Thesis Report on Mixed Use Skyscraper by Aishwary Kaushal

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MIXED-USE SKYSCRAPER IN SECTOR 135, NOIDA

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by AISHWARY KAUSHAL 15BAR1047

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B. ARCH) in UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

MAY 2020 AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work presented in the report entitled â&#x20AC;&#x153;THESIS REPORTâ&#x20AC;? in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Architecture at University Institute of Architecture, Chandigarh University, Mohali is an authentic work carried out under my supervision and guidance. To the best of knowledge, the content of this dissertation report does not form a basis for the award of any previous degree to anyone else.

(Ar. Damanpreet Singh Chugh) University Institute of Architecture Chandigarh University, Mohali

The thesis project as mentioned above is hereby approved as a creditable study of project work and has been presented in a satisfactory manner to warrant its acceptance as prerequisite to the degree for which it has been submitted.

(Internal Examiner)

(External Examiner)

Head of University Institute of Architecture Chandigarh University, Mohali

AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There are a lot of people whom I would like to thank for helping me in completing this thesis. At first, I would like to thank my parents to inspire me to go ahead through all the stages of life. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my thesis guide Ar Riyazul Samad Bin Mohammad for guiding me throughout the research and design process; for their valuable suggestions and inputs at critical stages of design translation that finally helped to shape the idea. For believing me to execute such a project of such a huge magnitude. My special thanks to Ar (Col.) Gurnek Singh Toor, Director University Institute of Architecture, Ar Arun Lakhanpal, Professor, for their valuable time and suggestions. I would deeply thank, thesis coordinator, Ar Damanpreet Chugh, for the systematic structure of the design stages so as to make it a gradual process of learning and application. At last but not least I am grateful to all those sources, the person who helped me directly or indirectly in achieving this stage of this project.

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ABSTRACT

Vertical mixed-use community. What is it you might ask? Well its exactly what you might think it is. It is a neighborhood, like any other along a street, only turned vertical into the sky. It is an idea that has been around since the first skyscrapers were built in the late 1880s but have only just now been gaining traction in the building community. This is in part because of two problems. One has to do with economics, more diversity means more occupants which translates into more money for the owner. As Architects know, economics drives projects but designing for money yields little reward, because the major, and second issue has to do with the people who occupy these monumental structures. When a tall building is constructed, floor plate after floor plate is constructed one on top of another, but this creates isolation for the occupants of each floor. Employees of Sears back in the 1970s quickly realized this problem when they were unable to see old colleagues they used to work with regularly. Modern buildings have only started to investigate mixing program with a single tower, but have only just varied it slightly to keep the economics is high as possible. But the problem with isolation needs a more drastic approach, one wear floors are broken and easily reached from one another. With this approach, more creativity with space can be explored a hopefully spark new ideas to improve upon what has already been started.

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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 12 Mixed Use Development .......................................................................................... 13 Features of Vertical MUDs ...................................................................................... 14 Benefits of MUDs .................................................................................................... 15 Energy Efficient High-Rise Construction ................................................................ 15 Aim of the Project .................................................................................................... 18 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 18 Scope of the Project .................................................................................................. 18 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 18 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 19 LITERATURE STUDY............................................................................................. 20 Important definitions of High-Rise buildings .......................................................... 20 Structural Evolution of High-Rise Buildings ........................................................... 20 Classification of Tall Building Structural System.................................................... 22 Shear Frames ............................................................................................................ 23 Interacting Systems .................................................................................................. 25 Structural Concerns .................................................................................................. 36 Wind resistance ........................................................................................................ 36 Types of loads .......................................................................................................... 37 Wind Loads .............................................................................................................. 39 Wind Turbulence ...................................................................................................... 39 Load Distribution System......................................................................................... 40 Structural member .................................................................................................... 41 Core .......................................................................................................................... 42 Foundation ................................................................................................................ 43 Slip Form Construction ............................................................................................ 44 AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Sustainable Features ................................................................................................. 47 Climb Form Construction......................................................................................... 47 Tunnel Form ............................................................................................................. 48 Damping Systems in High Rise Buildings ............................................................... 49 Services .................................................................................................................... 52 Occupancy Wise Requirements ............................................................................... 54 Life Safety ................................................................................................................ 54 Fire Protection .......................................................................................................... 60 Sky Lobby ................................................................................................................ 65 Building Envelope .................................................................................................... 66 Solar Shading ........................................................................................................... 68 Sustainable Technologies ......................................................................................... 69 CASE STUDY ............................................................................................................ 71 TAIPEI 101 .............................................................................................................. 71 BURJ KHALIFA ...................................................................................................... 83 KOHINOOR SQUARE............................................................................................ 97 SITE ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 111 Location .................................................................................................................. 111 Accessibility ........................................................................................................... 111 Proximity Map........................................................................................................ 111 Site Dimensions...................................................................................................... 112 Site Surrounding ..................................................................................................... 113 Architectural Context ............................................................................................. 113 Evolution of Land................................................................................................... 113 NOIDA at Glance ................................................................................................... 114 Services .................................................................................................................. 114 Geology and Soil .................................................................................................... 116 AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Vegetation Analysis ............................................................................................... 117 Topography ............................................................................................................ 117 Seismic Zone .......................................................................................................... 117 Climate ................................................................................................................... 118 Byelaws .................................................................................................................. 120 High Rise Norms................................................................................................... 120 SWOT Analysis...................................................................................................... 123 CONCEPT ................................................................................................................ 124 Aerohive ................................................................................................................. 124 Form Development ................................................................................................. 124 The Concept of Aerodynamics ............................................................................... 125 Foundation .............................................................................................................. 126 Skin......................................................................................................................... 126 Structure ................................................................................................................. 127 Service Core .......................................................................................................... 128

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List of Figures Figure 1. Burj Khalifa (Source: Google Image) .......................................................... 12 Figure 2. City Skyline of Mumbai ............................................................................... 13 Figure 3. Conceptual Diagram of Mixed-Use Development (Source: Archinect) ...... 14 Figure 4. Functions of Mixed-Use High-Rise Building............................................... 14 Figure 5. Need of Mixed-Use High Rise (Source: Emporis) ....................................... 15 Figure 6. Green Building rating system (Source: GreenTree Global) ......................... 17 Figure 7. Design Methodology .................................................................................... 19 Figure 8.Home Insurance Building, Empire State Building and Shanghai Financial Tower ........................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 9.Exterior and Interior Structures (Source: Google Images) ............................ 22 Figure 10.Examples of Rigid Frame Structures (Source: Google Images) .................. 23 Figure 11. Examples of Shear Wall Structure (Source: Google Images) .................... 24 Figure 12. John Hancock Center, Chicago (Source: Google Images) ......................... 25 Figure 13. Empire State Building, New York (Source- AIJ Journals) ........................ 26 Figure 14.Outrigger Truss Structure (Source: AIJ Journal) ......................................... 26 Figure 15. Exterior columns connected to outriggers extended from the core. ........... 27 Figure 16. Taipei 101 (Source: Google Images) .......................................................... 27 Figure 17. Aon Center (Source: Google Images) ........................................................ 29 Figure 18. John Hancock Center, Chicago (Source: SOM) ......................................... 30 Figure 19. Burj Khalifa, Dubai (Source: Google Images) ........................................... 31 Figure 20. Bundled Tube Structure (Source: Civil Read) ............................................ 31 Figure 21. Figure 15. Tube in Tube Structure (Source: Civil Read) ........................... 32 Figure 22. Millennium Tower (Source: Civil Read) .................................................... 32 Figure 23. Hotel de las Artes, Madrid .......................................................................... 33 Figure 24. Space Truss Structure (Source: Google Images) ........................................ 34 Figure 25. Hearst Tower, Diagrid Structure (Source: Google Images) ....................... 35 Figure 26. Environmental Loads (Source: Civil Read) ............................................... 37 Figure 27. Seismic Load (Source: AIJ Journals) ......................................................... 38 Figure 28. Seismic loads, are usually dealt with by assuming forces external to the building ........................................................................................................................ 38 Figure 29. Wind Loads ................................................................................................ 39 Figure 30. Wind Turbulence (Source: AIJ Journal) ..................................................... 39 AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Figure 31. Load Distribution System ........................................................................... 40 Figure 32. Structural Member Beam (Source: Civil Read) ......................................... 41 Figure 33. Bracing & Column of a structure (Source: Civil Reads) ............................ 41 Figure 34. Typology of Service Core (Source: Civil Read) ........................................ 42 Figure 35. Damping Systems in High Rise Building (Source: Civil Read) ................. 49 Figure 36. Tuned Mass Damper (Source: Taipei 101 Forum) ..................................... 50 Figure 37. Tuned Liquid Dampers in High Rise (Source: Civil Read) ....................... 50 Figure 38. Types of Passive Damping System (Source: Civil Read) .......................... 51 Figure 39. Location of Standpipe in a building (Source: Civil Read) ......................... 52 Figure 40. Exit Doorways (Source: Google Images) ................................................... 55 Figure 41. Emergency Exit Signage Board (Source: Google) ..................................... 56 Figure 42. Internal Staircase Details including Handrail/Baluster (Source: Civil Read) ...................................................................................................................................... 57 Figure 43. Ref: As per section 8.12.3 on part IV of NBC ........................................... 58 Figure 44. Fire Resistance Ratings of Structural and Non-Structural Members (Source: NBC 2016) ................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 45. Setback and Street Width (Source: NBC 2016) ......................................... 64 Figure 46. Sky lobby (Source: Google Images) ........................................................... 65 Figure 47. UIC building UN Studio, mixed-use Highrise, hexagonal facade (Source: CRC Press) ................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 48. Sowwah Square, Abu Dhabi (Source: CTBUH Journal) ........................... 67 Figure 49. Solar Shading Facade (Source: CTBUH Journal) ...................................... 68 Figure 50. Taipei 101 (Source: Google Images) .......................................................... 71 Figure 51. Location of Taipei 101 (Source: Google Maps) ......................................... 72 Figure 52. Concept of Taipei 101 (Source: Taipei 101 center) ................................... 72 Figure 53. Site Plan of Taipei 101 ............................................................................... 74 Figure 54. Foundation Details (Source: Archinomy)................................................... 74 Figure 55. Typical Floor Plan with Service Core up to 26th Storey (Source: Archinomy) .................................................................................................................. 75 Figure 56.Typical Floor Plan with Service Core from 27th to 91st Storey (Source: Archinomy) .................................................................................................................. 76 Figure 57. Foundation Details (Source: Archinomy)................................................... 77 Figure 58. Truncated Pyramidical Shape of the modules with inner trusses (Source: Archinomy) .................................................................................................................. 77 AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Figure 59. Super columns graphical depiction (Source: Skyscraper Center) .............. 78 Figure 60. Plan with stair step corner (Source: Archinomy) ....................................... 79 Figure 61. Installation of Tuned Mass Damper in Taipei 101 (Source: Archinomy) .. 79 Figure 62. Vertical Transportation in Taipei 101 (Source: Archinomy) ..................... 80 Figure 63. Fire protection system (Source: Google Images) ...................................... 81 Figure 64. Burj Khalifa (Source: Google Images) ....................................................... 83 Figure 65. Burj Khalifa (Source: Archdaily) ............................................................... 84 Figure 66. Location of Burj Khalifa (Source: Google Maps) ...................................... 84 Figure 67. Concept Evolution of Burj Khalifa (Source: UAE Center) ........................ 85 Figure 68. Gradient Spiral Tower ................................................................................ 85 Figure 69. The three wings, Y shape and central core ................................................. 85 Figure 70. Site Plan of Burj Khalifa (Source: Emaar) ................................................. 86 Figure 71. Vertical Zoning with floor plates (Source: SOM) ...................................... 87 Figure 72. Piled Raft Foundation (Source: Archinomy) .............................................. 89 Figure 73. Podium of Burj Khalifa (Source: Archinomy) ........................................... 90 Figure 74. Exterior Cladding of Burj Khalifa (Source: ETA UAE) ............................ 90 Figure 75. Structural Floor Plate of Burj Khalifa (Source: EMAAR) ......................... 91 Figure 76. Vertical Transportation System in Burj Khalifa (Source: Archinomy) ...... 92 Figure 77. Refuge Area Plan (Source: EMAAR) ........................................................ 93 Figure 78. Normal power supply and distribution (Source: ETA UAE) ..................... 94 Figure 79. Air Handling Units and Chilled water pumps (Source: ETA UAE) .......... 94 Figure 80. Hydraulically isolated system (Source: ETA UAE) ................................... 95 Figure 81. Identical principal for sprinkler system (Source: ETA UAE) .................... 95 Figure 82. Kohinoor Square (Source: SSA Architects) ............................................... 97 Figure 83. Kohinoor Square, Mumbai ......................................................................... 98 Figure 84. Location of Kohinoor Square (Source: Google Maps) ............................... 98 Figure 85. Connectivity Map (Source: Google Map) .................................................. 99 Figure 86. Site Plan and circulation (Source: SSA Architects) ................................. 100 Figure 87. Orientation of Kohinoor Square (Source: SSA Architects) ..................... 101 Figure 88. Solar Analysis ........................................................................................... 102 Figure 89. Thermal gain reduction (Source: SSA Architects) ................................... 102 Figure 90. Area Distribution of Kohinoor Square ..................................................... 102 Figure 91. Plan of 15th floor (Commercial Tower) with service core ....................... 103 Figure 92. Plan of 20th floor (Commercial Tower) with service core ....................... 104 AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Figure 93.Typical floor plan of Retail space with central core .................................. 104 Figure 94. Typical floor plan of Retail Outlets with central core .............................. 105 Figure 95. Plan of 15th floor (Residential Tower) with service core ........................ 105 Figure 96. Plan of 33rd floor (Residential Tower) with service core ........................ 106 Figure 97. Pile and Raft foundation ........................................................................... 106 Figure 98. Typical Service Floor Plan of Commercial Tower ................................... 107 Figure 99. Vertical Transportation in Kohinoor Square ............................................ 107 Figure 100. Facade concept, Kohinoor Square .......................................................... 108 Figure 101. LED facade lighting, Kohinoor Square .................................................. 108 Figure 102. Highlighting the Parking building .......................................................... 109 Figure 103. Sustainable Factors of Kohinoor Square ................................................ 110 Figure 104. Location of Proposed Site on the Map of India ...................................... 111 Figure 105. Proximity Map (Source: Google Earth).................................................. 111 Figure 106. Site Dimensions of Proposed Site .......................................................... 112 Figure 107. Site Surrounding ..................................................................................... 113 Figure 108. Geographical Evolution of Site (Source: Google Earth) ........................ 113 Figure 109. Services located on the site ..................................................................... 116 Figure 110. Sunpath Analysis recorded at 12PM (Source: Andrew marsh) .............. 118 Figure 111. Wind speed chart (Source: Meteoblue) .................................................. 119 Figure 112. Cloudy, sunny, and precipitation Chart (Source: Meteoblue) ................ 119 Figure 113. Temperature Analysis Chart (Source: Meteoblue) ................................. 120 Figure 114. Ground Coverage (Source: Noida Byelaws 2015) ................................. 121 Figure 115. Wind Flow Analysis of various shapes (Source: Autodesk Flow Design) .................................................................................................................................... 124 Figure 116. Formation of Shape ................................................................................ 124 Figure 117. Wind Effects on the principle of Aerodynamics .................................... 125 Figure 118. Earthquake Resistant Foundation ........................................................... 126 Figure 119. Building Skin of the Conceptualized Skyscraper ................................... 126 Figure 120.Overlaid Conceptualized Structural Plates .............................................. 127 Figure 121. Structural Frames at the Outrigger Floors .............................................. 127

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INTRODUCTION â&#x20AC;&#x153;From the great pyramid of Giza to the Tower of Babel, brick by brick, and stone by stone, mankind has been consumed by one singular desire, to touch the sky.â&#x20AC;? -(Skyscraper, 2018) Two discoveries in the middle of the 1800s made it possible to build modern skyscrapers. Before the Industrial Revolution brick and stone walls carried the weight of buildings. Because each floor was very heavy, it was impossible to build very high houses. In the middle of 19th-century steel became important building material. This metal was strong and light. Architects could now construct a steel skeleton to support very tall buildings. Chicago's Home Insurance Company building was ten stories tall and the first skyscraper to use such a steel construction. Skyscrapers would have been useless if people had to walk up and down many flights of stairs. In 1853 an elevator safe enough to carry passengers was invented by Elisha Graves Otis. (Marshall, 2015) During the early 20th century, the construction of tall buildings became very popular in big cities. Cities grew bigger as more and more people could live and work there. Tall buildings were also seen as the symbol of power and greatness. Thus, major cities in the world (especially in America), fought for the tallest buildings in the world. For four decades the Empire State Building in New York was the world's highest structure. The 381-metre high landmark has stories and was completed in 1931. (Emporis, 2018) The World Trade Centre finished in 1973, became a symbol of the city's economic strength.

Figure 1. Burj Khalifa (Source: Google Image)

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Today the world's tallest building no longer stands in America. Other countries, mainly in the growing regions of Asia have entered the prestigious race for the tallest structures in the world. The 452 meters high Petronas Towers in Malaysia, completed in 1996, became the first skyscraper outside the USA to climb the top of the list. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, at the height of 828 meters, is currently the tallest completed building in the world, but the Jeddah Tower in Saudi Arabia, which is expected to be completed in 2021 or 2022 will be 1000 meters high. (CTBUH, 2019) In India, LIC building in Chennai at the height of 54 meter, was the first high rise building constructed in 1959. (CTBUH, 2019) Today, alone in Mumbai, there are more than 7000 high rise structures. As the race for the world's tallest building continues most experts have different opinions on how tall skyscrapers can become. Some say building a 1000 meters high structure would be no problem with today's technology, others think that we would need lighter, stronger materials as well as faster elevators to make this possible.

Figure 2. City Skyline of Mumbai

Mixed Use Development Mixed-use development is a type of urban development that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment used where those functions are physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections. Mixed-use development can take the form of a single building, a city block, or entire neighborhoods. Human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns. However, with AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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industrialization as well as the invention of the skyscraper, governmental zoning regulations were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing from residential areas. But since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as the benefits are recognized.

Figure 3. Conceptual Diagram of Mixed-Use Development (Source: Archinect)

Features of Vertical MUDs 1. It combines different functions in the same building. 2. Provides more public space on lower floors such as retail shops, restaurants, commercial shops, etc. 3. Encourage economic investment. 4. Increase revenues. 5. Reduces auto dependency, roadway congestion, air pollution and also reduce carbon footprint.

Figure 4. Functions of Mixed-Use High-Rise Building

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Benefits of MUDs 1. Economic: Mixed Use Development that promotes a walkable built environment can help revitalize a downtown increase private investment, lead to higher property values, promote tourism, and support the development of a good business climate. 2. Lower Infrastructure Costs: More compact development i.e. various types of facilities and services available at one stop reduces the infrastructure cost. 3. Environmental: Reducing sprawl and building communities where residents live and walk to work, reduces car usage, positively impacting the environment. With the incorporation of mixed-use development and smart growth practices, sprawling development patterns could be reduces and quality of life may be enhanced. Undeveloped land, open space, and historic and natural resources could be preserved.

Figure 5. Need of Mixed-Use High Rise (Source: Emporis)

Energy Efficient High-Rise Construction High-rise construction, as the most progressive direction of the construction, is particularly focused on the use of innovative technologies. For architects, designers and engineers of high-rise buildings are the ideal experimental platform for testing different AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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decisions of the construction of the tallest, the most stable, the cheapest, the lightest, the most efficient or greenest skyscrapers. Energy-efficient buildings owe their birth to the first global energy crisis in 1973. Humanity first began to think about the depletion of energy resources of the planet and energy conservation. At this stage, it was seeking ways to reduce energy consumption for heating of buildings. The first experimental building for testing and identifying the best technical solutions for energy saving was built in Manchester (USA). It was an office building, designed by order of the General Services Administration. The energy consumption of the building was reduced by the efficient use of solar radiation, double-layer fencing structures and computer control of engineering equipment of buildings. The implementation of this project marked the beginning of the construction of energy-efficient buildings around the world. (Zhigulina & Ponomarenko, 2017) At the present stage the concept of "energy conservation" has expanded and turned into a notion of "efficiency". It implies a close intertwining of economy and ecology: people save resources and care about the environment. The main principles of energy-efficient construction are maximum using of alternative renewable sources of energy such as thermal energy of the earth, energy of sun, wind, and reducing the negative impact on the environment. Green Building Rating System There are several systems of rating the energy and environmental performance of buildings in the world. These systems form the standards of quality for the modern construction industry today. The most famous is the US system LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) introduced in 1998. The approach is that the LEED system largely assesses the energy efficiency of buildings, and rigidly reglementary using only US standards of certification and evaluation of materials. The buildings certified by LEED are easy to compare since the demands of base-level are standard. The LEED system was developed by United States Green Building Council (USGBC) as a standard of measurement for projects of energyefficient, environmentally friendly and sustainable buildings for the transition to the design, construction and operation of such buildings in the construction industry. (Anon., 2020)

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Figure 6. Green Building rating system (Source: GreenTree Global)

Similarly, in India, there are predominantly three rating systems â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), the rating systems from Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) and the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA). Besides, there is also the Energy Consumption Building Code (ECBC) and the National Building Code (NBC), which provide guidelines on energy consumption. All buildings in India need to comply with these prescribed guidelines. (Anon., 2014)

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Aim of the Project The aim of this project is to develop the commercial land into a symbolic mixed-use skyscraper and also help in shaping the future skyline of the city by being an inspiration for buildings to come.

Objectives 1. To amplify the contribution of architecture to the mixed-use development. 2. To integrate structure and services with the architectural form. 3. To comprehend the various issues involved in the planning and design of the Centre leading to a lively building that would promote interaction and exposure to many activities in an interesting environment. 4. To study postmodern built forms, structure, services and spaces used in skyscraper building worldwide. 5. To design spaces which bring closer to nature and harmony. 6. To bring transparency, openness and fluidity of space. 7. Priority to sustainable material and functional requirements in design, while integrating services to it. 8. To follow the guidelines of the LEED accordingly to achieve FAR regulations.

Scope of the Project 1. Designing a mixed-use skyscraper blended with Building Automation Technology. 2. To design a building which will provide Residential, Commercial, Hotel and other recreational facilities to the people.

Limitations 1. Work is limited to the core urban development projects and does not take into consideration of low- income group residing in the campus, although the employment of these people is generated in the project. 2. The project does not cover the financial aspects of the high-rise MUDs and the detailed estimation and costing part (but it shall cover a basic understanding of costing of various technologies). 3. The interior designing of the offices and retail is not covered in the project.

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Methodology The given figure 7 shows the methodology chart for this study. This methodology chart explains the first step about the study of general information about high rise planning. This includes the components of high-rise definition, structure, planning and services. The next step is the study of high-rise construction technologies from various case studies. Then the classification of issues in different aspects is made from the findings. Then the detailed analysis is made for each aspect through different case studies. Finally, the concept for the design is evolved and progressed towards developing the design.

Figure 7. Design Methodology

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LITERATURE STUDY Important definitions of High-Rise buildings According to Emporis standards, Buildings higher than 100m is termed as Skyscraper. Buildings 300m or higher is termed as Super Tall and buildings 600m or taller is termed as Mega-Tall. Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) According to the CTBUH, Buildings higher than 150m is termed as Skyscraper. Emporis Standards A high-rise building is a structure whose architectural height is between 35 and 100 meters. A structure is automatically listed as high rise when it has a minimum of 12 floors, whether or not the height is known. If it has fewer than 40 floors and the height is unknown, it is also classified automatically as a high-rise. Building code of Hyderabad, India A high-rise building is one with four floors or more or one 15 meters or more in height. The International Conference of Fire Safety Any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation. Massachusetts United States General Law A high-rise is being higher than 70 feet (21 m).

Structural Evolution of High-Rise Buildings First Generation (1780- 1850) 1. The exterior walls of these buildings consisted of stone or brick, although sometimes cast iron was added for decorative purposes. 2. The columns were constructed of cast iron, often unprotected; steel and wrought iron were used for the beams, and the floors were made of wood. Second Generation (1850- 1940) 1. The second generation of tall buildings, which includes the Metropolitan Life Building (1909), the Woolworth Building (1913), and the Empire State Building (1931), are frame structures, in which the skeleton of welded- or riveted-steel columns and beams, often encased in concrete, runs through the entire building.

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2. This type of construction makes for an extremely strong structure, but not such attractive floor space. The interiors are full of heavy, load-bearing columns and walls.

Figure 8.Home Insurance Building, Empire State Building and Shanghai Financial Tower

Third Generation (1940- Present) 1. Buildings constructed from after World War II until today make up the most recent generation of high-rise buildings. 2. Within this generation, there are those of steel-framed construction (core construction and tube construction), reinforced concrete construction (shear wall), and steel-framed reinforced concrete construction. 3. Hybrid systems also evolved during this time. These systems make use more than one type of structural system in a building.

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Classification of Tall Building Structural System 1. It can be classified based on the structural material used such as concrete or steel. 2. Structural systems of tall buildings can also be divided into two broad categories: a) Interior Structures b) Exterior Structures

Figure 9.Exterior and Interior Structures (Source: Google Images)

3. The classification is based on the distribution of the components of the primary lateral load-resisting system over the building. 4. A system is categorized as an interior structure when the major part of the lateral load resisting system is located within the interior of the building. 5. Likewise, if the major part of the lateral load resisting system is located at the building perimeter, a system is categorized as an exterior structure.

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Shear Frames Rigid Frame StructureA rigid frame in structural engineering is the load-resisting skeleton constructed with straight or curved members interconnected by mostly rigid connections which resist movements induced at the joints of members. Its members can take a bending moment, shear, and axial loads. â&#x20AC;˘ It is consisting of columns and girders joined by moment resistant connections. â&#x20AC;˘ It can build up to 20 to 25 floors. Examples1. Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago. 2. The Ingalls Building, Ohio.

Figure 10.Examples of Rigid Frame Structures (Source: Google Images)

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Shear Wall StructureConcrete or masonry continuous vertical walls may serve both architecturally partitions and structurally to carry gravity and lateral loading. Very high in-plane stiffness and strength make them ideally suited for bracing tall building. • It is usually built as the core of the building. • It can build up to 35 floors Example1. Seagram Building, Manhattan, New York 2. Cook County Administration Building, Chicago

Figure 11. Examples of Shear Wall Structure (Source: Google Images)

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Interacting Systems Braced Frame Structure A braced frame is a structural system commonly used in structures subject to lateral loads such as wind and seismic pressure. The members in a braced frame are generally made of structural steel, which can work effectively both in tension and compression. 1. Vertical truss: resist lateral loads. 2. K, V, X members eliminating bending under lateral loading. 3. Column girder and diagonal Bracing are connected by pin joints. 4. Fabrication is more economical than other moment-resisting connection in a rigid framed structure.

Figure 12. John Hancock Center, Chicago (Source: Google Images)

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Braced Frame Structure with Shear Core 1. Shear walls: To resist the lateral load caused by wind & earthquake. Relatively thin: height/width. 2. The assembly of shear walls is known as â&#x20AC;&#x2022;coupled shear wall. 3. Belt trusses distribute the tensile and compressive force to the large no. of exterior trusses.

ExampleEmpire State Building, New York

Figure 13. Empire State Building, New York (Source- AIJ Journals)

Outrigger Trusses The core may be centrally located with outriggers extending on both sides or in some cases it may be located on one side of the building with outriggers extending to the building columns on the other side.

Figure 14.Outrigger Truss Structure (Source: AIJ Journal)

1. The outriggers are generally in the form of trusses (one or two stories deep) in steel structures, or walls in concrete structures, that effectively act as stiff AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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headers inducing a tension-compression couple in the outer columns. 2. Belt trusses are often provided to distribute these tensile and compressive forces to a large number of exterior frame columns. 3. It can build up to 150 floors.

Figure 15. Exterior columns connected to outriggers extended from the core.

ExampleTaipei 101, Taiwan

Figure 16. Taipei 101 (Source: Google Images)

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Tubular Systems The tube system concept is based on the idea that a building can be designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to the ground. 1. In the simplest incarnation of the tube, the perimeter of the exterior consists of closely spaced columns that are tied together with deep spandrel beams through moment connections. 2. This assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid frame that amounts to a dense and strong structural wall along the exterior of the building. 3. The different tubular systems are•

Framed tube

•

Braced tube

•

Bundled tube

•

Tube in tube

Framed Tube 1. The lateral resistant of the framed-tube structures is provided by very stiff moment-resistant frames that form a 'tube' around the perimeter of the building. 2. The basic inefficiency of the frame system for reinforced concrete buildings of more than 15 stories resulted in member proportions of prohibitive size and structural material cost premium, and thus such system was economically not viable. 3. The frames consist of 6-12 ft (2-4m) centre to centre closely spaced columns, joined by deep spandrel girders. 4. The outer tube carries 100% of the lateral loads and 75%to 90% of the gravity loads. The rest of the gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior column or walls. 5. When lateral loading acts, the perimeter frame aligned in the direction of loading acts like the ―webs of the massive tube of the cantilever, and those normal to the direction of the loading act as the ―flanges.

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6. The tube form was developed originally for the building of a rectangular plan, and probably itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most efficient use in that shape. ExampleAon Center, Chicago (USA)

Figure 17. Aon Center (Source: Google Images)

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Braced Tube The trussed tube system represents a classic solution for a tube uniquely suited to the qualities and character of structural steel. 1. It interconnects all exterior columns to form a rigid box, which can resist lateral shears by axial tension in its members rather than through flexure. 2. Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each faรงade and making the diagonal intersect at the same point at the corner column. 3. The system is tubular in that the fascia diagonals not only form a truss in the plane but also interact with the trusses on the perpendicular faces to affect the tubular behavior. This creates the x form between corner columns on each faรงade.

Figure 18. John Hancock Center, Chicago (Source: SOM)

4. Relatively broad column spacing can result in large clear spaces for windows, a particular characteristic of steel buildings. 5. The facade diagonalization serves to equalize the gravity loads of the exterior columns that give a significant impact on the exterior architecture.

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Bundled Tube The concept allows for wider column spacing in the tubular walls than would be possible with only the exterior frame tube form. 1. The spacing which makes it possible to place interior frame lines without seriously compromising interior space planning. 2. The ability to modulate the cells vertically can create a powerful vocabulary for a variety of dynamic shapes, therefore, offers great latitude in the architectural planning of at all building.

Figure 19. Burj Khalifa, Dubai (Source: Google Images)

Figure 20. Bundled Tube Structure (Source: Civil Read)

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Tube in Tube Structure This variation of the framed tube consists of an outer frame tube the 'Hull' together with an internal elevator and service core. 1. The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral loading.

Figure 21. Figure 15. Tube in Tube Structure (Source: Civil Read)

2. The outer framed tube and the inner core interact horizontally as the shear and flexural components of a wall-frame structure, with the benefit of increased lateral stiffness. 3. The structural tube usually adopts a highly dominant role because of its much greater structural depth.

Figure 22. Millennium Tower (Source: Civil Read)

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Mega Frame Structure 1. Building rise above 60 stories 2. Utilizes mega columns comprise the chords of the oversized braced frames at building corners. 3. Linked by multi-story trusses at every 15-20 story intervals. 4. Often at mechanical floor levels. 5. Mechanical Floors can be used to construct a stiff horizontal subsystem.

Examples1. Hotel De las Artes, Madrid 2. Tuntex Sky tower, Taiwan

Figure 23. Hotel de las Artes, Madrid

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Space Truss Structure Space truss structures are modified braced tubes with diagonals connecting the exterior to interior. 1. In a typical braced tube structure, all the diagonals, which connect the chord members â&#x20AC;&#x201C; vertical corner columns in general, are located on the plane parallel to the facades. 2. However, in space trusses, some diagonals penetrate the interior of the building.

ExampleBank of China

Figure 24. Space Truss Structure (Source: Google Images)

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Diagrid Structure 1. With their structural efficiency as a varied version of the tubular systems, diagrid structures have been emerging as a new aesthetic trend for tall buildings in this era of pluralistic styles. 2. Early designs of tall buildings recognized the effectiveness of diagonal bracing members in resisting lateral forces. 3. Most of the structural systems deployed for early tall buildings were steel frames with diagonal bracings of various configurations such as X, K, and chevron. 4. However, while the structural importance of diagonals was well recognized, the aesthetic potential of them was not appreciated since they were considered obstructive for viewing the outdoors. 5. Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in the diagonal members but have Complicated joints.

ExampleHearst Tower 30 St. Mary Axe (The Gherkin)

Figure 25. Hearst Tower, Diagrid Structure (Source: Google Images)

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Structural Concerns 1. The primary structural skeleton of a tall building can be visualized as an upward cantilever beam with its base fixed in the ground. The structure has to carry the vertical gravity loads and the lateral wind and earthquake loads. 2. Gravity loads are caused by dead and live loads. Lateral loads tend to snap the building or topple it. The building must, therefore, have adequate shear and bending resistance and must not lose its vertical load-carrying capability.

Fighting gravity 1. The weight of the building is supported by a group of vertical columns. 2. Each floor is supported by horizontal steel girders running between vertical columns. 3. A curtain wall made of steel and concrete attaches to the outside.

Wind resistance 1. Buildings taller than 10 storeys would generally require additional steel for the lateral system. 2. The most basic method for controlling horizontal sway is to simply tighten up the structure. At the point where the horizontal girders attach to the vertical column, the construction crew bolt: and welds them on the top and bottom. as well as the side. This makes the entire steel superstructure move more as one unit, like a pole, as opposed to a flexible skeleton. 3. For taller skyscrapers, tighter connections don't do the trick to keep these buildings from swaying heavily. engineers have to construct especially strong cores through the centre of the building. 4. The effects of wind can also be minimized by aerodynamic shaping of the building. Wind tunnel testing considers appropriate loading for overall lateral system design and cladding design and predicts motion perception and pedestrian level effects. 5. Use of damping systems as the building becomes taller and the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sway due to lateral forces becomes critical, there is a greater demand on the girders and columns that make up the rigid-frame system to carry lateral forces.

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Structural Load Structural loads are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to a structure or its components.

Types of loads Dead load Loads that are relatively constant over time. It is also known as permanent or static loads. Live Load 1. Dynamic or impose or moving loads, temporary of short duration. 2. Considerations: impact, momentum, vibration, slosh dynamics of the fluid.

Environmental Loads These are loading that act as a result of weather, topography and other natural phenomena. These are:

Figure 26. Environmental Loads (Source: Civil Read)

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Seismic Load 1. Buildings undergo dynamic motion during the earthquake. 2. The building is subjected to inertia forces that act in the opposite direction to the acceleration of earthquake excitations. 3. These inertia forces called seismically loads are usually dealt with by assuming forces external to the building.

Figure 27. Seismic Load (Source: AIJ Journals)

Figure 28. Seismic loads, are usually dealt with by assuming forces external to the building

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Wind Loads 1. Thermal loads (temperature changes leading to thermal expansion) 2. The lateral pressure of soil, groundwater or bulk materials. 3. Wind load has the ability to bring a building to sway. 4. Wind velocity increases with the increase in height.

Figure 29. Wind Loads

Wind Turbulence 1. When any moving air mass meets an obstruction, such as building, it responds like any fluids by moving to each side, then rejoining the major airflow. 2. The Ventury effect is one type of turbulent wind action. Turbulence develops as the moving air mass is funneled through the narrow space between two tall buildings. The corresponding wind velocity in this space exceeds the wind velocity of the major airflow.

Figure 30. Wind Turbulence (Source: AIJ Journal)

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Load Distribution System All type of loads can be considered as Vertical load & Lateral load

Figure 31. Load Distribution System

Vertical loads transfer through1. Bearing wall 2. Column 3. Core 4. Diagonal frame

Lateral loads transfer through1. Shear wall 2. Slab Core 3. Beam Core/Column 4. Diagonal Frame

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Structural member Beam The beam is a rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer loads across spaces to supporting elements.

Figure 32. Structural Member Beam (Source: Civil Read)

Column 1. A rigid relativity slender structural member designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied at the member ends. 2. In high rise buildings, it can be used as a mega column, concrete-filled tubular (CFT) etc.

Figure 33. Bracing & Column of a structure (Source: Civil Reads)

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Shear Wall A vertical diaphragm or wall acting as a thin, deep cantilever beam in loads to the ground foundation. Bracing It is a structural element for positioning, supporting, strengthening or restraining the member of a structural frame.

Core 1. The core is one of the most important structural and functional elements of the highrise building. 2. The core of a building is the area reserved for elevators’ stairs, mechanical equipment and the vertical shafts that are necessary for ducts, pipes and wires. 3. Its wall is also the most common location for the vertical wind bracing. 4. The placement of the service core stems from four generic types which are: • Central core • Split-core • End core • Atrium core

Figure 34. Typology of Service Core (Source: Civil Read)

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Foundation Effect of Foundation Settlement on the tall buildings 1. The gravity and lateral forces on the structure will be transmitted to the earth through the foundation system. Because of its height, a tall buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s columns may be very heavy. 2. In areas with bedrock, appropriate foundations can be shallow foundations, drilled shafts, or deep basements. In areas with poor soil conditions, differential settlements must be avoided. 3. A typical solution is the use of mat (or raft) foundation, where the weight of soil equals to a significant portion of the gross building weight. This method is called â&#x20AC;&#x153;partially compensated foundation. 4. Overturning moments and resisting moments and shears must be checked. Minor movements of the foundations are greatly exaggerated by a tall building, leading to very large inclinations of the tower. If an overall rotational settlement of the entire foundation occurs, the ensuing lateral deflections will be magnified by the height, increasing maximum drift and incurring P-delta effects.

Raft Foundation 1. A foundation system in which essentially the entire building is placed on a large continuous footing. 2. It is a flat concrete slab, heavily reinforced with steel, which carries the downward loads of the individual columns or walls. 3. Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. Deep Foundation Extend several dozen feet below the building: 1. Piles 2. Piers 3. Caissons 4. Compensated Foundation

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The load can be transferred by Pile to the ground by two way that is: a) End Bearing Piles or Pile will transmit load into the firm soil layer of the ground such as rock, gravel, very dense sand. b) Friction Piles Pile transmit the load from the structure to the penetrable soil using skin friction or cohesion between the soil & the embedded surface of the pile.

Slip Form Construction Introduction 1. Slip form construction or continuously formed construction is a construction method in which concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. 2. This method involves the continuous placing of concrete in a shallow mould having the same plan as the building to be constructed. This rigid mould, or "slip-form" as it is called, forms the working deck which is jacked slowly upwards at a controlled rate until the required elevation is reached. 3. Method of vertically extruding a reinforced concrete section and is suitable for construction of core walls in high-rise structures â&#x20AC;&#x201C; lift shafts, stair shafts, towers. 4. The formwork rises continuously, at a rate of about 300 mm per hour, supporting itself on the core and not relying on support or access from other parts of the building or permanent works. 5. Allows for the continuous pouring of concrete into walls of a structure and only stops when the full required height of the structure has been reached. 6. The height of the formwork is designed in such a way that while the top of the formwork is being filled by concrete the lowest layer of concrete poured earlier has already gained an initial set. 7. When the formwork is moved upwards the concrete that is then exposed remains firm.

Procedure 1. Assembly can only start once the foundations are in place and the wall starter is in correct alignment. AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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2. Slip form shuttering is aligned with the help of yokes. 3. Horizontal crossbeams connect these yokes. 4. Hydraulic jacks are attached to these crossbeams for simultaneous upward movement. 5. Height of the slip form ranges from 1.1 to 1.5 meters. 6. Yokes and crossbeams also used to support the working platform. 7. The structure should be rigid and shape maintained at all times. 8. Make sure there is no lag or else it prevents the structure from free upward movement. 9. It is also possible to reduce wall thicknesses. Types of slip form Vertical Slip Form 1. In vertical slip forming, the concrete form may be surrounded by a platform on which workers stand, placing steel reinforcing rods into the concrete and ensuring a smooth pour. 2. Together, the concrete form and working platform are raised using hydraulic jacks. 3. Generally, the slip-form rises at a rate which permits the concrete to harden by the time it emerges from the bottom of the form.

Horizontal Slip Form 1. In horizontal slip forming for pavement and traffic separation walls, concrete is cast, vibrated, worked, and settled in place while the form itself slowly moves ahead. This method was initially devised and utilized in Interstate Highway construction initiated during the 1950s. 2. Slip form methods of construction can also be adapted to horizontal structures and are used for paving, canals, and tunneling. 3. The technique is more in use for structures that have continuous walls like silos, chimneys, and piers for very tall bridges. 4. It has also been successfully used for the construction of buildings, although this requires the manner of leaving inserts for openings like doors and windows to be decided well in advance, as well as also any necessary inserts to support floor slabs after the walls are constructed.

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Tapered Slip Form 1. Slip-forming is also used in the construction of conical chimneys, cooling towers, piers and other tall concrete structures involving constant or changing thicknesses in walls, diameters and/or shapes. 2. A form is used with sections which overlap so that one gradually slides over the other. 3. This is commonly done in chimney construction but it is not satisfactory for architectural concrete because the lap shows. 4. While the tapered slip-forming process is similar to that used on the standard slipforming, it requires greater attention, contractor experience and expertise ensures the success of such projects.

Advantage 1. A major cost of concrete structure construction is the required formwork to retain the concrete until it can be safely de-shuttered and be able to support itself and other imposed loads. 2. The formwork needs to be continually removed to newer locations and then reerected. 3. Continuous use of manpower and lifting equipment like cranes. 4. In the case of slip form building, the formwork is erected only once and remains intact until the entire structure is completed. 5. Great reduction in the cost of formwork as well as time-saving for re-erection. 6. Cost-effective. 7. The reduction in the movement of formwork and workers also leads to far more safe working conditions that also make it a major advantage.

Precautions 1. Concrete is continuously protected against loss of moisture and rapid temperature changes for 7 days. 2. Unhardened concrete is protected from rain and flowing water. 3. Prevent plastic shrinkage. 4. Plastic cracks are filled by injection of epoxy resin.

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Sustainable Features 1. The formwork system is easy to clean and reuse with little formwork waste generated compared to traditional formwork. 2. Climbing formwork systems offer simplicity, safety and cost-effectiveness for certain high-rise building structures. 3. The repetitive nature of the work, combined with the engineered nature of the formwork, allows fine-tuning of the construction operations, which in turn leads to minimal concrete wastage. 4. Many repeated uses of formwork are possible before maintenance or replacement is needed, the number of uses depending on the quality of the surface finish of concrete specified.

Safety 1. Working platforms, guard rails, and ladders are built into the completed units of market-leading formwork systems. Complete windshield protection on platform edges is also possible. 2. Self-climbing formwork systems are provided with integral free-fall braking devices. 3. The completed formwork assembly is robust and provides a stable working platform. 4. The reduced use of scaffolding and temporary work platforms results in less congestion on site. 5. The setting rate of concrete in those parts of the structure supporting the form is critical in determining the rate at which construction can safely proceed. 6. The repetitive nature of the work means that site operatives can quickly become familiar with the health and safety aspects of their job. Formwork suppliers provide materials and resources to help train the labor force.

Climb Form Construction 1. It is an economical, rapid and accurate method of constructing reinforced concrete or post-tensioned concrete structures. 2. At its most basic level, slip forming is a type of movable formwork which is slowly raised, allowing the continuous extrusion of concrete.

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Types of Climbing Form 1. Climbing formwork is a special type formwork for vertical concrete structures that rises with the building process. 2. While relatively complicated and costly, it can be an effective solution for buildings that are either very repetitive in the form (such as towers or skyscrapers) or that require a seamless wall structure (using gliding formwork, a special type of climbing formwork). 3. Various types of climbing formwork exist, which are either relocated from time to time or can even move on their own (usually on hydraulic jacks, required for selfclimbing and gliding formworks).

Tunnel Form 1. Tunnel form is used to form repetitive cellular structures and is widely recognized as a modern innovation that enables the construction of horizontal and vertical elements (walls and floors) together. 2. Significant productivity benefits have been achieved by using tunnel form to construct cellular buildings such as hotels, low and high-rise housing, hostels, student accommodation, prison and barracks accommodation.

Main Equipment 1. Tower crane 2. Concrete pump 3. Protection screen 4. Plumb lasers 5. Platforms, chute and lifts

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Damping Systems in High Rise Buildings It helps in minimizing the effects of wind-induced vibrations and earthquake shaking on tall buildings as well as non-structural architectural elements and mechanical components.

Figure 35. Damping Systems in High Rise Building (Source: Civil Read)

Active Damping System 1. It requires power for motors sensors and computers control. 2. Constant external power is required and may be undependable during a seismic event on the disruption of power supply. 3. It is more suitable for tall buildings: where wind-induced loading rather than the unpredictable cyclic loading caused by the earthquake.

Semi-Active Damping System 1. The use of controlled resistive force to reduce motion. 2. They are fully controllable yet require little input power. AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Tuned Mass Dampers 1. It consists of a huge mass of concrete or steel suspended from a cable like a pendulum mounted in tracks in upper stones of a building. 2. Lateral force -> swaying in the building -> computer senses the motion and signals motor to move the weight in an opposing direction and neutralize the motion.

Figure 36. Tuned Mass Damper (Source: Taipei 101 Forum)

Active Tendon Damping System 1. Uses a conceptualized controller that responds to the building moment 2. Adjust member which are connected to an array of steel tendons disposed of adjacent to structures main support members.

Tuned Liquid Dampers Tank moves back and forth in the opposing direction transferring its momentum to the building and counteracting the effect of wind vibration.

Figure 37. Tuned Liquid Dampers in High Rise (Source: Civil Read)

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Passive Damping Systems 1. Absorb a portion of wind-induced or seismic energy. 2. It helps in reducing the need for primary structural elements to dissipate energy.

Figure 38. Types of Passive Damping System (Source: Civil Read)

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Services Fire Fighting Systems 1. The fire appears to be by far the most common extreme situation that will cause damage in structures, it must be a primary consideration in the design process. 2. The characteristic feature of a fire such as temperature and duration can be estimated from a knowledge of the important parameters involved, particularly the quality and nature of combustible material present, the possibility and extent of ventilation and the geometric and thermal properties of the fire compartment involved. 3. Once

the

temperatures at the

various

surfaces

have

been determined, from

the

gas

temperature curve,

possible

estimate

heat

flow through the insulation

and

structural members. Figure 39. Location of Standpipe in a building (Source: Civil Read)

4. The parameters that govern the approach are stochastic in nature, and the results of any calculation can be given only in probabilistic terms. The aim should be to achieve a homogeneous design in which the risks due to the different extreme situations are comparable.

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Fire zone Demarcation For coding, city or area under jurisdiction or authority is demarcated into distinct zones, based on fire hazard inherent in the building and structures according to occupancy. Group A or Residential buildings are comprised in Fire Zone 1.

Fire Prevention Every building shall be so constructed, equipped, maintained and operated as to avoid undue danger to the life and safety of the occupants from fire, smoke, fumes or panic during the period necessary for escape.

Fire Safety and Services 1. Electrical and ventilation services- Electrical installations, air- conditioning and ventilation should be installed and maintained to minimize the danger of the spread of fire, smoke or fumes from one floor to other. 2. Air-conditions and ventilation should be provided with manual and automatic control to shut automatically in case of fire and stop it from spreading. 3. Smoke Venting-Smoke venting facilities should be provided for ensuring safe exit with automatic and manual control both.

Openings and Fire Safety 1. Every wall opening should be protected with a fire-resistant door with a fire rating of min 2 h. 2. Openings in-wall or floor for the passage of services should be enclosed by shaft or duct with a fire rating of 2 hours. 3. Every vertical opening should be enclosed or protected to ensure the escape of its occupants and limit the damage to the building.

Glazing 1. Wired glasses should have a minimum Â˝ hour fire-resistance rating. 2. The sashes and frame should be entirely made of iron/stainless steel or other suitable metal. 3. Electro copper glazing, casement, the skylight will also follow the same criteria. 4. The glass used for the facade of a high-rise building should have a minimum of 1-hour fire-resistance rating. AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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5. Louvres should have a minimum fire-resistance rating of ½ hour.

Occupancy Wise Requirements Design Precautions 1. Every individual living unit covered by occupancy sub-division A-4 shall comply with the requirement for occupancy subdivision A-2 in respect of exits. 2. More than two rooms, every occupied room, excluding areas used solely for storage shall have at least two means of exits, at least one of which shall be a door or a stairway providing a means of unobstructed travel to the outside of the building or street or grade level. 3. A common path of travel may be permitted for the first 6 m (that is a dead-end corridor up to 6 m long may be permitted). 4. No room or space shall be occupied which is accessible only by a ladder, folding stairs or through a trap door. 5. Any part of building lower than the grade level or street shall have direct accessibility from outside. 6. At least half of required exits shall discharge directly to the outside of the buildings; any other exit shall be the same as required for hotels.

Life Safety General Exit Requirement 1. Every building meant for human occupancy should be provided with exits sufficient to permit the safe escape of its occupants, in case of fire, or emergency. 2. An exit can be•

A doorway or a corridor

•

The passageway(s) to internal or external staircase/ verandah /terrace, which has access to the street, or to the roof or a refuge area.

•

A horizontal exit leading to an adjoining building at the same level. Lifts and escalators shall not be considered as exits.

1. All exits should be free of obstructions and well equipped to be used in case of fire or other emergencies. 2. Exits should be; AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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•

Clearly visible

•

Illuminated to the value of 1 ft candle

•

Should provide continuous means of escape to the exterior

•

The route to reach the exit shall be clearly marked

•

Signs posted to guide the occupants of the floor concerned.

Arrangements of Exit 1. Total time taken to evacuate a floor by all its occupants should not exceed 2½ min. The travel distance to an exit from the dead-end of a corridor should not be more than 22.5-30 m. (in case of fully sprinklered building, the travel distance can be increased by 50%). 2. In case of more than one exit, it should be placed as remote from each other as possible and should have direct access in separate directions from any point. 3. The internal walls of staircase enclosures should be of brickwork or reinforced concrete or any other material of construction with a minimum of 2 h rating. They should be of enclosed type. 4. At least one of them should be on the external walls and should open directly to an open space of safety. 5. All corridors (minimum 1000mm) and staircase lobbies should be adequately ventilated.

Exit Doorways 1. It should open into an enclosed stairway or any exit. 2. The exit width should not be less than 1000 mm. 3. It should open outward. 4. It should have a landing before the flight of stairs, equal to the width of the door. 5. It should be openable from the

Figure 40. Exit Doorways (Source: Google

side which they serve.

Images)

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floor area more than 500 sq. m on each floor should have a minimum of two staircases.

Signage 1. Exit sign (size=0.5mX0.5m) should be provided at a suitable height and adequately illuminated. 2. In case of a single staircase, it should terminate at the ground floor level and the access to the basement should be by a separate staircase. 3. The separate staircase to the basement too should be ventilated.

Figure 41. Emergency Exit Signage Board (Source: Google)

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Internal Staircase 1. It should be constructed of non- combustible material. 2. Self- contained unit with one external wall and completely enclosed. 3. Should not be arranged around a lift shaft. 4. No gas piping or electrical panels. Ducting allowed only if it has 1 hr fireresistance rating. 5. The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing should be 2.4 m. 6. Maximum 15 in number per flight. 7. Handrails at a height of 1000mm. Minimum width = 1000mm. Minimum width of tread (with nosing) =250 mm Maximum height of riser =190 mm.

Figure 42. Internal Staircase Details including Handrail/Baluster (Source: Civil Read)

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Refuge Area 1. The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor & open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railing. 2. For floors above 24m & up to 39m one refuge area on the floor immediately above 24m.

3. For floors above 39m, one refuge area on the floor immediately above 39m & so on after 15m refuge area shall be provided.

Figure 43. Ref: As per section 8.12.3 on part IV of NBC

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Ramps 1. They should comply with all the requirements for staircase regarding enclosure, capacity and limiting dimensions. 2. The slope of the ramp should not exceed 1:10. 3. In danger of slipping, non-slipping material should be applied on the surface.

Fire Lift 1. The lift installed to enable fire services personnel to reach different floors with minimum delay, having such features as required following this part. 2. High buildings can be provided with a fire lift with a minimum capacity of 8 passengers and fully automated with emergency switch on the ground level. 3. In case of fire, the only fireman should operate the fire lift. 4. Should be equipped with intercommunication equipment. 5. Its position and number can be determined by considering population, floor area, compartmentation.

6. A sign indicates that is a Fireman's elevator. That is also a normal Kone passenger elevator when it not in fire service mode.

Emergency Lighting A complete but discrete emergency lighting installation from the standby power source to the emergency lighting lamp(s), for example, self-contained emergency luminaire or a circuit from central battery generator connected through wiring to several escape luminaries. Escape Lighting That part of emergency lighting which is provided to ensure that the escape route is illuminated at all material times, for example, at all times when persons are on the premises, or at times the main lighting is not available, either for the whole building or for the escape routes.

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Fire Protection a) Fire Extinguishers/Fixed Fire Fighting Installation 1. All buildings depending upon the occupancy use and height should be protected by fire extinguishers, wet riser, down-comer, automatic sprinkler installation, high/ medium velocity water spray, water storage tanks, fire pumps etc., according to the provision. 2. Generally used firefighting types of equipment in GROUP A buildings: 3. Fire Extinguisher, Hose Reel, Wet Riser, Down Comer, Hydrant, Pump, Automatic Sprinkler System, Underground Static Water-Storage Tank, Illuminated Exit-Way Marking Signs, Automatic/ Manually Operate Fire Detection and Alarm System. Fire Fighting Requirements in Residential Buildings 1. It is required to be installed in the basement if the area of basement exceeds 200 sqm. 2. Additional value given in parenthesis shall be added if basement area exceeds 200 sqm. 3. If the basement provided is used for car parking and the area there of exceeds 750 sqm then the sprinklers shall be fed water from both underground static water storage tank and terrace tank to be installed in the entire building. Hose Reel 1. It is a high-pressure hose that carries water or another fire retardant to a fire to extinguish it. 2. It can be attached to a building's standpipe or plumbing system, with a high structure to accommodate the length of a hose to let it dry after use. It works on a pressure of 8-20 kpa.

Wet Riser 1. Wet risers are used to supply water within buildings for fire-fighting purposes. Wet risers are permanently charged with water. 2. A Wet riser pump draws water from the wet riser storage tank and two sets of the pump, with landing valves at specified locations on each floor. 3. It should be supplied with power from an emergency generator. 4. Wet riser (diameter 150mm) cum down comer or only down comer system shall AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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be provided for residential building. 5. For each 1000sq m floor area or itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s part one riser shall be provided. 6. Group A, high rise buildings should have the riser mains of size 100mm as single outlet landing valves. 7. At every landing twin outlet each of 63mm dia. shall be provided (one should be connected to hose reel & another should be to hose & branch). 8. Length of the hose should be shall that it should reach the last point of floor area. 9. Minimum two courtyard hydrants shall be provided (courtyard hydrant will be an extension to riser). 10. Hose reel hose of 12mm dia. shall be provided from landing valve to wet-riser at each floor.

Dry Riser 1. It is a form of an internal hydrant for the fireman to use. 2. A dry riser is a normally empty pipe, that can be externally connected to a pressurized water source by firefighters. 3. It is a vertical pipe intended to distribute water to multiple levels of a building or structure as a component of the fire suppression systems. 4. An arrangement of firefighting within the building by means of vertical rising mains not less than 100 mm internal diameter with landing valves on each floor landing which is normally dry but is capable of being charged with water usually by pumping from fire service appliances.

Down-Comer 1. An arrangement of firefighting within the building by means of a down-comer pipe. 2. It is connected to the terrace tank through terrace pump, gate valve and nonreturn valve and having mains not less than 100 mm internal diameter. It has landing valves on each floor/landing. 3. It is also fitted with inlet connections at ground level for charging with water by pumping from fire service appliances and air release valve at roof level to release trapped air inside.

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Static Water Storage Tank 1. Satisfactory water supply for the purpose of firefighting should be always available in the form of underground/terrace level static storage tank with capacity 10,000 litres minimum. 2. Provision for a suitable number of manholes should be made for inspection, repairs etc. 3. To prevent stagnation of water, the suction tank of the water supply should be fed only through an overflow arrangement to maintain the level. 4. Water tank capacity mentioned below is for 1 riser. If the number of risers will be more than 1, than the quantity of water shall be increased in that proportionate water tank.

Fire Detection 1. In high rise buildings, automatic fire detection and alarm facilities should be provided to warn its occupants early of the existence of fire, so that they may escape, or to facilitate the orderly conduct of fire exit drills. 2. They detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon dioxide or other emergencies are present. 3. An important consideration when designing fire alarms is that of individual zones. At least one in a zone. the fire alarm should be placed 4. A single zone should not exceed 2,000m² in floor space. 5. A building may be viewed as a single zone if the floor space is less than 300m².

Type of Construction 1. The design of any building and the type of materials used in its construction are crucial in determining the building’s fire resistance. 2. The fire resistance of a building or its structural and non- structural elements is expressed in hours against a specified fire load (Fire Load — Calorific energy, of the whole contents contained in a space, including the facings of the walls, partitions, floors and ceilings) which is expressed in kcal/sq. m, and against a certain intensity of fire. 3. For high rise buildings, non-combustible materials should be used for

construction. AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Figure 44. Fire Resistance Ratings of Structural and Non-Structural Members (Source: NBC 2016)

General Requirements 1. A building may be occupied during construction, repairs, alteration or addition only if all the means of exit and well-maintained fire protection measures are in place. 2. During construction of a high rise building following measures must be taken: 3. Dry riser pipe (100 mm dia) with hydrant outlets should be constructed on all floors with a fire service inlet and in well-maintained condition should be laid down. 4. 2000 L capacity water drum with 2 fire buckets on each floor. 5. There should be a 20,000 L capacity water storage tank.

Open Spaces and Street Width 1. Buildings should have 6m wide open space on its four sides. 2. At least one side main street should be 12m wide. 3. For buildings with height above 30m, the road should not be a dead end. 4. The premises should have at least 4.5 m wide and 5 m high gateway.

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Setback and Street width

Figure 45. Setback and Street Width (Source: NBC 2016)

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Sky Lobby 1. In very tall buildings, elevator efficiency can be increased by a system that combines express and local elevators. The express elevators stop at designated floors called sky lobbies. 2. There, passengers can transfer to local elevators that will take them to their desired floor. By dividing the building into levels served by the express elevators, the local elevators can be stacked to occupy the same shaft space. That way, each zone can be served simultaneously by its bank of local elevators.

Figure 46. Sky lobby (Source: Google Images)

3. In very tall buildings, elevator efficiency can be increased by a system that combines express and local elevators. The express elevators stop at designated floors called sky lobbies. 4. There, passengers can transfer to local elevators that will take them to their desired floor. By dividing the building into levels served by the express elevators, the local elevators can be stacked to occupy the same shaft space. 5. That way, each zone can be served simultaneously by its own bank of local elevators.

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Building Envelope 1. For high-rise developments, the need to reduce energy should drive the use of high-performance building envelopes and hence reduce perimeter heating to a level that can be offset by passive solar heating and internal gains. 2. The envelope is also essential to filter, channel and deflect critical natural forces, to create an internal environment geared towards the building’s function, to provide light, heating, cooling, sound modulation and fresh air for the comfort of the occupants.

Figure 47. UIC building UN Studio, mixed-use Highrise, hexagonal facade (Source: CRC Press)

3. The building envelope, or “skin,” consists of structural materials and finishes that enclose space, separating inside from outside. This includes walls, windows, doors, roofs, and floor surfaces. William Burke (1996) pointed out there several factors affecting envelope design. 4. One of the most important is the climate. 5. The second is what occurs inside the building. Most LEED-certified high rises claimed they used high performance, glazing, high-insulating building envelope. AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Double Skin 1. DTI research on commercial buildings has shown that double skin buildings are able to reduce: 2. Energy consumption by 65% 3. Running costs by 65% 4. CO2 emissions by 50%, in the cold temperate climatic prevalent when compared to advanced single skin building. Cost exercises have shown that buildings employing a double skin may cost as little as 2.5% based on gross internal floor area.

Figure 48. Sowwah Square, Abu Dhabi (Source: CTBUH Journal)

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Solar Shading 1. Flats with large windows facing south, east and west can over heat during summers due to excessive solar gains. 2. Horizontal shading devices are widely used over the windows facing south, such as, overhangs, light shelves and external louvers. 3. The shading is designed to let direct winter gain but must protect against the summer sun. 4. Vertical shading devices are used for the windows facing eastern and western directions, solid or opaque, and use flat or sloped designs. 5. Fixed and movable exterior louvers running horizontally or vertically across windows can also be used to reflect and diffuse sunlight. In some cases, PV panels are mounted on top of the solar shading to generate electricity.

Figure 49. Solar Shading Facade (Source: CTBUH Journal)

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Sustainable Technologies 1. Sustainable development is a wide and ideal term which has various and different meanings. Consequently, different meanings of the term require different reactions of the thinkers. 2. In 1983, the United Nations established the World Commission Environment and Development in an attempt to resolve the conflicts arising out of the aspirations of the developing and developed worlds. 3. Sustainable development relies on three main principles: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability. 4. The principle of environmental sustainability relies on the fact that land should use in the way that it would be also usable for the next generation. Façade and Opening Technology 1. Daylighting and shading are usually the key aspects to façade design for typical green buildings. 2. The façade covers over 90 to 95 percent of the external building surface area in a tall building. Thus, the energy gain or loss for a tall building depends very much upon the materiality and technology employed in the façade treatment. 3. Facades not only offer the aesthetic look and the building’s architectural expression, but it can also be advantageously used to control the internal conditions of the building. Hence it is better to build openings to North-South, except they could have better view in other areas. In the areas that are not affected by adequate sunlight, they should be closed walls. Orientation and Walls Skyscrapers are strongly influenced by external temperature especially sunlight. Hence buildings orientation is widely important for energy survival. If the building width is designed to north-south, energy consumption will occur in the best way. 1. External walls should also have filtering capability. So, external walls should have adjustable mobile parts and openings and it should have appropriate solution for air conditioning, lighting and storm rain.

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Regenerative Power Elevators 1. Lift with regenerative function obtains power from electrical supply network, when it travels downwards with heavy load or upwards with light load, the traction machine will be act as power generator and the lift is running at â&#x20AC;&#x153;regenerative modeâ&#x20AC;?. 2. Lift is recognized as the second-most electricity consuming system in communal areas of public rental housing blocks. While the Housing Authority (HA) has been adopting energy-efficient variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) type lift power systems for many years, since 2013, the HA has taken a further step to adopt lift regenerative power for large lift motors of 18 kW or above to save more energy. 3. Regenerative lifts can save electrical energy under certain lift operating speed and travel distance. For lifts operating at speed greater than 2.5 m/s under light load in upward direction and heavy load in downward direction with the designed lift, the energy saving performance is obvious. 4. On electrical power quality aspect, the harmonic distortion could also be minimized so as to prevent possible abnormal disturbance of the power network and to reduce the energy losses due to harmonic currents. 5. Regenerative function will become best practices for new lift installations as well as retrofits on existing lift installations. 6. As energy saving is one of the concern factors of most lift manufacturers, in a long run, it is believed that the lift regenerative function will become a standard feature of lifts, especially for high speed lifts. Harvesting Wind Energy Wind is a renewable energy source which can be advantageously tapped at higher altitudes of tall buildings where wind speed is considerably large. So that, a wind turbine can be installed at the body or high altitudes of skyscrapers to generate and produce needed power of the building. AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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CASE STUDY TAIPEI 101 Introduction Taipei 101, formerly known as the Taipei World Financial Center, is a landmark supertall skyscraper in Xinyi District of Taipei, Taiwan. The building was officially classified as the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tallest in 2004, and remained such until the opening of Burj Khalifa in Dubai in 2010. In July 2011, the building was awarded the LEED Platinum Certification, the highest award according the Leadership in Energy and Environmental design (LEED) rating system, and became the tallest green building the world. Taipei 101 was designed by C.Y. Lee and Partners and constructed primarily by KTRT Joint Venture. The construction started in 1999 and finished in 2004. The tower has served as an icon of modern Taiwan ever since itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opening.

Figure 50. Taipei 101 (Source: Google Images)

Taipei 101 comprises of 101 floors above the ground and 5 floors basement. The building was architecturally created as a symbol of the evolution of technology and Asian tradition. Its post-modernist approach to style incorporates traditional design elements and gives them modern treatments. The tower is designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes. A multi-level shopping mall adjoining the tower houses hundreds of stores, restaurants and clubs.

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Area and Height Site Area: 30,277 m2 Floor Area: 3,73,831 m2 Height: 508 m No. of Floors: 101 Main Tower: 101, Podium: 6, Basement: 5 Type: Office Building

Location Taipei 101, No. 7, Section 5, Xinyi Road, Taipei City, Taiwan 110.

Figure 51. Location of Taipei 101 (Source: Google Maps)

Concept

Figure 52. Concept of Taipei 101 (Source: Taipei 101 center)

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Taipei 101 was designed by C.Y. Lee and Partners and constructed by Samsung C&T and KTRT joint ventures. The building is designed to resemble in growing bamboo, a symbol of everlasting strength in Chinese culture.

Relevance of Case Study 1. It was worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tallest building with a height of 508m and remained such until the opening of Burj Khalifa in 2010. 2. A symbol of evolution of technology and Asian tradition. 3. Location in the earthquake prone region of Taiwan and It magnificently withstand the seismic load as well as wind load through its innovative design.

Selection Criteria 1. It helps in understanding various technical aspects of skyscraper. 2. Studying about Taipei 101 gives an idea about designing high rise structure in earthquake prone regions of Asian countries. 3. Only Skyscraper in the world which uses Mass Tuned Damper to resist the lateral sway of the building during earthquake and high-speed wind. 4. It will help in understanding about structural systems that can be used in high riser buildings about 100 floor level. 5. It gives an idea about various building services (spaces) requirements and the interlinking of different types of uses and user activity.

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Design Drawings Site Plan of Taipei 101

Figure 53. Site Plan of Taipei 101

Foundation Details 1. The building is a pile through clay rich soil to bedrock 40 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 60 m below. 2. Reinforced mat of 3- 4.7m thick casted to transfer load from discrete columns and shear wall load point to a distributed pattern of 380 piers. 3. Piers- staggered form. 4. 1.5 m dia- spaced 4m on center in staggered row. Figure 54. Foundation Details (Source: Archinomy)

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Floor Plans

Figure 55. Typical Floor Plan with Service Core up to 26th Storey (Source: Archinomy)

Vertical Zoning Floor 101- Summit 101 (Private VIP Club) Floor 92- 100- Communication Floor 91- Outside observatory deck Floor 88- 89- Indoor Observatory deck Floor 85- 86- High Zone Office Floor 59- 60- Sky Lobbies Floor 35- 58- Mid Zone Office Floor 36- Taipei 101 Conference Center Floor 35- Amenities AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Floor 9- 34- Low Zone Office Basement 1- Floor 5- Taipei 101 Mall Basement 5- B 2- Parking Levels

Figure 56.Typical Floor Plan with Service Core from 27th to 91st Storey (Source: Archinomy)

Structural Design Considerations Foundation Soft rock occurs beneath 40 to 60m of clay and stiff colluvial soil. Five major components were used to create two different foundation systems: Each podium column bears on a single 2m (6.5 ft.) diameter drilled pier. Sockets 5 to 28m (16 to 92 ft.) into bedrock resist net uplift from a podium pressure slab buoyancy. The single pier design permitted top down basement construction: a floor was cast to brace perimeter walls, then a storey of excavation proceeded below it. Superstructure framing was erected at the same time. As a result, the retail podium opened about a year before the tower topped out. A second slurry wall, enclosing just AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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the tower footprint, was supported by steel cross- lot bracing as excavation proceeded to full depth. The walls were braced to accommodate construction sequencing. A continuous reinforced concrete mat 3 to 4.7m (10 to 15 ft.) thick transfers load from discrete column and shear wall load points to a distributed pattern of 380 drilled piers, 1.5m (5 ft.) in diameter, spaced 4m (13.12 ft.) on center in staggered rows to resist gravity loads between 10.7 and 14.2 mn (1500 and 2000 kips). Using steel framing minimized building weight, helping to reduce foundation costs compared to a straight shaft, if the structural system engages the perimeter columns.

Figure 57. Foundation Details (Source: Archinomy)

Vertical Shaping

Figure 58. Truncated Pyramidical Shape of the modules with inner trusses (Source: Archinomy)

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Each module has a narrower base and a wider top as if a flower opening to the sky. Each module has eight floors and eight modules from the majority of the tower’s height. Ninth module supports the spire. Below the repetitive flared modules, a 25-story base shaped as a shaped a truncated pyramid provides improved overturning resistance and lateral stiffness. The transition from lower pyramid to upper modules is highlighted by medallions based to ancient Chinese coins.

Design for Lateral Stiffness Hollow columns filled with high- strength concrete carries compression economically and also exhibit a higher elastic module. Taipei 101 core and super columns are steel boxes up to level 90, built up from steel plates 50 to 80mm (2 to 31/8) thick with full penetration welded splices. The box core and super columns were then filled with concrete where extra stiffness is needed, from the bottom of the basement to level 62. In addition, the braced core is encased in concrete walls from the foundation to the eighth level.

Figure 59. Super columns graphical depiction (Source: Skyscraper Center)

Plan Shaping for Wind Sharp comes creates large crosswind excitation, Rounded and Chamfered (45 o) corners reduced lateral response but a ‘saw tooth’ or ‘double notch’ corner with 2.5m (8.2 ft.)

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notches achieved a dramatic reduction. Stair step corner in plan to reduce effects of wind. Rough corners can reduce vortex shredding effect.

Figure 60. Plan with stair step corner (Source: Archinomy)

Seismic Design Measure Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) A tuned mass damper, also known as a harmonic absorber or seismic damper, is a device mounted in structures to reduce the amplitude of mechanical vibrations. Their application can prevent discomfort, damage or outright structural failure. They are frequently used in power transmission, automobiles, and buildings.

Figure 61. Installation of Tuned Mass Damper in Taipei 101 (Source: Archinomy)

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The complete name of the Taipei 101, wind damper is the tuned mass damper (TMD). The Taipei 101 observatory has the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest and heaviest wind damper with a diameter reaching 5.5 m (18 ft.) and weight of 660 tons. The TMD has been specifically designed as a passive damper system and is positioned at the center of the tower between the 87th and 92nd floors. Its main purpose is to reduce the swaying of the tower during strong winds. Visitors can take a look at the entire wind damper system and see how it operates at the observatory.

Services Vertical Transportation 1. Observation Elevators: 2 single deck, 1600 kg (24 persons) per deck 2004, Guinness Record fastest elevators in the world with aerodynamic

pressure-

controlled cabs, ascend at 1010 m/min. 2. Passenger Elevators: 10 Double- deck, 2040 kg (31 persons) per deck shuttle elevators

serving

the

transfer floors, 24 doubledeck,

1350

(20

persons) per deck, for access within 6 sub-zones (4 in each sub- zone), 3 single

deck

(various

capacities).

Figure 62. Vertical Transportation in Taipei 101

3. Service Elevators: 3 single-

(Source: Archinomy)

deck (2x 2040 kg, 1x 4800 kg) 4. Car Park Elevators: 6 single-deck, 1600 kg to tower lobby. AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Fire Protection System Fire Fighting Automatic sprinkler system throughout building. Basement and mechanical floor are equipped with water tanks. The mechanical floor water tank is driven by gravity so that power failure does not interrupt water supply. Each floor is equipped with fire hydrants and fire extinguishers, and parking lot uses foam fire extinguishers.

Figure 63. Fire protection system (Source: Google Images)

Evacuation Pressurized corridors on two sides of each floor and pressurized staircases provide emergency evacuated routes. Two fireproof refuge rooms on each mechanical floor on every 8 levels, which are connected by an outdoor refuge balcony, except for the refuge rooms on 25 floors. Office floors and key escape routes are protected by smoke exhaust system. Firemanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifts serve from basement to the top floor.

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Inferences and Conclusions 1. Taipei 101 is a record-breaking extraordinary structure which has been the tallest building in the world from 2004-2010 over-coming the height of Petronas Towers by 58m. 2. It has been the symbol of excellence and technology for Taiwan. It is the structure which is flexible enough to withstand earthquake and strong enough to resist typhoon winds. 3. The engineers and the designers of Taipei 101 have gone beyond the expectations and imagination of human mind to construct this mega marvel. 4. The design and installation of Tuned Mass Damper along with super-columns makes it Earthquake resistant. 5. The shape of modules and step form in planning gives it an edge over high speed wind, which is one of the most important design criteria of skyscrapers. 6. Taipei 101 is a structure that can withstand gale winds of 60 m/s (197 ft./s, 216 km/h or 134 mph) and the strongest earthquakes likely to occur in a 2500-year cycle. 7. The soft soil subgrade required mat foundations on bored piles and slurry walls. 8. The project illustrates both large and small design decisions in architecture and engineering necessary to complete building challenges.

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BURJ KHALIFA Introduction Burj Khalifa or “Burj Dubai” is a Megatall skyscraper located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and is the world’ tallest building at the height of 828m (2717 ft.). The building is 162 storey high. Construction of the tower was started in 2004. The building was officially opened on January 4, 2010. The building is 300 m (980 ft.) taller than Taipei 101. Taipei 101 was the tallest building until 2010 before Burj Khalifa was built.

Figure 64. Burj Khalifa (Source: Google Images)

Adrian Smith designed the tower. He worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006. It was built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix and Arabtec. Its form is derived from symbols from Islamic Architecture. It consists of a buttressed core structure system. It has 57 elevators with 12-14-person capacity per cabin and 8 escalators.

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Area and Height Official Name: Burj Khalifa bin Zayed Status: Complete Type: Mixed Use Height: 829 m No. of Floors: 206 Elevators: 57, speed: 10m/sec Total Area: 4,000,000 m2 Cost: 1.5 billion USD Designed by: Skidmore Owings and Merrill Structural Engineer: William F. Baker Main Contractor: Samsung C&T Developer: Emaar Properties Figure 65. Burj Khalifa (Source: Archdaily)

Location 1, Sheikh Mohammad bin Rashid Blvd- Dubai (UAE). It is a part of mixed-use development known as Downtown Dubai.

Figure 66. Location of Burj Khalifa (Source: Google Maps)

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Concept Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centerpiece of a large scale, mixed use development that would include 30,000 homes, nine hotels (including the address downtown Dubai), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30 acre), man-made Burj Khalifa lake. According to the structural engineer, Bill Baker of SOM, the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design incorporates cultural and historical elements particular to the region as the spiral minaret. The spiral minaret spirals and grows slender as it rises.

Figure 67. Concept Evolution of Burj Khalifa (Source: UAE Center)

1. The architecture features a triple- lobed footprint, an abstraction od a desert flower named Hymenocallis. 2. The tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central core.

Figure 69. The three wings, Y shape and central core

Figure 68. Gradient Spiral Tower

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Relevance of Case Study 1. It is worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s constructed tallest building as well as a mixed-use skyscraper. 2. Structural marvel and exceptional example of building engineering. 3. Innovative use of modern construction technology as well as maintenance. Selection Criteria 1. Height: 829 m height housing 206 floors. 2. Services: To study the building services of a skyscraper which is of almost a kilometer height. 3. Structure: Bundled Tube system for better structural stability.

Design Drawings Site Plan of Burj Khalifa The Burj Khalifa project is a mixed-use development tower with a total floor are of 4,60,000 sqm that includes residential, hotel, commercial, office, entertainment, shopping, leisure and parking facilities.

Figure 70. Site Plan of Burj Khalifa (Source: Emaar)

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Vertical Zoning

Figure 71. Vertical Zoning with floor plates (Source: SOM)

The Right Wing: Spire: Over 200m long and house communications equipment. Level 156 to 159: Broadcast and telecom companies. Level 125 to 135: The corporate suites. Level 112 to 121: The corporate suites. Level 77 to 108: Private Residences. Level 76: Sky Lobby (fitness facilities, Jacuzzi, Swimming pools and recreational room) Level 38 to 39: Armani Hotel, Dubai Level 19 to 37: The Residence AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Level 9 to 16: Armani Residence Concourse, ground to level 8: Armani Hotel, Dubai The Left Wing: Level 139 to 154: The corporate suites. Level 124: At the top observation deck. Level 123: Sky Lobby (business lounge and Library) Level 122: Atmosphere restaurant Level 44 to 72: The residence. Level 43: Sky Lobby (fitness facilities, Jacuzzi, Swimming pools and recreational room) A: Podium: Provides a base (150m wide, six levels) anchoring the tower to the ground. Provides separate entries for the corporate suites, residence and Armani Hotel. B: Foundation

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Structural Design Considerations Foundation The superstructure is supported by a large reinforced concrete mat, which is in turn supported by bored reinforced concrete piles. The design was based on extensive geotechnical and seismic studies. The mat is 3.7 m thick and was construction in four separate pours totaling 12,500 cubic meters of concrete. The 1.5m diameter x 43 m long piles represent the largest and longest piles conventionally available in the region. A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations, as well as a catholic protection system under the mat, to minimize any detrimental effects form corrosive chemicals in local ground water.

Figure 72. Piled Raft Foundation (Source: Archinomy)

Podium The podium provides a base anchoring the tower to the ground, allowing on grade access from three different sides to three different levels of the building. Fully glazed entry pavilions constructed with a suspended cable- net structure provide separate entries for the corporate suites at Basement 1 and concourse levels. The Burj Khalifa residences at ground level and the Armani hotel at level 1. AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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Figure 73. Podium of Burj Khalifa (Source: Archinomy)

Exterior Cladding The exterior cladding is comprised of reflective glazing with aluminum and textured stainless-steel spandrel panels and stainless-steel vertical tubular fins. Close to 26,000 glass panels, each individually hand-cut, were used in the exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa. The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s extreme summer heat, and to further ensure its integrity, a world war II airplane engine was used for dynamic wind and water testing. The curtain wall of Burj Khalifa is equivalent to 17 football (soccer) fields or 25 American football fields.

Figure 74. Exterior Cladding of Burj Khalifa (Source: ETA UAE)

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Structural System The structural system can be described as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;buttressed coreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, and consists of highperformance concrete wall construction. This central core provides the torsional resistance of the structure, similar to a closed pipe of axle. At mechanical floors, outrigger walls are provided to the link the parameter columns to the interior wall system, allowing the perimeter columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure; hence, all of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads. The result is a tower that is extremely stiff laterally and torsionally. Perimeter columns and flat plate construction complete the system.

Figure 75. Structural Floor Plate of Burj Khalifa (Source: EMAAR)

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Services Elevators Burj Khalifa is a home to 57 elevators and 8 escalators the building service/ fireman’s elevator have a capacity of 5500 kg and will be the world’s tallest service elevator. Burj Khalifa is the first mega- high rise in which certain elevators will be programmed to permit controlled evacuation for certain fire or security events. Burj Khalifa’s observatory elevators are double deck cabs with a capacity for 12- 14 people per cab. Traveling at 10 m/s, they have the world’s longest travel distance from lowest to highest stop.

Figure 76. Vertical Transportation System in Burj Khalifa (Source: Archinomy)

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Mechanical Floor Seven double-storey height mechanical floors house the equipment that bring Burj Khalifa to life. Distributed around every 30 storey, the mechanical floors house the electrical sub-stations, water tanks and pumps, air-handling units etc., that are essential for the operation of the tower and the comfort of its occupants.

Figure 77. Refuge Area Plan (Source: EMAAR)

Fire Safety Fire safety and speed of evacuation were prime factors in the design of Burj Khalifa. Concrete surrounds all stairwells and the building service and fireman’s elevator has capacity of 5500 kg and is the world’s tallest service elevator. Since people can’t reasonably be expected to walk down 160 floors, there are pressurized, air-conditioned refuge areas located approximately every 25 floors.

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Power Supply System The maximum amount of electrical energy required by the tower 50 million volt-amp.

Figure 78. Normal power supply and distribution (Source: ETA UAE)

Air Supply System The Air supply system is divided into 6 mechanical zones and the Major plant rooms are located at 7 levels.

Figure 79. Air Handling Units and Chilled water pumps (Source: ETA UAE)

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Figure 80. Hydraulically isolated system (Source: ETA UAE)

Water Supply System Production capacity: 9,46,000 liters

Figure 81. Identical principal for sprinkler system (Source: ETA UAE)

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Inferences and Conclusions 9. Burj Khalifa is the tallest constructed mega tall skyscraper with the height of 829 m, housing 206 floors. 10. The Y-shaped three wing structure provides better stability to the building as the triangular shape is the most efficient shape for resisting lateral wind loads. 11. The bundled tube form gives a wider base to the structure, which goes on decreasing with height to form setback and reduce lateral sway of the building. 12. The foundation system uses CRPF i.e., Composite Raft and Pile Foundation system with 3.7m thick mat which has also been used in Taipei 101 for better load transfer and firm hold of the building into the soil. 13. Total of the 57 lifts and 8 escalators in the building for Vertical Transportation. The firemanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lift is of 5500 kgs capacity and is the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tallest service elevator. 14. Sky lobby for better and quick vertical movement with lift being programmed to stop at pre-defined stoppage. 15. Seven double-storey height mechanical floors distributed around every 30 floors. 16. Use of double deck elevators to reduce waiting time and crowd management. 17. Water Supply system uses gravity flow which is controlled by PRVs i.e., Pressure Relief Value to maintain the pressure in the pipe and taps.

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KOHINOOR SQUARE Introduction Kohinoor square is a 52-story 203-metre (666 ft) semi-twin, mixed-use skyscraper located on the land previously owned by Kohinoor Mills in Shivaji Park, Mumbai, India.

Figure 82. Kohinoor Square (Source: SSA Architects)

It is one of the first skyscrapers in India to achieve a LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) gold rating for environmental sustainability. The Kohinoor Square complex comprises a main skyscraper and a residential skyscraper which are for mixed use. Houses, Hotels, Residences and a High-end Shopping Mall are being constructed by Kohinoor CTNL Infrastructure Corporation.

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Area and Height Official Name: Kohinoor Square Status: Under Construction (~exp 2020) Type: Mixed Use Height: 203 m (Main building) 142 m (Residential building) Floors: 52 (Main building) 32 (Residential building) Elevators: 40 (Main building) 8 (Residential building) Total Area: 2,55,000 m2 Cost: 21 billion INR (~ 290M USD) Designed by: SSA Architects, Mumbai

Figure 83. Kohinoor Square, Mumbai

Client: The Kohinoor Group

Location Junction of LJ Road, Gokhale Road, Near Shiv Sena Bhawan, Mumbai (Maharashtra).

Figure 84. Location of Kohinoor Square (Source: Google Maps)

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Intent 1. To study the interrelationship between various institutions working as diverse functions related fields brought together in an integrated manner. 2. The common facilities provided for information, dissemination- the sizes, the types and the specific zoning location. 3. To study the environment created inside the complex through different architecture elements, faĂ§ade treatment, materials landscape and climate â&#x20AC;&#x201C; tempered sky gardens. 4. To analyse the architecture character, circulation- vehicular and pedestrian, services, distribution of spaces in core and parking. 5. Finally, to study how the structure takes measures to reduce its impact on the environment.

Connectivity Nearest Bus Stop: Kasaravadi (160 m) Nearest Railway Station: Dadar (1.1 km) Nearest Metro: Kirti College Station (1.3 km) Nearest Airport: Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (10 km) Figure 85. Connectivity Map (Source: Google Map)

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Site Plan

Figure 86. Site Plan and circulation (Source: SSA Architects)

Site Circulation Entrance Gate 1- Vehicular Entrance from the ND Kelkar Road leads straight to a drop off zone from where one can return. Otherwise the path leads straight to the basement. Used both by office staff as well as public. Gate 2- Vehicular Circulation entrance from Padmabai Thakkar Road leads to the basement. Majorly used by office staff. Gate 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Service entry for goods vehicles and fire tenders. Gate 4- For the residents who live in Tower 2 of the complex, entry will be from this gate straight to the 13th floor multi-level parking block. Entry will be made from JK Sawant Road.

Vehicular Circulation 1. The environment is traffic free although they will have specifically appointed traffic coordinators to monitor the flow. 2. The periphery has literally no space for parking and is only meant for vehicle and pedestrian flow. AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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3. Peripheral Road direct vehicles into the basement.

Pedestrian Circulation 1. Pedestrian Scale Campus. 2. Pedestrian movement is through paved pathway next to the periphery road linking the beautifully landscape courts.

Orientation

Figure 87. Orientation of Kohinoor Square (Source: SSA Architects)

1. The entire complex is linear in nature extending from East to West. Providing the solar sun to the office towers hence more daylight. Also, the complex receives wet winds from the Arabian Sea from South- West direction which helps in cooling the residential as well as office block and reduce heat load in summer. 2. The Residential blocks are however a bit tilted facing SE-W direction. The design of the building is planned in such a way that every square foot receives optimum sunlight. The abundance of natural light is a unique feature of this structure.

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Solar Analysis It is clear from the Solar Analysis that the tower is going to get maximum daylight in winters when its needed for the thermal gain. Figure 88. Solar Analysis

Figure 89. Thermal gain reduction (Source: SSA Architects)

Floor Area Distribution

Figure 90. Area Distribution of Kohinoor Square

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The following table shows the building details of Kohinoor Square; 3 Basement + Ground to 2nd floor for

West Tower

retail and 3rd service and 4th and 5th floors for Commercial Offices. Central Tower

3 Basement + Ground to 2nd for retail, 3rd, 27th and 28th floors for services, 4th to 43rd floors for commercial offices and 45th to 47th floors for hotel rooms (42 rooms), 48th floor Hotel lobby and Restaurant + Helipad. 3 Basements + Ground to 13th upper

East Tower

floors for public parking +14th floors for service and 15th to 32nd upper floors residential purpose. No. of flats: 68. Energy Center

2 Basement + Ground + 1st to 3rd floor, 5th, 8th and 11th floor.

Floor Plans

Figure 91. Plan of 15th floor (Commercial Tower) with service core

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Figure 92. Plan of 20th floor (Commercial Tower) with service core

Figure 93.Typical floor plan of Retail space with central core

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Figure 94. Typical floor plan of Retail Outlets with central core

Figure 95. Plan of 15th floor (Residential Tower) with service core

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Figure 96. Plan of 33rd floor (Residential Tower) with service core

Foundation The combined pile raft foundation system is used. It is a geotechnical composite construction that combines the bearing effect of both foundation elements raft and piles. The pile raft foundation system has recently been widely used for many structures, especially in high-rise buildings.

Figure 97. Pile and Raft foundation (Source: SSA Architects)

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Services

Figure 98. Typical Service Floor Plan of Commercial Tower

Vertical Transportation The Commercial Tower in Kohinoor Square has 47 elevators with separate elevator

banks

for

different

floor

levels,

ensuring

minimal

wait

time. This system is called the Compass System,

Navigation which

divides

traffic between the various elevators, ensuring a wait time of no more than 29 seconds.

Figure 99. Vertical Transportation in Kohinoor Square

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Façade Inspired by ‘Kohinoor Diamond’, the architectural translation is manifested in lucid façades where singular-shaped exteriors create for a compelling interplay of the “shimmering” diamond and ingeniously designed spandrel lighting emphasize the diamond facets during night.

Figure 100. Facade concept, Kohinoor Square

A 24 meters high atrium in the ‘West Tower’ is designed in exclusive fabric glass and serves as a commemoration of the mill workers who originally toiled on this piece of land. the first projects ever, to make use

Figure 101. LED facade lighting, Kohinoor Square

high-

performance low reflection, double glass units; reducing thermal gains by 10%- 15% and leading towards low thermal reflection. It is also amongst the first projects built in India that hosts an unprecedented design of non-intrusive LED façade lighting.

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Parking

Figure 102. Highlighting the Parking building

1. Providing parking for 2000 cars was a huge challenge. The construction was also halted due to FSI issues due to the high demand of parking but that issue has been resolved and the construction is going as planned. 2. The parking job was made easy by placing the parking lot in 3 basement floors which run underneath the complex. 3. Also, special parking has been provided in the form of 13 storey multilevel for the residential as well as the office staff only. 4. TFA= 200,000 sqm 5. According to Norms= ECS for commercial area is 1.05 per 100 sqm equivalent to parking for approximate 2000 which is adequate.

Ramps 1. System of ramps marked which separate entries and exits ensure proper circulation hence help safe circulation. 2. One-way ramps have been provided with the slope of 1:10.

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Sustainable Factors

Figure 103. Sustainable Factors of Kohinoor Square

Inferences 1. Zoning of different function is done in such a way that each function gets a distinct entity and person coming inside will know where he has to go. 2. The sequential double height sky gardens will permit winter sun inside and will permit winter sun inside, and will be responsible for creating a level of comfort, which will keep it lively during afternoons. 3. Placing core in the middle with destination-controlled entry will be useful for security and monitoring purposes. 4. The use of bioclimatic walls will help in improving indoor air quality. 5. Providing separate parking zones for residents, office staff and public through various points without any conflict will make going and coming hassle free. 6. Common food court provided for public as well as office will encourage its use and also improves the experience.

Demerits 1. The entry points for office and retail should be segregated. 2. Not enough pedestrian circulation.

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SITE ANALYSIS Location

Figure 104. Location of Proposed Site on the Map of India

The site is located in Sector 135, Noida (Uttar Pradesh) with the area of 11.36 acres (46000 sqm). The coordinates are 28°30'03.2" N and 77°23'45.8" E.

Accessibility The site is accessible from three sides; West: 45 meters wide road, South: 30 meters wide road and East: 30 meters wide road.

Proximity Map Nearest Candor Bus

Stellar T-

Stop

Point (700 m)

Nearest Aqua line Metro

Sector 137

Station

Metro station (3.5 km)

Nearest IGI Airport International (35 km)

Figure 105. Proximity Map (Source: Google Earth)

*Site is adjacent to Noida Expressway.

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Site Dimensions Site Area: 11.36 Acres (46000 m2) Green Belt: 20-meter-wide (South and East Direction)

Figure 106. Site Dimensions of Proposed Site

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Site Surrounding

Figure 107. Site Surrounding

Architectural Context Most of the buildings which were present adjacent to the site are designed in a postmodernism architectural style. The buildings which are office buildings of more than 20-30 storeys and their faรงade are made up of glass and ACP panels.

Evolution of Land In 1976, Noida was a village and all land were occupied by the farmers and it was an agriculture land. Sector 135 was agriculture land till 2008, after which the plotting was done by the Noida Authority.

Figure 108. Geographical Evolution of Site (Source: Google Earth)

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NOIDA at Glance S.No. 1

Items

Statistics

General Information i.

Geographical Area (Sq. Km.)

ii.

Administrative Divisions (as on 31.03.2011) Number of Tehsil/Block Number of

1442

3/4

Panchayat/Villages iii. Population (as on 2011 census)

11,05,290 (1.1 million)

iv.

700

Average Annual Rainfall (mm) Geomorphology

Ganga â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Yamuna Alluvial

Major Physiographic Units

Plain which is subdivided in flood plain, upland & land adjacent to Patawata ii. 3

Major Drainages

Yamuna, Hindon

Land Use (Sq. Km) i.

Forest area

ii.

Net area sown

1164.86

iii. Cultivable area 4

47.75

Major Soil Types

Sandy loam and clay (Bhur, Matir & Dumat)

Services Water Supply The pump room is located at the above corner of the North- East side of the green belt to the adjacent road. The main source of water in sector 135 is the ground water which is further treated by Noida Jal Nigam. Sewage Connection with sectorial sewer lines. Sewer comes through gravity from residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house to sewage pumping station, which are provided network wise. Manual of sewerage system is being followed in this regard. These initial Sewage Pumping Station AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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are known as Intermediate Sewage Pumping Station. From these sewage pumping station, we pump sewage and again put it to some gravity line or directly through pressure line to Master Sewage Pumping Station. Master Sewage Pumping Station are connected to Sewage Treatment Plants, where we treat sewage in such a way that solid part is being used as a manure, treated water is being proposed for utilization of irrigation purpose and gaseous part is being utilized for generating electricity. Infrastructure of Sewerage System 1

No. of Intermediate SPS

No. of Master SPS

No. of Sewage Treatment Plants

Electricity Privatized power supply is provided by Noida Power Company Ltd. By bulk purchase from U.P. State Electricity Board and the distribution is carried out by NPCL. The electrical network consists of 132 KV substation, 33 KV substation, 11 KV substation and HTLT distribution lines. The electrical cables from 33 KV substation are laid underground. In respect to the site, the nearest substation is Noida Authority Electric Substation, located in Sector 129, west direction of the site. Also 11 KV electricity pole is located near the service road of the site. Drainage The drainage line of width 1.5 meter is provided near which run along the west direction of the site plan. This line is connected to the large irrigation drains which further connects to the treatment plants.

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Figure 109. Services located on the site

Geology and Soil 1. The survey area forms the part of great Indo Gangetic alluvial plain. Its soil is fine loam and sandy loam. 2. The alluvium is composed of recent and fresh matter deposits of clay, silt and sand which are of loose to semi consolidated nature.

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3. Loam and silty soils are found in the district It can be differentiated into the following: â&#x20AC;˘

The upland plain Most of the part of the district consists of most extensively cultivated and highly productive regions The upland plain is covered with old alluvium which is properly irrigated and highly productive.

â&#x20AC;˘

Sandy region A very small part of the district is covered with soil comprising of sandy loam

Vegetation Analysis 1. No vegetation is prevalent at site except dead plants. Green belt is running at south and east side parallel to the site. In the region vegetation like- Lantana, Jharbery, Dabh, Doob, Sanwak, Parthenium and Calotropis etc. 2. Project shall also not lead to any change in land use of surroundings except proposed construction area.

Topography 1. The terrain of the area is generally plain with a gradual slope varying between 0.2-0. The soil in Noida is moderately fertile. The groundwater in Noida is generally hard in nature. 2. Noida lies in a sub-tropical deciduous location. The area has number of drains, both perennial and non-perennial in nature. The major drains are Hindon Cut, Shahdra drain and Noida drain.

Seismic Zone The project site situated in the highly vulnerable Seismic Zone IV.

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Climate Sunpath Analysis The Sunpath diagram analyse the impact of sun on the site and building throughout the year (recorded at 12 PM). Additionally, Solar Azimuth and altitude are also recorded for the same time zone.

Figure 110. Sunpath Analysis recorded at 12PM (Source: Andrew marsh)

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Wind Analyzing the wind direction of Noida, it is receiving the major wind in a year from the western north-west and the east. The wind flows from S-E to N-W direction.

Figure 111. Wind speed chart (Source: Meteoblue)

Precipitation The annual normal rainfall (1901-1970) of the district comes to 700.6 mm as observed in the nearest rain gauge station at Sikandrabad. The maximum rainfall occurs during the monsoon period i.e., June to September having the normal value of 600 mm which is 85.7% of annual rainfall. August is the wettest month having the normal rainfall of 205.8 mm followed by July when normal rainfall received about.

Figure 112. Cloudy, sunny, and precipitation Chart (Source: Meteoblue)

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Temperature June is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in June averages 34.2 째C | 93.6 째F. In January, the average temperature is 14.4 째C | 57.9 째F. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The humidity level ranges between 55- 60.

Figure 113. Temperature Analysis Chart (Source: Meteoblue)

Byelaws Noida Building Byelaws is main source of the following data in accordance of National Building Code 2016. These are categorized under following;

High Rise Norms 1. FAR: The maximum permissible FAR of the projects shall be allowed as per the existing licensing policy for integrated commercial complex, however, the permissible FAR for the residential component of the project shall not exceed 1/3rd 33.3% of the maximum permissible FAR of the project and the remaining 2/3rd 66.7% shall be utilized for commercial use. 2. The maximum population density shall not exceed 80 persons per acre of the project area. 3. The ground coverage, height parking norms etc. shall remain applicable as per the existing licensing policy.

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Height According to the Airport Authority of India (Under the guidelines of IGI Airport, Delhi Zone), the height restriction for the project is 370 meters.

Setback Height of the

Exterior open spaces to be left on all the sides in m. (front

building (m)

rear and sides in each plot) as per prescribed setbacks

55 and above

*Note: on sides where no habitable rooms face, a minimum space of 9m shall be left for the height above 27m.

Floor Area Ratio (FAR) 1. The permissible FAR is 4. Also, additional FAR is allowed apart from the permissible (Chapter 28, Part 28.3 Noida Authority Bye Laws). 2. Transferable Development Rights (TDR) rule is also applicable on the site. 3. The authority may also allow maximum 30% of the permissible FAR for the residential activities in the commercial plots of 4 hectare and above, but the rate applicable on the total lot shall be that of the commercial land.

Ground Coverage The allowed ground coverage for the project site is 30% by the Noida Authority.

Figure 114. Ground Coverage (Source: Noida Byelaws 2015)

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Parking Land use

Parking Standards

Remark

Mixed Use

Parking @ 1.5 ECS per 100

Where, the parking is

sqm of the built-up area

not available, cost of

shall be provided within the

development of

premises

parking, shall be payable by Plot allottee/ owner to the local body concerned or Multilevel parking to be provided as an option. This condition shall apply even if residential premises are used only for professional activity.

Basement Parking 1. In plots larger than 10,000 sqm., the basement shall be allowed up to minimum setback of 6.0 meters. 2.

There will be no restriction on the number of levels of basement subject to mechanical ventilation as per provisions in National Building code - 2005, water proofing and structural safety.

3. The height of basements from floor to ceiling shall be maximum up to 4.5 meters.

Mechanized Parking Mechanized multi-level parking will be permitted subject to the following; 1. Minimum plot size = 1000 sqm. 2. Minimum width of road = 18mtrs. 3. ECS = 18 sq. metres. or as per the design and Technology. 4. Clear Height of one level = 2.1mtrs. AISHWARY KAUSHAL

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5. Adequate safety measures for mechanical equipment. 6. Backup of electricity through automatic generators. 7. The company shall ensure proper maintenance, structural safety equipment and machinery.

Refuge Area For all building exceeding 24 metres height, refuge area of 15 sqm shall be provided as follows: 1. The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the plot or preferably on a cantilever projection and open to air on atleast one side protected with suitable railings. 2. The floors above 24 metres and up to 39 metres- one refuge area on the floor immediately above 24 metres. 3. For floors above 39 metres - one refuge area on the floor immediately above 39 metres and so on after every 15mtrs. 4. Residential flats in multistoried buildings with balconies need not be provided with refuge area.

SWOT Analysis Strength: Well-planned sectors with the provision of green belts. Easy accessibility. Weakness: Since, most of the site surroundings are plotted under masterplan 2031, hence, the open drainage system, and other services should be properly managed. Opportunity: Since, the project site is falls under the category of Special Economy Zone, the growth rate of development of the site surrounding will be higher. Threat: The crime rate in surrounding areas are higher than other satellite towns, therefore, proper security installation should be done.

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CONCEPT Aerohive Aero refers to the things or activities related with air or movement through the air and Hive means a place in which people are busily occupied. The concept is named after the functionality of the building and the science of Aerodynamics.

Form Development After performing the wind flow analysis of the various shapes of the building, it has been noticed that the rectangle creates the greater number of standing vertexes in comparison of Triangular shape. Therefore, less collision has been noticed and also the smaller number of stagnant points at the site of the building.

Figure 115. Wind Flow Analysis of various shapes (Source: Autodesk Flow Design)

Figure 116. Formation of Shape

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The Concept of Aerodynamics To minimize the effect of wind load on the building, the tower is conceptualized under 3-D exterior design which features a trapezoid at the base which transforms into a triangle at top. The Tapered surfaces on the building breakup, the wind load as it passes around the building allowing for much less drag than if sharp edges were continuous.

Figure 117. Wind Effects on the principle of Aerodynamics

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Foundation The plinth bottom of the superstructure and the concrete foundation top has a rubber base absorber which become active on earthquake. Soft layers greatly dampen the oscillations of the building. Damping measures can be employed building

for or

the for

entire

selecting

building components. Spring damper systems as well as

Figure 118. Earthquake Resistant Foundation

special elastic intermediate layers are used for this purpose.

Skin From afar, the building towers will look like a one large glass faรงade and will feature a curtain wall but only horizontally not vertically.

Figure 119. Building Skin of the Conceptualized Skyscraper

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The skin consists of unitized curtain wall, horizontal sunshades running along each storey. Heavy extruded assemblies at the corners to maintain the crisp edges, as a feature of the skin of the building.

Structure The Structure used in the skyscraper is Outrigger system. It is composed of a central core with outrigger connecting the core to the columns.

Figure 120.Overlaid Conceptualized Structural Plates

Figure 121. Structural Frames at the Outrigger Floors

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Service Core 1. It allows all window space to be utilized as rental office space. 2. Permits offices to varying depth to receive natural light. 3. It is suitable in terms of access and in some cases may be equidistant from all sides. 4. Simplifies area division.

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