A glance at akava 2015

A Glance at Akava Highly educated in the Finnish labour market

Contents Akava 2015

3

Akava members in the Finnish labour market

4

Wellbeing at work

13

Salaries

21

Taxation of employees

26

Education

31

Union membership

38

2

Akava 2015 

Akava, the Confederation of Unions for Professional and Managerial Staff in Finland, is one of the three independent trade union confederations in Finland



Akava’s 35 affiliates have a total membership of 589,000 including approx.

111,000 student members



Akava’s unionisation rate is about 70 per cent. 27 per cent of trade union members in Finland are Akava members.



Akava represents the interests of professionals and managerial staff and others with a high level of education.



Akava oversees its members’ economic, professional and other common interests.

3

Akava members in the Finnish labour market 

Three out of four Akava members are in permanent full-time employment.

Atypical work is common among young women. In 2013, 48,000 Akava members were employed on a full-time fixed-term employment contract. 81 % of them were involuntary fixed-term employees.



52 % of employed with high level of education work in the private sector. 28 % are employed by local authorities and 11 % is employed by the government. 9 % are entrepreneurs or self-employed.



Akava members mainly work as experts, teachers or in managerial positions.

Men are most typically senior experts and women senior experts in teaching. In all age groups, the proportion of men in managerial jobs is larger than that of women.



In January 2015, 46,800 people with tertiary-level education were unemployed in Finland. The unemployment rate for this group was over 6 %. Since 1994, the unemployment rate among those who have completed basic and uppersecondary education has fallen faster than among the highly educated.



Long-term unemployment is on the increase. Every fourth unemployed with bachelor degree, 30 % of unemployed with masters degree and 37 % of unemployed with doctoral degree have been unemployed for over a year at the end of January 2015.

4

Labour force and labour market 2013 Full-time, permanent

Full-time, fixed term

Part-time

Entrepreneur

Unemployed

Akava members All (435,000) Men (209,000) Women (226,000)

3

4

9

14

70

5

5

3

8

79

4

5

6

11

74

All labour force All (2.621,000) Men (1.349,000) Women (1.272,000) 0

10

20

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 5

30

40

50

60

70

8

8

16

11

57

9

15

7

7

62

8

12

11

9

60

80

90

100 %

Employment rate by age 2008 and 2013 %

Population, total 2013

Highly educated 2013

Population, total 2008

Highly educated 2008

%

100

100

90

90

80

80

70

70

60

60

50

50 Population

40 30 20

Highly educated

2013

2008

2013

2008

Employment rate, %

68,5

70,3

84,8

85,1

Unemployment rate, %

8,3

6,4

4,7

3,4

Outside labour force, %

25,3

24,5

11,0

9,0

40 30 20 10

10 0

Under 20

0 20–29

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Survey 2013 6

30–39

40–49 Age group

50–59

60–64

Employment rate among older age groups, 2000–2013 60–64 year olds

55–59 year olds

%

%

All

100

Highly educated 89 88 90 88 86 85 88 88

90 80 70 60

63

67 68 65 66 66 65

71 71

74 73 74 73

59

All

80 70 56 57

60 50

40

40

30

29 26 27 30 25 23

20

20

10

10

0

0

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013

Highly educated

90

50

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

7

100

60

57 58

64

61 56

41 39 39 42 42 37 39

45

34

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

Akava members by employer 2015

1%

State, 6.3 % Municipality, 31.8%

58%

Church, 1.3 % Private, 57.7 %

32%

Entrepreneur, 2.8 % Others, 0.2 %

6% 3%

Source: Akava’s affiliates 8

Highly educated entrepreneurs 2008–2013 1 000 persons

80

75 69

70

64 58

60

15 51

50 40

15

59

10

13 12

Full-time entrepreneurs and self-employed

12

30 20

60

51

54

2010

2011

2012

2013

48

47

2009

39

10 0 2008 Proportion among highly educated: Proportion of women:

9%

10 %

10 %

10 %

11 %

11 %

38 %

47 %

36 %

42 %

43 %

42 %

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2008–2013 9

Part-time entrepreneurs and self-employed

Unemployment rate 1990–2013 by educational level % 22

22

21

All (219,000)

21

20

Basic education (67,000)

20

19

Upper secondary (106,000)

19

18

Lowest level of tertiary education and lower degree level (31,000)

17

Higher degree level of tertiary education & doctorate (15,000)

18

16.6

17

16

16

15

15

14

14

13

13

12

12

11

11

10 9

8.7

8 7

7 6

4.5

4 3

9 8

8.2

6 5

10

5 4

3.8

3

2

2

1

1

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Number of unemployed in brackets Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 10

Unemployment rate estimate, Akava members in selected fields, January 2014/2015 Master of arts All unemployed Bachelor of Economics Bachelor of Humanities Bachelor of Natural Sciences Master of Humanities Master of Natural Sciences Lowest level of tertiary education and lower degree level Licentiate Bachelor of Engineering Higher degree level of tertiary education & doctorate Master of Economics Master of Social Sciences Bachelor of Business Administration Master of Theology Master of Engineering Architect Master of Agriculture Bachelor of Social Services Doctorate Master of Education Master of Law Pharmacist Kindergarten teacher Master of Medicine Master of Dentistry

9.2

7.4 7.4

5.0

5.1

2.9

11

8.5 8.6

11.6

2014

10.0

8.2

6.7 6.1 6.4 5.6 6.2

5.5 5.7 5.7

6.2 6.2

5.7 5.1 5.5 4.7 5.1 4.3 4.9 4.3 4.4 3.9 4.4 4.1 4.3 3.6 3.5

3.4 3.1 3.2 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4

0

Source: Statistics Finland, Akava’s own estimate

10.6 10.3

2015

12.1

10.4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

%

Unemployment duration by level of education 1/2012-2015 0–12 weeks

13–26 weeks

Over a year

27–52 weeks

Total number of Unemployed for unemployed over a year

Bachelor or equivalent level 2012

21

44

2013

22

42

2014 2015

14,376

2,798

17

19

17,746

3,401

21,600

4,901

25,349

6,269

23 25

20

22

34

19

18

22

37

15

Master or equivalent level 2012 2013

22

37

2014

22

11,602

2,558

19

21

14,552

3,076

17,547

4,679

19,945

6,029

30

22

19

29

27

21

20

33

2015

16

20

41

Doctoral or equivalent level 2012

18

38

2013

19

36

2014 2015

897

248

17

27

1,070

293

1,366

392

1,547

567

204,832

49,599

224,670

56,295

243,933

69,833

264,588

80,543

29 37

20

17

27

28

20

18

34

17

Unemployed without highly educated 2012 2013 2014 2015

30

18

21

30

29

16

21

33

25

15

22

38

21

16

21

43

% 0

10

20

30

Situation at the end of January each year.

Source: Ministry of Employment and the Economy 12

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Wellbeing at work 

The average working week of Akava members is 41.1 hours in their main job. 13 % of all Akava members and 27 % of managers work at least 48 hours per week.



Akava members work overtime more than other wage and salary earners, and often without compensation. Weekly overtime hours of every fifth Akava member adds up to one working day, i.e. 7.7 hours. Of all Akava members 9 % did uncompensated overtime work, 16 % compensated overtime work.



Working hours of every third salary earner in professional occupation is not appropriately tracked. Within all salary earners the share is one fifth.



Half of Akava members experience time or work pressure in their work, 9 % violence or thread of violence and 5 % harassment or bullying. Time pressure and experiences of violence or bullying are most common among women age of 40 or older.

13

Weekly working hours of Akava members 2013

All Men Women Employer Private State Municipalities Position in organisation Managers Professionals without teachers Teaching professionals Associate professionals All else

Wage and salary earners working full-time Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 14

Frequency % 100 53 47

Average per week 41.1 41.9 40.2

25 38.0 38.0 38.0

Fractiles median 39.0 40.0 38.0

75 43.0 45.0 42.0

54 15 32

41.7 41.4 39.8

38.0 37.0 37.0

40.0 38.0 38.0

45.0 41.0 42.0

17 39 22 17 5

45.1 40.8 38.4 40.5 43.8

40.0 38.0 35.0 38.0 38.0

43.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0

48.0 41.0 40.0 42.0 40.0

Persons who worked at least 48 hours/week, 2013 Estimated number of persons who worked at least 48 hours/week, 1 000 persons

Akava members

32

13

Other wage and salary earners

89

10

Akava members Men

22

17

Women

10

8

Employer Private

21

16

State

4

11

Municipality

7

9

Position in organisation Legislators, senior officials and managers Others

11

11

Teaching professionals

5

10

Technicians and associate professionals

3

7 0

15

1

13

Professionals

Wage and salary earners working full time Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013

11

27

% 10

20

30

Overtime work in 2013 Uncompensated overtime

Compensated overtime

Both Overtime hours/week

All wage and salary earners

3

18

15

Akava members

8

Others

7.4

15

2

24

1

7.7

17

15

7.4

Akava members Men

10

Women

13

7

1

17

23

8.3

25

1

7.0

Employer State

12

Private

13

9

Municipality

1

14

5

1

26

8.5

25

8.3

22

16

6.0

All wage and salary earners Socio-economic groups Upper-level employees

8

15

Manual workers Lower-level employees

1 0

Wage and salary earners working full-time Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 16

5

1

7.7

24

16

16

9.2

15

16

5.7

10

15

20

25

30

%

Tracking of working hours By clocking card/access control

Tracked by him/herself

Managers

19

Science and engineering professionals Teaching professionals Business and administration professional Information and communication professionals Other professionals All professionals

34

47

46 10

31

37

23 54

43

27

27

30

45

32

28

38

31

Science and engineering associate professionals Health associate professionals Business and administration associate professional Other associate professionals All associate professionals

30

35

34

46

33

39

21

44

42

18

32

27

26

50

23

39

39

22

Other wage and salary earners

37

41

22

All wage and salary earners

35 0

Source: Statistics Finland, Quality of Working Conditions Survey 2013 17

No tracking of working hours

10

20

39 30

40

50

26 60

70

80

90

100

%

Experiences of time pressure, violence and harassment in work among Akava members Time or work pressure Total

All

30-39 40-64

2 1 1

Men

30-39

2

42

4 26 37

48

4

Total

10 0

Wage and salary earners working full time Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013

50

11

6

40-64

38

11

2

30-39

53

14

8

20-29

53

10

5

1

40-64

Women

43

6

20-29

18

32 8

3

Total

48

6

2

Harassment or bullying

9

5

20-29

Violence or threat of violence

10

58

16 20

30

40

50

60

%

Factors enabling Akava members to cope better at work Very important

Important

Do not know

Not very important

Possibility to influence one’s own work

1 6 1

42

50

Job certainty

13

38

57

More flexible working hours

8

2

9

1

1

11

1

2

12

1

2

33

56

Improvement of leadership skills

42

46

Reduction in pace of work

42

43

2

Improvement of working environment

37

Part-time work

37

45

2

14

2

Part-time pension

38

44

3

14

2

16

1

Improvement of occupational health care services

43 47

18

Rise in pay

0

20

40

60

3

19

2

28

4

4

29

3

33

4 6

39

5

39

11

18

2

2

39

23

Change in work assignments

5

48

23

Increased education & training possibilities

2

43

26

Reduction of work load

2

51

34

Improvement of rehabilitation possibilities

Source: Akava Member Opinion Poll 2013

48

31

Job alternation or sabbatical leave

19

Meaningless

80

100 %

Average intended age of retirement of Akava members 1997–2014 1997

61.2

2001

61.3

2004

62.0

2008

62.8

2010

63.2

2013

63.9

2014

65.0 58

59

60

61

62

63

64

Sources: Akava Member Opinion Polls 1997–2004; Statistics Finland, Quality of Work Life Survey 2008; Surveys by TNS Finland commissioned by Akava, 2010–2014 20

65

Years

Salaries 

On the average, Akava members earned EUR 4,310 a month in full-time work in 2013. Among women, average income was EUR 3,860 and among men EUR 4,820 a month.



The average monthly salary of all employees was EUR 3,330 in 2013.



50 % of Akava members earned EUR 3,830 or more a month, a tenth less than EUR 2,590 and a tenth more than EUR 6,340 a month.



The average starting salary of an Akava member is EUR 3,470 a month, increasing to EUR 4,760 towards the end of the working career.

21

Total earnings 2013 (with bonuses) Akava members mean, EUR/month

All wage and salary earners mean, EUR/month

4,820 3,860

3,680 2,990

4,550 3,910 4,540 4,310

3,740 3,010 3,430 3,330

Gender Men Women Employer sector State Municipality Private All

Distribution of total earnings 2013 (without bonuses) F10 2,590

Akava members

All wage and salary earners

F10 2,080

1,500

2,000

Wage and salary earners working full time.

Source: Statistics Finland, Structure of Earnings, 2013 22

F90 6,340

3,830 median

F90 4,860

2,930 median

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

6,000

6,500

EUR/month

Total earnings of wage and salary earners by level of education in 2013, EUR/month

Total

3,330

Primary & lower secondary education

2,790

Upper secondary education

2,840

Lowest level tertiary education

3,400

Lower-degree level tertiary education

3,500

Higher-degree level tertiary education

4,630

Doctorate

5,510 0

1,000

Wage and salary earners working full time; total earnings include bonuses.

Source: Statistics Finland, Structure of Earnings, 2013 23

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

EUR/month

Finnish wages compared to other EU countries by education level, 2011 Lower-level education Norway Switzerland Denmark Netherlands Luxembourg Sweden Finland United Kingdom Iceland France Italy Germany Austria Cyprus Spain Greece Malta Slovenia Portugal Estonia Czech Republic Croatia Slovak Republic Poland Latvia Lithuania Hungary Bulgaria Romania

3,780 3,430 3,350 3,110 2,790 2,550 2,480 2,240 2,100 2,090 1,900 1,760 1,760 1,480 1,420 1,390 1,270 1,070 950 710 620 610 560 530 450 400 390 260 230 0

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

Gross earnings, EUR/month

Source: Labour Institute for Economic Research 24

Mid-level education Switzerland Norway Denmark Luxembourg Netherlands Sweden Austria Finland Germany Iceland United Kingdom Italy France Cyprus Spain Malta Greece Slovenia Portugal Czech Republic Estonia Croatia Slovak Republic Poland Latvia Hungary Lithuania Bulgaria Romania

5,650 4,840 4,010 3,910 3,490 3,000 2,900 2,710 2,660 2,640 2,610 2,280 2,260 1,760 1,630 1,590 1,490 1,350 1,200 850 760 760 710 640 560 520 490 310 290 0

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

Gross earnings, EUR/month

High-level education Switzerland Luxembourg Norway Denmark Netherlands Austria Germany United Kingdom Finland Sweden Iceland France Italy Cyprus Slovenia Spain Malta Portugal Greece Czech Republic Croatia Estonia Poland Slovak Republic Latvia Hungary Lithuania Romania Bulgaria

9,090

6,010 5,730 5,070 4,730 4,380 3,880 3,790 3,740 3,490 3,240 3,060 2,880 2,510 2,190 2,180 2,060 1,980 1,910 1,270 1,220 1,010 960 930 880 830 770 440 410 0

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

Gross earnings, EUR/month

Percentual difference of gross earnings between wage and salary with high-level education and lower-level education in EU-countries Percentual earnings difference, highly educated to lower-level educated 180 165

160

149

140 120

120 100

116 113

108 106 105 99

94 94 87 80

80

69 69 68 63

60 40 20 0

Sources: Labour Institute for Economic Research; Akava’s own estimation 25

59

54 53 52 52 52 51 51

47

42

37 37

Taxation of employees 

The tax rate on wages adjusted for changes in general wage level has increased between 1 and 1,8 percentage points during the period 2011-2015 depending on the wage level. Higher wages were hit harder by taxes.



Nearly one in four full-time employees in Finland is an Akava member. These employees earn 30 % of the entire wages and salaries bill of full-time employees and pay one third of taxes and social security contributions paid by full-time employees. Akava members account for 45 % of state income taxes paid by full-time employees.



The income tax rate of someone with a monthly salary of EUR 3,000 is 30 %, while an income of EUR 4,000 is subject to 34,6 % income tax.



Finnish employees have high and progressive marginal tax rates. The marginal tax rate indicates what proportion of additional income is collected as tax. At a salary of EUR 2,200 45,5 % of additional income is collected as tax. The marginal tax rate is over 50 % for a monthly slightly above EUR 3,500 and 58 % when the salary exceeds EUR 6,200.



In international comparison the high and progressive marginal tax rates are evident in the fact that while low-income employees in Finland are taxed moderately by European standards and employees with average salaries are taxed near the European average, those who earn more than average are taxed quite harshly.

26

Pay and taxes: Akava members and other wage and salary earners 2013 Akava members

Other wage and salary earners

Wage and salary earners (1,7 million)

77

23

Wage and salaries bill (69,3 billion EUR)

70

30

Taxes and payments (21,5 billion EUR)

67

33

By type of tax:

State income taxes (4,04 billion EUR)

Municipal tax (10,9 billion EUR)

31

69

Pension and unemployment insurance contributions (4,1 billion EUR)

30

70

0

20

Employees who have worked at least 6 months full time with income over 6,804 EUR per year.

Source: Statistics Finland, Income Distribution Statistics 2013 27

55

45

40

60

80

100 %

Average personal income tax for single wage and salary earners in Finland and in other Western European countries in 2014, % % 50

50

47.4

48 46

46

44

44

Finland

42

42

40

42.3

37.7

38

34

31.3

32

36

Other Western European Countries*)

34.6

34 32

30

30

28

28

29.7

24.5

26

24 22

24

23.5

22

20

20

18

18

16

16

14 22,000

14 32,000

42,000

52,000

62,000

72,000

82,000

92,000

102 ,00 0

112 ,00 0

122 ,00 0

Income per y ear 2013, EUR

*) Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Austria, Norway, France, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Denmark; Excluding Estonia. One-person household.

Source: Taxpayers’ Association of Finland, International Wage Tax Survey 2014 28

40 38

36

26

48

132 ,00 0

Average personal income tax rate in 2014 for income of 5,000 EUR/month Belgium

46.7

Italy

43.1

Germany

42.6

Austria

39.3

Finland

37.7

Denmark

37.7

Netherlands

37.3

France

34.7

Spain

32.7

Sweden

31.7

USA

28.8

Norway

27.9

United Kingdom

27.8

Japan

25.4

Australia

24.7

Estonia

22.0

Switzerland

16.7 % 0

5

10

15

Source: Taxpayers’ Association of Finland, International Wage Tax Survey 2014 29

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Marginal tax rates and income tax rates for wage and salary earners in 2015 Marginal tax 2015

Income tax 2015

Marginal and income tax rates, % 65

65

60

60

55

55

50

50

45

45

40

40

35

35

30

30

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5 0

0 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

7000

7500

Gross earnings,EUR/month

One-person household.

Sources: Ministry of Finance, Akava’s own estimation 30

8000

8500

9000

9500 10000 10500 11000

Education 

In Finland, level of academic degree attainment has increased 26 percentage points in adult population in past four decades. However, 17 % has not attained degree higher than compulsory education.



Comparing tertiary level education attainment in the age group of 25–34 year-olds, Finland ranks in the mid-level among OECD countries. In Finland 40 % of the 25–34 year-olds has attained tertiary level education.



On average, duration of master degree studies was 6.5 years and polytechnic degree studies 4 years in 2013.



In 2013, every third Akava member did not participate in work-related training that was payed by his/her employer. Half of Akava members had at least three training days during the year. On average, Akava members had little less than five training days.

31

25–64-years olds by educational level 1970–2013 % 100 90

0,2 3 4 7

0,3 4 5

0,6

0,7

0,9

1,0

6 5

8

9

11

11 15

80

20

6 17

70

1,1 Doctoral or equivalent

9 16

12 13

30

12 13

Bachelor or equivalent

12

Short-cycle tertiary

60

Upper secondary/Post-secondary non-tertiary

38

50

40

Primary/lower secondary education

42

40 30

44

44

20

17

2010

2013

66 50

20

34

29

10

24

0 1975

1985

1995

2000

Source: Statistics of Finland, Educational structure of population 32

Master or equivalent

2005

Persons with higher-degree level education in Finland and in some other coutries in 2012 25–64 years of age Japan USA England Finland Ireland Norway Switzerland Estonia Sweden Denmark Belgium Holland Spain OECD France EU21 Germany Greece Austria Portugal Italy 0

10

Japan 47 Ireland 43 England 41 Norway 40 USA 40 Sweden 39 Belgium 37 Holland 37 France 36 Switzerland 35 Finland 35 Estonia 34 Denmark 32 Spain 32 OECD 31 EU21 30 Greece 28 Germany 27 Portugal 20 Austria 19 Italy 16 % 0 20 30 40 50 60

55–64 years of age

25–34 years of age 59 49 48 45 44 43 43 43 43 41 40 40 40 39 39 37 35 29 28 23 22 10

20

30

40

50

60 %

USA Estonia England Japan Finland Norway Switzerland Sweden Denmark Holland Germany Ireland Belgium OECD EU21 France Greece Spain Austria Portugal Italy

42 35 33 32 31 30 29 29 29 28 26 25 25 24 22 20 20 19 17 11 11 0

In addition to university and polytechnic degrees higher-degree level tertiary education also includes some lowest level tertiary education qualifications, such as technicians and diplomas in Business Administration Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2014 33

10

20

30

40

50

60 %

Duration of Master Degrees, median Master Degrees, total

6.5

Architect Landscape Architect Master of Engineering Master of Food Science Master of Veterinary Medicine Master of Humanities Master of Medicine Master of Music Pharmacist Master of Theology Master of Social Sciences (Univ. of Helsinki) Master of Natural Sciences Master of Agriculture Master of Law Master of Psychology Master of Social Sciences Master of Administrative Science Licentiate of Dentistry Master of Education Master of Economics Master of Arts Master of Fine Arts Master of Sports Sciences Master of Theatrical Arts Master of Helath Sciences Master of Arts (Dance) Source: Statistics of Finland, University education 34

8.5 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6 6 6 6 6 5.5 5 5 5 4 0

2

4

6

8

10

years

Duration of Polytechnic Degrees by Sector of Education, median Polytechnic Degrees, total

4

Humanities and Education

4

Culture

4.5

Social Sciences, Business and Administration

4

Natural Sciences

4.5

Technology, communication and transpor

5

Natural resources and the environment

4.5

Social services, health and sport

3.5

Tourism, catering and domestic services

4 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

years

Source: Statistics of Finland, Polytechnic education 35

Akava members and all labour force 25–64 years of age by educational level in 2013, % Akava members

Primary and lower secondary education

1 15 7

Upper secondary education

44 9

Lowest level tertiary education

14 26

Lower-degree level tertiary education

13 51

Higher-degree level tertiary education

12 5

Doctorate

1 0

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 36

All

10

20

30

40

50

60

%

Participation in work-related training payed by employer in 2013 Did not participate in training

Less than three training days

Akava members

Three or more training days

Training days/year, average*

32

21

48

4.8

31

21

48

4.7

Occupation Managers Social science and legal professionals

47

Engineering and natural science professionals

7

34

Business and administration professionals

25

24

Teaching professionals Social work professional

13

Health professionals

11

41

22

16

5.4

45

4.7

53

26

4.6

58

20

4.0

68

12

4.8

77

Other occupations

7.0

69

17

15

4.7

Employer State

43

Municipality

13

Private

17

21

10

25 20

30

40

5.2

44 50

*Average calculation takes into account respondents who participated in trainin during the year 2013.

Source: Opinion Poll for Akava members 2014, conducted by TNS Gallup Finland 37

5.1

66

31 0

39

60

70

80

4.3 90

100 %

Union membership 

Akava members are highly educated, and mainly join a union that corresponds with their qualifications or occupation.



Akava has 35 affiliated unions, and combined, unions had a total of 589,000 individual members in January 2015. The number of members is growing.



University and polytechnic students can join their respective Akava unions while they are still studying. Akava’s affiliates have 111,000 student members.

38

Number of Akava members 1 000 members

589

600

547 500

375

400

300

265

200

162

100

42 0

1970

Source: Akava’s affiliates 39

1980

1990

2000

2010

2015

Organisation of wage and salary earners in three main employee confederations 1970–2014 SAK (1.027,000)

STTK+TVK

1970

Akava (585,000)

70

1980

26

64

1990

2010

47

2014

47 0

5

10

15

20

25

Total number of members in 2014 in brackets.

Source: Employee confederations’ cost distribution

45

50

55

60

2,204

25

26 40

2,092

18

28

35

1,879

14

31

30

1,624

10

29

51

931

5

26

57

2000

40

STTK (567,000)

Number of members in main employee confederations (1,000 )

27 65

70

75

80

85

2,179 90

95 100

%

The Labour Relations System in Finland     



41

A high degree of unionisation A covering collective agreement system Binding collective agreements Independent social partners play an important role Means of influencing  Collective bargaining  Take part in decision making  Cooperation  Influencing public opinion  Lobbying  Industrial action The tasks of the unions  To safeguard the interests of workers in society  To safeguard the interests of workers in working life  To safeguard the interests of workers in relation to other interest groups  To safeguard the future of the trade union movement – youth and students activities  To form a complement to Government policy  To influence Government policy

Akava’s organisation for negotiations Akava

Akava’s Public Sector Negotiation Commission JUKO The Delegation of Professional and Managerial Employees YTN Employees in Technical and Basic Service Professions KTN Organisations’ collective agreements Entrepreneurs and self-employed persons

42

Central organisation agreements Tripartite agreements Coordination

Collective Agreements (public sector)

Collective Agreements

Collective Agreements (public sector)

Collective Agreements

Influencing legislation

Employers and government Office for Government as Employer Commission for Local Authority Employers Church Confederation of Finnish Industries EK and its affiliates

Commission for Local Authority Employers

Employer organisations

Parliament, Ministries, Local Authorities

Akava's affiliates 1.1.2015 Trade Union of Education in Finland

121,033

Finnish Psychological Association

6,817

Academic Engineers and Architects in Finland

72,353

The Officers Union

6,106

Union of Professional Engineers in Finland

70,838

Finnish Association of Academic Agronomists

5,937

The Finnish Business School Graduates

51,465

The Union of Church Professionals within Akava AKI

5,817

Union of Professional Business Graduates in Finland TRAL

29,549

Finnish Union of Environmental Professionals

4,720

Akava Special Branches

28,476

The Institute Officers Union of the Finnish Defence Forces and the Border Guard

4,050

Sales and Marketing Professionals MMA

26,899

Union of Swedish-speaking Engineers in Finland

3,238

Finnish Medical Association

24,993

Society of Finnish Professional Foresters

2,599

Union of Professional Social Workers

23,622

Finnish Veterinary Association

2,596

Association of Finnish Lawyers

16,138

Union of Finnish University Professors

2,437

Social Science Professionals

12,157

The Finnish Association of Architects

2,341

Managers and Professionals YTY

10,193

The Union of Diaconal Workers in Finland

1,905

Union of Technical Professionals, KTK

9,053

The Finnish Association of Occupational Health Nurses

1,792

Finnish Union of Experts in Science

7,940

Union of Finnish Speech Therapists

1,505

Finnish Pharmacists' Association

7,794

Health Science Academic Leaders and Experts

1,209

The Finnish Union of Public Health Nurses

7,414

Kirkon Nuorisotyöntekijöiden Liitto KNT

1,169

Finnish Dental Association

7,049

Akava's General Group

Finnish Union of University Researchers and Teachers

6,891

Total

Source: Akava’s affiliates 43

770 588,865

Statistical information on Akava members within labour force in 2013 All (100 %)

Men (48 %)

Women (52 %)

85 % 6% 5% 4% 100 %

87 % 3% 5% 5% 100 %

83 % 9% 4% 3% 100 %

16 % 37 % 25 % 17 % 5% 100 %

22 % 43 % 13 % 17 % 5% 100 %

10 % 31 % 36 % 18 % 5% 100 %

under 30 30–39 40–49 50–59 over 59 Total

10 % 29 % 27 % 25 % 9% 100 %

9% 28 % 27 % 26 % 10 % 100 %

10 % 29 % 28 % 25 % 8% 100 %

Average age

43 years

43 years

42 years

Main occupation Full-time work Part-time work Entrepreneur Unemployed Total Position in organisation Legislators, senior officials and managers Technical and associate professionals Teaching professionals Professionals Others Total Age distribution

Sources: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 and Structure of Earnings 2013, Akava’s affiliates 44

Statistical information on Akava members within labour force in 2013 All (100 %)

Men (48 %)

Women (52 %)

Living in Helsinki Metropolitan Area

31 %

31 %

31 %

Parents with children under 18 years of age

46 %

45 %

46 %

Fixed term work*

13 %

9%

16 %

9.6

9.6

9.6

Average gross income 2013 (incl. bonuses), EUR/month*

4,310

4,820

3,860

Persons who got bonuses*

21 %

29 %

15 %

400

460

280

49 %

57 %

42 %

Amount of fringe benefits per person, EUR/month*

130

170

90

Average working hours/week*

41.1

41.9

40.2

Persons working overtime*

24 %

23 %

25 %

Persons working overtime without compensation*

35 %

43 %

27 %

Average age in service in current employment*

Amount of bonuses per person, EUR/month* Persons who got fringe benefits*

*persons working full time. Other statistics apply to all persons within labour force.

Sources: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 and Structure of Earnings 2013, Akava’s affiliates 45