A Glance at Akava Highly educated in the Finnish labour market
Contents Akava 2015
3
Akava members in the Finnish labour market
4
Wellbeing at work
13
Salaries
21
Taxation of employees
26
Education
31
Union membership
38
2
Akava 2015
Akava, the Confederation of Unions for Professional and Managerial Staff in Finland, is one of the three independent trade union confederations in Finland
Akava’s 35 affiliates have a total membership of 589,000 including approx. 111,000 student members
Akava’s unionisation rate is about 70 per cent. 27 per cent of trade union members in Finland are Akava members.
Akava represents the interests of professionals and managerial staff and others with a high level of education.
Akava oversees its members’ economic, professional and other common interests.
3
Akava members in the Finnish labour market
Three out of four Akava members are in permanent full-time employment. Atypical work is common among young women. In 2013, 48,000 Akava members were employed on a full-time fixed-term employment contract. 81 % of them were involuntary fixed-term employees.
52 % of employed with high level of education work in the private sector. 28 % are employed by local authorities and 11 % is employed by the government. 9 % are entrepreneurs or self-employed.
Akava members mainly work as experts, teachers or in managerial positions. Men are most typically senior experts and women senior experts in teaching. In all age groups, the proportion of men in managerial jobs is larger than that of women.
In January 2015, 46,800 people with tertiary-level education were unemployed in Finland. The unemployment rate for this group was over 6 %. Since 1994, the unemployment rate among those who have completed basic and uppersecondary education has fallen faster than among the highly educated.
Long-term unemployment is on the increase. Every fourth unemployed with bachelor degree, 30 % of unemployed with masters degree and 37 % of unemployed with doctoral degree have been unemployed for over a year at the end of January 2015.
4
Labour force and labour market 2013 Full-time, permanent
Full-time, fixed term
Part-time
Entrepreneur
Unemployed
Akava members All (435,000) Men (209,000) Women (226,000)
3
4
9
14
70
5
5
3
8
79
4
5
6
11
74
All labour force All (2.621,000) Men (1.349,000) Women (1.272,000) 0
10
20
Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 5
30
40
50
60
70
8
8
16
11
57
9
15
7
7
62
8
12
11
9
60
80
90
100 %
Employment rate by age 2008 and 2013 %
Population, total 2013
Highly educated 2013
Population, total 2008
Highly educated 2008
%
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50 Population
40 30 20
Highly educated
2013
2008
2013
2008
Employment rate, %
68,5
70,3
84,8
85,1
Unemployment rate, %
8,3
6,4
4,7
3,4
Outside labour force, %
25,3
24,5
11,0
9,0
40 30 20 10
10 0
Under 20
0 20–29
Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Survey 2013 6
30–39
40–49 Age group
50–59
60–64
Employment rate among older age groups, 2000–2013 60–64 year olds
55–59 year olds
%
%
All
100
Highly educated 89 88 90 88 86 85 88 88
90 80 70 60
63
67 68 65 66 66 65
71 71
74 73 74 73
59
All
80 70 56 57
60 50
40
40
30
29 26 27 30 25 23
20
20
10
10
0
0
Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013
Highly educated
90
50
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
7
100
60
57 58
64
61 56
41 39 39 42 42 37 39
45
34
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
Akava members by employer 2015
1%
State, 6.3 % Municipality, 31.8%
58%
Church, 1.3 % Private, 57.7 %
32%
Entrepreneur, 2.8 % Others, 0.2 %
6% 3%
Source: Akava’s affiliates 8
Highly educated entrepreneurs 2008–2013 1 000 persons
80
75 69
70
64 58
60
15 51
50 40
15
59
10
13 12
Full-time entrepreneurs and self-employed
12
30 20
60
51
54
2010
2011
2012
2013
48
47
2009
39
10 0 2008 Proportion among highly educated: Proportion of women:
9%
10 %
10 %
10 %
11 %
11 %
38 %
47 %
36 %
42 %
43 %
42 %
Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2008–2013 9
Part-time entrepreneurs and self-employed
Unemployment rate 1990–2013 by educational level % 22
22
21
All (219,000)
21
20
Basic education (67,000)
20
19
Upper secondary (106,000)
19
18
Lowest level of tertiary education and lower degree level (31,000)
17
Higher degree level of tertiary education & doctorate (15,000)
18
16.6
17
16
16
15
15
14
14
13
13
12
12
11
11
10 9
8.7
8 7
7 6
4.5
4 3
9 8
8.2
6 5
10
5 4
3.8
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Number of unemployed in brackets Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 10
Unemployment rate estimate, Akava members in selected fields, January 2014/2015 Master of arts All unemployed Bachelor of Economics Bachelor of Humanities Bachelor of Natural Sciences Master of Humanities Master of Natural Sciences Lowest level of tertiary education and lower degree level Licentiate Bachelor of Engineering Higher degree level of tertiary education & doctorate Master of Economics Master of Social Sciences Bachelor of Business Administration Master of Theology Master of Engineering Architect Master of Agriculture Bachelor of Social Services Doctorate Master of Education Master of Law Pharmacist Kindergarten teacher Master of Medicine Master of Dentistry
9.2
7.4 7.4
5.0
5.1
2.9
11
8.5 8.6
11.6
2014
10.0
8.2
6.7 6.1 6.4 5.6 6.2
5.5 5.7 5.7
6.2 6.2
5.7 5.1 5.5 4.7 5.1 4.3 4.9 4.3 4.4 3.9 4.4 4.1 4.3 3.6 3.5
3.4 3.1 3.2 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4
0
Source: Statistics Finland, Akava’s own estimate
10.6 10.3
2015
12.1
10.4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
%
Unemployment duration by level of education 1/2012-2015 0–12 weeks
13–26 weeks
Over a year
27–52 weeks
Total number of Unemployed for unemployed over a year
Bachelor or equivalent level 2012
21
44
2013
22
42
2014 2015
14,376
2,798
17
19
17,746
3,401
21,600
4,901
25,349
6,269
23 25
20
22
34
19
18
22
37
15
Master or equivalent level 2012 2013
22
37
2014
22
11,602
2,558
19
21
14,552
3,076
17,547
4,679
19,945
6,029
30
22
19
29
27
21
20
33
2015
16
20
41
Doctoral or equivalent level 2012
18
38
2013
19
36
2014 2015
897
248
17
27
1,070
293
1,366
392
1,547
567
204,832
49,599
224,670
56,295
243,933
69,833
264,588
80,543
29 37
20
17
27
28
20
18
34
17
Unemployed without highly educated 2012 2013 2014 2015
30
18
21
30
29
16
21
33
25
15
22
38
21
16
21
43
% 0
10
20
30
Situation at the end of January each year. Source: Ministry of Employment and the Economy 12
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Wellbeing at work
The average working week of Akava members is 41.1 hours in their main job. 13 % of all Akava members and 27 % of managers work at least 48 hours per week.
Akava members work overtime more than other wage and salary earners, and often without compensation. Weekly overtime hours of every fifth Akava member adds up to one working day, i.e. 7.7 hours. Of all Akava members 9 % did uncompensated overtime work, 16 % compensated overtime work.
Working hours of every third salary earner in professional occupation is not appropriately tracked. Within all salary earners the share is one fifth.
Half of Akava members experience time or work pressure in their work, 9 % violence or thread of violence and 5 % harassment or bullying. Time pressure and experiences of violence or bullying are most common among women age of 40 or older.
13
Weekly working hours of Akava members 2013
All Men Women Employer Private State Municipalities Position in organisation Managers Professionals without teachers Teaching professionals Associate professionals All else
Wage and salary earners working full-time Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 14
Frequency % 100 53 47
Average per week 41.1 41.9 40.2
25 38.0 38.0 38.0
Fractiles median 39.0 40.0 38.0
75 43.0 45.0 42.0
54 15 32
41.7 41.4 39.8
38.0 37.0 37.0
40.0 38.0 38.0
45.0 41.0 42.0
17 39 22 17 5
45.1 40.8 38.4 40.5 43.8
40.0 38.0 35.0 38.0 38.0
43.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0
48.0 41.0 40.0 42.0 40.0
Persons who worked at least 48 hours/week, 2013 Estimated number of persons who worked at least 48 hours/week, 1 000 persons
Akava members
32
13
Other wage and salary earners
89
10
Akava members Men
22
17
Women
10
8
Employer Private
21
16
State
4
11
Municipality
7
9
Position in organisation Legislators, senior officials and managers Others
11
11
Teaching professionals
5
10
Technicians and associate professionals
3
7 0
15
1
13
Professionals
Wage and salary earners working full time Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013
11
27
% 10
20
30
Overtime work in 2013 Uncompensated overtime
Compensated overtime
Both Overtime hours/week
All wage and salary earners
3
18
15
Akava members
8
Others
7.4
15
2
24
1
7.7
17
15
7.4
Akava members Men
10
Women
13
7
1
17
23
8.3
25
1
7.0
Employer State
12
Private
13
9
Municipality
1
14
5
1
26
8.5
25
8.3
22
16
6.0
All wage and salary earners Socio-economic groups Upper-level employees
8
15
Manual workers Lower-level employees
1 0
Wage and salary earners working full-time Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 16
5
1
7.7
24
16
16
9.2
15
16
5.7
10
15
20
25
30
%
Tracking of working hours By clocking card/access control
Tracked by him/herself
Managers
19
Science and engineering professionals Teaching professionals Business and administration professional Information and communication professionals Other professionals All professionals
34
47
46 10
31
37
23 54
43
27
27
30
45
32
28
38
31
Science and engineering associate professionals Health associate professionals Business and administration associate professional Other associate professionals All associate professionals
30
35
34
46
33
39
21
44
42
18
32
27
26
50
23
39
39
22
Other wage and salary earners
37
41
22
All wage and salary earners
35 0
Source: Statistics Finland, Quality of Working Conditions Survey 2013 17
No tracking of working hours
10
20
39 30
40
50
26 60
70
80
90
100
%
Experiences of time pressure, violence and harassment in work among Akava members Time or work pressure Total
All
30-39 40-64
2 1 1
Men
30-39
2
42
4 26 37
48
4
Total
10 0
Wage and salary earners working full time Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013
50
11
6
40-64
38
11
2
30-39
53
14
8
20-29
53
10
5
1
40-64
Women
43
6
20-29
18
32 8
3
Total
48
6
2
Harassment or bullying
9
5
20-29
Violence or threat of violence
10
58
16 20
30
40
50
60
%
Factors enabling Akava members to cope better at work Very important
Important
Do not know
Not very important
Possibility to influence one’s own work
1 6 1
42
50
Job certainty
13
38
57
More flexible working hours
8
2
9
1
1
11
1
2
12
1
2
33
56
Improvement of leadership skills
42
46
Reduction in pace of work
42
43
2
Improvement of working environment
37
Part-time work
37
45
2
14
2
Part-time pension
38
44
3
14
2
16
1
Improvement of occupational health care services
43 47
18
Rise in pay
0
20
40
60
3
19
2
28
4
4
29
3
33
4 6
39
5
39
11
18
2
2
39
23
Change in work assignments
5
48
23
Increased education & training possibilities
2
43
26
Reduction of work load
2
51
34
Improvement of rehabilitation possibilities
Source: Akava Member Opinion Poll 2013
48
31
Job alternation or sabbatical leave
19
Meaningless
80
100 %
Average intended age of retirement of Akava members 1997–2014 1997
61.2
2001
61.3
2004
62.0
2008
62.8
2010
63.2
2013
63.9
2014
65.0 58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Sources: Akava Member Opinion Polls 1997–2004; Statistics Finland, Quality of Work Life Survey 2008; Surveys by TNS Finland commissioned by Akava, 2010–2014 20
65
Years
Salaries
On the average, Akava members earned EUR 4,310 a month in full-time work in 2013. Among women, average income was EUR 3,860 and among men EUR 4,820 a month.
The average monthly salary of all employees was EUR 3,330 in 2013.
50 % of Akava members earned EUR 3,830 or more a month, a tenth less than EUR 2,590 and a tenth more than EUR 6,340 a month.
The average starting salary of an Akava member is EUR 3,470 a month, increasing to EUR 4,760 towards the end of the working career.
21
Total earnings 2013 (with bonuses) Akava members mean, EUR/month
All wage and salary earners mean, EUR/month
4,820 3,860
3,680 2,990
4,550 3,910 4,540 4,310
3,740 3,010 3,430 3,330
Gender Men Women Employer sector State Municipality Private All
Distribution of total earnings 2013 (without bonuses) F10 2,590
Akava members
All wage and salary earners
F10 2,080
1,500
2,000
Wage and salary earners working full time. Source: Statistics Finland, Structure of Earnings, 2013 22
F90 6,340
3,830 median
F90 4,860
2,930 median
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
EUR/month
Total earnings of wage and salary earners by level of education in 2013, EUR/month
Total
3,330
Primary & lower secondary education
2,790
Upper secondary education
2,840
Lowest level tertiary education
3,400
Lower-degree level tertiary education
3,500
Higher-degree level tertiary education
4,630
Doctorate
5,510 0
1,000
Wage and salary earners working full time; total earnings include bonuses. Source: Statistics Finland, Structure of Earnings, 2013 23
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
EUR/month
Finnish wages compared to other EU countries by education level, 2011 Lower-level education Norway Switzerland Denmark Netherlands Luxembourg Sweden Finland United Kingdom Iceland France Italy Germany Austria Cyprus Spain Greece Malta Slovenia Portugal Estonia Czech Republic Croatia Slovak Republic Poland Latvia Lithuania Hungary Bulgaria Romania
3,780 3,430 3,350 3,110 2,790 2,550 2,480 2,240 2,100 2,090 1,900 1,760 1,760 1,480 1,420 1,390 1,270 1,070 950 710 620 610 560 530 450 400 390 260 230 0
2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Gross earnings, EUR/month
Source: Labour Institute for Economic Research 24
Mid-level education Switzerland Norway Denmark Luxembourg Netherlands Sweden Austria Finland Germany Iceland United Kingdom Italy France Cyprus Spain Malta Greece Slovenia Portugal Czech Republic Estonia Croatia Slovak Republic Poland Latvia Hungary Lithuania Bulgaria Romania
5,650 4,840 4,010 3,910 3,490 3,000 2,900 2,710 2,660 2,640 2,610 2,280 2,260 1,760 1,630 1,590 1,490 1,350 1,200 850 760 760 710 640 560 520 490 310 290 0
2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Gross earnings, EUR/month
High-level education Switzerland Luxembourg Norway Denmark Netherlands Austria Germany United Kingdom Finland Sweden Iceland France Italy Cyprus Slovenia Spain Malta Portugal Greece Czech Republic Croatia Estonia Poland Slovak Republic Latvia Hungary Lithuania Romania Bulgaria
9,090
6,010 5,730 5,070 4,730 4,380 3,880 3,790 3,740 3,490 3,240 3,060 2,880 2,510 2,190 2,180 2,060 1,980 1,910 1,270 1,220 1,010 960 930 880 830 770 440 410 0
2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Gross earnings, EUR/month
Percentual difference of gross earnings between wage and salary with high-level education and lower-level education in EU-countries Percentual earnings difference, highly educated to lower-level educated 180 165
160
149
140 120
120 100
116 113
108 106 105 99
94 94 87 80
80
69 69 68 63
60 40 20 0
Sources: Labour Institute for Economic Research; Akava’s own estimation 25
59
54 53 52 52 52 51 51
47
42
37 37
Taxation of employees
The tax rate on wages adjusted for changes in general wage level has increased between 1 and 1,8 percentage points during the period 2011-2015 depending on the wage level. Higher wages were hit harder by taxes.
Nearly one in four full-time employees in Finland is an Akava member. These employees earn 30 % of the entire wages and salaries bill of full-time employees and pay one third of taxes and social security contributions paid by full-time employees. Akava members account for 45 % of state income taxes paid by full-time employees.
The income tax rate of someone with a monthly salary of EUR 3,000 is 30 %, while an income of EUR 4,000 is subject to 34,6 % income tax.
Finnish employees have high and progressive marginal tax rates. The marginal tax rate indicates what proportion of additional income is collected as tax. At a salary of EUR 2,200 45,5 % of additional income is collected as tax. The marginal tax rate is over 50 % for a monthly slightly above EUR 3,500 and 58 % when the salary exceeds EUR 6,200.
In international comparison the high and progressive marginal tax rates are evident in the fact that while low-income employees in Finland are taxed moderately by European standards and employees with average salaries are taxed near the European average, those who earn more than average are taxed quite harshly.
26
Pay and taxes: Akava members and other wage and salary earners 2013 Akava members
Other wage and salary earners
Wage and salary earners (1,7 million)
77
23
Wage and salaries bill (69,3 billion EUR)
70
30
Taxes and payments (21,5 billion EUR)
67
33
By type of tax:
State income taxes (4,04 billion EUR)
Municipal tax (10,9 billion EUR)
31
69
Pension and unemployment insurance contributions (4,1 billion EUR)
30
70
0
20
Employees who have worked at least 6 months full time with income over 6,804 EUR per year. Source: Statistics Finland, Income Distribution Statistics 2013 27
55
45
40
60
80
100 %
Average personal income tax for single wage and salary earners in Finland and in other Western European countries in 2014, % % 50
50
47.4
48 46
46
44
44
Finland
42
42
40
42.3
37.7
38
34
31.3
32
36
Other Western European Countries*)
34.6
34 32
30
30
28
28
29.7
24.5
26
24 22
24
23.5
22
20
20
18
18
16
16
14 22,000
14 32,000
42,000
52,000
62,000
72,000
82,000
92,000
102 ,00 0
112 ,00 0
122 ,00 0
Income per y ear 2013, EUR
*) Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Austria, Norway, France, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Denmark; Excluding Estonia. One-person household. Source: Taxpayers’ Association of Finland, International Wage Tax Survey 2014 28
40 38
36
26
48
132 ,00 0
Average personal income tax rate in 2014 for income of 5,000 EUR/month Belgium
46.7
Italy
43.1
Germany
42.6
Austria
39.3
Finland
37.7
Denmark
37.7
Netherlands
37.3
France
34.7
Spain
32.7
Sweden
31.7
USA
28.8
Norway
27.9
United Kingdom
27.8
Japan
25.4
Australia
24.7
Estonia
22.0
Switzerland
16.7 % 0
5
10
15
Source: Taxpayers’ Association of Finland, International Wage Tax Survey 2014 29
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Marginal tax rates and income tax rates for wage and salary earners in 2015 Marginal tax 2015
Income tax 2015
Marginal and income tax rates, % 65
65
60
60
55
55
50
50
45
45
40
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5 0
0 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
Gross earnings,EUR/month
One-person household. Sources: Ministry of Finance, Akava’s own estimation 30
8000
8500
9000
9500 10000 10500 11000
Education
In Finland, level of academic degree attainment has increased 26 percentage points in adult population in past four decades. However, 17 % has not attained degree higher than compulsory education.
Comparing tertiary level education attainment in the age group of 25–34 year-olds, Finland ranks in the mid-level among OECD countries. In Finland 40 % of the 25–34 year-olds has attained tertiary level education.
On average, duration of master degree studies was 6.5 years and polytechnic degree studies 4 years in 2013.
In 2013, every third Akava member did not participate in work-related training that was payed by his/her employer. Half of Akava members had at least three training days during the year. On average, Akava members had little less than five training days.
31
25–64-years olds by educational level 1970–2013 % 100 90
0,2 3 4 7
0,3 4 5
0,6
0,7
0,9
1,0
6 5
8
9
11
11 15
80
20
6 17
70
1,1 Doctoral or equivalent
9 16
12 13
30
12 13
Bachelor or equivalent
12
Short-cycle tertiary
60
Upper secondary/Post-secondary non-tertiary
38
50
40
Primary/lower secondary education
42
40 30
44
44
20
17
2010
2013
66 50
20
34
29
10
24
0 1975
1985
1995
2000
Source: Statistics of Finland, Educational structure of population 32
Master or equivalent
2005
Persons with higher-degree level education in Finland and in some other coutries in 2012 25–64 years of age Japan USA England Finland Ireland Norway Switzerland Estonia Sweden Denmark Belgium Holland Spain OECD France EU21 Germany Greece Austria Portugal Italy 0
10
Japan 47 Ireland 43 England 41 Norway 40 USA 40 Sweden 39 Belgium 37 Holland 37 France 36 Switzerland 35 Finland 35 Estonia 34 Denmark 32 Spain 32 OECD 31 EU21 30 Greece 28 Germany 27 Portugal 20 Austria 19 Italy 16 % 0 20 30 40 50 60
55–64 years of age
25–34 years of age 59 49 48 45 44 43 43 43 43 41 40 40 40 39 39 37 35 29 28 23 22 10
20
30
40
50
60 %
USA Estonia England Japan Finland Norway Switzerland Sweden Denmark Holland Germany Ireland Belgium OECD EU21 France Greece Spain Austria Portugal Italy
42 35 33 32 31 30 29 29 29 28 26 25 25 24 22 20 20 19 17 11 11 0
In addition to university and polytechnic degrees higher-degree level tertiary education also includes some lowest level tertiary education qualifications, such as technicians and diplomas in Business Administration Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2014 33
10
20
30
40
50
60 %
Duration of Master Degrees, median Master Degrees, total
6.5
Architect Landscape Architect Master of Engineering Master of Food Science Master of Veterinary Medicine Master of Humanities Master of Medicine Master of Music Pharmacist Master of Theology Master of Social Sciences (Univ. of Helsinki) Master of Natural Sciences Master of Agriculture Master of Law Master of Psychology Master of Social Sciences Master of Administrative Science Licentiate of Dentistry Master of Education Master of Economics Master of Arts Master of Fine Arts Master of Sports Sciences Master of Theatrical Arts Master of Helath Sciences Master of Arts (Dance) Source: Statistics of Finland, University education 34
8.5 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6 6 6 6 6 5.5 5 5 5 4 0
2
4
6
8
10
years
Duration of Polytechnic Degrees by Sector of Education, median Polytechnic Degrees, total
4
Humanities and Education
4
Culture
4.5
Social Sciences, Business and Administration
4
Natural Sciences
4.5
Technology, communication and transpor
5
Natural resources and the environment
4.5
Social services, health and sport
3.5
Tourism, catering and domestic services
4 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
years
Source: Statistics of Finland, Polytechnic education 35
Akava members and all labour force 25–64 years of age by educational level in 2013, % Akava members
Primary and lower secondary education
1 15 7
Upper secondary education
44 9
Lowest level tertiary education
14 26
Lower-degree level tertiary education
13 51
Higher-degree level tertiary education
12 5
Doctorate
1 0
Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 36
All
10
20
30
40
50
60
%
Participation in work-related training payed by employer in 2013 Did not participate in training
Less than three training days
Akava members
Three or more training days
Training days/year, average*
32
21
48
4.8
31
21
48
4.7
Occupation Managers Social science and legal professionals
47
Engineering and natural science professionals
7
34
Business and administration professionals
25
24
Teaching professionals Social work professional
13
Health professionals
11
41
22
16
5.4
45
4.7
53
26
4.6
58
20
4.0
68
12
4.8
77
Other occupations
7.0
69
17
15
4.7
Employer State
43
Municipality
13
Private
17
21
10
25 20
30
40
5.2
44 50
*Average calculation takes into account respondents who participated in trainin during the year 2013. Source: Opinion Poll for Akava members 2014, conducted by TNS Gallup Finland 37
5.1
66
31 0
39
60
70
80
4.3 90
100 %
Union membership
Akava members are highly educated, and mainly join a union that corresponds with their qualifications or occupation.
Akava has 35 affiliated unions, and combined, unions had a total of 589,000 individual members in January 2015. The number of members is growing.
University and polytechnic students can join their respective Akava unions while they are still studying. Akava’s affiliates have 111,000 student members.
38
Number of Akava members 1 000 members
589
600
547 500
375
400
300
265
200
162
100
42 0
1970
Source: Akava’s affiliates 39
1980
1990
2000
2010
2015
Organisation of wage and salary earners in three main employee confederations 1970–2014 SAK (1.027,000)
STTK+TVK
1970
Akava (585,000)
70
1980
26
64
1990
2010
47
2014
47 0
5
10
15
20
25
Total number of members in 2014 in brackets. Source: Employee confederations’ cost distribution
45
50
55
60
2,204
25
26 40
2,092
18
28
35
1,879
14
31
30
1,624
10
29
51
931
5
26
57
2000
40
STTK (567,000)
Number of members in main employee confederations (1,000 )
27 65
70
75
80
85
2,179 90
95 100
%
The Labour Relations System in Finland
41
A high degree of unionisation A covering collective agreement system Binding collective agreements Independent social partners play an important role Means of influencing Collective bargaining Take part in decision making Cooperation Influencing public opinion Lobbying Industrial action The tasks of the unions To safeguard the interests of workers in society To safeguard the interests of workers in working life To safeguard the interests of workers in relation to other interest groups To safeguard the future of the trade union movement – youth and students activities To form a complement to Government policy To influence Government policy
Akava’s organisation for negotiations Akava
Akava’s Public Sector Negotiation Commission JUKO The Delegation of Professional and Managerial Employees YTN Employees in Technical and Basic Service Professions KTN Organisations’ collective agreements Entrepreneurs and self-employed persons
42
Central organisation agreements Tripartite agreements Coordination
Collective Agreements (public sector)
Collective Agreements
Collective Agreements (public sector)
Collective Agreements
Influencing legislation
Employers and government Office for Government as Employer Commission for Local Authority Employers Church Confederation of Finnish Industries EK and its affiliates
Commission for Local Authority Employers
Employer organisations
Parliament, Ministries, Local Authorities
Akava's affiliates 1.1.2015 Trade Union of Education in Finland
121,033
Finnish Psychological Association
6,817
Academic Engineers and Architects in Finland
72,353
The Officers Union
6,106
Union of Professional Engineers in Finland
70,838
Finnish Association of Academic Agronomists
5,937
The Finnish Business School Graduates
51,465
The Union of Church Professionals within Akava AKI
5,817
Union of Professional Business Graduates in Finland TRAL
29,549
Finnish Union of Environmental Professionals
4,720
Akava Special Branches
28,476
The Institute Officers Union of the Finnish Defence Forces and the Border Guard
4,050
Sales and Marketing Professionals MMA
26,899
Union of Swedish-speaking Engineers in Finland
3,238
Finnish Medical Association
24,993
Society of Finnish Professional Foresters
2,599
Union of Professional Social Workers
23,622
Finnish Veterinary Association
2,596
Association of Finnish Lawyers
16,138
Union of Finnish University Professors
2,437
Social Science Professionals
12,157
The Finnish Association of Architects
2,341
Managers and Professionals YTY
10,193
The Union of Diaconal Workers in Finland
1,905
Union of Technical Professionals, KTK
9,053
The Finnish Association of Occupational Health Nurses
1,792
Finnish Union of Experts in Science
7,940
Union of Finnish Speech Therapists
1,505
Finnish Pharmacists' Association
7,794
Health Science Academic Leaders and Experts
1,209
The Finnish Union of Public Health Nurses
7,414
Kirkon Nuorisotyöntekijöiden Liitto KNT
1,169
Finnish Dental Association
7,049
Akava's General Group
Finnish Union of University Researchers and Teachers
6,891
Total
Source: Akava’s affiliates 43
770 588,865
Statistical information on Akava members within labour force in 2013 All (100 %)
Men (48 %)
Women (52 %)
85 % 6% 5% 4% 100 %
87 % 3% 5% 5% 100 %
83 % 9% 4% 3% 100 %
16 % 37 % 25 % 17 % 5% 100 %
22 % 43 % 13 % 17 % 5% 100 %
10 % 31 % 36 % 18 % 5% 100 %
under 30 30–39 40–49 50–59 over 59 Total
10 % 29 % 27 % 25 % 9% 100 %
9% 28 % 27 % 26 % 10 % 100 %
10 % 29 % 28 % 25 % 8% 100 %
Average age
43 years
43 years
42 years
Main occupation Full-time work Part-time work Entrepreneur Unemployed Total Position in organisation Legislators, senior officials and managers Technical and associate professionals Teaching professionals Professionals Others Total Age distribution
Sources: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 and Structure of Earnings 2013, Akava’s affiliates 44
Statistical information on Akava members within labour force in 2013 All (100 %)
Men (48 %)
Women (52 %)
Living in Helsinki Metropolitan Area
31 %
31 %
31 %
Parents with children under 18 years of age
46 %
45 %
46 %
Fixed term work*
13 %
9%
16 %
9.6
9.6
9.6
Average gross income 2013 (incl. bonuses), EUR/month*
4,310
4,820
3,860
Persons who got bonuses*
21 %
29 %
15 %
400
460
280
49 %
57 %
42 %
Amount of fringe benefits per person, EUR/month*
130
170
90
Average working hours/week*
41.1
41.9
40.2
Persons working overtime*
24 %
23 %
25 %
Persons working overtime without compensation*
35 %
43 %
27 %
Average age in service in current employment*
Amount of bonuses per person, EUR/month* Persons who got fringe benefits*
*persons working full time. Other statistics apply to all persons within labour force.
Sources: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 and Structure of Earnings 2013, Akava’s affiliates 45