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April 2OO5 Vol Editorial Advisory Board
3
2OO5
EElt
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Si-si Liu
Hle-X
Peter Mok
Danny Lau ãtl,ÊIã
5#
Editors
Danny Lau #lFTä Moira Quinn Melanie Holloway
Margaret Greene
Gontact us täËfl Tel ËÊÉ | +852 2300 1250 Fax ËF | +852 2782 o5B3 Ema¡l t:F$tr : admin-hk@amnesty.org Web site ffil¡I : wvwv.amnesty.org.hk Address: Unit D, 3/F, BeslO-Best Commercial Centre, 32-36 Ferry Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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"Amnesty lnternationalwelcomes the government's reasons for introducing a bill, i.e. to
prevent and combat racial discrimination and to fulfill Hong Kong's obligations under * * *
The largest hman rtghts orgmisalion in the world, with aromd
1
milüon members and supporteß in 140 counÍjes and teñtories
A democratic, membership-based organisation thal has been promoting hman rìghts, as enshrined jn the Universal Declaraüon oI Hman Rights and oùrerintemational slandards, for the past 40 yeaß A cmpaìgnìng orgmisa¡jon which works to fight discrimination; free prisoners of conscìence: ensure fair and prompt trials for pol¡ticâl prisoners; abolish the death penalty, tofture and other cruel treatmenl of prisoners;end polìúcal hllìngs and 'disappearmces ;md oppose hman rights abuses by opposilìon groups.
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which is the core ideal that Amnesg lnternational lights for, We have theretore decided to use ¡t as the name of this bi-monthly newsletter of the Hong Kong Section. We hope the newsletter will be an effective means to communicate with our
ll U*rill
It
members and the public. You are most welcome
I.
to send any comments to us on its content or the
work of Amnesty lnternat¡onal at any time. Please email admin-hk@amnesty.org or write to us at the above address.
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20 Death
RomtheChair ÈÆÈÉ It
with great
that we heard the news of the death of Mr. Peter Benenson, founder of Amnesty International. On behalf of AIHK, I would like to oçress our deepest syrnpathy to the family of Mr, Benenson and pay tribute to the wonderlul legacy he gave to the world Amnesty Intemational, this inspiring human rights movement, We are all very proud to belong to the big Amnesty International family and feel a great responsibiÏty to prevail against those who deprive others of their rights. In was
sadness
this issue, you can frnd more on
Mr
Benenson's legacy and
his commitment to bring justice to the world.
Earlier in March, I was part of AI's delegation to Beijing+10, the review of the implementation of the Beljing Platlorm for Action adopted during the Fourth Worìd \Momen's Forum in 1995. Apart from describing the work of AIHK on the Stop Violence Against Women Campaign and the sin-ration of women in Hong Kong and the Mainland,
I
aìso met people
from all over the world, and
heard about their experiences and, sometimes, sadly, stories
of women's human rights abuses. In one workshop on the mental health of women, the women worker described the situation of internally displaced women Jiving in a refugee camp on the Kenyan border. The majority of the women living there have been raped, some al-avery young age, and many became pregnant as a resuÌt. I had to be mentally strong just to listen to the presentation, not to mention the accounts of the women who have gone through all those traumatic experiences. Beijing+10 may have been a platform for governments to show off what they have done during the past l0 years to promote women's human rights, bul to me it was a reminder that more needs to be done to make human rights a reality.
In the Hong Kong Section, there have been changes
some
in personnel. I have the pleasure to introduce the
new Fundraising Manager, Manfred Chan. Manfred has extensive loca.l lundraising experience. The Fundraising
Manager is a new position and we are glad to have Manfred on board to take the programi working hand in hand with our campaigns, to another level. Sadly,Jason Chan, our l{uman Rights Education
Officer left us at the end of February. I would like to take this opportunity to thanl< him for his service over the past three years and wish him all the best for the future. His position will be changed to Campaign Officer by adding elements of campaigning into human rights education. We will soon kick off the recruitment of the Campaign Team, including new positions like the Campaign Manager, and the recruitment advertisement will be sent to all members. If you know anyone who you think would be good for these positions, please pass the message on.
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www.amnesty.org.hk
| 3 I ¡.ËHn
It
has long been claimed that people from ethníc mìnorities in Hong Kong encounter dìscriminatìon arìsing from cultwal, Iinguìstic and racíal difrerences.
In 2004,
on the "Perceptions and orìties". More than 60% of rcspondents adrnitted the public had a negative vìew of ethnìc minorities' Around 20% believed Hong Kong Chinese people should be given priority in educatìon, social wellare and housìng, areas that minotity groups claim they are often denìed access to.
Attinde
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h. Hong Kong Bill of
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Rights Ordinance
condemns racial discrirnination by the
Government and public sector, but there is no legislation covering individuals or the private sector.
In
2003, urged by non-govemment
organisations and ethnìc minority community
R,fñü|l ) ÆÉi&rî ÃaË H *,Æ ,t ÉiìÃ,,fH.üft ÈÅüüÆH1E.ErJ ^ÆË \\ H .fù,ff ^ +4ñÅ^ffiffi. 20 ß +, Æ )F rt ñ *nr,ü,h,, *'i&ã llB fr\ l,EËT, ãË++E|l lr 4 E&Æ lE æ.*vlå#ÉÉ f¡ÈflÃ,, R4ãlâ,ËüÈt 2oo+ +s Æ ts E Èir
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agreed to enact legislation against racial
¿F,+åfrl
discrimination, and the Home Affairs Bureau
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(IIAB) released a consultation paper on the issue The Government plans to introduce the bill to legislative year and intends the new law to be
broadly similar to the existing anti-discrimination ordinances: the Sex Discrimination Ordinance,
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BIr
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EilHffitrffiffi,Wù.r,Ð
on September 15,2004, the Legislative Council during the current
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the Disability Discrimination Ordinance and the Family Status Discrimination Ordinance.
AI's Position The AIHK Lawyers' Group has been involved
in ongoing diaìogue with the Hong Kong Govemment about race discrimination. In February, the group submitted formal feedback on
Lhe
orooosed anti-race discrimination
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| 4 | www.amnesty.org.hk
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legislation to the Home Alfairs Bureau on
AIHK.
government's reasons lo¡ introducing a bill, i.
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AI's Main Concerns a
February press conference lvith nearþ 20 other Hong Kong NGOs about the flaws ìn the governmelt's proposed legislation. Their
maln concerns are: I "Nerv arrivals," including persons lrom the NIainland, should be included and protected under the proposed lalr,.
The consultation paper states that "discrimination against nerv arrivals from the À,fainland by local Chinese is... not
discrimination", and therelore they will not be protected as a distinct group under the proposed ìarv.
Howel'er, as the consuÌtation document
states, "nerv arrivals (and othen) lrom the NIainìand do sometimes lace discrimination
ongrn.
their
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lurther dialogue when the proposed
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accurately reflect the actual legislation, and
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consultation paper is specific enough to
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Discrimination flCERD). Hou,ever, AI does not believe the
by Hong Kong's Chinese
@+É
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Elimination of all Forms olRacial
suggests
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the Intemationa.l Convention on the
considers the consultatior.l incomplete.
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www.amnesty.org hk
AI
proposes that prohibited grounds lor
discrimination should
include "origin from
any Chinese telritorl'outside the Hong Kong Special Administrati\¡e Region".
2. Immigration legislation must be subject to the principles of the proposed lau'.
The government proposes "that the Bill should not affect anf immigration legislation governing ... entrf into, stay in and departure
from Hong Kong, or the application of
an1
such legislation".
If immigration schemes are not
subject to
the anti-racial discrimination larv, some potential claimants rvould be unable to file
a
complaint and see their case to completion. Foreign domestic helpers comprise more than 50o¡o
of the non-Chinese population in Hong
Kong. They must lear.'e Hong Kong within
14
days o[ their empìo¡ment contracr being
terminated and therelore cannot sta)r in Hong
Employers could dismiss them on race-related
l'f
3. The special exception regarding application of the lalv to small companies and small-scale
The government's definition is Likely to be
narrol'ly interpreted, and ma1' den)' protection
reasonable to adapt to the
non-compliance-small companies already have
u.ith the eústing discriminalion ordinances. believes the three )ear exception should
discrimination.
rhe gor ernnrent trrrtst uncìertakc
within a reasonable period
spccifìcalll eclucation, is
eradicated. The1, sþ6¡¡¿ be offered - and they need
it - support from the
goYernment.
l.
The definition
lhcìel Article
cornbatiug plcjuclices clisc:i
'lìth
lhich
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ricrr
a revierv ollegislation developed
in other
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ne,
Public education should cover all cornpanies
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^Ë4úÉ.1*[Èffiffiâ\&È The AIHK Laru¡-ers' Gloup rvill continue to campaign for plotection from race discrimination, Lawyers interested in joining are encouraged to
Hong Kong govemment should consider
contact the group at admin-hk@amnesq'.org
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that is essentialll' a substirute lor race. The
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and emplo1'ers, regardless of the number of
persons of a diflelent racial or ethnic group
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discrimination has occulred rvhen one person
applies "a requirement or condition" to
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tolerance :rnd fiiencìship anrotrg rrirriorrs :rttcl
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The government proposes that indirect
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"indirect discriminarion"
offered by the government would benefit from
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responsibiliq.'to educate the public about race
characterised as an exemption. Instead, smaìl
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leels the go\ernment has a condnuing
be scaìed back and any adjustment period not
if
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nalising Hong Kong's legislation.
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Race Discrirnination Education
experience in implementing and complf ing
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relevant legislation of other states before fi
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Three years is an unacceptable penod of
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"provision, critenon or practice".
and becomes operative".
accept
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three years after the Bill is enacted into larv
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fonvard a broader definition of indirect
exception rvould expire
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European Union in 2000 recognised the
who has less than six
adapt their poLicies to ensure discrimination
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drarvbacks of a narror.v definition and put
fìeld of emplo¡rnent should be made in the
fI]hi.
4.
The Race Di¡ective ol the Council of the
lrom the anti-discriminatory prorision in the case of an emplol,s¡
"requirement or condition" language because
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rs ¡oo gTeat.
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Some jurisdictions ha'"e abandoned the
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employels should be ljmited to a time
ÄI
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to some who har.e been discriminated against.
da)'s to seek redress
employees ...
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more complete protection
Kong long enough to see through a claim. grounds, knou.ing thel rvould have onì;'
Æbfu "
Iegislation from other jurisdictions that offers
Amnesty
EHËTîiil
Bel¡¡ng+10
ilbËtr+ This year marks the 70th anniversary of the Beijing Platforrn of Action (BPtA)' adopted during the Fourth World Wotnen's Conference held in Beijing in 1995.
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"{últÐ lt;J1-I;llF. y adopting BPIA, lBg governments have committed to promoting the rights and well-
being of women and girls. Ten years after this far-reaching document on women was adoPted, reviews at national and regional leveìs were conducted to examine
the implementation of BPfA and to identifi emerging issues and obstacles. This 10th anniversary rel.iew - better knotvn as Beijing+10 - was conducted at the 49th session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CS\VJ from February 28 to ìvlarch 1l in New York. Amnesty Intemationa.l's delegation to Beijing+ l0 comprised
IS colleagues from the Stop Violence Against Women (SVA\Ð Campaign Team and Legal Team.
It
also included the Campaign lvlanager lrom AI Spain, a human
rights delender in Nigeria, and the Chairperson olAIHK. r\{ore than 5,000 activists registered to particþate in the event, where hundreds of meetinç and events took place, including official, parallel and NGO side evenß. Themes ranged from diflerent age groups of women, situations
in di{Ie¡ent countries and
regions, different forms ol violence against women, poverty and
education, to women's roles in peacekeeping, sexual and
reproducñe righs. Unlike the previous review which produced a lengthy Outcome Document, the main result of Beljing+10 was a Political Declaration. The negotiations around this declaration started a few weeks belore the CSIV session, and AI colleagues briefed
)^:
govemments rn
main objectives
-
namely that the declaration reaflìrms rl'- R^iii-Declaration and Platform for Action; drat governments devise and implement
national action plans, and establish a clear link between the Beijing Declaration, Platform for Action, and 2000 Outcome Document, and the Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals, by ensuring implementation of these commitments within a human rights
framework. One incident which drew much attention during Beijing+10 was the proposed amendment prepared bY the United States delegation. The amendment stated that, "the Beijing Declaration and Pladorm did not create new rights and that abortion is a matter of national sovereignty". This proposal goes totally against the spirit of BPfA, and challenges the batde which women's rights advocates won l0 years ago. NGOs and friendly governments locused on rejecting this horrendous US amendment, and finalìy succeeded in forcing the US to droP 1t.
The global NGO well-organised, meeting each morning to discuss the status of the Potitical Declaration, resolu[ions and govemment positions on both, and
community was
collaborating on a common approach. NGOs also organised into regional and issue-based caucuses) some of which
AI
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zuns on women's
Ímp act or lives) É!*ËË "
was a part of,
including the diverse sexualities caucus, traflicking resolution caucus and different regional caucuses.
During the session, AI organised several events incìuding co-
convening a panel on Women Human Rights Defenders, coorganising a workshop with the Centre for lVomen's Global Leadership on due diligence, and the
lf you would like to know more about Be¡ing+10, please visit the UN Division for the Advancement of Women website (http :/iwww. un.org/womenwatch/daw/
Review/)
,E'ü.NF.*Èffi t JbÈil + I Ê#É',!È+',tÉ, ÈËËllË#â HIga ffi É JÚlù-"1 É'!ffi iÀ ( h tt p : //www' u n . o rs / womenwatch/daw/Review/)'
launch ofthe report "Impact of guns on women's lives" in New
York.
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capitals with AI's
I www.amnesiy.org.hk
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An Antnesty Intentatian¿tl I':1'/') delegation t,isitecl ,\þaÌ ìn Febntatv 2005 to gauee r,¡ìe impact of tlte cun'ent staie ol emet'gencv and the nationt+'ide strike bv' þIaoist lebc,ls,
Secïetâïv General l¡'ene Khan. leadine t-lre rleiegafion. said, "We at'e Jrele to e,ryr'css otu" solidarit,v and suppart to thent (the people of Nepal). antl ra e,xpÌole pïactic al rrtearTs ol' errsuring ïheir ptotection and that of otlrct eforrPs at ús]<,"
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Irene I{han 'lj lil t't ¡¿ lÉl ,U: /ø i rt ¡í¡l ' str li ai : i fÈ ín j¿ /1 r,4 [í,] ill! ti! ( l¿itt rF /i I,J, t ]¿',Èlt tfl Ül ítL tll l'lil.íl¡ ' jl H't ,L' ' i,",ê it,Í ítli li J t1',J L ]:'¡ ' Fl tJ¡ ñ' .r4 f4'È ii,.tt íjÊ ,í! l+l,iÈflj t'tj1 íi'l 'iJ U, )i lJi ú'. + /'È fá lil t1',¡ !! it!. /¡ i: í¡'t iii tî ilt" l l4l [f¡f
t'í M!'i]
1996, the Communist Parq' of Nepal
glaoisr)
f'CPNA!"),
declared the "people's
rvar", u.ith tl'rc intention olovcrthrolving the
monarchy The ensuing conflict lr.ith the Royal Narional Army (fu\'\) has resulted in massir e
1¡t f.I' ;!+ L¿
rsscts' tri1ffij*ÈH,( €iË# L+t å) ( ffi fÉ,EÌÊffi+H) Éñ1Êør I )'-F.,Z'Èk) 'ñ4 . ;àH,t\ trxE\i' t¡Læ.â\ æ¡ + ÉE TÊ ffi Ë È ft { È tilÈ.tL|-lE /'.fÉ É! s 1s . 'É19 ü
human rights abuses.
STATE OF EMERGENCY On
1 Febmar1 2005,
King G1'anendra took
direct control of government and declarecl a state of emergenc¡, Tl'ris has heightened militarìzation,
rf 2 E,iÌi llJ Ié, itl liti, i4 ltJ ;Ë H tiu ú' i: irli'ä ;:t ill;Íü /¡; I,J &. tlt .É itr /ti:$í {2t þ.11 l¡':1 lrll i¡g ¡ t/þ la ü't
l'4
BACKGROUND In
2005 +2 F t E, ErËÉlg+rÆfri)f w Æ, üËô'êB€^% årlituq " ÈffiH+Ai¡
Ìâ .
"
^f,ÉÈÃ.i*Ìëåt5¡ilå!] É! ltu+ + E {ÉËtf /r trH lË. Ëffifl /'.RÉT
u'hich had been largely untouchecl l:l¡ tltc
E&ffi. "
the securiq and human rìghts of'the rulal
populariorr. The state olemergettt¡ is tt,rtt iLlrr"tses
in the countrl'side The King's nerv ministers are rltrstì1 lrarcìlincl's florn the Panchavat (the autocrat¡c state olcrthroun in 1990), leading to coltccLrrs of a relLrrn to oppresslorì.
.
.
tul,f,F&1â.fttrnÐx, ä
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trÈ=t4
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+À'# .
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å
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unionists, jour:naìists, srudenLs ancl human
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lights u,orkels içere detained nncler the Public
z+,¿â9È+ÈJffi
During the filst feu, days of the stzrte ol emer genc.y, hundleds ol poliLicaI ìeaclers, tladc
Lo
prevent protests
,
. +.ÍlË)-ÈîtlæÉ. iÂeÈ ÉlqilË
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Protestors against the statc of emergency have
although some have sincc been released.
www amnesty.org.hK
tll
' 4.t.DJ.IE
t(FÅ ,tÈÉÊ+Pffi.^+È+.*tr)+ , Èu'+
been immecliatell' arrestcd and cletained,
I
' .kãähtrÍ i.
undermining the rights of the u¡barl poprtl:rtiorr,
'Ihe long-running conllict has alreadl' eroded
.
I
ã è tÐ'.ÆÈ
É!
^ÉåfËH RÉ!^TÈú^#tr w,-v+tæ ' |trrEÏrá\èWXà ïtÂqÉfËãlÂfi/tRÉ!/tÆ " Ê ^Æ H /-R'="+ä E .E É! +f l^ ËT ÈF tr J( *[âË ^ E) Ê fril È. ( I eso +ìÂTÊ611 fr\ -fÉM#.îAiâftl É! dÊüÆ/-r(, ËâlrBfl ilrl],trlÉffiÉË tr lEAftÜ É!
uncertaint) and fear.
Securiq,Act, apparentlr
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Amnesty lnternational delegation meets the mid western commander of the Royal Nepalese Army @ Al EFtrt È HÊ ãFB + E*[HFÊÊE Ð H++fitffi ffi
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.
Extrajudicial killings, illegal detentions and
.
There have been reports ol sexual violence by security lorces against local women) including
"disappearances" have increased.
.
.
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The pless has been censored. Initially all communications \vere cut for sevett days, the CPNíì!
.
Råi/if,q
É!+tt'a+ ;
ä4*qÈlj|%É!
^
arrested, and a leading editor thleatened rvith
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The delegation also met children who had
'
been forced to participate
NO WIN SITUATION Ordinary Nepalis are caught between the
' In Nepalgunj,
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t HÉ
ffi
t¡+ l tr, lÉ
m
. E F*++ñ{lEffi ltä E't!,F,iÉ Ê
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participate in peace negotiations in the cilcumstances. They cailed an indelìnite strike
.
)\
bus drivers they would cut the drivers' hands
"
ofI if they drove during the strike. The security
tr tâffi IR*ÈßøJ\ E lÉ ffi + H Z. ^Èilt flflÉ!ffiË'ÊlùË. . Æ Nepalgunj, É1úÉ!^Ær 4FÉE'aßWW
-
tffi+H./àlE pvtlt*vfr,
.
Lhe
vulnerabiliry olcivilians and makes
independent ciril society' impossible.
. '
Neither side inr.estigates hurnan rights abuses or pturishes those responsible. Reporting restriclions have been imposed on: criticisms of the King or the state
ol
emergenc)'; the loss ol lile among the security forces;
ald anf infòrmation that ma¡'
reduce
the rnorale of the securi[y lorces or bolster that
.
of the CPN(I! The National Human Rights Commission
[H++il{åHffi
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" lrÜfitrÌÉffi+Hgf ts+-"f &ä Fñ ffi +, lF€$f r1ülF5
tntþ,[FïÆæråc
The govemrnent and the CPN(NI) adopt a 'rvith us or agaiust us' approach that increases
^, ll'rvI . fFËÈllwúË='fi .fillr5
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+
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.
ffi9.+X\v% ATåÌ64*'#/t
|U.ñ.rÍtE,
including:
.
"
crisis
or the human rights
in Nepal may deteriorate into
a
catastrophe in which many more people
will
sufler.
.
Given the importance to Nepal of its international image and its dependence on international assistance, the international communiry's stance is critical in shaping the Nepal government's policy. The international
fr
eÈYf
/rËfp-#¡l'
communiry, r'r'hen sending a strong message
ffi
about the importance of restoring democracy,
FäIÉ!i+H
should also stress that this must be a democracy with human rights and protection
ÉÉ
.
itä'E
Urgent measures are needed to Protect the population and end the gross human rights abuses by both sides,
"
. rÊîF:iüË'éFE
ABUSES BY BOTH SIDES
rrould do the same ilthey did not drive. AI has several recorn¡nendations
Ã\.
++T¡\îHr,&"' H Éñ É LèWFXÃIX:*:A' + xE,wÊ\ +E ffiÉfi 4ü1F5 Èn, i|þ4FI'øtF ^na IXÈ ÈI'Wà rc ",tr ÌÉ ffi +HË Iþ,4 Æ+ETFÈ tLE lAE -Ë+^, ff 'lü'lFStzr' 4þl11'v'tí ^n+ n'ú
The strike is adding to the teûor ol the rural poplulation and lurther eroding httman rights.
.
cooperate with the CPN(X,Ð. Trade union leaders told AI about threats to their members. For example the CPN(ì'I) told
forces then told the same drivers that they
beginning 12 Februarl, 2005.
Cirilians mal have been killed by the CPN(Àf.t during the stlike
ol
local CPN(IQ commanders then summoned the same group and told them they must
CPNTM) RETALIATION seizure of polver, announcing the), rvould not
state
RNA commander told them
they must cooperate with security forces. The
+ H+î ã
É . ü, F.i6,E[,t-biJ.BrËtr1É'ffi &NE ÈÆl+w lrr Ùt ÈÈ^Éf ÉlãHâ\Ææ,äÉ!^+.
+ H ã n Ë+
local human rights workers told
AI that, after the declaration of the
Éfü--ÊÈ
ã EãÌt,tr1Éffi*ËlËãEltÆÉ!ÆÌZ++É' E
H#fr/^Éfl^ËjÊgrÉ\HÉ
The CPNttrIl leadership denounced the King's
in CPNtNf;
actr\,1t1es.
emergency, the
É!
"disappearance" b;' palace stafl
Iiving in IDP camps.
á+JffiFS.Ê7.É F.
appalentl)' to pl'eYeì]t inlormation. Some journalìsts have been
There have been widespread reports olabuses by the CPN(lt!. The AI delegation met
armed lorces and the CPN[I\I1.
ã ?E
FA ++
accessiug
in camps lor internally displaced people
lamilies of those killed by the CPN(Ì$, and those who had fled CPN(IVÐ violence and were
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a statutory body reporting on
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human rights. Currently the press cannot report any NHRC criticism ol the government
or security forces, only NHRC criticism of the
. ^+ëiJiÌr," ffiIHTñ, ETÊEÉã'+RËIIÆIÊffi+H#
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for a pluralist civil
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T wvwv.amnesty.org.hk
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Amnesty in action
EHffiTlÏü
n the eve of International Women's Day, Amnestv Intemational. Oxfam and Intemationa.l Action Netrvork on Small Arms issued a new report: that women are paying an
increasingly heary price for the dangerously unregulated multi-billion-dollar trade in small
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AIMS.
êr* There are now an estimated 650 million small in the world, most of which are in the
arms
hands of men, and nearly 600/o are
in the hands
of private individua.ls. lVomen and girls suffer
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weapon;
In South Africa, a woman is shot dead by
a
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directly and indirecdy lrom armed violence:
An attack with a gun is 12 times more likely to end in death than an attack with any other
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current or lormer partner every lB hours;
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In the United States, a gun in the home increases the risk that someone in the
Æ*weÈ)F'
household will be murdered by 41%; but
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increases the risk for womenby 272o/o;
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In France and South Africa, one in three
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the United States, this rises to two in three;
Family killings are one category of homicide where women outnumber men as victims with a partner
or male relative being the most likely
murderer.
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family violence and rape. Given that women are
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almost never the buyers, owners or users of
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"Women are particularþ at risk of certain crimes because of their gender - crimes such as
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women and thei¡ lamilies but the realicy is totally
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opposite. Women want guns out of their lives", said Denise Searle, Amnesty Intemational's
Senior Director of Communications and
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The report examines a wide range ofgun control measures adopted by countries around the world,
usua\
as a result
of the campaigns
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women are spearheading against gun violence.
.
Between 1995 and 2003 when Canada tightened its gun laws, the gun murder rate for women dropped by 40%;
¡
Five years after the gun laws in Australia were overhauled
in
1996, the gun murder rate for
fema1e victims had dropped
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xËûffi :ltll}.rúD.fl}_, ownership ofweapons belore the age of25
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because young men and boys are most likely
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to commit crimes with guns,
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Brazil has recendy banned access to
What needs to be done? Compulsory national gun licences lor anyone
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wanting to o\¡m a gun in accordance with strict criteria that exclude all those with a
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history of lamily violence;
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The prohibition of violence against women in national law as a criminal offence, with the laws firlly implemented, effective penalties lor perpetrators, and remedies for survivors;
;
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The specific training of law enforcement organisations to ensure they respect women's
rights and that those who do not are brought to justice;
The equal participation of women in all peace processes as well as
in demobilisation,
reintegration and disarmament programmes
to ensure the eflective collection and destmction of surplus and illegal weapons;
The establishment of an Arms Trade Treaty to prohibit arms exports to those likely to use them for violence against women and other human rights violations;
The banning ofprivate individuals lrom owning military specification assault weapons, other than in the most exceptional circumstances consistent with respect for L,.*^i-L+llulll4llllsllLù.I
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was one point rhat he took out a gun, he had a úttle pßtol, and scared me ltalf to death.
he was
I
was shaking all over and
lo
'for it and I had
hidden it. He was looking through draw'ers and threw out
all
^y everyth for
,. and he was looking
,And so, after that just ode, I didn't dare, you knol. I would just go through his gun.
with
it
was
þ
there was no way
I
g to say no."Ellen, a 53-
year-old woman,
descri
g Life
with her former husband
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F¡ãffiÆ 'IEFÍãHW#Iffiú *... ... ñ fú, ffi Æ ü ft fllt ffi + Ê. FÍU , ffil&ilF-n¿oñ' Sandra Stasenka holds a photo of her son Alex, a victim of gun violence, during a rally for additional gun control regulations in Washington DC, USA. @AP Photo/ J. Scott Aoolewhite
lAlex t!il4R9fi ê- E F>RHfiÊffi t!Ëftü " AlexËi*fi*
Sandra Stasenka #l*.Ê,
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www.amnesty.org.hk
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AffiHE-IE SUAUIGToUR mnesty Intemational Hong Kong's
campaign to Stop Vioìence Against Women (SVA\,\, continued in full force in Nfarch
with a signature campaign addressing injustices faced by a Gujarati Muslim woman who had
collected signatures and passed out leaflets in
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Muslim rios. Three years alter ùe lrenzy, virtually none olthose responsible lor the rape and murder ol these citizens have been brought lo
JusDce.
Bilqis Yakoob Rasool was five months pregnant when a Hindu mob captured her lamily as they fled the violence
March 3, 2002. Bilqis
in their home village on
1!'as gang
raped, and
witnessed at least three other relatives being
raped. She also witnessed her three-year-oìddaughter being killed in front of her. Fourteen members of her lamily were killed
during dris attack. Bilqis reported the incidents to police, but the case was closed inJanuary 2003. In December 2003 the Supreme Court directed the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI¡ to reinvestigate the case.
It found evidence ofpolice
failure and attempts to cover up the crime. The
CBI has since arrested several ofthe accused and six police oflìcers. In August 2004, the Supreme Court ordered the case to be tried in Mumbai. If you would like to join AIHK's SVAW group, or lor details on our progress and on
Å, $r#É
ffi
REMIêlÈÈ#Ê+'{i+f
20. more than 2,000 people were killed in anti-
Ét
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2002 in the west Indian state of Gujarat
ã
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Causeway Bay to urge the Gujarat govemment to take proper action in the case. Signatures were also collected at the REIII rock concert on March
In
++2
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been raped when her village was attacked.
On lVlarch 13, AIHK's SVAW group
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AIHK_S\/A\,V@yahoogroups. com
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inc" thc adoption o[ tlre UDHR. the concept ofhuman righs has cntcrecl
internalional lau, and popular consciousness in much of the rvorld At the sane time, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (I-GBT) people are subject to human rights abuses in countries
in every region of the rvorld The r.iolatìons LGBT people lace include killing imprisonment, harassment, torture, and abuses such as practices aimed at forcibly "changing" their sexual
orientation. In Hong Kong things are a lot better than in most places but the LGBT community still doesn't have many of the rigl-rts taken for granted b¡, the rest of the population
ãT . nirqis É Égtr+RåËÜi'ØñtJ, ltrf.
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1ûBIGrouR
Ttrc LGBT grorìp are cun'ently campaigning zrn antidiscrimination ordinance on sexual orientation lor Hong Kong and to this to gain
end the group coordinator atterìds the Home Aflairs Bureau forums to give our inpllt on tlìeir plans to conduct a public opinion sun,ey. \'\/e also plan to lobby approachable Lcgislative
Councillors. Getting this ordinance u.ill be a first
in obtaining equal rights lor violations LGBT people. The olclinance will maÌ<e it illegal step
to cliscriminate
ill
al eas
of
s¡nrrìnr.ment
education and serwices.
An impoltarrt aspect of our campaigrr
is
corlectir.rg the misinformation that is being given
to the general public. The ordinance doesn't limit lree speech. rvhich means that people will stjll be able to disapprove of homosexuality, but
it rrill,
future actions, please e-mail:
hopefully, stop people being fired or passed over
AIHK_SVAW@yahoogroups. com
lor promotion pureÌy because they are gay.
,\ÆHR
I fZ I
www.amnesty.org.hk
-l
I -f-\
mnesry International aims to bring Lignt
W++Tú.AHffirf..hHË.Nã.fu, EÈ É! Hl-di . flJ Èl ãÃ.rEÈ
into the darkness of prisons,
^s
torture chambers and death camps around the world, and journalists play an
in helping Amnesty
indispensable role
shine that light by reporting on human
rights. Indeed,
Al
was lounded
in
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after the publication of a nervspaper
and Amnesry has often lound itself campaigning
on behalfofjournaìists who have been persecuted or imprisoned lor reporting on injustice or abuse. Every year, the Human Rights Press Au'ards recogrrises outstanding contributions made by
Hong Kong joumalists reporting on human rights in the Asian region. The event is organised by Amnesty International, Hong Kong Section; the Foreign Correspondents'Club
of
Hong Kong and Hong KongJournalists
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prominent figures lrom human rights organisations, the media, academia and the legal prolession.
This year marks the lOth anniversary ofthe
+
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make the 10th annir.'ersary an even bigger and
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Human Rights Press Arvards and we hope to
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and promotion of human rights in Asia
lor the awarcls include
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Exposing human rights abuses canies risks
tilr
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articles, "The Forgotten Prisoners".
Association.Judges
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ÈÈ ñ #J f
HIIìVlAN RIGHTS
to
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"
t-Tr h. Direct Dialogue Program (DDP) has II become the major sotrlce of income lor the Hong Kong section. A largc ¡>ortion of the section lcsourccs havc bccn dcvoted to cstziblishing a fìrnclraising l)l'oerarn .AII-ll( has C()rìtra(:tc(l thc rccruitment
EËrFHfi-ÉtåJ .
4Ê of
rncrrbcls to arÌ agcrìcy. 'I'hc agency puts trained lccn¡itcls on tllc stlcct to talk to people and to invitc thcm to sr.U)polt the work olAÌ by signing up ltrr a nonthly donation program. So far the agencl' has lecmited an average of 200 monthly
E
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rryffitÈ, .1ù1F5 /-KËÉ i6'ÉJil rR É! €æ Ë ;È tA ),I1ïffi #., ü# tuMT-++ W W++ ^ Tú.?,8
rtF ú)sE ¡ ËEE ffi ÈtÉtj " È rñ 4tlq#tË€B +4 ä4ç€. #æ1+ A\ -Hlv.F ffi^+ , ît)++ffi= FlÈärt , +k[ll] +Eæ1+/,fr3ooo'fù¡ ffiÊË ' +rãE
ffi,ü+J
ffiãÃËÌËlf sroo .
donors lor the section
B¡'the end oftr4arch 2005, we had nearl¡, 000 donors on our books
iËâ Ê4¡ Ê+rittÉlÈËffi "tÊll, rl h ãÌËâÊllÍ^ É'f Èæ
rtrÈTåJ B
ll{th
3,
average monthll,
donation amount being HK$l60.
www.amnesty.org.hk
| 13 l,tÆHn
AmnesU lntema[onal and REM af1 h. *ell knor,çn United States rock band RENI performed in Hong Kong on I Nlarch 20 ro an enrhusiastic crorçd at the HKCEC. Amnesty InternationaÌ\{as invited b¡' the band to attend the concclt to publicise our ll'ork and to collect signatures for our petitions. Signatures u,ere gathered in support of an end to child executions, the release of prisoners of conscience in Burma, and an end to riolence against r'r,omen in India. N{an¡. 69¡ça.,-goers were interested to hear more about ou1' campaigns, ou¡ lvork and our participation, and the event lvas successful in giving AIHK greater exposLlre to the i'vider public.
AIHK
members who have ideas about other events r'r'here
rvelcome should please get
in
AIHK might
aÌso be
touch.
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(Malaysia Group) The event on 6 March
E ffi
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2005
2005
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n Sunday 6 lvlarch 2005, Amnesty Intemational joined migrant worken' g'oups and local r,vomen's groups at an event to celebrate Intemational \,\¡omen's Day. AI collected petition signatures calling
lor the Nlalaysian authorities to
respect basic human rights in the mass deportation
of undocume nted migrants non' taking place in Malaysia. The petition campaign continued until 30 lVlarch.
AI rvill present the petition to the Nlalaysian
Consulate in Hong Kong.
InJuly 2004, Malaysian Home lvfiniste¡ Azmi Khalid announced plans to lorcibly expel more than one million 'illegal immigrants' lrom the country by the end o12005. Up to 400,000 migmnts a¡e believed to have retumed home vo.luntarily. Amnesty
Intemational is concemed that the govemment's cuffent
m¿urs
deportation plans may result in serious
human righs violations. Asylum seeken and refugees are in danger of being caught up in the expulsions and deported to
Nlyanmar or Aceh, where they are at risk of serious human rights abuses. There have already been many reports ol asylum seekers being prevented from
entering the United Nations High Commission lor Refugees (IJNHCR) in Kuala Lumpur. Some groups oldeportees face special dangers.
FolÌowing the tsunami,
AI
is extremely concemed
about the welfare of all reruming Acehnese . Also,
the unstable political situatìon in Nepal, where a nationwide state of emergency was declared on February 2005, places deported Nepalese at greater I
risk of serious human rights violations, including
extraiudicial executions, torture and arbitrary arrest.
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un I 14 I
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Ihedeatllrcnaltl' tEil Good news canne frorn the United States Supreme Court in March when they ruled that executing offenders under the age of 18 at the titne of the critne was unconstitutional, This decision frnally brings this practice to an end in the United States as the court now considers such punishment "cruel and unusuaftt'
#Ø#ÈÌXffiñ++=E &È ' ÆvîI\#tr*ffi ta ffiÉt#NÆFffi# 'È'[Wffiù+Èæ+AÉÊ " #fÈÊl #iE-Éfl.hffitûÈe#m Fæß' 6â*HeJ' YI* 'tEffi#WHtLWÈf#ffiÆ* " hc luling at:knouùedges similar t¡ends ¡¡lolrally ¿rs rvcll as in individual American states. \\/ot'l<ltviclt' (hc countries lvhich continue to executc rninors inclucle lran, Pakistan and the
Democlatit' Rt:¡rublic of Congo. In China thc lau'has been changed to prevent the execution of'r¡flòndels who lvere under the age of lB whcn thcy comrnitted a crime. But such executions appalcntly continue to ta1<e place because insulììcicnt calc has been taken to establish the exact age of the offeuders. Hopefulll'
the power to rcr''icw all dcatìr penalry
cases
rvill
reûlrn to the Peol>le' s Su¡>t'emc Court, and l,ith this move, greater atteDtion u.ill bc paid to the age
ofthe offenders.
The United States Suplemc Coutt' s dccisiorl is undoubtedly a response to the itrtense aud sustained campaign by Amnesq, International
and other human rights groups to end the
It
Napoleon Beazley was exect¡ted in Texas trt 2002 for a nrurder conrmitted etght years earller wht:tl lle was 17 years old @ fulike Nioore/Datly N4trtot Napoteon Beazley
,ttÊ./\+ÈÍ
execution of juveniles. paid to the issue of
it
È1
widely accepted no$' that
juvenile oflenders should not be held fully accountable lor their crimes because of their immaturity.
.
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have a greater capaciry lor
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reforn and rehabiïtation,
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An equally compelling argument is that juveniles
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be uselul in making dis[incrìons,
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nevertheless simplistic.
Ê,
Advocates of state killing need to justi$, the
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is
incapable ofrelorm and unfit to live.
The AIHK death penaìty group is launching new website this year to provide inlormation on
a
ln
ÃÈ/*Elu 6 Êu, H
frÉ
fJ .
of l.hat to include in the website, we
'#.HÂ rÈ.
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have questions about the death penalty
^ Ê+frtv. /.4t Ê H, r\fr'JilïW^' ffi.+
Er Ê?É+fr lfi.
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or any suggestions lor the website please contact Hugh b1' e-mail: elhugh@ciryu.edu.hl< or
issue
jrj'/'tr'Æ
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this issue in Asia. While rve have a number
views.
f"l¡13
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ideas about
AIHK members to share their
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are
criteria rvhich determine rvhy a person
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such rehabilitation. \\¡hile age specifications may
Ifyou
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the death penalty to explain why adults (aged lor
would like
2002
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É. nseems
is nor'r. up to the go\¡ernments who support
instance 19 or
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Nfuch attention has been responsibiÌity, and
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vwwv.amnesty.org.hk'
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Worldwide issues
Ëtt.
must aot Council Securi[U r agaml$ cnild soldief fGGfuiterc
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intemational organisations and Coalitions in
EI]HíHIü,
Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the
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Middle East. Amnesty Internationa.l is one ol the
Æ- F à wÈrE€H#E É lrlft #íÉi4 Ê! €lLffi-ffietrqffÆ+E,'t' ?.¡EÈÆHlt' É\#ltÆ + {Ê Æ Ëtr Z ü{ [i à fr +âHßÈìÆI]ÃH
the lack of systematic monitoring and reporting
HÉtftlj#.
comprehensive global report on children
lounding organìsations.
The Security Council should impose concrete sanctions against govemments and armed groups
that use chjld soldiers in armed conflict, said the
ffi ÈRqffi ffiqtfr è T
fúF ihl' +
t'. Coalition to Stop the Use olChld '-Tf tI Soldìers unites naúonal, regional and
. TùT*ÌII{Ã+tr-þ\WA' JüEÃ @ llA ++ ilfi
W ffirtX'# Ftr È'EÊ ÈhJ¿ --*!.È.+
+, ËF.ÍEHÉ,
in I I
countries lor violating
ban the recruitment
and use of chld soldiers. Of these, 30 have been listed at least once previously, and 21 have been listed
in each of his last three reports.
Among the three-time repeat offenders named by the Secretary-General are the governments of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Myanmar and armed polìtical groups or government-alìied miljtias in Burundi, Nepaì, PhìIippines, Somaìia, Sri
La¡la, Sudan and
Uganda.
The Coalition is calling on the Security Council to impose arms embargoes and other targeted sanctions specifically for the recruiÍnent and use of child soldiers. Of the five countries on the Security Council's agenda that were listed ìn the Secretary-General's latest report, lour (Cote
d'Ivoire, DRC, Somalia, and Sudan) already have sanctions in place. Only Burundi does not. Of the five, three have committees to monitor and report on implementation. The DRC and Somalia aiso have special expert or monìtoring groups to carry out lurther investigarions, including
in
the field.
The Coalition lurther called on the Security Council to ensure more eflective implementation of dialogue with listed parties to develop concrete plans of action lor ending the use of chjldren
April 2004, the Security Council called for such dialogue with violaton in soldiers. In
HR | 16 | www.amnesty.org.hk
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children and armed conflict in February.
international laws which
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identifies 42 parties
ê!J
However, the Secretary-General has admitted that little dialogue has actually occurred, due to security problems, non-cooperation of parties and
iî+Rå
Security CounciÌ on children and armed conflict
-lE
qffi
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, ìn advance olUN Security Council debate on The Secretary-General's recent report to the
Ærfi Ë ^Ë +
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countries on the Security Counci.l's agenda.
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In November 2004, the Coalition released
+ fr ã
Xfr
a
recruitment policies and practices, covering 196 countries around the world, including two dozen situations
ofanned conflict where children are
currendy fighting. The lull report can be found at wur.v. child-soldiers. org.
"
lh', +&E
at country lerrel.
¡
AP in brief
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CPN-Maoist combatants in Rukum District, Nepal,
Aoril 2004 Some of them are child soldiers. @ Ami Vitale/ Getty lmages 200 4 + a E tr¿ È H* HÈ{tr¿ È HÈ7Ltù E Êt ffi È " fUlFSH+_,¡sËËF. n the occasion ol U Win Tin's birthday, Amnesry lnternational renews longstanding calls on the State Peace and Development Council ISPDC, lrlyanmar's mìlitary government) to put an end to the ongoing imprisonment and harassment
ol
peacefil dissenters, and immediately and unconditionally release U Win Tin and all other prisoners of conscience.
U Win Tin was imprisoned because olhis in the National Leagr-re lor
senior position
Democracy (NLD), and was sentenced to further years in prison
lor his attempts to inlorn the
United Nations olongoing human righs r.iolations in prisons in Myanmar. He has been in a poor state
ol health, exacerbated by
his
treatment in prison, which has inciuded torture, inadequate access to medical treatment, being held in a cell designed lor military dogs, without bedding, and being deprived of lood and water
Tin4,ËZH , EHtv'ñÍ,4,8 ám6l F&È ru ry ffiÉ F æ. U*#i fi+ -E_flÈâ\** ffi , HIjKÉ-É ^t;)*Sf U Win
È,ù¿s " U Win Tin iÉE
(NLD)t!
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ÆffiEJffiffi r,soo,fÌ&lâãE +, ã1P4 H.'t.trEÐ+Z,ü.ffi Æ, 4fl HEã7oãBo
ffi.tÊffiÈÉf+É! . *m ,HÊInMîÈ_fiJ ffi &lâ ÌÉ ffi {rr' Í' W ffi 4þlF1 ^ffi tl +++ffi tu +Eæ' +Fffi lþ,{¡F5 +*ffi f+ ÊFeÈË' É! ÈÅl+fË ; Ëãffi+Eù',t+,â\WÊIED-ÉÆ,frr'f "
tï
t
lor long periods of time. Among tl-re more than 1,300 political prisoners in ìvlyanmar, the¡e are many prisoners of conscience who are elderly or infirm, or who have been given such lengthy prison sentences
that they are not scheduled to be released until they are in tl'reir' 70s or BOs. The authorities continue to arrest and hold political activists incommunicado, deny them access to lawyers and due process of law, and to harass lormer political prisoners and activists.
www.amnesty.org.hk
I r7 I /.Æ ¡n
Worldwide Appeal
Ê*lËHt
Obtilia Eugenio Manuel, an indigenous rights activist, has receive
d nuÍrretous death
threats and fears that her farnily is also in danger,
Obtilia Eugenio Manuel E
-&lîf+Ræf|ffiÆfiTÍ 'lþ'
Pfltl"#FrøÈÊtffiÊ 'ffi8'4 'fÊtú,þlã^úÞÆføfñH+ '
/rlh
ìeading member of the indigenous
XLå
.f1 ^
organiration Organizacion del Pueblo Indigena Tlapaneco, AC (OPIT), she has
the southern state of Guerre¡o. She criricized the govemment's failure to properþ investigate the cases of Valenrina Rosendo Cantu and Ines
Fernandez Ortega, from the Tlapaneca indigenous group, who were reportedly raped by
in 2002.
Obtilia Eugenio Manuel reportedly received
a
letter in December 2004, threatening her family and warning " roon you will rest in peace". It
þing about the rape ol the two women saying: "We've had enough of the accused her ol
stupidities you accuse us
ol
Pu.uto Indigena Tlapaneco, AC (OPIT)
ÉtîF€FlË' tþ ñEÈYtGuerreroiljÉÈßJF
documented human rights violations committed by the military against indigenous communities in
soÌdiers
E-'fElH'fl RáEffi organizacion del
We were aìready
going to get ¡'ou but now you are really in trouble". She has received threats belore but has
not reported them lor fear of reprisals against her family. Since receiving the letter, men have been seen
watching her house and the OPIT oflìces, making notes and taking pictures, In 2002, the lVlexican army investigated dre
4l R Èfi #Ë1r^tË€È ÊY-V
É!+Ë'
tll ¡þ,ffiÈ.valen tina Rosendo
Íü+ttä+4[T^ C
antu
F
lnes
Fernandez Ortega â\+4+ 'iü'lF5ËRÉ Trapaneca É'Ttr4ÈRÉ ' ffi#ëtü'fFTÉ 2002+ Ër!J+^Ëfdã " ffi*R€ o¡tiliu Eugenio ì\lanueì lE 200++ 12 E qÍrf
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4+' 4trÈ,LjffitÊåF€r!] En tr " EFHûþ,F,È r¡ tÈ llÉ!^tËiråãffi ä-t#, È1F5ün^É' Guerreroi'l'l
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'fl RÈ15ËÆÉ+W' +^Éffi
É.æFðF'Ê^^nffi , 4ü,1F5ÊiËF!jãffi " Ë'trlR ,'ffi êÈËf Ét+'f+, Fll R*l¡#/liE rttãtÉ+
impartialiry.
gtËffiåi*'.Æ111Èæäl+uüÊ. ' Ú?s. Gue....o F'tlRffi44if ærðÆË+ " #H +'='F'fÈ, ryffi É,Ëffi{fr obtilia Eugenio ì/ranuer&,H* É!Eâ " nfffiXträÉlrllåã Af. ' Y+1H-*Y?'LB.Êffi+4+' XÃ. valentina
Indigenous communities report frequendy being intimidated by soldiers investigating drug
æÉ!+"'fE
but the allegations were dismissed. As with other investigations into human rights violations carried out by the military, they lacked two rape
cases
+F "
*#
Rosendo Cantu JE Ines Fernandez Ortega'iË!â
,tÈî1iAÉâ\ffiÈ'
r
traflicking in Guerrero state. The authorities rarely investigate such incidents leaving the communities ah'aid to report them. The impunity lor the rape of the llvo women has left women
in the indigenous communities of Guerrero living in fear. Please
write, calling on the
authorities to ensure the safety of Obtilia Eugenio Manuel and her family.
Call lor an impartial investigation, in the civil justice system, into the death threats and alleged rape by soldiers of Valentina Rosendo Cantu and Ines Fernandez
HR
^Æ
I l8 | www.amnestY,org.hk
Ortega.
I
+ffii#ã
Send appeals to:
President of the Republic Lic. Vicente Fox Øesada Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Residencia Ofrcial de "I'os Pinos"
Col. San Miguel Chapultepec Mexico D.F. c.P. 11850 Mexico Fax:* 52 5 2 77 23 76
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Good News
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Rebiya Kadeer, Chinese prisoner
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of conscience released
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from the northrvest rcsion
Xinjiang should never hare been in prison in
the first place. She r'vas detained, tried and irnprisoned for eight lean in 2000 on
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will encourage their efforts to
secure the
release of other prisoners of conscience
Ämrresty Intemational rvelcomes Rebiya Kadcer's release from prison on medìcal parole, but notes rvith skepticism the timing On the same day, the US announced it r'r'ill not seek to sponsor a resolution on China at
ycar and a halfbefore she rvas due to completc her sentence. According to reports) she is flling to the Unitcd States where she lvill r-eceive medical treatment and be reunited with her
the ongoing UN Human Rights Comrnissìon. US Sccretarl of State Condaleezza Rice is also drre to iisit China shorrJy, creating the impression that once again the Chinese
govemment is using politicaì prisoners to pla;' "hostage politics". "Amnesty Intemational members around
fam\. "\\¡e are beyond happy. \\¡e have rvaited for this moment for fir''e and half a years and want to thank everyone u.ho worked toward this joy'lul day." On the day of Rebiya Kadeer's release, 17 r\Iarch 2005, her daughter issued the abor.e
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statement.
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region, as r,vell as secure reforms to the larvs that put them bchind bars in the first place " Rebiya Kadcer's releasc comes around a
.ìrppi"S to her husband in ùe USA.
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of
Rebiya Kadeer," said Catherire Baber, Deputy Asia Director of Amnesty Interrational. "Her release
of
charges
"leaking statc secretsrr, har''ing sent newspaper
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Kadeer, a prominent Uighur
businessrvoman
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llmü of lmnc$ty lmmaüonal tuunder
HffiililffiÊ!ltrAüË eter Benenson was born into a world without the United Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights had yet to be written and not a single international human rights treaty or major human rights organization was in existence. He left behind a world radically changed. Nearly a hundred human rights treaties and other legal instruments are now in force. Over 90 percent of countries are now party to the most comprehensive - the twin interna-
þ I
newspaper. with appeals on behalf of prisoners jailed
tional covenants on civil/ oolitical and economic/ social rights. Women's rights, children's rights, minority rights, workers' rights, the rights of disabled persons - all have been strengthened. Torturers have become ¡nternational outlaws and more than half the world's countries have rejected the death penalty. However. the most extraordinary change has been the birth of "civil society". Today, over a thousand
ۊf
64 countries and territories. Historians may locate the origins of "civil society" in any combination of social changes after the Second World War But there is one event that will incontestably be included. It is the story of a man in a bowler hat reading his newspaper on the London underground in late 1960. He reads a small item about two Portuguese students being
sentenced to seven years' imprisonment for raising their glasses in a toast to freedom. Outraged, he decides to go to the Poduguese embassy to protest - but changes his mind. lnstead he goes to the church of St Martin's-in{he-Fields in Trafalgar Square, where he sits and thinks. As he said after, "l went in to see what could really be done effectively, to mobilize world opinion. lt was necessary to think of a larger group which would harness the enthusiasm of people all over the world who were anxious to see a wider respect for human rights." When he came out of the church, Peter Benenson had his idea. Within months, he launched his Appeal for Amnesty with a
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tional lrene Khan said Peter Benenson's
difference."
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