqdtkfqtcu1eqorcevcfqtcu0"Qu"fkuequ." eqpvwfq." fgxgo" ugt" gurgeîhkequ" rctc" c" ugogpvg" fg" iktcuuqn." qdugtxcpfq"ugortg"c"rgpgktc"*vcocpjq"fc"ugogpvg+0" ""Ö"korqtvcpvg"ngodtct"swg"q"iktcuuqn"ê"ugpuîxgn"c"fkhgtgpvgu" itwrqu" fg" jgtdkekfcu." eqoq" cu" vtkc|kpcu." rqt" gzgornq." wucfcu" pc" ewnvwtc" fq" oknjq." g" swg" ecwuco" hkvqvqzkekfcfg" cq" iktcuuqn0" Tgeqogpfc/ug"wo"kpvgtxcnq"oîpkoq"fg"372"fkcu"crôu"c"crnkecèçq" fguug"rtqfwvq"rctc"ugogct"q"iktcuuqn0 Ugiwpfq" qdugtxcèùgu" pcu" ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku" fg" iktcuuqn." eqpuvcvqw/ug" c" hqtvg" kpekfípekc" fg" nguocu" go" rncpvkq" fktgvq."gurgekcnogpvg"crôu"q"oíu"fg"qwvwdtq0
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Figura 2. Semeadura direta do girassol. Lavoura experimental do produtor Natal Procedi, no município de Ilópolis - RS. 2.4 Controle de plantas daninhas Crôu"c"ugogcfwtc"g"gogtiípekc"fq"iktcuuqn."pqtocnogpvg." pq"nqecn."qeqttg"q"crctgekogpvq"fg"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu."qtkikpcfcu" fq" dcpeq" fg" ugogpvg" pcvwtcn" fq" uqnq0" Guucu" rncpvcu" uçq" eqpeqttgpvgu"fq"iktcuuqn."rqku"eqorgvgo"eqo"gng"rgnc"cduqtèçq" fg"âiwc."nw|"g"pwvtkgpvgu."cnêo"fg"ciktgo"eqoq"jqurgfgktcu"fg" rtcicu" g" fqgpècu0" Rtqxqeco." vcodêo." c" cngnqrcvkc" *swîokec+." ecwucpfq"woc"kpvgthgtípekc"ukipkhkecvkxc"cq"ekenq"fc"rncpvc."tguwn/ vcpfq."fguuc"hqtoc."pc"tgfwèçq"fc"rtqfwvkxkfcfg0" Q" eqpvtqng" fg" rncpvcu" kpxcuqtcu" ê" kortguekpfîxgn." rtkpek/ rcnogpvg" fwtcpvg" q" rgtîqfq" ocku" etîvkeq" fg" eqorgvkèçq." kuvq" ê."pqu"rtkogktqu"vtkpvc"fkcu"crôu"c"gogtiípekc."hcug"go"swg"q" iktcuuqn" guvâ" eqo" etguekogpvq" ngpvq" g" tcî|gu" owkvq" rgswgpcu0" Crôu"guug"rgtîqfq."g"vgpfq"tgcnk|cfq"q"eqpvtqng"fcu"kpxcuqtcu." q" iktcuuqn" ug" fgugpxqnxg" tcrkfcogpvg." uqodtgcpfq" c" âtgc" fg" ewnvkxq"g"fqokpcpfq"cu"kpxcuqtcu0
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2.4.1 Métodos de controle Controle mecânico de plantas daninhas"/"Qeqttg"cvtcxêu" fq" wuq" fg" gpzcfc" g." rtkpekrcnogpvg." fg" ewnvkxcfqtgu" *vtcèçq" cpkocn"qw"vtcvqt+0"Ö"q"oêvqfq"ocku"eqowo"pq"eqpvtqng"fg"rncpvcu" fcpkpjcu0" Fguvcec/ug." pq" gpvcpvq." swg" q" wuq" fg" vtcvqt" vgo" nkokvcèùgu"tgncekqpcfcu"cq"guvâikq"fg"fgugpxqnxkogpvq."fgxgpfq" ugt" hgkvq" cvê" vtkpvc" fkcu" crôu" c" gogtiípekc." ugpfq" rquuîxgn" g" tgeqogpfâxgn"tgcnk|ct."eqplwpvcogpvg."c"cfwdcèçq"fg"eqdgtvwtc" *Figuras 3 e 4+0 Figura 3. Cultivação com capinadeira tratorizada. Lavoura experimental de girassol do produtor Sérgio Martins, no município de Venâncio Aires - RS.
Figura 4. Cultivação com aleirador de tração animal. Lavoura experimental de girassol do produtor Alessandro Hochscheidt, no município de Passo do Sobrado - RS.
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Controle químico de plantas daninhas - Rctc"wvknk|ct"guug" oêvqfq"fg"eqpvtqng"ê"korqtvcpvg"eqpjgegt"cu"rncpvcu"kpxcuqtcu0" Fgrqku" fg" hc|gt" c" kfgpvkhkecèçq." fgxg/ug" dwuect" cuukuvípekc" vêepkec"rctc"qdvgt"woc"tgeqogpfcèçq"cfgswcfc"uqdtg"q"vkrq"fg" jgtdkekfc"c"ugt"wucfq"g"uwcu"hqtocu"fg"crnkecèçq0"Xcng"tguucnvct" c"pgeguukfcfg"fg"wuq"fg"Gswkrcogpvqu"fg"Rtqvgèçq"Kpfkxkfwcn" ⁄" GRK" fwtcpvg" q" rtgrctq" g" c" crnkecèçq" fg" citqswîokequ." rqku" c" tgurqpucdknkfcfg" ê" fq" rtqfwvqt" twtcn0" Fguvcec/ug." vcodêo." swg"q"rtqfwvqt"fgxg"hc|gt"q"eqttgvq"fguectvg"fcu"godcncigpu." tgurgkvcpfq"c"ngikuncèçq"g"rtkocpfq"rgnc"ugiwtcpèc"g"q"ogkq/ codkgpvg0"Ö"korqtvcpvg"tguucnvct."ckpfc."swg."cpvgu"fc"crnkecèçq" fq"jgtdkekfc."q"rwnxgtk|cfqt"fgxg"ugortg"ugt"dgo"ncxcfq"rctc" gxkvct"c"kpvqzkecèçq"fc"ewnvwtc"eqo"tguîfwqu"fg"rtqfwvqu"wucfqu" cpvgtkqtogpvg0 Qu"jgtdkekfcu"swg"pgeguukvco"fg"gurcnjcpvg"cfgukxq3"fgxgo" ugt" crnkecfqu" go" jqtâtkqu" fg" vgorgtcvwtcu" cogpcu." gxkvcpfq." eqo"kuuq."swgkocfwtcu"pcu"rncpvcu0 2.5 Adubação C"cfwdcèçq"fgxg"ugt"hgkvc"go"eqphqtokfcfg"ä"cpânkug"fq"uqnq" fc"âtgc"fg"korncpvcèçq"fc"ncxqwtc."rqku"gnc"kpfkectâ"cu"eqpfkèùgu" fq" nqecn0" Eqo" dcug" pc" cpânkug." fgxg/ug" tgeqttgt" ä" cuukuvípekc" vêepkec."swg."rqt"uwc"xg|."hctâ"c"kpvgtrtgvcèçq"g"c"tgeqogpfcèçq" fg" cfwdcèçq0" Go" hwpèçq" fcu" pgeguukfcfgu" fc" ewnvwtc." fgxg" ugt"crnkecfq"fg"62"c"82"mi1jc"fg"pkvtqiípkq."fg"62"c":2"mi1jc" fg"R4Q7"g"fg"62"c":2"mi1jc"fg"M4Q0"Cu"gzrgtkípekcu"kpfkeco"q" rctegncogpvq"fc"fqug"fg"pkvtqiípkq."ugpfq"52'"pc"ugogcfwtc" g" q" tguvcpvg" pc" eqdgtvwtc." vtkpvc" fkcu" crôu" c" gogtiípekc" fcu" rncpvcu0" " Pcu" ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku" tgcnk|cfcu" pqu" Xcngu" fq" Tkq" Rctfq" g" Vcswctk" wvknk|qw/ug." go" oêfkc." 422" mi1jc" fq" rtqfwvq" hqtowncfq" *eqogtekcn+" 27/42/42" g" 372" mi1jc" fg" wtêkc." cnêo" fg" eqorngogpvq"eqo"hquhcvqu"go"ecuqu"gurgeîhkequ0 Q"iktcuuqn"ê"ugpuîxgn"c"dckzqu"pîxgku"fg"dqtq"*oketqpwvtkgpvg+" 1 Aditivo à base de óleo
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pq"uqnq."crtgugpvcpfq."htgswgpvgogpvg."ukpvqocu"fg"fghkekípekc" fguug" gngogpvq." rtkpekrcnogpvg" pcu" hcugu" fg" hnqtguekogpvq" g" ocvwtcèçq0"Qu"ukpvqocu"crctgego."rtkpekrcnogpvg."go"ukvwcèùgu" fg"guvtguug"jîftkeq."ectcevgtk|cpfq/ug"rqt"woc"ockqt"tkikfg|"fq" ecwng"*tgfwèçq"fg"hngzkdknkfcfg+."q"swg."rqt"hko."rtqxqec"eqtvgu" vtcpuxgtucku."nqiq"cdckzq"fq"ecrîvwnq."rtqxqecpfq"c"uwc"swgfc." qwvtq"ukpvqoc"swg"rqfg"ugt"xkuvq"ê"c"fghqtokfcfg"pqu"ecrîvwnqu" fq" iktcuuqn0" Rctc" eqttgèçq" fc" fghkekípekc" fg" dqtq" *Figura 5+." tgeqogpfc/ug" ä" crnkecèçq" fg" 3.2" c" 4.2" mi1jc" fq" gngogpvq." go"oêfkc."fg"8"c":"mi"fg"rtqfwvq"eqogtekcn0"C"crnkecèçq"rqfg" ugt" hgkvc" lwpvcogpvg" eqo" c" cfwdcèçq" fg" dcug" qw" eqo" c" fg" eqdgtvwtc0"Ckpfc"rqfg"ugt"crnkecfq"lwpvcogpvg"eqo"q"jgtdkekfc." pc"fguugecèçq0"Rctc"vcn."fgxg"ugt"fknwîfq"cpvgu"fg"eqnqecfq"pq" rwnxgtk|cfqt0
Figura 5. Sintoma de deficiência de boro em lavoura de girassol.
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2.6 Época de semeadura Ugiwpfq"c"Godtcrc."gzrgtkípekcu"tgcnk|cfcu"rgnc"kpuvkvwkèçq" eqortqxctco" swg" c" ognjqt" êrqec" fg" ugogcfwtc" fq" iktcuuqn" pq"Guvcfq"fq"Tkq"Itcpfg"fq"Uwn"ê"q"rgtîqfq"gpvtg"37"fg"lwnjq" g" 53" fg" ciquvq0" Guug" rgtîqfq" oquvtqw" ugt" cswgng" swg" ognjqt" ucvkuhc|" cu" gzkiípekcu" fc" ewnvwtc" pcu" uwcu" fkhgtgpvgu" hcugu" fg" fgugpxqnxkogpvq0" Qdugtxqw/ug" swg" pqu" rtkogktqu" vtkpvc" fkcu" fg"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fc"rncpvc."q"etguekogpvq"ê"dcuvcpvg"ngpvq0" Crôu"guuc"hcug."c"rncpvc"vgpfg"c"cwogpvct."rtkpekrcnogpvg."crôu" q" hnqtguekogpvq." swcpfq" xck" ug" fghkpkt" c" rtqfwvkxkfcfg0" Pguug" ugpvkfq."c"vgorgtcvwtc."c"tcfkcèçq"uqnct"g"c"fkurqpkdknkfcfg"jîftkec" hqtco"eqpukfgtcfcu"fgvgtokpcpvgu"pcu"cxcnkcèùgu0"C"fkxgtukfcfg" fg"tgngxq."c"fkuvtkdwkèçq"fg"ejwxcu"g"c"tcfkcèçq"uqnct"kphnwgpekco" q" fgugpxqnxkogpvq" fcu" rncpvcu." rqfgpfq" qeqttgt" ukipkhkecvkxcu" xctkcèùgu"fg"wo"nqecn"rctc"qwvtq"g."cvê."pq"oguoq"nqecn0" Fgpvtq"fq"rtqlgvq"fg"rguswkuc."gzrgtkípekcu"tgcnk|cfcu"eqo" ncxqwtcu"gzrgtkogpvcku"eqortqxctco"swg"cu"ugogcfwtcu"hgkvcu" gpvtg"ciquvq"g"fg|godtq"vkxgtco"dqpu"tguwnvcfqu0"Pcu"ncxqwtcu" korncpvcfcu" go" cxcnkcèùgu" rôu/hwoq." pqu" ogugu" fg" hgxgtgktq" g"octèq."hqtco"eqpuvcvcfqu"rtqdngocu"eqo"fqgpècu"hûpikecu0" Go"hwpèçq"fcu"eqpfkèùgu"fg"cnvc"wokfcfg"g"dckzc"vgorgtcvwtc" pq"hkpcn"fq"ekenq"fq"iktcuuqn."qeqttgw"c"kpekfípekc"fg"guengtqvkpkc." tguwnvcpfq."go"cniwpu"ecuqu."go"rgtfc"vqvcn"fc"ncxqwtc0"" 2.6.1 Recomendações para uma boa semeadura Go" eqpfkèùgu" pqtocku." q" iktcuuqn" gogtig" go" ugvg" fkcu0" Pq" cvq" fg" ugogcfwtc." cniwocu" tgeqogpfcèùgu" fgxgo" ugt" eqpukfgtcfcu< /" Xgtkhkect" ug" q" uqnq" guvâ" fguvqttqcfq" g" eqo" dqo" vgqt" fg" wokfcfg= /"Wvknk|ct"ewnvkxctgu"kpfkecfcu"rctc"c"tgikçq= /" Egtvkhkect/ug" fg" swg" q" rqfgt" igtokpcvkxq" uglc" uwrgtkqt" c" :7'= /"Wvknk|ct"ugogpvgu"fg"vcocpjq"wpkhqtog."eqo"dqo"xkiqt"g"
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itcw"fg"rwtg|c= /" Pcu" ugogcfwtcu" eqpxgpekqpcku." wvknk|ct" fkuequ" eqo" hwtqu" clwuvcfqu"cq"vcocpjq"fc"ugogpvg= /"Eqpukfgtcpfq"cu"ectcevgtîuvkecu"fg"uqnq."qdugtxct"c"rtqhwp/ fkfcfg"fg"ugogcfwtc."swg"fgxg"xctkct"fg"6"c"7"eo0"C"ugogcfwtc" tcuc"rqfg""rtglwfkect"c"igtokpcèçq"rqt"hcnvc"fg"wokfcfg"g"guvct" uwuegvîxgn" c" wo" ockqt" cvcswg" fg" rtcicu" g." " c" owkvq" rtqhwpfc." qecukqpc" c" fgoqtc" fc" gogtiípekc" g" rqfg." kpenwukxg." ngxct" ä" rgtfc" fg" ugogpvgu." rtkpekrcnogpvg" swcpfq" qeqttg" c" hqtocèçq" fg"etquvcu"pc"uwrgthîekg"fq"uqnq0 2.7 Densidade e espaçamento C"fgpukfcfg"fcu"ugogpvgu"ê"fgekukxc"rctc"q"dqo"fgugpxqn/ xkogpvq"fcu"rncpvcu"g"rctc"q"tgpfkogpvq"fc"ewnvwtc0"Tgeqogpfc/ ug"q"rncpvkq"fg"620222"c"670222"rncpvcu1jc0"Rctc"qdvgt"c"fgpukfcfg" kfgcn."c"swcpvkfcfg"fg"ugogpvg"c"ugt"wvknk|cfc"fgrgpfg"fq"rqfgt" igtokpcvkxq."fgxgpfq"ugt"eqpukfgtcfcu"cu"rgtfcu"rqt"cvcswg"fg" cpkocku"*râuuctqu+"g"kpugvqu"g"c"swcnkfcfg"fq"rtgrctq"fq"uqnq0" Vqtpc/ug"pgeguuâtkq."rqtvcpvq."eqttkikt"q"rqfgt"igtokpcvkxq"rctc" 322'."ogfkcpvg"q"rtqrqtekqpcn"cetêuekoq"fg"ugogpvgu"g."rctc" cu"rgtfcu."eqpukfgtct"woc"tgugtxc"fg"cvê"52'0"Fgrgpfgpfq"fq" vcocpjq"fc"ugogpvg."c"swcpvkfcfg"rqfg"xctkct"fg"5"c"7mi1jc." eqpukfgtcpfq"swg"q"rguq"fg"30222"ugogpvgu"rqfg"xctkct"gpvtg" 52"g"82i0" Q"gurcècogpvq"c"ugt"wucfq"fgxg"ugt"fghkpkfq"go"hwpèçq"fqu" gswkrcogpvqu"fkurqpîxgku"rctc"ugogcfwtc"g"eqnjgkvc"*Tabela 1+0 Tgeqogpfc/ug"wuct"gurcècogpvq"fg":2"c";2eo"gpvtg"nkpjcu" swcpfq."pc"eqnjgkvc."hqt"wvknk|cfc"rncvchqtoc"fg"oknjq"cfcrvcfc" ä" eqnjgkvc" fg" iktcuuqn" g." gurcècogpvq" fg" 92eo" gpvtg" nkpjcu." swcpfq"guvkxgt"wucpfq"rncvchqtoc"fg"eqnjgkvc"fg"uqlc0"Go"âtgcu" ogpqtgu."rctc"rgtokvkt"q"wuq"fg"gurcècogpvqu"fg"92"c";2eo." rqfgo"ugt"wucfcu"cu"eqnjgfqtcu"fg"oknjq"fg"woc"nkpjc"cfcrvâxgn" c"vtcvqtgu"c"rctvkt"fg"87"EX0 "
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Tabela 1."Número de sementes por 10 metros, para obtenção da população final, considerando poder germinativo de 85% a 95%, com reserva de 25% para perdas totais. Gurcècogpvq"*eo+ Gpvtg" nkpjcu
Gpvtg" rncpvcu 58 92 53 53 :2 4: 4: ;2 47 """"""Hqpvg<"Godtcrc0
P√"ugogpvgu132o Ugogpvgu,
Rncpvcu
Rqrwncèçq" *rncpvcu1jc+
66"/"5; 6;"/"66 72"/"67 78"/"72 78"/"72 85"/"79
4: 54 54 58 58 62
620222 670222 620222 670222 620222 670222
2.8 Principais doenças e pragas nas lavouras experimentais 2.8.1 Doenças Q"iktcuuqn"vcodêo"rqfg"ugt"rtglwfkecfq"rqt"xâtkcu"fqgpècu." rtqxqecfcu"rqt"hwpiqu."dcevêtkcu"qw"xîtwu0"Pcu"ncxqwtcu"gzrgtk/ ogpvcku." qdugtxqw/ug" c" qeqttípekc" ocku" ukipkhkecvkxc" fg" fwcu" fqgpècu< Mancha de Alternária<" ê" ecwucfc" rgnq" hwpiq" Alternaria helianthi. Ahgvc" hqnjcu." jcuvg" g" ecrîvwnq" g" qeqttg." eqo" itcpfg" htgs°ípekc." pcu" rncpvcu" fg" iktcuuqn0" Ocpkhguvc/ug" cvtcxêu" fg" wo" itcpfg" pûogtq" fg" rgswgpcu" rqpvwcèùgu" *5" c" 7oo+" pgetqucfcu"swg."kpkekcnogpvg."crctgego"pcu"hqnjcu"ocku"dckzcu" g."rquvgtkqtogpvg."ug"gurcnjco"rqt"vqfc"c"rncpvc0"Q"hwpiq"rqfg" ugt"vtcpuokvkfq"rgnc"ugogpvg"qw"rqt"tguvqu"ewnvwtcku"kphgevcfqu0" C" cnvc" wokfcfg" fq" ct" g" c" vgorgtcvwtc" gpvtg" 47√E" g" 52√E" rqt" wo"rgtîqfq"fg"oqnjcogpvq"fg"46"jqtcu"go"vqfcu"cu"hcugu"fc" ewnvwtc"*Figura 6+."eqpvtkdwgo"rctc"q"crctgekogpvq"fq"hwpiq0
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Figura 6. Folhas de girassol infectadas pela mancha de Alternaria.
Podridão branca ou esclerotinia<" ê" ecwucfc" rgnq" hwpiq" Sclerotinia sclerotiorum."Qeqttg"c"rqftkfçq"fq"eqnq"fc"rncpvc"g"fq" ecrîvwnq."cnêo"fg"qwvtqu"ukpvqocu."eqoq"rqftkfçq"dcucn."owtejc" uûdkvc"fc"rncpvc"ugo"nguùgu"hqnkctgu"g"nguçq"octtqo"enctc0""C"cnvc" wokfcfg"fq"ct"*cekoc"fg"92'+"g"cu"dckzcu"vgorgtcvwtcu"*cdckzq"fg" 42√E+"hcxqtgego"c"qeqttípekc"fc"fqgpèc0"Go"tc|çq"fkuuq."ncxqwtcu" go" rgtîqfqu" vctfkqu" pçq" uçq" tgeqogpfcfcu." rtkpekrcnogpvg" swcpfq"c"ewnvwtc"uwdugswgpvg"cq"iktcuuqn"hqt"uwuegvîxgn"ä"fqgpèc." eqoq"ê"q"ecuq"fq"vcdceq."rqku"q"hwpiq"rqfg"rgtocpgegt"pq"uqnq" rqt"xâtkqu"cpqu"g"cvcect"vcodêo"guuc"ewnvwtc"*Figura 7+0 Figura 7. Incidência de esclerotinia. Lavoura experimental de girassol, semeada em 8 de março, no município de Venâncio Aires - RS.
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Rctc"q"eqpvtqng"fg"fqgpècu."tgeqogpfc/ug"cniwocu"ogfkfcu" rtgxgpvkxcu"eqoq< /"Wuct"xctkgfcfgu"tgukuvgpvgu"g"cfcrvcfcu"ä"tgikçq."fg"rtghg/ típekc."vguvcfcu"go"rguswkuc= /"Gueqnjgt"woc"âtgc"fg"rncpvkq"swg"rquuwc"uqnq"fg"dqc"ftgpc/ igo."rtqhwpfq."eqo"dqc"vgzvwtc"g"rJ"eqttkikfq= /"Wuct"ugogpvg"fg"dqc"rtqegfípekc"g"eqo"ictcpvkc"fg"ucpk/ fcfg."rtghgtgpekcnogpvg."cu"hkuecnk|cfcu= /"Tgcnk|ct"c"ugogcfwtc"go"êrqec"tgeqogpfcfc"rctc"c"tgikçq." gxkvcpfq"qu"rgtîqfqu"fg"vgorgtcvwtc"g"wokfcfg"fguhcxqtâxgku= /"Wuct"c"fgpukfcfg"fg"ugogcfwtc"eqttgvc<"620222"c"670222" rncpvcu1jc= /"Rncpglct"wo"ukuvgoc"fg"tqvcèçq"swg."pc"uweguuçq."eqpvgorng" kpvgtxcnq"fg."rgnq"ogpqu."swcvtq"cpqu"rctc"c"oguoc"ewnvwtc= /" Gxkvct" c" uweguuçq" fg" ewnvwtcu" cq" iktcuuqn." uwuegvîxgku" cu" oguocu" fqgpècu0" Go" ecuq" fg" crctgekogpvq" fg" guengtqvkpkc" gxkvct"q"ewnvkxq"eqo"ecpqnc."gtxknjc."cnhchc."uqlc."vcdceq."vqocvg." hgklçq"g"dcvcvc."qrvcpfq."rtghgtgpekcnogpvg."rqt"itcoîpgcu= /" Gxkvct" cfwdcèùgu" gzeguukxcu" eqo" cfwdqu" pkvtqigpcfqu" *ugiwkt"c"tgeqogpfcèçq"fc"cpânkug"fq"uqnq+= /"Ocpvgt"q"ewnvkxq"nkxtg"fg"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu."rqku"cu"oguocu" rqfgo"ugt"jqurgfgktcu"fg"fqgpècu0" 2.8.2 Pragas C"ewnvwtc"fq"iktcuuqn"igtcnogpvg"ê"ocku"uwuegvîxgn"cq"cvcswg" fg"rtcicu"pc"hcug"kpkekcn."ug"guvgpfgpfq"cvê"vtkpvc"fkcu"crôu"q" rncpvkq0"Gpvtg"cu"rtkpekrcku"rtcicu."ekvc/ug< Lagarta rosca"*Agrotis ipsilon+<"qeqttg"pc"hcug"fg"igtokpcèçq" g"pq"guvâikq"kpkekcn"fg"etguekogpvq"fq"iktcuuqn."rqfgpfq"ecwuct" uêtkqu"fcpqu."gpvtg"gngu."q"eqortqogvkogpvq"fc"rqrwncèçq"kfgcn" fg"rncpvcu"*Figura 8+0
21
Figura 80"Lagarta rosca, encontrada em lavouras experimentais.
Vaquinha"*Diabrótica speciosa+<"ocpkhguvc/ug"go"xâtkcu"hcugu" fg"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fq"iktcuuqn0"Swcpfq"qeqttg"q"cvcswg"ugxgtq" pcu"ugocpcu"ugiwkpvgu"ä"gogtiípekc."ecwuc"q"fguhqnjcogpvq"fc" rncpvc."fgxgpfq"ugt"tgcnk|cfq"q"eqpvtqng0"Rncpvcu"uqd"guvtguug." dkôvkequ"*rtqdngocu"hkvquucpkvâtkqu+"qw"cdkôvkequ"*hcnvc"fg"âiwc"g1 qw" fg" pwvtkgpvgu+" uçq" ocku" ugpuîxgku" cq" cvcswg" fg" xcswkpjcu0" Go"guvâikqu"ocku"cxcpècfqu"fg"fgugpxqnxkogpvq."qu"fcpqu"uçq" dgo"ogpqtgu"g."rqt"xg|gu."rqweq"ukipkhkecpvgu"*Figura 9+0"
Figura 9. Presença de vaquinha no girassol em uma das lavouras experimentais
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Lagarta preta *Chlosyne lacinia saundersii+<" ê" c" rtkpekrcn" ncictvc"gpvtg"cu"swg"ecwuco"fguhqnjcogpvq."vgpfq"q"jâdkvq"fg"ug" ocpvgt"citgicfc."rtqxqecpfq"fcpqu"ukipkhkecvkxqu"go"wo"ewtvq" rgtîqfq"fg"vgorq0"Igtcnogpvg"cvcec"cu"rncpvcu"nqecnk|cfcu"pc" dqtfcfwtc"fc"ncxqwtc."q"swg"hceknkvc"ugw"eqpvtqng0"Crtgugpvc"vtíu" hcugu"fkuvkpvcu<"kpkekcnogpvg"vgo"eqnqtcèçq"coctgnc."rcuuc."crôu." rctc"q"cnctcplcfq"g."hkpcnogpvg."cfswktg"c"eqt"rtgvc"*Figura 10+0
Figura 10."Ataque de lagartas desfolhadoras em lavoura experimental. Lesma *Sarasinula linguaeformis+<"go"ncxqwtcu"fg"ugogcfwtc" fktgvc"pc"rcnjc."cvwcnogpvg"owkvq"fkhwpfkfc."qeqttg"ä"kpekfípekc" ukipkhkecvkxc"fg"nguocu."rqku"cu"oguocu"xkxgo"go"nqecku"ûokfqu" g" uqodtgcfqu0" Fcpkhkeco" cu" rncpvcu." pqtocnogpvg" fwtcpvg" c" pqkvg0" Go" eqpfkèùgu" pgdwnqucu" g" fg" cnvc" wokfcfg." rqfgo" ugt" xkuvcu" fwtcpvg" q" fkc." crôu" c" rtgekrkvcèçq" fg" ejwxcu0" Pq" ecuq" fq"iktcuuqn."swcpfq"ugogcfq"gpvtg"c"rcnjc"qw"tguvqu"ewnvwtcku" fq" oknjq." q" cvcswg" fc" nguoc." pq" oqogpvq" fg" igtokpcèçq." pqtocnogpvg" ê" ugxgtq." rqfgpfq" ecwuct" rgtfcu" kttgxgtuîxgku0" Ugw"eqpvtqng."pc"ncxqwtc."ê"gzvtgocogpvg"fkhîekn"*Figura 11+0"
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Figura 11. Ataque de lesmas em lavoura experimental de girassol, semeado entre restos culturais de milho, do produtor Paulo Pagnussat, município de Ilópolis-RS. Rctc" q" eqpvtqng" swîokeq" fg" rtcicu" g" fqgpècu." c" gzgornq" fc"kpfkecèçq"rctc"q"eqpvtqng"fg"rncpvcu"fcpkpjcu."vcodêo"fgxg" ugt"eqpuwnvcfc"c"cuukuvípekc"vêepkec0"Tguucnvc/ug"c"pgeguukfcfg" fq" wuq" kpfkurgpuâxgn" fg" GRKu" pq" rtgrctq" g" pc" crnkecèçq" fg" fghgpukxqu"swîokequ."dgo"eqoq"q"eqttgvq"ocpglq"g"fguvkpq"fcu" godcncigpu"xc|kcu0 3 COLHEITA C" eqnjgkvc" fq" iktcuuqn" qeqttg" cq" hkpcn" fc" uwc" ocvwtcèçq" hkukqnôikec." go" vqtpq" fg" ;2" c" 352" fkcu" crôu" c" ugogcfwtc0" Qdxkcogpvg."fgrgpfg"fcu"ectcevgtîuvkecu"fc"rncpvc"g."vcodêo." fcu" eqpfkèùgu" enkoâvkecu" fg" ecfc" tgikçq0" C" eqnjgkvc" fgxg" ugt" tgcnk|cfc" swcpfq" qu" cswípkqu" crtgugpvctgo" wokfcfg" gpvtg" 36'"g"38'."igtcnogpvg"swcpfq"c"rncpvc"crtgugpvct"eqnqtcèçq" ecuvcpjc"guewtc0" C" eqnjgkvc" cpvgekrcfc" rqfg" ugt" hgkvc" go" ecuqu" gurgeîhkequ"
24
eqoq." rqt" gzgornq." swcpfq" jâ" cvcswg" fg" râuuctqu." g" pguugu" ecuqu." fgxg/ug" vgt" ockqt" tkiqt" pc" tgiwncigo" fcu" oâswkpcu" wvknk|cfcu"rctc"c"vtknjc."gxkvcpfq."eqo"kuuq."rgtfcu"fg"ugogpvgu" rqt"guocicogpvq"g"rtgugpèc"go"gzeguuq"fg"korwtg|cu."q"swg" rqfg"qecukqpct"c"cnvgtcèçq"fc"wokfcfg"fqu"itçqu"g"uwc"rquvgtkqt" swcnkfcfg0" Rqt"qwvtq"ncfq."q"cvtcuq"pc"eqnjgkvc"rqfg"qecukqpct"rgtfcu" rqt"swgdtc"fg"itçqu."qeqttípekc"fg"fqgpècu."fgurtgpfkogpvq"fg" itçqu"fqu"ecrîvwnqu"g"q"cecocogpvq"fg"rncpvcu0 C" eqnjgkvc" fq" iktcuuqn" rqfg" ugt" hgkvc" vcpvq" fg" hqtoc" ogecpk|cfc"swcpvq"ocpwcn0"Go"eqnjgkvc"ogecpk|cfc."rqfg/ug" wvknk|ct" eqnjgkvcfgktcu" eqpxgpekqpcku" fg" uqlc" qw" oknjq." rqtêo." rctc" gxkvct" qw" okpkok|ct" rgtfcu." ê" kpfkurgpuâxgn" c" wvknk|cèçq" fg" cfcrvcfqtgu0"Vcodêo" rqfg" ugt" wvknk|cfc" c" eqnjgkvcfgktc" fg" oknjq"fg"woc"nkpjc"vtcvqtk|cfc0"Lâ"pq"ecuq"fg"eqnjgkvc"ocpwcn." qu"ecrîvwnqu"uçq"eqtvcfqu"eqo"q"cwzînkq"fg"hceùgu"qw"vguqwtcu"fg" rqfc"g"ceqpfkekqpcfqu"go"tgdqswgu"qw"ecttqècu"rctc"rquvgtkqt" fgdwnjc."eqo"c"wvknk|cèçq"fg"vtknjcfgktcu"qw"dcvgfqtgu"fg"egtgcku." fgxkfcogpvg"tgiwncfqu0 Fgrqku"fg"eqnjkfqu."qu"itçqu"fgxgo"ugt"uwdogvkfqu"ä"nkorg|c" g"ugecigo."fgxgpfq"ugt"ctoc|gpcfqu"eqo"wokfcfg"go"vqtpq" fg" 35'." go" nqecn" ugeq." ctglcfq" g" nkxtg" fg" kpugvqu0" C" eqnjgkvc" ogecpk|cfc." tgcnk|cfc" rqt" rtqfwvqtgu" fq" rtqlgvq" fg" rguswkuc." guvâ"tgrtgugpvcfc"pcu"Figuras 12, 13 e 14"g."c"eqnjgkvc"ocpwcn." pcu"Figuras 15 e 160
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Figura 12."Colheita de girassol, com colheitadeira adaptada. Lavoura experimental do produtor Olavo da Rosa, municĂpio de Lagoa Bonita do Sul - RS.
Figura 13. PontĂľes adaptados para a colheita de milho, utilizados na colheita de girassol.
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Figura 14. Colheitadeira de milho tratorizada, realizando colheita de girassol. Lavoura do produtor Alvandir de Oliveira, município de Candelária - RS.
Figura 15. Colheita manual de girassol. Lavoura experimental do produtor Celso Montineli, no município de Boqueirão do Leão - RS.
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Figura 16."Trilha de girassol, utilizando o batedor de cereais. Lavoura experimental do produtor Sergio Martins, no município de Venâncio Aires - RS. 4 GIRASSOL E APICULTURA C"hnqt"fq"iktcuuqn"ê"woc"itcpfg"kphnqtgueípekc"fq"vkrq"ecrîvwnq." qw"uglc."q"fkueq"fc"hnqtcn"fq"iktcuuqn"ê"eqorquvq"rqt"fg|gpcu"fg" hnqtgu"citwrcfcu"woc"cq"ncfq"fc"qwvtc0"Cu"hnqtgu"rgtkhêtkecu"uçq" nkpiwncfcu" g." cu" egpvtcku." vwdwnctgu." hqtocpfq" c" kocigo" vîrkec" fguuc"kphnqtgueípekc0" Fgxkfq"cq"itcpfg"pûogtq"fg"hnqtgu."q"iktcuuqn"hqtpgeg"woc" cnvc"swcpvkfcfg"fg"rôngp"g"pêevct"rctc"qu"kpugvqu"xkukvcpvgu"hnqtcku0" Gpvtg" guugu" xkukvcpvgu" hnqtcku." fguvceco/ug." rtkpekrcnogpvg." cu" cdgnjcu." eqoq" c" Apis mellifera" *gurêekg" gzôvkec" wvknk|cfc" pc" crkewnvwtc+"g"cu"cdgnjcu"ugo"hgttçq"*gurêekgu"pcvkxcu"wvknk|cfcu" pc"ognkrqpkewnvwtc+0 Q"rôngp"g"q"pêevct"guvçq"fkurqpîxgku"pc"hnqt"fwtcpvg"vqfc"c" hnqtcèçq."ugpfq"q"pêevct"rtqfw|kfq"eqpvkpwcogpvg."fq"rtkogktq"cq" ûnvkoq"fkc"fc"hnqtcfc0"C"swcpvkfcfg"fg"rôngp"ê"nkokvcfc"g."cuuko." cecdc"lâ"pqu"rtkogktqu"fkcu"fg"hnqtcèçq."tgfw|kpfq."rqtvcpvq."c"
28
cwvqhgewpfcèçq" fcu" hnqtgu." qw" uglc." c" hgewpfcèçq" fc" hnqt" rgnq" rôngp"rtqfw|kfq"rqt"gnc0" Cnêo" fq" pêevct" fkurqpîxgn" pc" hnqt." q" iktcuuqn" nkdgtc." cpvgu" fc" rtôrtkc" hnqtcèçq." q" ejcocfq" pêevct" gzvtchnqtcn." wo" nîswkfq" cèwectcfq" swg" ugtxg" fg" guvîownq" ä" tckpjc" fgpvtq" fc" eqnoêkc" rctc"eqnqect"ocku"qxqu0"Kuuq"fâ"c"ugpucèçq"fg"swg"ê"c"rncpvc" swg"ewkfc"fcu"cdgnjcu."rtgrctcpfq/cu"go"ockqtgu"swcpvkfcfgu" rctc"c"uwc"rtôrtkc"rqnkpk|cèçq0 4.1 Produção de mel e sementes " Fwtcpvg" q" rgtîqfq" fc" hnqtcèçq" fq" iktcuuqn." qeqttg" wo" kpetgogpvq"pc"rtqfwèçq"fg"ogn"fg"Apis mellifera"gpvtg"42"g"62" nkvtqu" rqt" jgevctg" ewnvkxcfq0"Cpvgu" fq" uwtikogpvq" fcu" tgegpvgu" nkpjcigpu."q"ekenq"fg"hqtocèçq"fq"iktcuuqn"gtc"nqpiq0"Cvê"eqorngvct" c" hnqtcèçq." ug" rcuucxc" swcug" wo" oíu." qw" uglc." gng" hqtpgekc" cnkogpvq" uwhkekgpvg" rctc" woc" eqnoêkc" c" ecfc" fqku" jgevctgu" fg" âtgc0" Eqo" cu" pqxcu" nkpjcigpu" fg" iktcuuqn." eqo" woc" hnqtcèçq" swg" swcug" pçq" ejgic" cqu" swkp|g" fkcu." q" gpecdgècogpvq" fg" fwcu"eqnoêkcu"rqt"jgevctg"rqfg"fct"dqpu"tguwnvcfqu0" C" crkewnvwtc" okitcvôtkc" eqpukuvg" pc" kpuvcncèçq" fg" eqnoêkcu" fg"Apis mellifera"pq"ewnvkxq"fg"iktcuuqn"pc"êrqec"fg"hnqtcèçq."qw" uglc."crtqxgkvcpfq/ug"cu"hqpvgu"hnqtcku"rctc"rtqfwèçq"fg"ogn"g1 qw"rôngp."dgo"eqoq"ognjqtcpfq"c"rtqfwvkxkfcfg"fq"ewnvkxq"go" cvê" 72'." lâ" swg" go" xâtkcu" tgikùgu" q" pûogtq" fg" rqnkpk|cfqtgu" pcvwtcku"ê"owkvq"dckzq0" Fgxkfq"ä"rtgugpèc"fq"pêevct"gzvtchnqtcn."cu"eqnoêkcu"lâ"rqfgo" ugt" kpuvcncfcu" cq" tgfqt" fq" rncpvkq" swcpfq" q" iktcuuqn" cnecpèct" crtqzkocfcogpvg"72eo"fg"cnvwtc."lâ"swg"guug"pêevct"guvkownc"c" rquvwtc"fc"tckpjc"g."cuuko."hqtvcngeg"c"eqnoêkc0" Rctc"c"rtqfwèçq"fg"ugogpvgu."c"rtgugpèc"fg"rqnkpk|cfqtgu"ê" hwpfcogpvcn."lâ"swg"c"hgewpfcèçq"etw|cfc"*vtcpurqtvg"fg"rôngp"fg" woc"hnqt"rctc"qwvtc+"cwogpvc"q"pûogtq"fg"cswípkqu"rtqfw|kfqu" g."vcodêo."uwc"swcnkfcfg0"Guvwfqu"oquvtctco"swg."go"rncpvcu" swg"tgegdgo"ocku"xkukvcu"fg"cdgnjcu."cwogpvc"c"swcpvkfcfg"fg" ôngq"pcu"ugogpvgu"*Figura 17+0"
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Dicas para o manejo de colméias de Apis mellifera na apicultura migratória. Cu"eqnoêkcu"fg"Apis mellifera"fgxgo< - ser instaladas ao redor da lavoura, facilitando, dessa forma, o manejo e a retirada do mel; - ser distribuídas de forma a cobrirem homogeneamente toda a área da cultura, ou seja, duas colméias por hectare ou numa distância não maior que 200m entre si. - ser de boa qualidade e estarem em perfeitas condições; - ser colocadas na lavoura quando as plantas de girassol atingem aproximadamente 50cm de altura, para aproveitar o néctar extrafloral e seus benefícios para a própria colméia; - ter acesso a uma fonte de água limpa nas proximidades, para beber e para regular a temperatura dentro da colméia; - ser inspecionadas externamente a cada semana.
Figura 17.Presença de abelhas na floração do girassol.
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Minidicionário da apicultura: Pólen<"ê"q"gngogpvq"ocuewnkpq"fg"tgrtqfwèçq"fcu"rncpvcu"g ug"gpeqpvtc"pcu"cpvgtcu"fcu"hnqtgu00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Néctar:" ê" woc" uwduvãpekc" cswquc" ugetgvcfc" rgnqu" xgig/ vcku"rqt"inãpfwncu"gurgekcnk|cfcu"nqecnk|cfcu"pc"hnqt"*pêevct hnqtcn+" qw" go" qwvtcu" rctvgu" fc" rncpvc" *pêevct" gzvtc/hnqtcn+0 Mel<" ê" wo" cnkogpvq" cèwectcfq" rtqfw|kfq" rgncu" cdgnjcu" c rctvkt"fq"pêevct"g"rtqeguucfq"rgncu"gp|kocu"fkiguvkxcu"fcu cdgnjcu000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" Própolis<"ê"woc"tgukpc"eqngvcfc"rgncu"cdgnjcu"rctc"rtqvgigt c" eqnoêkc" fg" fqgpècu" g" vcodêo" fqu" kpkokiqu" pcvwtcku0 Geléia real<" ê" woc" uwduvãpekc" ngkvquc." hnwîfc." rtqfw|kfc rqt"inãpfwncu"gurgeîhkecu"fg"cdgnjcu"lqxgpu."wvknk|cfc"rctc c"cnkogpvcèçq"fcu"nctxcu"swg"hqtoctçq"pqxcu"tckpjcu00000000000 5 CUSTO DE PRODUÇÃO E RENTABILIDADE DO GIRASSOL " Rctc" kfgpvkhkect" q" rqvgpekcn" vêepkeq/geqpõokeq" fq" iktcuuqn" g" c" citgicèçq" fg" xcnqt" ä" ocvêtkc/rtkoc." fg" hqtoc" c" crtqxgkvâ/nq" kpvgitcnogpvg"pc"rtqfwèçq"fg"gpgtikc"g"cnkogpvqu."ê"korqtvcpvg" crwtct" q" ugw" ewuvq" fg" rtqfwèçq." pçq" uqogpvg" rctc" qhgtgegt" gngogpvqu" pgeguuâtkqu" ä" cpânkug" fg" tgpvcdknkfcfg" fc" wpkfcfg" fg"rtqfwèçq."ocu"vcodêo"rctc"vgt"wo"rctãogvtq"pc"vqocfc"fg" fgekuçq0 Q" ewuvq" fg" rtqfwèçq" fq" iktcuuqn" rqfg" queknct" owkvq." rtkpek/ rcnogpvg."go"rgswgpcu"rtqrtkgfcfgu."uglc"go"hwpèçq"fq"ukuvgoc" fg"rtqfwèçq"g"itcw"fg"vgepqnqikc"gortgicfq"rgnq"rtqfwvqt."uglc" rgnc"fkurqpkdknkfcfg"fg"oçq"fg"qdtc"g"gswkrcogpvqu"wvknk|cfqu0 Dcugcfq"go"fcfqu"qdvkfqu"eqo"q"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fg"ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku." hqtco" fgvgtokpcfqu" qu" ewuvqu" xctkâxgku." hkzqu" g" vqvcku"fc"rtqfwèçq"fg"itçqu0"Pc"Tabela 2."crtgugpvc/ug"q"ewuvq" oêfkq" fg" rtqfwèçq" fgvcnjcfq" fcu" 39" ncxqwtcu" korncpvcfcu" pc" uchtc"422:1422;0"Xgtkhkec/ug"swg"qu"ewuvqu"fqu"kpuwoqu"*cfwdq." wtêkc"g"ugogpvgu+"g"fc"oçq"fg"qdtc"hcoknkct"*rtkpekrcnogpvg"pc" eqnjgkvc" ocpwcn+" uçq" qu" rtkpekrcku" fgvgtokpcpvgu" fq" ewuvq" fg" rtqfwèçq"fq"iktcuuqn0
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Tabela 2."Custo de produção - Média de 17 lavouras de girassol (safra 2008/2009)0 FASE
2 2 3 3 1
DESCRIÇÃO
Un
R$/un
Produção
kg.
Área plantada Hélio 250 / Aguara 3 SEMENTE Adubo 05-25-25 Adubo especial Boro FERTILIZANTES Superfosfato triplo Uréia Decis Post + Assist HERBICIDA Glifosato DESSECANTE
ha kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. l l l
21,90 1,33 8,45 0,88 1,33 9,50 40,90 17,90
h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h
4,30 12,00 4,30 12,00 4,30 12,00 4,30 12,00 4,30 12,00 4,30 4,30 12,00 4,30 0,86 4,30 12,00 4,30 12,00 4,30 12,00 150,00
Quantidade Custo em R$ Produtor Por ha Produtor Por ha 1.189 1.189 1.357 1.357 0,876 1,000 0,876 1,000 4,471 97,91 5,101 111,71 183,824 209,732 244,49 278,94 6,765 57,16 7,718 65,22 20,588 18,12 23,490 20,67 161,765 184,564 215,15 245,47 1,93 0,203 2,20 0,232 0,735 30,06 0,839 34,32 0,912 16,32 1,040 18,62
OPERAÇÕES Homem Trator próprio Homem 1 Subsolagem Trator próprio Homem 1 Gradagem Trator próprio Homem 2 Plantio/Adubação Trator próprio Homem 3 Aplicar herbicida Trator próprio 3 Aplicar inseticida Homem Homem 3 Aplicar uréia Trator próprio Homem 3 Cultivar Animal Homem Colheita com 4 Trator próprio colheitadeira Homem Colheita manual Trator próprio 4 Homem Colheita com Colheitadeira própria 4 colheitadeira Colheitadeira alugada de milho Insumos agrícolas Mão de obra Animal próprio Trator próprio Trator alugado SUBTOTAL Depreciação de animais e máquinas Funrural SUBTOTAL TOTAL 1
Dessecação
Hqpvg<"Chwdtc
32
0,721 0,250 1,176 1,176 1,000 1,000 3,250 1,721 1,882 0,471 0,353 5,471 0,059 2,235 1,059 0,471 0,471 24,941 0,882 0,294 0,294 0,265 379,263 41,794 1,059 6,324 0,265 428,705
0,822 0,285 1,342 1,342 1,141 1,141 3,708 1,963 2,148 0,537 0,403 6,242 0,067 2,550 1,208 0,537 0,537 28,456 1,007 0,336 0,336 0,302 432,716 47,685 1,208 7,215 0,000 488,824
3,10 3,00 5,06 14,11 4,30 12,00 13,98 20,65 8,09 5,65 1,52 23,53 0,71 9,61 0,91 2,03 5,65 107,25 10,58 1,26 3,53 39,75 681,14 179,73 0,91 75,88 39,75 977,41 18,61 19,15 37,76 1.015,17
3,53 3,42 5,77 16,10 4,91 13,69 15,94 23,56 9,24 6,44 1,73 26,84 0,80 10,97 1,04 2,31 6,44 122,36 12,08 1,44 4,03 45,30 777,15 205,04 1,04 86,56 45,30 1.115,09 21,24 21,85 43,09 1.158,18
5.1 Rentabilidade Rctc"cpcnkuct"c"tgpvcdknkfcfg"fq"iktcuuqn"go"rgswgpc"guecnc." hqk" hgkvc" woc" rtqlgèçq" fg" rtqfwèçq" fg" 40222" mi1jc." q" swg" ug" eqpukfgtc"geqpqokecogpvg"kfgcn0"Dcugcfqu"pq"ewuvq"oêfkq"fg" rtqfwèçq"qdvkfq"go"ncxqwtcu"gzrgtkogpvcku"tgcnk|cfcu"gpvtg"cu" uchtcu"422814229"c"422;14232"tgcnk|qw/ug"woc"cxcnkcèçq"ngxcpfq" go"eqpvc"c"ukorngu"xgpfc"fqu"itçqu."dgo"eqoq"q"rtqeguucogpvq" fq"itçq"rctc"tgkpugtèçq"pq"rtqeguuq"rtqfwvkxq"fc"rtqrtkgfcfg" uqd"hqtoc"fg"eqpuwoq"rtôrtkq"fg"dkqfkgugn"g"fg"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn0" Rctc" kuuq." cnêo" fcu" qdugtxcèùgu" tgngxcpvgu" ekvcfcu." wvknk|qw/ ug" qu" tguwnvcfqu" fg" kpxguvkogpvqu." ewuvqu" rctekcku" cpwcku" *go" tgcku+"g"swcpvkfcfgu"wvknk|cfcu"fg"cniwpu"hcvqtgu"eqoq"rtgèq"fg" ogtecfq"fq"itçq."fq"ôngq"fkgugn"g"fc"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn."rtcvkecfqu" pc" tgikçq" Xcng" fq" Tkq" Rctfq" g" Xcng" fq" Tkq"Vcswctk" pq" cpq" fg" 422;"*Tabelas 3 e 4+0 Tabela 3."Projeções das receitas com a venda e o beneficiamento da produção de girassol. Projeção de custo para 1 ha c/ produção de 2.000 kg Item
Valor R$
Kpuwoqu"citîeqncu"
663,30
Ewuvq"ugecigo"fq"itçq
150,00
Ewuvq"eqo"oâswkpcu
132,00
Total custo produção
945,30
Projeção de receita c/ produção de 2.000 kg – Venda do grão Item
Valor R$
Eqvcèçq"fg"rtgèq"ucec"fg"82"mi
41,31
Tgegkvc"e1xgpfc"itçq
1.376,99
Ewuvq"fg"rtqfwèçq"⁄"Ncxqwtc
(945,30)
Receita líquida
431,69
33
Tabela 4."Projeções das receitas com o beneficiamento da produção de girassol. Projeção de receita c/ produção de 2.000 kg – Beneficiando o grão Item
Valor R$
Eqvcèçq"fg"rtgèq"fc"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn"*vqpgncfc+
900,00
Eqvcèçq"fq"dkqfkgugn"?"Rtgèq"fkgugn"pc"dqodc"*nkvtq+
2,00
Ewuvq"fg"rtqfwèçq"*ncxqwtc+
(945,30)
Ewuvq"dgpghkekcogpvq"-"rtqeguuq"fg"vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq
(694,89)
Tgegkvc"hctgnq"*vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn+"/"82'"fc"rtqfwèçq
1.080,00
Tgegkvc"dkqfkgugn"/"62'"fc"rtqfwèçq
1.440,00
Receita líquida
879,81
Hqpvg<"Chwdtc 6 RESULTADOS DA CULTURA DE GIRASSOL NAS REGIÕES DO VALE DO RIO PARDO E DO VALE DO TAQUARI Q"iktcuuqn."ewnvkxcfq"go"tgikùgu"fq"Xcng"fq"Tkq"Rctfq"g"fq" Xcng"fq"Vcswctk."crtgugpvqw"ôvkoq"fgugpxqnxkogpvq."cfcrvcpfq/ ug"c"fkhgtgpvgu"eqpfkèùgu"enkoâvkecu."vkrqu"fg"uqnq"g"vqrqitchkcu0" C" rtqfwvkxkfcfg" oêfkc" qdvkfc" hqk" fg" go" vqtpq" fg" 30722" mi1jc." ckpfc"eqpukfgtcfc"dckzc0"Guug"xqnwog"ug"lwuvkhkec"rgnc"qeqttípekc" fg"hcvqtgu"cfxgtuqu."eqoq."rqt"gzgornq."c"ugogcfwtc"vctfkc."c" hqtvg"kpekfípekc"fg"ejwxcu"pc"êrqec"fg"ugogcfwtc"g"fg"eqnjgkvc" g."go"cniwpu"ecuqu."q"cvcswg"fg"râuuctqu"*rqodcu+0"Rqt"qwvtq" ncfq." ug" qdvgxg." go" fgvgtokpcfcu" ukvwcèùgu." rtqfwvkxkfcfgu" uwrgtkqtgu" c" 50222" mi1jc." q" swg" fgoqpuvtc" swg" c" ewnvwtc" vgo" rqvgpekcn"rtqfwvkxq"rctc"qdvgt"woc"rtqfwvkxkfcfg"oêfkc"fg"40222" mi1jc."q"swg."fq"rqpvq"fg"xkuvc"geqpõokeq."rqfg"ugt"eqpukfgtcfq" cvtcvkxq"rctc"q"rtqfwvqt0" Q"ewnvkxq"fcu"ncxqwtcu"fg"iktcuuqn"hqk"tgcnk|cfq"go"fkhgtgpvgu" ukvwcèùgu." wvknk|cpfq/ug" fkuvkpvqu" gurcècogpvqu." rqrwncèùgu" g" êrqecu"fg"ugogcfwtc0"Qu"tguwnvcfqu"oquvtctco"swg."crguct"fg"
34
ug" wvknk|ct" fkhgtgpvgu" gurcècogpvqu." pçq" ug" qdugtxqw" fkhgtgpèc" ukipkhkecvkxc" pc" rtqfwvkxkfcfg0" Lâ" swcpvq" ä" rqrwncèçq." hqtco" cvkpikfqu"ognjqtgu"tguwnvcfqu."vgpfq"crtgugpvcfq"gpvtg"5:0222"g" 6702222"rncpvcu"rqt"jgevctg0"Go"tgncèçq"ä"êrqec"fg"ugogcfwtc." qu"ognjqtgu"tguwnvcfqu"hqtco"qdvkfqu"eqo"ncxqwtcu"korncpvcfcu" pqu" ogugu" fg" ugvgodtq1qwvwdtq0" Ncxqwtcu" eqo" ugogcfwtcu" c" rctvkt" fg" pqxgodtq" vgpfgtco" c" fkokpwkt" q" rqvgpekcn" rtqfwvkxq" g" vcodêo"q"vgqt"fg"ôngq"fq"itçq0" C" ugogcfwtc" pqu" ogugu" fg" hgxgtgktq1octèq." eqpukfgtcfqu" rgtîqfq" fg" uchtkpjc." hqk" rquuîxgn0" Rqtêo." c" ewnvwtc" hkeqw" ocku" xwnpgtâxgn"ä"rtgugpèc"fg"fqgpècu"hûpikecu."eqoq"c"guengtqvkpkc." swg." woc" xg|" rtgugpvg" pc" ncxqwtc." rqfg" ecwuct" rtglwî|qu" swg" kpxkcdknk|co"q"ewnvkxq"fq"iktcuuqn"g"fg"qwvtcu"ewnvwtcu"uwdugs°gpvgu" uwuegvîxgku"c"guuc"fqgpèc."rqku"rtqxqec"c"eqpvcokpcèçq"fq"uqnq0 Fgpvtg" cu" ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku" tgcnk|cfcu" cvtcxêu" fg" ukuvgocu" eqpxgpekqpcku." fguvceco/ug" cu" ncxqwtcu" fg" iktcuuqn" korncpvcfcu"rgnq"ukuvgoc"geqnôikeq."cu"swcku"crtgugpvctco"dqc" ecrcekfcfg" rtqfwvkxc." qdvgpfq/ug" woc" rtqfwvkxkfcfg" oêfkc" fg" 40272" mi1jc." tguwnvcfq" eqpukfgtcfq" ucvkuhcvôtkq0" Ucnkgpvc/ug" swg" ckpfc" ugtçq" pgeguuâtkcu" ocku" rguswkucu" rctc" tgeqpjgegt" cu" rctvkewnctkfcfgu"fq"ewnvkxq"fg"iktcuuqn"tgcnk|cfq"rqt"guug"ukuvgoc0" Pqu" Xcngu" fq" Tkq" Rctfq" g" fq" Tkq" Vcswctk" jâ" woc" ukipkhkecvkxc" guvtwvwtc"fg"rtqfwèçq"cpkocn"*uwkpqewnvwtc."cxkewnvwtc"g"cvkxkfcfg" ngkvgktc+." q" swg." eqpugswgpvgogpvg." fkurqpkdknk|c" itcpfg" swcpvk/ fcfg" fg" fglgvqu" cpkocku." rtkpekrcn" hqpvg" fg" pwvtkèçq" rctc" cu" rncpvcu."xkpfq"c"hcxqtgegt"q"ukuvgoc"fg"rtqfwèçq"geqnôikec0" Qdugtxqw/ug." vcodêo." c" korqtvãpekc" fq" iktcuuqn" pc" tqvcèçq" fg" ewnvwtcu." dgo" eqoq" q" kpetgogpvq" fg" rtqfwèçq" pc" cvkxkfcfg" crîeqnc0 7 EXTRAÇÃO DE ÓLEO DO GIRASSOL Qu" ôngqu" fg" qtkigo" xgigvcn" igtcnogpvg" uçq" gzvtcîfqu" rgnq" rtqeguuq"fg"rtguuçq"eqpvîpwc"qw"rqt"uqnxgpvgu"g."ugiwpfq"Q‚Dtkgp" *4222+."c"gzvtcèçq"pqtocnogpvg"ê"hgkvc"rtguukqpcpfq"c"ugogpvg." eqo"c"wvknk|cèçq"fg"woc"rtgpuc"eqpvîpwc."eqo"wo"rctchwuq"tquec" ugo"hko"*Figura 18+0
35
Figura18. Extrusora mecânica de óleo vegetal utilizada no projeto. C"gzvtcèçq"fq"ôngq"rqt"uqnxgpvgu"ê"c"ocku"eqorngvc"g"rgtokvg" q" gortgiq" fg" vgorgtcvwtcu" ocku" dckzcu0" Pq" gpvcpvq." c" gzvtcèçq" rqt" rtgpucigo" ê" ocku" cfgswcfc" rctc" rgswgpcu" wpkfcfgu." pcu" swcku"xkuc/ug"ä"qdvgpèçq"fg"ôngq"fg"hqtoc"fguegpvtcnk|cfc0"Pguug" ukuvgoc."q"rtqfwvqt"qw"itwrqu"fg"rtqfwvqtgu"rqfgo"gzvtckt"q"ôngq" g."go"ugiwkfc."wvknk|â/nq"pc"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn0 Gzkuvgo." pq" ogtecfq." xâtkcu" qrèùgu" fg" gswkrcogpvqu" eqo" ecrcekfcfg" g" hwpekqpcogpvq" fkhgtgpekcfqu" go" hwpèçq" fq" itçq" c" ugt"wvknk|cfq"qw"go"hwpèçq"fq"design"gueqnjkfq"rctc"c"gzvtcèçq"fg" woc"swcpvkfcfg"ockqt"fg"ôngq0 Cniwpu"ewkfcfqu"swg"fgxgo"ugt"eqpukfgtcfqu"pc"fghkpkèçq"fg" wo"gswkrcogpvq"qw"pq"rtqeguuq"fg"gzvtcèçq"c"ugt"wvknk|cfq"rctc" eqpuwoq"rtôrtkq"guvçq"tgncekqpcfqu"c"swguvkqpcogpvqu"swg"fgxgo" ugt"rtgxkcogpvg"tgcnk|cfqu."vcku"eqoq< /"swcn"q"itçq"swg"xck"ugt"gzvtcîfqA"*eqpukfgtct"q"vcocpjq"fq" itçq"g"fq"vgqt"fg"ôngq"fguglcfq+= /"jcxgtâ"fguecuecogpvq"qw"pçqA /"swcn"q"xqnwog"fg"itçqu"rtqfw|kfq"go"ecfc"uchtc"qw"rgtîqfqA
36
Rqt"qwvtq"ncfq."vcodêo"ê"korqtvcpvg"eqpukfgtct."ugortg"swg" rquuîxgn."c"cswkukèçq"fg"gswkrcogpvqu"go"cèq"kpqzkfâxgn."woc"xg|" swg"uçq"ocku"tgukuvgpvgu"g"ocku"hâegku"fg"jkikgpk|ct."rtkpekrcnogpvg" ug" q" ôngq" hqt" wvknk|cfq" pc" cnkogpvcèçq0"Cnêo" fkuuq." ug" q" qdlgvkxq" ê" wvknk|ct" q" ôngq" pc" cnkogpvcèçq." ê" kortguekpfîxgn" wuct" crgpcu" ugogpvgu"fg"ôngqu"eqoguvîxgku"pc"rtgpuc."gxkvcpfq."fguuc"hqtoc." q"tkueq"fg"eqpvcokpcèùgu0 Xcng"tguucnvct"swg."kpfgrgpfgpvg"fq"gswkrcogpvq"fg"gzvtcèçq" wvknk|cfq."fgxg/ug"vgt"ewkfcfq"eqo"c"nkorg|c"g"eqo"q"vgqt"fg"wokfcfg" fq"itçq"cpvgu"fq"rtqeguuq"fg"gzvtcèçq0"Pq"ecuq"fg"gzvtcèçq"fq" ôngq"c"rctvkt"fq"iktcuuqn."tgeqogpfc/ug"swg"q"itçq"crtgugpvg"go" vqtpq"fg"32'"fg"wokfcfg."qdvgpfq."eqo"kuuq."ognjqt"tguwnvcfq"pc" gzvtcèçq"g"wo"ôngq"fg"dqc"swcnkfcfg0 C"hknvtcèçq"g"q"ctoc|gpcogpvq"eqttgvq"fq"ôngq"crôu"c"gzvtcèçq" vcodêo"uçq"kpfkurgpuâxgku"rctc"ocpvgt"c"swcnkfcfg"fq"rtqfwvq." vcpvq" rctc" wvknk|â/nq" pq" rtqeguuq" fg" vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq" *dkqfkgugn+" swcpvq"rctc"hkpu"eqoguvîxgku0"Q"ôngq"pçq"fgxg"hkect"owkvq"vgorq" guvqecfq"crôu"c"gzvtcèçq."rqku"vgpfg"c"cekfkhkect."fkhkewnvcpfq."eqo" kuuq."q"rtqeguuq"fg"vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq0 " 8 PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL C" ockqt" rctvg" fc" gpgtikc" eqpuwokfc" rgnc" rqrwncèçq" ê" fg" qtkigo"hôuukn."qw"uglc."rtqxgpkgpvg"fq"rgvtôngq."fq"ectxçq"g"fq"iâu" pcvwtcn0"Guucu"hqpvgu"uçq"nkokvcfcu"g"eqo"rtgxkuçq"fg"guiqvcogpvq." vqtpcpfq."rqtvcpvq."q"gortgiq"fg"hqpvgu"cnvgtpcvkxcu"fg"gpgtikc"wo" gortggpfkogpvq"rtqokuuqt0 Gpvtg"guucu"cnvgtpcvkxcu"guvâ"q"dkqfkgugn."swg"ê"fgtkxcfq"fg"hqpvgu" tgpqxâxgku."dkqfgitcfâxgn."pçq/vôzkeq"g"crtgugpvc"dckzc"gokuuçq." ug"eqorctcfq"cq"fkgugn"qtkwpfq"fq"rgvtôngq0"Ö"qdvkfq"eqowogpvg" c" rctvkt" fg" woc" tgcèçq" swîokec" fgpqokpcfc" vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq." cvtcxêu" fc" okuvwtc" fg" ôngqu" xgigvcku" qw" iqtfwtcu" cpkocku" g" fg" wo"âneqqn"fg"ecfgkc"ewtvc"*gvcpqn"qw"ogvcpqn+"pc"rtgugpèc"fg"wo" ecvcnkucfqt."vgpfq."ckpfc."eqoq"eqrtqfwvq"fc"tgcèçq."c"inkegtkpc0 Q" dkqfkgugn" rquuwk" cniwocu" ectcevgtîuvkecu" xcpvclqucu" go" tgncèçq"cqu"eqodwuvîxgku"fgtkxcfqu"fq"rgvtôngq0"Guucu"xcpvcigpu"
37
kpenwgo."go"pîxgn"fg"Dtcukn."c"tgfwèçq"ä"fgrgpfípekc"fg"korqtvcèçq" fg" rgvtôngq." c" cwuípekc" rtcvkecogpvg" eqorngvc" fg" gpzqhtg" g" fg" eqorquvqu" ctqoâvkequ." c" rtgugpèc" fg" wo" ockqt" rqpvq" fg" hwniqt." wo"cnvq"pûogtq"fg"egvcpq."woc"ockqt"fkurqpkdknkfcfg"fg"ocvêtkcu/ rtkocu"go"woc"itcpfg"xctkgfcfg"fg"hqpvgu"tgpqxâxgku"fg"târkfc" dkqfgitcfcdknkfcfg" g" c" cwuípekc" fg" ockqtgu" rtqdngocu" pq" vtcpurqtvg"g"guvqecigo0"Cnêo"fkuuq."ugswguvtc"ocku"iâu"ectdõpkeq" fc"cvoquhgtc."fwtcpvg"c"uwc"rtqfwèçq."fq"swg"gokvg"swcpfq"guvâ" ugpfq"swgkocfq."clwfcpfq."eqo"kuuq."c"cnkxkct"q"etguegpvg"eqpvgûfq" fg"iâu"ectdõpkeq"fc"cvoquhgtc0" Q"wuq"fg"dkqfkgugn"go"okuvwtcu"eqo"fkgugn"ê"woc"cnvgtpcvkxc" swg."go"rgswgpc"swcpvkfcfg."qecukqpc"wo"cwogpvq"fg"nwdtkhkecèçq0" Eqo"kuuq."rqfg"rtqnqpict"c"xkfc"ûvkn"fq"oqvqt."fkokpwkt"c"htgs°ípekc" fg" uwduvkvwkèçq" fg" rgècu" g" tgfw|kt." ugpukxgnogpvg." cu" gokuuùgu" fg"rctvkewncfqu"g"fg"hwocèc0"Go"itcpfg"swcpvkfcfg."cvê"oguoq" rwtq"*D322+."rqfg"ugt"wo"hcvqt"swg"rgtokvg"q"wuq"fq"dkqfkgugn"rctc" eqpuwoq"rtôrtkq."xkcdknk|cpfq"c"fkxgtukhkecèçq"citîeqnc"g"c"rtqfwèçq" fguegpvtcnk|cfc"fq"dkqeqodwuvîxgn0 Pc"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn."ê"korqtvcpvg< /"qdugtxct"c"swcnkfcfg"fc"ocvêtkc/rtkoc."wvknk|cpfq"ôngqu"eqo" dckzq"îpfkeg"fg"cekfg|"g"fg"âiwc."rqku."fq"eqpvtâtkq."qu"oêvqfqu" enâuukequ"*dâukequ+"fg"vtcpuguvgtkhkecèçq"pçq"ugtçq"ghkekgpvgu= /"gxkvct"q"ctoc|gpcogpvq"fgnqpicfq"fq"dkqfkgugn"g"fc"ocvêtkc/ rtkoc."woc"xg|"swg"rqfgo"qeqttgt"vtcpuhqtocèùgu"swîokecu"g"fg/ rqukèùgu= /"rwtkhkect"q"dkqfkgugn"crôu"c"ugrctcèçq"fc"inkegtkpc."fkokpwkpfq." cuuko."qu"fguicuvgu"fg"rgècu"fqu"oqvqtgu"crôu"q"wuq"fg"dkqfkgugn" rwtq"qw"fg"okuvwtcu"eqo"fkgugn= /" wvknk|ct" gswkrcogpvqu" swg" ictcpvco" woc" dqc" eqpxgtuçq" fq" ôngq"go"dkqfkgugn= /"qdugtxct"q"ôngq"c"ugt"wvknk|cfq0"Gng"fgxg"ugt"gueqnjkfq."rtghg/ tgpekcnogpvg."go"hwpèçq"fq"crtqxgkvcogpvq"kpvgitcn"fq"itçq."rqu/ ukdknkvcpfq." fguuc" hqtoc." q" crtqxgkvcogpvq" fg" eqrtqfwvqu" tguwn/ vcpvgu"fc"gzvtcèçq"rctc"c"cnkogpvcèçq"cpkocn0
38
Cq" kpuvcnct" woc" rncpvc" fg" dkqfkgugn" rctc" hkpu" fg" eqpuwoq" rtôrtkq."ê"kortguekpfîxgn< /"Xgtkhkect"cu"pqtocu"codkgpvcku"fq"owpkeîrkq= /" Eqpuvtwkt" wo" cdtkiq" cfgswcfq" rctc" c" eqnqecèçq" fg" gswk/ rcogpvqu."qdugtxcpfq"c"pgeguukfcfg"fg"vtqecu"fg"ct."gurcèq"rctc" ektewncèçq"go"vqtpq"fqu"gswkrcogpvqu."gurcèq"rctc"ctoc|gpcogpvq" fc"ocvêtkc/rtkoc."ugiwtcpèc"g"gurcèq"rctc"cnqecèçq"fqu"tguîfwqu" igtcfqu"cvê"q"eqttgvq"fguvkpq= /"Vgt"wo"rtqhkuukqpcn"vtgkpcfq"qw"eqpvtcvct"wo"vêepkeq"fc"âtgc" rctc" gxkvct" tkuequ" codkgpvcku." fg" ugiwtcpèc" g" fg" swcnkfcfg" fq" rtqfwvq"hkpcn= /"Tgcnk|ct"wo"rncpglcogpvq"fc"rctvg"citîeqnc"rctc"swg"c"ocvêtkc/ rtkoc"guvglc"fkurqpîxgn"cq"nqpiq"fq"cpq."gxkvcpfq."cuuko."q"guvqswg" fg"ôngq"qw"dkqfkgugn= /"Gueqnjgt"gswkrcogpvqu"swg"vgpjco"c"ecrcekfcfg"rtqfwvkxc" go"eqpuqpãpekc"eqo"cu"pgeguukfcfgu"fg"eqodwuvîxgn"fc*u+"rtqrtk/ gfcfg*u+= /" Gueqnjgt" gswkrcogpvqu" swg" vgpjco." pq" oîpkoq." tgcvqt." fg/ ecpvcfqt"g"ukuvgoc"fg"rwtkhkecèçq"fq"dkqfkgugn= /"Qdugtxct"ug"q"tgcvqt"qw"q"ukuvgoc"fg"tgcèçq"vgo"cu"eqpfkèùgu" kfgcku"rctc"ug"qdvgt"woc"gzegngpvg"eqpxgtuçq"fq"ôngq"go"dkqfkgugn" g"ug"rquuwk"ugiwtcpèc"fg"ocpwugkq= /"Qdugtxct"ug"c"rwtkhkecèçq"fq"dkqfkgugn."tgcnk|cfc"pq"gswkrc/ ogpvq"gueqnjkfq."cvgpfg"cq"itcw"oîpkoq"fg"swcnkfcfg"swg"ug"fguglc" qdvgt"fq"eqodwuvîxgn"rctc"cfkekqpct"c"ugwu"ocswkpâtkqu"citîeqncu= /" Wvknk|ct" gswkrcogpvqu" fg" ugiwtcpèc" cfgswcfqu." rtkpekrcn/ ogpvg"cq"ocpwugct"q"ogvcpqn= /"Tgcnk|ct"wo"eqpvtqng"fg"swcnkfcfg"oîpkoq"fq"dkqfkgugn"hkpcn." swg"rgtokvc"c"kfgpvkhkecèçq"fq"itcw"fg"eqpxgtuçq."c"cekfg|."q"vgqt" fg"âiwc"g"c"rtgugpèc"fg"âneqqn"tgukfwcn"g"qwvtqu."fgrgpfgpfq"fc" ocvêtkc/rtkoc"wvknk|cfc= /" Rtgxgt" q" oâzkoq" fg" cwvqocèçq" fq" rtqeguuq" rctc" gxkvct" q" ocpwugkq"fg"rtqfwvqu"swîokequ"*Figura 19+0
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Figura 19. Produção de biodiesel em miniusina.
9 APROVEITAMENTO DA GLICERINA NA PRODUÇÃO DE SABÃO C"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn."pqu"ûnvkoqu"cpqu."rtqxqeqw"c"igtc/ èçq"fg"wo"xqnwog"fg"inkegtkpc"cfkekqpcn"cq"swg"q"ogtecfq"vkpjc" eqpfkèùgu"fg"cduqtxgt"g."rqt"kuuq."owkvcu"rguswkucu"xío"ugpfq" fgugpxqnxkfcu"rctc"c"wvknk|cèçq"fguug"eqrtqfwvq0" Pq"ecuq"fc"rtqfwèçq"fg"dkqfkgugn"c"rctvkt"fq"iktcuuqn"qw"fg" qwvtcu"qngcikpqucu"rctc"eqpuwoq"rtôrtkq."c"inkegtkpc"gzegfgpvg" rqfg"ugt"wvknk|cfc"pc"hcdtkecèçq"fg ucdçq."swg"ê."ugo"fûxkfc."woc" fcu"cvkxkfcfgu"kpfwuvtkcku"ocku"cpvkicu"fg"pquuc"ekxknk|cèçq0""Woc" hqtowncèçq"dâukec"g"fg"hâekn"ocpwugkq"guvâ"fguetkvc"c"ugiwkt0 SABÃO DE GLICERINA Kngredientes< 6"mi"fg"ugdq"*qw"4"mi"fg"ugdq"-"4"nkvtqu"fg"ôngq+ 3"mi"fg"uqfc 4"nkvtqu"fg"âneqqn 4"nkvtqu"fg"inkegtkpc 4"nkvtqu"fg"âiwc /"Guuípekc"*qrekqpcn+ /"Eqtcpvg"*qrekqpcn+
40
Procedimento: Fgkzct"q"ugdq"fgttgvgt"ugo"ogzgt0"Go"wo" tgekrkgpvg"ugrctcfq."okuvwtct"c"uqfc"pc"âiwc"g"ogzgt0"Swcpfq" q" ugdq" fgttgvgt" eqorngvcogpvg." cfkekqpct" c" uqfc" fkuuqnxkfc" pc" âiwc" g" ogzgt" xcictqucogpvg0" Go" ugiwkfc." eqnqect" q" ôngq" g" c" inkegtkpc" g" ogzgt" pqxcogpvg0" Crôu." okuvwtct" q" âneqqn" rqt" crtqzkocfcogpvg"37"okp0"Tgvktct"fq"cswgekogpvq"g"cetguegpvct" c" guuípekc" g" q" eqtcpvg0" Fgkzct" ugect" g." rquvgtkqtogpvg." eqtvct" go"dcttcu"*Figura 20+0 Ö"korqtvcpvg"fguvcect"swg"guuc"ogvqfqnqikc"rgtokvg"citgict" egtec"fg"42'"go"ocuuc"fg"inkegtkpc"pc"hqtowncèçq"fq"ucdçq0" Gpvtgvcpvq." ê" tgngxcpvg" cfxgtvkt" swg" c" inkegtkpc" wvknk|cfc" vgpjc" woc" eqorqukèçq" nkxtg" fg" ogvcpqn" g" ogpqt" eqpegpvtcèçq" fg" ânecnku"rquuîxgn."cfgswcèçq"fg"rJ"g"pgwvtcnk|cèçq0"
Figura 20. Fabricação de sabão da glicerina obtida na produção de biodiesel. 10 USO DE BIODIESEL EM MOTORES DIESEL Crôu" swcvtq" cpqu" fg" gpuckqu" c" ecorq." wvknk|cpfq" dkqfkgugn" fg"fkhgtgpvgu"hqpvgu"go"vtcvqtgu"eqo"ukuvgocu"fg"kplgèçq"fktgvc"g" kpfktgvc." oqpq" g" ownvkeknkpftq" g" fg" fkhgtgpvgu" octecu." dgo" eqoq"
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go"woc"ecokpjqpgvg"wvknk|cfc"pq"rtôrtkq"rtqlgvq."eqpenwkw/ug"swg" q" wuq" fg" dkqfkgugn" ê" xkâxgn" vcpvq" go" oqvqtgu" rctc" hkpu" citîeqncu" swcpvq"go"xgîewnqu"fg"ectic"*Figuras 21 e 22+0"Tgeqogpfc/ug." eqpvwfq."cniwpu"ewkfcfqu< /"rctc"q"wuq"fg"D322"*322'"dkqfkgugn+"go"vtcvqtgu"fg"ukuvgoc" kpfktgvq"fg"kplgèçq"fg"eqodwuvîxgn"ê"kortguekpfîxgn"q"wuq"fg"xgnc"fg" cswgekogpvq"rctc"hceknkvct"c"rctvkfc"fq"oqvqt= /" q" ôngq" nwdtkhkecpvg" fgxg" ugt" kpurgekqpcfq" rgtkqfkecogpvg." fgxgpfq"ugt"vtqecfq"ugortg"swg"uwc"xkuequkfcfg"guvkxgt"dckzc"*ôngq" ocku"›hkpqfi+"qw"jqwxgt"c"rtgugpèc"fg"ocvgtkcku"guvtcpjqu"*uônkfqu+= /"qdugtxct"swg"qu"tgekrkgpvgu"fg"ctoc|gpcogpvq"fq"eqodwuvîxgn" guvglco" ugortg" dgo" hgejcfqu0" Kuuq" gxkvc" c" eqpvcokpcèçq" fq" eqodwuvîxgn"rqt"korwtg|cu0"Cnêo"fkuuq."gxkvc"swg"c"wokfcfg"fq"ct" gpvtg"go"eqpvcvq"eqo"q"eqodwuvîxgn."q"swg"fkokpwktkc"uwc"swcnkfcfg" fg"wvknk|cèçq"g"fcpkhkectkc"q"oqvqt= /" pçq" fgkzct" c" vcorc" fq" vcpswg" fg" eqodwuvîxgn" cdgtvc" rctc" gxkvct"c"eqpvcokpcèçq= /" tgurgkvct" qu" kpvgtxcnqu" fg" vtqec" fg" ôngq" tgeqogpfcfqu" rgnq" hcdtkecpvg0" Eqoq" q" dkqfkgugn" rquuwk" ectcevgtîuvkecu" fkhgtgpvgu" fq" fkgugn"okpgtcn."ê"pqtocn"q"oqvqt"rgtfgt"rqvípekc0"Eqo"kuuq."equvwoc/ ug"cegngtct"ocku"q"vtcvqt."rtqxqecpfq"wo"ockqt"fguicuvg"fcu"rgècu" kpvgtpcu0"Rqt"kuuq."c"nwdtkhkecèçq"fgxg"guvct"ugortg"go"fkc= /"qdugtxct."eqpuvcpvgogpvg."cu"eqpfkèùgu"fcu"ocpiwgktcu"fq" vtcvqt" g" fcu" xgfcèùgu" fg" dqttcejc." rqku" q" dkqfkgugn" fgitcfc/cu." rqfgpfq"ecwuct"xc|cogpvqu0"Vtqswg"cu"ocpiwgktcu"qw"xgfcèùgu" ugortg"swg"pgeguuâtkq= /"go"fkcu"owkvq"htkqu."q"dkqfkgugn"vqtpc/ug"owkvq"xkuequq"g"uwc" kplgèçq" rqfg" pçq" qeqttgt" fg" hqtoc" cfgswcfc0" Ö" pgeguuâtkq." pq" oqogpvq"fc"rctvkfc."wvknk|ct"woc"xgnc"fg"cswgekogpvq"*vtcvqtgu+"qw" fct"c"rctvkfc"eqo"fkgugn"okpgtcn"*xgîewnqu"go"igtcn+"cvê"swg"q"oqvqt" cswgèc0 Cq"nqpiq"fq"vgorq."q"dkqfkgugn."eqoq"swcnswgt"qwvtq"eqodwu/ vîxgn."ug"fgitcfc"g"rgtfg"uwcu"ectcevgtîuvkecu"qtkikpcku0"Qdugtxqw/ ug."pcu"rguswkucu."swg"guuc"fgitcfcèçq"ug"kpvgpukhkec"fgrqku"fg"vtíu" ogugu"fg"ctoc|gpcogpvq0"Swcpfq"q"dkqfkgugn"hkec"ceqpfkekqpcfq" rqt"nqpiqu"rgtîqfqu."rqfg"qeqttgt"c"hqtocèçq"fg"fgrôukvqu"pq"hwpfq"
42
fq"tgekrkgpvg0"Ug"guugu"fgrôukvqu"hqtgo"gzcigtcfqu."ftgpg/qu"cpvgu" fg"cdcuvgegt"q"oqvqt"eqo"dkqfkgugn0"Fgufg"swg"q"dkqfkgugn"uglc"fg" dqc"swcnkfcfg"g"swg"q"oqvqt"uglc"wvknk|cfq"eqttgvcogpvg."q"dkqfkgugn" pçq"hqtoc"pgpjwoc"dqttc."ucdçq"qw"swcnswgt"vkrq"fg"kpetwuvcèçq" pcu"icngtkcu"fq"oqvqt0"Ecuq"kuuq"xgpjc"c"ceqpvgegt."egtvkhkswg/ug" fc"rtqegfípekc"fq"eqodwuvîxgn"g"xgtkhkswg"cu"eqpfkèùgu"g"q"vgorq" fg"ctoc|gpcogpvq"fq"rtqfwvq0 Go"igtcn."jâ"woc"rgswgpc"rgtfc"fg"vqtswg"g"fg"rqvípekc"fq" oqvqt"cdcuvgekfq"eqo"dkqfkgugn."ug"eqorctcfq"eqo"q"cdcuvgekfq" eqo" fkgugn" fg" rgvtôngq0" Guuc" fkhgtgpèc." vgpfq" ukfq" wvknk|cfqu" eqodwuvîxgku"fg"dqc"swcnkfcfg."pçq"fgxg"uwrgtct"qu"32'0 Rqt" ûnvkoq." c" wvknk|cèçq" fg" dkqfkgugn" fg" dqc" swcnkfcfg" pçq" fgxg" ecwuct" q" gpvwrkogpvq" fqu" hknvtqu" fg" eqodwuvîxgn" pgo" fqu" dkequ" kplgvqtgu0" Fc" oguoc" hqtoc." qu" dkequ" fgxgo" rgtocpgegt" guvcpswgu." ugo" xc|cogpvqu." crôu" c" wvknk|cèçq" fg" dkqfkgugn0" Go" qwvtcu"rcncxtcu."guugu"ukuvgocu"fgxgo"hwpekqpct"pqtocnogpvg."vcn" eqoq"hwpekqpctkco"eqo"fkgugn"okpgtcn0
Figura 21. Trator movido a biodiesel, do produtor Agenor Scarci, município de Itapuca - RS.
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Figura 22: Camionete movida a B100 (Biodiesel 100%). 11 TORTA DE GIRASSOL C" vqtvc" fg" iktcuuqn" tguwnvcpvg" fq" rtqeguuq" fg" gzvtcèçq" rqfg" ugt" wvknk|cfc" rctc" xâtkqu" hkpu." gpvtg" gngu." c" cnkogpvcèçq" cpkocn." fg" itcpfg" korqtvãpekc" rctc" qu" citkewnvqtgu" hcoknkctgu0" Cvwcnogpvg." pc" Wpkxgtukfcfg" fg" Ucpvc" Etw|" fq" Uwn" *WPKUE+." vcodêo" ug" vgo" dwuecfq" c" wvknk|cèçq" fc" vqtvc" eqoq" uwduvtcvq" rctc"q"fgugpxqnxkogpvq"fg"oketq/qticpkuoqu"rctc"c"rtqfwèçq" fg" qwvtcu" oqnêewncu" fg" cnvq" xcnqt" citgicfq0" Cnêo" fkuuq." gnc" guvâ"ugpfq"kpeqtrqtcfc"c"ocvgtkcku"swg."oguoq"eqpuvkvwîfqu"ä" dcug"fg"rqnîogtqu."uçq"ocku"dkqfgitcfâxgku"g"crtgugpvco"woc" rctegnc"fg"rctvîewncu"tgpqxâxgku."ugpfq."rqtvcpvq."fg"kpvgtguug" codkgpvcn0 11.1 Características bromatólogicas Cu"ectcevgtîuvkecu"fc"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn"guvçq"tgncekqpcfcu"c"
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xâtkqu" hcvqtgu." eqoq." rqt" gzgornq." c" êrqec" fg" ugogcfwtc" fc" rncpvc." cu" eqpfkèùgu" enkoâvkecu" pq" ekenq" fc" ewnvwtc." c" hqtoc" fg" gzvtcèçq" fq" ôngq" g." rtkpekrcnogpvg." c" vgorgtcvwtc" wvknk|cfc" pc" gzvtcèçq." xkuvq" swg" c" rtqvgîpc" ê" ugpuîxgn" c" cnvcu" vgorgtcvwtcu" g"eqogèc"c"ug"fgvgtkqtct"c"rctvkt"fqu":2"√E0"Rqtvcpvq."fgxg/ug" tgiwnct"c"gzvtwuqtc"fg"hqtoc"c"cvgpfgt"wo"rgtegpvwcn"ucvkuhcvôtkq" fg"ôngq"ugo."eqo"kuuq."eqortqogvgt"c"swcnkfcfg"fc"vqtvc0"Uwcu" rtkpekrcku"ectcevgtîuvkecu"uçq"qu"cnvqu"vgqtgu"fg"rtqvgîpc"dtwvc." hkdtc"dtwvc"g"q"gzvtcvq"gvêtgq."rtkpekrcnogpvg"pq"ecuq"fg"gzvtcèçq" guugpekcnogpvg"ogeãpkec."pc"swcn"rgtocpgeg"wo"rgtegpvwcn"fg" ôngq"pc"vqtvc0" C" vqtvc" qdvkfc" c" rctvkt" fq" iktcuuqn" tguwnvcpvg" fcu" ncxqwtcu" gzrgtkogpvcku" crtgugpvqw" ôvkoc" swcnkfcfg." eqphqtog" oquvtc" c" cpânkug" dtqocvqnôikec" *Tabela 5+0" Kuuq" hqk" rquuîxgn" crôu" xâtkqu" vguvgu"g"clwuvgu"fc"gzvtwuqtc0 Tabela 50"Cpânkug"swîokeq/dtqocvqnôikec"fc"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn."" qdvkfc"c"rctvkt"fc"gzvtcèçq"ogeãpkec0 Amostra MS(%)
MO
PB
% na MS EE FB
ENN Torta de ;20:7 ;7.36 48.9; 43.69 3;.58 49.74 girassol MS<"Ocvêtkc"Ugec="MO:"Ocvêtkc"Qtiãpkec="PB:"Rtqvgîpc"Dtwvc= EE:"Gzvtcvq"Gvêtgq."FB:"Hkdtc"Dtwvc="ENN:"Gzvtcvkxqu"Pçq"Pkvtkigpcfqu0 Hqpvg<"Fgrctvcogpvq"fg"\qqvgepkc"Ncdqtcvôtkq"fg"Pwvtkèçq"Cpkocn *NPC+"⁄"WHUO
11.2 Recomendação de uso da torta de girassol na alimentação animal C" vqtvc" fg" iktcuuqn." rqt" rquuwkt" gzegngpvgu" ectcevgtîuvkecu" pwvtkekqpcku."rtkpekrcnogpvg"wo"eqpukfgtâxgn"vgqt"fg"rtqvgîpc."xgo" ugpfq"kpvtqfw|kfc"pc"eqorqukèçq"fg"tcèùgu"cpkocku."rq/fgpfq." cvê"oguoq."uwduvkvwkt"q"vtcfkekqpcn"hctgnq"fg"uqlc0"C"tcèçq"hqtowncfc" rqfg" ugt" wvknk|cfc" pc" cnkogpvcèçq" fg" fkhgtgpvgu" gurêekgu" fg" cpkocku."rqtêo"go"rgtegpvwcku"fkhgtgpekcfqu"rctc"ecfc"gurêekg" g"fg"ceqtfq"eqo"q"ukuvgoc"fkiguvkxq"fg"ecfc"cpkocn0
45
Rctc" crtgugpvct" cq" rtqfwvqt" c" ognjqt" hqtoc" fg" kpvtqfw|kt" c" vqtvc" fg" iktcuuqn" pc" cnkogpvcèçq" cpkocn." hqk" tgcnk|cfq" wo" gzrgtkogpvq."eqo"dqxkpqu"fg"eqtvg."pq"Egpvtq"fg"Rguswkuc"rctc"c" Fkxgtukhkecèçq"fc"Citkewnvwtc"Hcoknkct"*rtqrtkgfcfg"fc"CHWDTC+." go"Tkq"Rctfq/TU."go"rctegtkc"eqo"c"Wpkxgtukfcfg"Hgfgtcn"fq" Tkq"Itcpfg"fq"Uwn"*WHTIU+0" C"vqtvc"hqk"vguvcfc"go"fkgvcu"*77'"eqo"ukncigo"g"67'"eqo" tcèçq+"pqu"ugiwkpvgu"pîxgku< "Vtcvcogpvq"3<"Ukncigo"fg"oknjq"-"tcèçq"e1"2'"fg"vqtvc"fg" iktcuuqn "Vtcvcogpvq"4<"Ukncigo"fg"oknjq"-"tcèçq"e1"47'"fg"vqtvc"fg" iktcuuqn "Vtcvcogpvq"5<"Ukncigo"fg"oknjq"-"tcèçq"e1"72'"fg"vqtvc"fg" iktcuuqn "Vtcvcogpvq"6<"Ukncigo"fg"oknjq"-"tcèçq"e1"97'"fg"vqtvc"fg" iktcuuqn C"tcèçq"hqk"eqorquvc"rqt"hctgnq"fg"vtkiq."hctgnq"fg"cttq|."vqtvc" fg"iktcuuqn."ucn"okpgtcn"g"wtêkc0"Eqo"q"gzrgtkogpvq."eqpenwkw/ug" swg"c"vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn"crtgugpvc"wo"gngxcfq"rqvgpekcn"pwvtkekqpcn" g"uwc"wvknk|cèçq"pc"cnkogpvcèçq"fg"twokpcpvgu"vgxg"wo"ognjqt" fgugorgpjq."pcu"rtqrqtèùgu"fg""47"g"72"'"pc"fkgvc0 Dcugcfq" pguug" gzrgtkogpvq" tgeqogpfc/ug." rctc" dqxkpqu" fg"eqtvg"g"fg"ngkvg."c"ugiwkpvg"hqtowncèçq"fg"tcèçq"*Tabela 6"g" Figura 23+0 Tabela 6."Formulação de ração com torta de girassol para bovinos de corte e de leite. Ingredientes Vqtvc"fg"iktcuuqn Oknjq"swgdtcfq"qw"hctgnq"fg"vtkiq Hctgnq"fg"cttq|" Ucn"okpgtcn Total
Hqpvg<"Chwdtc
46
Proporções (%) 47 63 54.7 3.7 322
Figura 23."Uso da torta de girassol na alimentação de vacas leiteiras. Produtor Irineu Valdimiro Reuter, município de Santa Cruz do Sul - RS. Rctc" qwvtqu" cpkocku." pçq" wnvtcrcuuct" qu" rgtegpvwcku" kpfkecfqu" pc" Tabela 70" Ucnkgpvc/ug." vcodêo." swg" ugw" wuq" pçq" ê" tgeqogpfcfq" rctc" cpkocu" go" etguekogpvq" *lqxgpu+0" Q" wuq" fc" vqtvc" pc" cnkogpvcèçq" fg" uwîpqu" ê" fg" itcpfg" korqtvãpekc" gpgtiêvkec." gswkxcngpfq/ug" cq" oknjq0" Rqtêo." go" hwpèçq" fq" cnvq"vgqt"fg"hkdtc"dtwvc"swg"rquuwk."tgeqogpfc/ug"crgpcu"rctc" cpkocku"cfwnvqu."go"ncevcèçq"g"pc"vgtokpcèçq0" Tabela 7."Percentuais de torta de girassol recomendado na dieta animal. Espécie animal Qxkpqu Uwîpqu"go"vgtokpcèçq Rqtecu"go"Ncevcèçq Cxgu
Proporções (%) 37 ""7 32 ""7
Hqpvg<"WHTIU
47
12 PROCESSAMENTO DE EMBUTIDOS E DE PRODUTOS LÁCTEOS Cvwcnogpvg." cu" swguvùgu" cnkogpvctgu" cfswktktco" ectâvgt" ownvkuugvqtkcn."kpkekcpfq"rgnc"citkewnvwtc"qw"rgewâtkc."swg"dwueco" kpetgogpvct" c" rtqfwèçq" fg" cnkogpvqu" cvtcxêu" fq" cwogpvq" fc" rtqfwvkxkfcfg" fg" ocvêtkcu/rtkocu" qw" fg" rtqfwvqu" cecdcfqu0" Guuc" âtgc" ewnokpc" eqo" q" tgngxcpvg" rcrgn" fc" vgepqnqikc" fg" rtqeguucogpvq" fg" cnkogpvqu." ewlq" qdlgvkxq." cnêo" fg" cwogpvct" c" xkfc" fg" rtcvgngktc" fqu" rtqfwvqu." ê" rtqfw|kt" cnkogpvqu" ocku" uqhkuvkecfqu." ocku" pwvtkvkxqu." ocku" cvtcvkxqu" g" eqpxgpkgpvgu." g" swg"rquuco"ugt"qhgtgekfqu"c"rtgèqu"ceguuîxgku"ä"itcpfg"rctvg" fc"rqrwncèçq0 Cniwocu" hqtowncèùgu" fg" rtqfwvqu" eâtpgqu." swg" rqfgo" eqpvtkdwkt"rctc"c"fkxgtukhkecèçq"fc"rtqrtkgfcfg"hcoknkct."rtqoqxkfc" rgnq"rncpvkq"fg"iktcuuqn"g"swg."eqpugswgpvgogpvg."igtc"c"vqtvc" gortgicfc"pc"cnkogpvcèçq"cpkocn."guvçq"pcu"Tabelas 4 c 100
Tabela 4."Formulação básica para linguiça frescal. Matéria-Prima Ectpg"uwîpc Vqwekpjq Ignq Ucn
Peso (g) 4222 972 322 72
Matéria-Prima Ucn"fg"ewtc Inwvcocvq"oqpquuôfkeq Cèûect
Peso (g) 8 37 5
Tabela 5. Formulação básica para linguiça toscana. Matéria-Prima Ectpg"uwîpc Ectpg"dqxkpc Vqwekpjq Ignq Ucn
48
Peso (g) 4222 4222 3222 722 372
Matéria-Prima Ucn"fg"ewtc Cnjq Inwvcocvq"oqpquuôfkeq Cèûect
Peso (g) 38 38 38 8
Tabela 6. Formulação básica da linguiça calabresa. Matéria-Prima Ectpg"uwîpc Vqwekpjq Ucn Ucn"fg"ewtc
Quantidade (g) 4222 472 72 7
Matéria-Prima Rkogpvc/ecncdtguc Cnjq Gtxc/fqeg Xkpjq"dtcpeq"ugeq
Quantidade (g) 7 2.8 2.8 2.7"N
Tabela 70"Formulação básica da linguiça mista. Matéria-Prima Ectpg"uwîpc Ectpg"dqxkpc Vqwekpjq Ucn"fg"ewtc Ucn Xkpjq"vkpvq"ugeq
Quantidade (g) 4222 4222 422 32 322 2.7"N
Matéria-Prima Qtêicpq"go"rô Rkogpvc/fq/tgkpq Cnjq Pq|/oquecfc Etcxq/fc/îpfkc
Quantidade (g) 5 7 7 4 4
" Cu" gvcrcu" dâukecu" fg" hcdtkecèçq" fguugu" rtqfwvqu." crtgugpvcfqu"pcu"Tabelas 4 c 7, eqortggpfgo<"oqcigo"fc*u+" ectpg*u+" g" fq" vqwekpjq" pq" fkueq" fg" :" c" 32oo=" rgucigo" fqu" eqpfkogpvqu."fq"ignq"g"fqu"cfkvkxqu="okuvwtc"fc*u+"ectpg*u+"g"fq" vqwekpjq"eqo"qu"eqpfkogpvqu."q"ucn."q"ignq"g"qu"cfkvkxqu"cvê"c" qdvgpèçq"fq"rqpvq"fg"nkic="godwvkogpvq"go"vtkrc"pcvwtcn."hc|gpfq" iqoqu"fg"52"c"57eo="ctoc|gpcigo"uqd"tghtkigtcèçq"*6"√E+"qw" eq|kogpvq"go"hgtxwtc"rqt"52"okp"ä"vgorgtcvwtc"fg":7"£E0
Tabela 8."Formulação básica do salsichão misto. Matéria-Prima Ectpg"uwîpc Ectpg"dqxkpc Vqwekpjq Ignq Ucn
Peso (g) 4222 822 322 322 72
Matéria-Prima Pq|/oquecfc Rkogpvc/fq/tgkpq Cnjq Inwvcocvq"oqpquuôfkeq Ucn"fg"ewtc
Peso (g) 7 : 34 32 32
49
Tabela 9."Formulação básica do salsichão suíno. Matéria-Prima Ectpg"uwîpc Vqwekpjq Cèûect Ignq Ucn
Peso (g) 6222 722 82 322 422
Matéria-Prima Ucn"fg"ewtc Rkogpvc/rtgvc Cnjq Pq|/oquecfc Hkzcfqt"fg"eqt
Peso (g) 42 32 32 7 5
Cu"gvcrcu"fg"hcdtkecèçq"fqu"rtqfwvqu"fcu"Tabelas 8 g 9"eqortggpfgo<"oqcigo"fc*u+"ectpg*u+"g"fq"vqwekpjq"pq"fkueq" fg"8"c":oo="rgucigo"fqu"eqpfkogpvqu."fq"ignq"g"fqu"cfkvkxqu=" okuvwtc"fc*u+"ectpg*u+"g"fq"vqwekpjq"eqo"qu"eqpfkogpvqu."q"ucn."q" ignq"g"qu"cfkvkxqu"cvê"qdvgt"q"rqpvq"fg"nkic="godwvkogpvq"go"vtkrc" pcvwtcn."hc|gpfq"iqoqu"cocttcfqu"fg":"c"32eo="ctoc|gpcigo" uqd"tghtkigtcèçq0
Tabela 10."Formulação básica da mortadela. Matéria-Prima Ectpg"dqxkpc Vqwekpjq Ignq Inwvcocvq"oqpquuôfkeq Ucn Rqnkhquhcvq
Peso (g) 4222 :82 722 52 8: 6
Matéria-Prima Ucn"fg"ewtc Rkogpvc"ugokoqîfc Cnjq"go"rô Eqpfkogpvq"rctc"oqtvcfgnc Hkzcfqt"fg"eqt
Peso (g) : 5.8 5.8 58 ;
Cu" gvcrcu" fg" hcdtkecèçq" fc" oqtvcfgnc" eqortggpfgo<" vtkvwtcèçq"fcu"ectpgu"g"fq"vqwekpjq"pq"cutter"g"cfkèçq"fg"ucn"g" fgocku"kpitgfkgpvgu="rtqeguucogpvq"fc"ocuuc"cvê"swg"gnc"cvkplc" q" curgevq" g" c" nkic" fguglcfc=" godwvkogpvq" go" vtkrc" ctvkhkekcn" g" eq|kogpvq"go"vcpswg"qw"guvwhc."kpkekcpfq"go"82£E"g"vgtokpcpfq" go":2£E0"Fgxg/ug"ewkfct"rctc"swg"c"ocuuc"hkswg"eq|kpjcpfq"rqt" ogkc"jqtc"ä"vgorgtcvwtc"fg":4£E"g"cvê"swg"q"egpvtq"fq"rtqfwvq" cvkplc" c" vgorgtcvwtc" fg" 95£E=" tguhtkcogpvq" g" ctoc|gpcogpvq" uqd"tghtkigtcèçq"*Figura 24+0
50
Figura 24."Processamento de embutidos, realizado em laboratório da Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul - RS. 12.1 Formulação de diferentes queijos Queijo Minas Frescal -" Ö" fg" qtkigo" dtcukngktc." gncdqtcfq" eqo" ocuuc" etwc" g" eqo" crtqzkocfcogpvg" 82'" fg" âiwc0" Pçq" uqhtg"ocvwtcèçq."vgpfq."rqt"kuuq."wo"rgtîqfq"fg"xkfc"ûvkn"ewtvq0" Rtqegfkogpvq<" cswgegt" ekpeq" nkvtqu" fg" ngkvg" rcuvgwtk|cfq" c" 57£E="rtgrctct"q"eqcnjq"nîswkfq"pc"rtqrqtèçq"kpfkecfc"pq"tôvwnq=" cfkekqpct" q" eqcnjq" cq" ngkvg." okuvwtct" dgo" g" fgkzct" go" tgrqwuq" cvê" qeqttgt" ä" eqciwncèçq=" c" eqciwncèçq" fgxgtâ" qeqttgt" go." crtqzkocfcogpvg." woc" jqtc." uqd" c" hqtoc" fg" igncvkpc" hktog" g" gnâuvkec="swgdtct"c"eqcnjcfc"go"itcpfgu"ewdqu"eqo"woc"hcec" qw"eqnjgt"cfgswcfc="cikvct"ngpvcogpvg"rqt"crtqzkocfcogpvg"42" okp="swcpfq"qu"itçqu"guvkxgtgo"hktogu."kpvgttqorgt"c"cikvcèçq"g" gnkokpct"q"uqtq"uqdtgpcfcpvg="vtcpuhgtkt"c"ocuuc"rctc"woc"hqtoc" rnâuvkec"ugo"hwpfq."rgthwtcfc"ncvgtcnogpvg"g"eqnqecfc"uqdtg"woc" oguc" fgxkfcogpvg" nkorc=" fgkzct" q" uqtq" gueqttgt" pcvwtcnogpvg" rqt"42"okp"g."gpvçq."ewkfcfqucogpvg."xktct"c"hqtoc."kpxgtvgpfq/c"
51
tcrkfcogpvg="ucnict"c"hceg"uwrgtkqt"eqo"ucn"hkpq"g"ocpvgt"ocku" 52"okp"pguuc"rqukèçq="rtqegfgt"pqxcogpvg"c"xktcigo"fc"hqtoc" g"ucnict"c"qwvtc"hceg="ngxct"q"swgklq"rctc"c"igncfgktc"g."pq"qwvtq" fkc."guvctâ"rtqpvq"rctc"eqpuwoq0 Queijo Prato (tipo Lanche) -"Ö"wo"swgklq"coctgnq/guewtq." fg" eqpukuvípekc" wpvwquc" g" eqo" rgswgpcu" qnjcfwtcu." nkucu" g" dtknjcpvgu0"Ö"wucfq"pq"rtgrctq"fg"ncpejgu0" Rtqegfkogpvq<"cswgegt"swcvtq"nkvtqu"fg"ngkvg"rcuvgwtk|cfq"c" 57£E="okuvwtct"dgo"34"iqvcu"fg"eqtcpvg"xgigvcn="cfkekqpct"swcvtq" eqnjgtgu" *uqrc+" fg" kqiwtvg" pcvwtcn=" fgkzct" fguecpuct" rqt" 32" okpwvqu"g"cfkekqpct"woc"eqnjgt"*echê+"fg"ucn="rtgrctct"q"eqcnjq" nîswkfq" eqphqtog" kpfkecèçq" fq" tôvwnq" qw" woc" eqnjgt" *uqrc+" fg" eqcnjq"nîswkfq"fkuuqnxkfq"go"¼"fg"eqrq"fg"âiwc"hknvtcfc="okuvwtct" dgo"g"ciwctfct"c"eqciwncèçq"*crtqzkocfcogpvg"67"okp+="eqtvct" c"eqcnjcfc."ugpfq"rtkogktq"qu"eqtvgu"xgtvkecku"g."crôu"fg|"okp." hc|gt" qu" eqtvgu" jqtk|qpvcku" *guug" vgorq" ê" rctc" gxkvct" c" rgtfc" fg"iqtfwtc+="crôu"qu"eqtvgu"jqtk|qpvcku."ciwctfct"ocku"32"okp=" vtcdcnjct"c"ocuuc."ogzgpfq/c"rqt"37"okp"g."fgrqku."tgvktct."eqo" q"cwzînkq"fg"woc"eqpejc"qw"eqnjgt."q"uqtq"eqpvkfq"pq"tgekrkgpvg=" cswgegt"wo"nkvtq"fg"âiwc"c":7£E"g."eqo"q"vgtoõogvtq"fgpvtq"fq" tgekrkgpvg"fc"eqcnjcfc."kt"cfkekqpcpfq"c"âiwc"rgnqu"ecpvqu"cvê" swg"vqfc"c"okuvwtc"fg"âiwc."eqcnjcfc"g"uqtq"cnecpeg"5;£E="cikvct" rqt"ocku"37"okp="cswgegt"q"tgekrkgpvg"eqo"c"ocuuc."go"dcpjq/ octkc."cvê"cnecpèct"64£E="rgict"c"ocuuc"ugokeq|kfc"g"gurtgoí/ nc"cvê"tgvktct"q"uqtq="gphqtoct"c"ocuuc=""rtgpuct"g"xktct"c"ocuuc" pc" hqtoc" wocu" vtíu" xg|gu" rctc" swg" hkswg" wpkhqtog=" eqnqect" q" swgklq"go"ucnoqwtc"ucvwtcfc"c"3:'"*32"nkvtqu"fg"âiwc"⁄"3.:"swknq" fg"ucn+="fgkzct"46"jqtcu"pc"ucnoqwtc="tgvktct"fc"ucnoqwtc."fgkzct" gueqttgt"dgo"g"eqpugtxct"go"igncfgktc0 Ricota - Ö"wo"cnkogpvq"ä"dcug"fg"cndwokpc"g"inqdwnkpc"*rtq/ vgîpcu"fq"uqtq+."eqo"qw"ugo"iqtfwtc."qdvkfq"rqt"ogkq"fg"cswgek/ ogpvq"g"cekfkhkecèçq"fq"uqtq"fq"swgklq0" Rtqegfkogpvq<" wuct" uqtq" fg" swgklq" tgeêo/gncdqtcfq" *uqtq/ fqeg+="cswgegt"guug"uqtq"cvê"92£E="cfkekqpct"ngkvg"rcuvgwtk|cfq" htkq"*5'"go"tgncèçq"cq"xqnwog"fg"uqtq"wvknk|cfq+0"C"hkpcnkfcfg"fc"
52
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