Alessandro_Martinelli_Master_Dissertation_Reflection_Paperaper by Alessandro Martinelli

REtype Master Dissertation Project Alessandro Martinelli Academic Promotor Prof. Arch. AdriĂ Carbonell Academic Year 2015-2016 Publication 15.06.2016 International Master of Science in Architecture KU Leuven, Faculty of Architecture, Campus Sint-Lucas Ghent

Table of Content Introduction 2 4 8 11

Promiscuous Assemblages Site visit Site impressions Site Reflections

40 42 44 46 48 50

Active Brownfield Municipality masterplan Intervention effect Louden area Louden area Site Concept

Research Framework

Silo study

14 The Territory

54 Silo Concept 56 Silo dimension

Historical Analysis Typological Analysis Territorial type Historical Center Multy-Family Housing Single-Family Dwelling Fossil Fuel Silos Analysis Conclusion

Urban Strategy 38 Site Position

84 Conceptual sketches

Project 90 REtype 92 Housing Type 96 Office Type 100 Service Type

Models

Mapping - Analysis 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

Cutting Types

Silo REuse 64 Silos conformation 66 Silos utilization 67 Construction 68 Construction initial concept 69 Construction detail 70 Sketch Design 72 Silos References 74 Reference - Houten_Lobe City 76 Site Strategy 78 Masterplan

106 Housing Model 108 Masterplan model

Bibliography Table of Figures 116 Table of Figures

Introduction

Promiscuous Assemblages I would like to start this reflection paper with expressing my own view about the title of this master studio: Promiscuous Assemblages.

detached from contingency. It opens to the long-term.”[1] I find this extract inspiring, It made me think about another factor in this equation,

Promiscuous: Demonstrating or implying an undiscriminating or unselective approach; indiscriminate or casual; Consisting of a wide range of different things. Assemblages: A collection or gathering of things or people; the action of gathering or fitting things together. I believe that this title digest the complexity of the concept of Territory, a task that nowadays has become more and more difficult to perceive, a concept well described by Paola Viganò.

time. I believe that it was fundamental for my research, and it has enabled me to elaborate more scenarios. Considering the reaction and the relation between elements over time, trying to test new solutions and then project their changes after a certain period. I believe somehow using time in projects detach them from a static situation and enhance their relation within the context. I would define then Promiscuous Assemblages as: A situation where we identify a variety of

“Today thinking about the contemporary

elements and because of their position, they

city requires the use of contrasting and dis-

create an original and unique space which

tant epistemologies. Describing: looking clos-

define the context and the site.

er, measuring the fractures, faults and craREtype - Introduction

ters that open before our eyes. [...] Thinking

about the future: [...] it looks straight ahead, opening its glance, observing vast horizons

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1 Paola Viganò, “Situations, Scenarios,” in Our Common Risk, eds. Emanuel Giannotti and Paola Viganò (Milan: et al./Edizioni, 2012)

Figure 1. Construction Site, Hjorthagen, Royal Seaport, Stockholm, photo AM.

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Site visit My dissertation site is Stockholm, precisely the area of Royal Seaport, it extends along the waterline in the Baltic Sea. It is located next to the Royal National City Park and is just ten minutes from central Stockholm by bicycle. The industrial site around the Gasworks area will be transformed into an urban neighbourhood, the vision of the city council is counting more than 10000 residential units to be realised in the next 15 years. We had the opportunity to experience the site in November 2015, a precious time to visit the project area, to collect data and to grasp part of the essence from the context. We also had the possibility to visit the city, an essential passage to understand its territory. Stockolm is located along the east coast of Sweden, developed over fourteen islands where Lake Malaren meets the Baltic Sea. The cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s North location means that the numREtype - Introduction

ber of daylight hours during the winter is rel-

atively small (about six hours), while in the month of June and the first half of July, the nights are relatively short, with about 18 hours

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of light. This fact has really impressed me, I have always been aware of the fact that the norther you go the shorter the days, but experiencing it was definitely eyes opening, mainly because I believe light is one of the most important factors to be consider in a project. The city itself is an archipelago, but despite the morphology, its relation with the water it is not so evident in the newer part of the city. In fact, Stockholm has developed more relation towards other aspects, for instance, the new square, the Sergels Torg, is expressing a sense of community, of welfare, rather than the historical trading purpose of Stockholm. In addition, also the Kulturhuset, a cultural centre south of Sergels Torg, it is an iconic expression of the modernistic approach that has influenced the city, Build in 1974 it has become one ot the representative symbol of the city. walking I have noticed that the city is actually relating to the water but in its own particular way: the relation stand between the buildings Figure 2. Kindergarten with CHP plant on background Hjorthagen, Royal Seaport, Stockholm, photo AM.

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Although, after few days of visiting and

which are located on the seafront and the water/canal [Figure 4 on page 7]. I have observed the recurrence of many factors, for example, the distance from the water to the buildings, the change in decoration and style of the faรงade, which create each time a different situation and a different environment. I find this really interesting: it seems that the context is relating to the River/Lake/ Sea with respect. Comparing this situation with Venice, for instance, where the faรงades towards the canal are the main one, so the importance is towards the water, in Stockholm the importance between the land and the water is more balanced. I kept on searching for some similar pattern that could lead to an explanation of this behaviour, until I started combining it with the morphology of the Urban fabric of the city centre. It is how I noticed that the Urban tisREtype - Introduction

sue, except for the Gamla Stan, shares an ho-

mogeneity in its structure and style, and also demarcates rigour and geometry from the grid with which the centre has been planned

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and build. Digging into this matter I learned that many historical buildings were torn down during the modernist era, including substantial parts of the historical district of Klara, and replaced with modern architecture.

This first impressions made me dive further into this observation of the urban tissue, particularly on how the different morphologies and types relate to each other. In one of the

[Typological Analysis, page 22] I will analyse the various territorial situation around the city, focusing on the differences between the structures, shapes, urban landscape of the different parts of the city.

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following chapters

Figure 3. View on Gamla Stan, Slussen, Stockholm, photo AM. Figure 4. Seafront in Ă&#x2013;stermalm, Ă&#x2013;stermalm, Stockholm, photo AM .

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Site impressions Only on the site visit, I realized the scale of the intervention that is going on in the Royal Sea Port. It was definitely impressing seeing how the project is reshaping the territory in the area. While we were walking towards the presentation of the municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s master plan, I have noticed many different contexts: green areas, offices, industry: anything but a residential area. This feeling continued during the day, I really felt the promiscuous assemblage that we discussed on Wednesday morning.

that space too. I do not want to sound too negative about the city developing program in this area, but I am trying to question as much as possible their strategies. Honestly, I found strange that during the presentation of the project, the representative of the Municipality started explaining directly from the scale of the area, skipping the urban scale, like as the site is not part of a bigger context. Probably I am not familiar with this approach topdown, but I

The all area appeared to me as a patch-

do not see an interesting masterplan behind

work of functions created over time with a dif-

this intervention, maybe this is the reason why

ferent purpose, for instance, all the residential

I cannot understand some design decisions.

area on top of the hill was meant to be workers housing, but now it has lost its initial aim. It has seemed to me like an old cellule surrounded by new ones, which are slowly overtaking it, and it is only a matter of time before it will happen. In facts the municipality is so

However, I was impressed positively from the quality of the buildings, of course, not all of them are superb, but I saw some interesting spaces with a good quality, in both public spaces and private housing buildings.

willingly to provide new buildable space that REtype - Introduction

is considering the construction of an artificial

island, and it is only logical that after that effort they will climb up onto the hill and reclaim

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Figure 5. Park and brownfield on background,Norra Djurgarden, Royal Seaport, Stockholm, photo AM.

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Site Reflections During my staying, I tried to understand

focused on the reuse of existing structures,

which focus seemed more interesting to tack-

while the welfare will be addressed with the

le, but only after I realized that it was not com-

creation of new different social structures.

partmented in just one of the courseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s three main topics - territory, ecology, welfare - but it was transcending all of them. All started after I visited the park north from the site, the Royal Park or DjurgĂĽrden, where I noticed how the area is enclosed in a sort of boundaries that reminds me a pure rational urban planning. It was really clear from a close hill: the landscape in front of me was an image showing the friction between the different functions, and there I decided that I wanted to work with this elements. I think that the goal is to create a more complex and heterogenic urban fabric, dealing with the industry as a part of the residential area and developing a deep relation with the territory and the city expansion. It will be related with the three topics at the same time, REtype - Introduction

since dealing with the territory it will tackle the issue of the fragmentation and strict division of the types. Regarding the ecology, it will be

Figure 6. Park and brownfield on background,Norra Djurgarden, Royal Seaport, Stockholm, photo AM.

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Research Framework

The Territory “Territorialis: of the territory; the Latin adjective defines what pertains to a territory.

our territory, is above all a mental construction

A territory is the expression of borders, pow-

inside which imaged and concrete appropri-

ers, and relations among subjects. A territory

ations meet the material nature of the site,

is a Geographic Space, a physical collection

and inside which territories can be created or

of qualities and characters.”[1]

erased.

What is territory? Usually we associate Territory with a physical landscape, with what we see with

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eyes. Territory is that, but also much more. It

“What we perceive as a territory, or as

The territory is a palimpsest, not only a layered construction; it is a space of appropriation, an individual and collective construct and imaginary.”[2]

is both a “Geographical Space”, as Paola Vi-

What interests me more about the Terri-

ganò affirms, but it is also an interpretation, a

tory as a social construct, is the idea of ap-

projection of human imagination. Dealing with

propriation of it. Every time we direct our eyes

the physical point of view, Territory can not be

into a space, in the same exact moment we

seen just as a mere overlap of layers, but it

appropriate the space, just by looking. Ap-

incorporates relations between objects, dis-

propriating the space can happen not only

tances and situations. But can Territory exists

in a physical way, but also mental one, by

without the viewer? Many theories would say

projecting our own experiences and person-

no, the space that we know exists only when

al stories on it. And when we think about a

we look at it, and when we overlay our own

landscape that we saw previously, what do

stories to it.

we recall? We can remember a view, but also a feeling, a smell, a memory. So from the mo-

1 Paola Viganò,Territorialism I, New Geographies 6 (July 2014)

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2 Andre Corboz, “Le territoire comme palimpseste,” Dios4ne 121 (January-March 1983): 14-35. Figure 7. Gamla Stan, Stockholm, [website] https://www.visitstockholm.com, (accessed 9 March 2016).

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16 Alessandro Martinelli

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ment we remember certain things over others,

of the seasons and years, but also the im-

we already interpreted the space itself. That

pression that we have about it, since while it

is why Territory is not only a physical space,

transforms, we also do.

because it is an inevitable interpretation. “MacKaye who insisted on the value of fieldwork and walking, subsequently titling his second book Expedition Nine: A Return to a Region. The concrete experience of a site, the encoun¬ters and exchanges we have the

Territory is then a collections of multifaceted elements, both physical and mental, that changes constantly over time and every moment is being interpreted differently.

confrontation between a space and the words used to describe it, or the gap between its concrete and imagined features, all have a constructive role in defining an interpretation and by these operations to reveal relations, through the continuity of the experience of space.”[3] Another fundamental aspect is the passing of time. The Territory is definitely not a still element. As MacKaye says, it is a process, REtype - Research Framework

an experience that continues. Also dealing with time, the line of thoughts is the same: the physical Territory changes, with the passing 3 Benton MacKaye, Expedition Nine: A Return to a Region (Washington: Wilderness Society, 1969).]

Figure 8. Stockholm map, data from OpenMaps, edited by AM.

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18 Alessandro Martinelli

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Mapping - Analysis

Historical Analysis The historical centre Gamla Stan is the

relations started to fail. Nowadays it is easy

origin of the city of Stockholm. Its construction

to see that there is still a relation with the sea,

was started in the 16th century and complet-

but not all the houses are facing it, and not all

ed in the following one, and it constitutes the

the coastline is incorporated in the city itself.

core of the city. During the 1600, the expansion of the city continued, and it evolved in a quite regular way during the centuries, following at first the coastline, and the increasing in the internal parts of land, both north and south from the original centre. After the Second World War, during the Welfare period, a massive expansion was made in the southern and eastern areas. Many multy-family housing blocks were built to satisfy the new needs of quality of the dwellings. From the historical maps it is evident how the relation with the water has been the main guideline of expansion and on how the city was directly facing the sea. Obviously, the

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main connection point for trading was exactly

the water, which was fundamental for the development of the city. Today, the situation has changed. With the developments after the World Wars on the inner land, the historical

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Figure 9. Historical map of Stockholm, 1930, city archives.

Figure 10. Historical Analysis, Stockholm, eight maps combined from 16401930, research and design AM.

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Typological Analysis

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Figure 11. Birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s eye view and plans of the types in Stockholm, Historical Centre, Multi-Family Housing, Single-Family Dwelling and Oil Silos, AM .

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Territorial type As already mentioned in the site visitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

rable to the other categories: the same kind

chapter, I have been immediately interested

of elements, with the same cylindrical shapes

by the Stockholmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban tissue and by how

and almost the same sizes, spread homoge-

the context around me was changing drasti-

neously on the site, in the same way as the

cally from area to area. In fact, moving around

other types do. Moreover, I am interested in

the city, the morphology of the types differs

focusing on this last type too, in order to ex-

completely in the various areas of the city,

plore the possibilities and potentialities of this

creating every time a new kind of spaces and

unusual space they create.

of atmosphere. Many spontaneous questions then come

is possible to notice how all those four types

out: which are those types? How many dif-

have comparable dimensions. The historical

ferent kinds are there? What do they have in

center is the denser and more concentrated

common? How do they relate with the con-

one, but both the multi-family housing and

text?

single-family dwelling are largely spread on In order to analyse them deeply, I decid-

ed to catalogue them into 3 main categories: historical centre, multi-family housing, single-family dwelling. In addition to these three customary tyREtype - Mapping - Analysis

pological categories, I am introducing a fourth

Looking at the map of the whole city, it

one, the fossil fuel silos, which of course is

the territory, occupying almost the same surface as the dense center. The silos, on the contrary, are present only in one restricted area of the city, situated between the historical center and the sea. However, this are is also comparable in dimensions with the other ones, so no less important.

not residential, but composed by industrial buildings. I decided to include it since the disposition of the silos in the space is compa-

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Figure 12. Stockholm typological map, AM.

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Historical Center The first typology can be found in the old part of the city –with an exclusion for the oldest part, Gamla Stan, which was structured and initiated in the 16th century, and then mainly built in the 1700. It developed starting from the water banks, where all the harbors’ commercial trades took place, and then it expanded in a circular form that is still visible today. The main features, which characterize the urban fabric, is its rigor, since the building blocks are enclosed in a strict grid. This city structure was planned already in the 1520 by the King Gustav Vasa [1], due to his will to transform a medieval town into an important European city, declaring Stockholm as the capital. The first map where is possible to notice the presence of the grid on the territory is in 1702, where it is possible to notice that

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there are no built buildings yet in the empty

plots, indicating that the grid has been used as a long-term strategy for the future develop1 Nilsson, Lars; (2002). Staden på vattnet 1. Stockholm: Stockholmia förlag, Rye, Margareta (ed.)

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ments of the center of Stockholm. Thanks to the grid, the plots have generally the same dimensions, so the shapes of the buildings’ plans are similar. Moreover, this constancy can be found in the heights too, since all of them have an average of 5-6 floors. This means that the area is densely built and inhabited, however, it is possible to find many green island that host a park around a major public or religious building. The program of the buildings is various, residential but also administrative and commercial, while their shape is quite constant. They main configuration of the plot is formed by the building that follows the perimeter, with one or more inner courtyards.

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Figure 13. Historical center plan, focus on built and distribution network AM.

Figure 14. Aerial picture of Norrmalm, historical center, [website] http://www. bing.com/maps/ (accessed 12 April 2016).

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Multy-Family Housing The second typology of the multy-family hous-

ed in big shopping malls. Small local shops that

ing is situated outside the historical center. How-

usually animate the streets are absent, and all the

ever, this type of housing does not follow a rigor-

services are collected together in large buildings

ous structure as the historical center, but it forms

which are probably more efficient and practical,

a fragmented pattern across the islands. The main

but they deny the street life and activity.

difference with the previous typology is the type of infrastructure. In fact, the streets do not follow the strict grid, but, on the contrary, they spread and branch more freely across the territory [Figure 15

on page 29]. It is noticeable the highest presence of greenery and tall trees, that cover every open permeable piece of land. However, the expansion of the vegetation is limited by the abundant presence of impermeable surface, so of very large streets and huge parking lots. In fact, the role of the car is preponderant and extremely evident. Due to the dispersion on the territory and of the distance from any facility, private vehicles are the preferential way of transportation.

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Enormous surfaces are dedicated exclusively to

parking lots, which definitely shape the landscape around this type. The services are distributed in a different way than the city center, in fact they are agglomerat-

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Those buildings have been developed mainly during the period in which Sweden started pursuing the ideal of welfare state. “…welfare regime is based on the principles of universalism and de-commodification and aims to provide services of highest standards to its citizens equality.”[1] After the Second World War, during the welfare period, the main need has been to provide good quality housing, where the dwellings had higher standards of space, light and indoor air quality. This led to an homogeneity of patterns and design. In fact, even if there are different kinds of buildings – tower block or apartments’ rows – , it is possible to notice the similarities between the facades and materials, the dimensions and distribution. 1 Nordfeldt, M. & Segnestam, L. (2013) Local welfare in Sweden: Housing, employment and child care. Ersta Sköndal University College (Sweden), WILCO Publication no. 03

Figure 16. Aerial picture of FruĂ¤ngen, Multy-Family Housing, [website] http:// www.bing.com/maps/ (accessed 12 April 2016).

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Figure 15. Multy-Family Housing plan, focus on built and distribution network AM.

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Single-Family Dwelling The structure of the last typology is completely different from the previous ones, since it is composed by a huge amount of spread small single-family houses. Each house has then its own entrance, its own garage and large garden around. As the multy-family housing, they are located all around the city centre, they are spread through all the islands

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[Figure 12 on page 26]. For instance, one large agglomeration of those dwellings is in LindingĂś, which is a rich neighbourhood on the opposite water bank from our projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s site.

ure 18 on page 31], on the ground level it is possible to notice that there are no strong divisions and barrier between them. The majority of the fences are natural once, so they are created only by a high vegetation or trees, but they are not impenetrable. This means that the level of safety in those neighbourhoods is really high, since if people do not have the perception of safety, they would not leave their properties open. The average high of the dwellings is two floors, and they are homogeneously displaced on the territory. The typology is that

Compared to the multy-family housing

of a villa, and generally they are one-family

[Figure 16 on page 29], this typology is considered luxurious, especially due to the transportation aspect. In fact, the services are extremely few and the ratio of people per square meter is really low, and this means that it is necessary to own one or more car per family in order to be able to reach any place.

houses, even if occasionally some dwellings

One particular characteristic is that even if the houses with the connected gardens look like private island from a birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s eye view [Fig-

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are shared by two families.

Figure 18. Aerial picture of HĂ¤gersten, Single-Family Dwelling, [website] http:// www.bing.com/maps/ (accessed 12 April 2016).

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Figure 17. Single-Family Dwelling plan, focus on built and distribution network AM.

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Fossil Fuel Silos I would like to take in consideration an-

sitioned to occupy less space as possible,

other completely different kind of typology, the

but at the same time allowing the operations

fossil fuel silos. Those of course are not resi-

of the machinery. They work like proper ma-

dential but industrial buildings, but I decided

chines since everything, from the shape, the

to include them since the disposition in the

material, the position is calculated precisely

space is similar to the previous typologies. In

to be more productive. The height and the di-

fact, the aspect that really surprised me is not

ameter of the cylinders depends on the type

the typologies themselves, but how they are

of filling and on the quantity of it, so on the

grouped together: the city is divided into pre-

horizontal pressure they have to endure.

cise areas where only one kind of buildings is present. This means that there are no sites where the different typologies mix, there are only macro areas characterised by the same built environment. Dealing with that, the silos site is exactly the same, since the containers have all the same cylindrical space and are

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situated inside a delimited perimeter.

The location is also highly important and extremely functional. The assemblage of silos itself can be seen as a system, with a starting and an ending point. The process starts through the sea, since the material that will be stock in the containers arrives by boat, so the location has to be as close as possible to the water. When the fuel is necessary, it is then

This density of silos in one place creates

extract from the silos and transported with

an unusual landscape that immediately in-

trucks. The location has then be really well

terested me. Of course, in contrast with the

thought out, because it does have to be really

residential environments that could be min-

close to the water and at the same time to the

gled together, the silos are situated all close

receiving points, elsewise the transportation

to each other for a practical reason. They are

costs would be too elevated.

purely functional elements, so they are po-

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Figure 19. Fossil Fuel Silos plan, focus on built and distribution network AM.

Figure 20. Aerial picture of Loudden, Fossil Fuel Silos, [website] http://www. bing.com/maps/ (accessed 12 April 2016).

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Analysis Conclusion As said in the previous paragraph, the

in order to reach a wider variety of possible

astonishing aspect that characterised those

activities and interactions. The monofunction-

types is that they are divided and enclosed

ality of the existing fabric will be challenged

into precise areas, in which exclusively one

with a differentiation of functions, that will in-

typology is present. The absence of mixture

clude residences but also services and offic-

between functions and shapes creates an

es. The monotony of the materials will also be

evident segregation in the city, which instead

confronted with the same strategy: the exter-

could be mitigated by blending them. From

nal material of the silos, metal plates coated

that observation, the first postulate for my de-

with whether resistant white film, will be kept

sign comes immediately out: I want to reach a

as it is, but it will be cut in different ways, cre-

situation of mixture between typologies, func-

ating various patterns and textures.

tions and services. The idea is to challenge the actual situation. In the whole Stockholm there is always the same repetition of buildings with always the same function inside: the project will externally keep the repetitive motif of the type, but will at the same time change the silos completely, adding new various functions

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and integrating them with each other.

The design will then have as a starting point the already existing cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structures, but with a reinterpretation and adaptation of them

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Figure 21. Shape, Function and type, AM.

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Urban Strategy

Site Position In the first map, it is possible to notice the position of the site in relation with the whole city of Stockholm. It is immediately evident how its composition differs from the rest of the city, since the chosen area is a mainly industrial one, really in contrast with the rest of the residential buildings. It is formed by old brownfields, and it has been chosen because it is part of the new masterplan that the Municipality of Stockholm is proposing for the new future developments and densifications of the city. The new proposed project aim to a requalification of a large part of the area, with the idea of an eco residential district. In the larger map it is possible to see a delimited area in front of the bridge which has a different pattern from the surroundings brownfields. This is a residential area that was built to host the workers of the thermal power plant that lies close by, nowadays reconverted into a chp plant. The area is located in a strategic position, since the

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Lidingobron Bridge is the only bridge that con-

nects the west area with the city center, so the site is situated in an important junction and it is easily accessible.

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Figure 22. Overall map, highlighted the area of interest AM.

Figure 23. Existing situation, plan, AM.

Active Brownfield There are three main areas where the brownfields are still active at the moment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; red areas in the map â&#x20AC;&#x201C;. Those areas are quite old, active since more than 60 years, they even host the Ford production factory for a period. Around them, the other spaces are occupied mainly by warehouses for the stocking of the materials; almost the surfaces are impermeable, covered with cement to provide ample room for the maneuvers of the machineries. Along the sea it is possible to notice a huge dock, which is actually intensely used for the berthing of cruise ships. Lately, the frequency and importance of this activity have highly improved, even till the point that a second similar dock is planned to be built. The recent activity changed the situation and the value of this part of the city, and that is one of the reasons why the Municipality decided to invest and develop this area in particular and

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to relocate the industries in other areas.

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Figure 24. Actives Industries and brownfields, plan, AM.

Municipality masterplan In the following map the new masterplan is confronted with the actual situation. It is evident how the project has a strong impact on the area, for two reasons. The new residential buildings will have a completely different shape, that will lay on the ground regardless the existing structure, and it will cover entirely the site. The masterplan aims at the construction of a total of 14.300 new dwellings, divided into five smaller subdivisions. The second reason is the addition of new pieces of land into the sea, that will drastically change the

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coastline shape.

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Figure 25. Royal Stockholm Seaport municipality masterplan, AM.

Intervention effect The proposed masterplan is then confronted with the existing brownfields. The northern area is planned to remain active, since it is the storage and provision facility for the running chp plant for the production of district heating. The chp plant is a newly developed facility, so the northern area is fundamental for its operation. On the contrary, the other two areas will be highly affected by the project, since they will erased. In particular, the southern area will be completely demolished and rebuilt. I decided to focus my project particularly on this last area, Louden, since it will be focus

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of the major intervention and drastic change.

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Figure 26. Comparison City masterplan and active brownfields, AM.

Louden area In the zoom-in of the area of Louden, it is possible to see the presence of different elements. There are two main warehouses, areas for the storage of the containers and 72 oil silos. The particular conformation of the silos area will be completely lost with the future developments, even if it is evident even from a diagrammatic plan how the silos themselves and the space around them have a spatial

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unique quality.

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Figure 27. superimposition of the municipality masterplan with the existing buildings in Louden , AM.

Louden area In particular, in this area I decided to focus on the silos. The main reason for that is because the plan for Stockholm is to become a Fossil Fuel Free city within 2050. This means that, while the other functions â&#x20AC;&#x201C;storage and the other industries â&#x20AC;&#x201C; will be relocated, the silos will be completely useless in few decades. They will not have any reason to be relocated somewhere else, they will just be dismantled. The aim of my project is to find alternative ways to reuse them. They have a great potential due to their strength, materiality, location in the site and shape. The new masterplan I propose will challenge the planned one, but it will aim at the same standards of densification. It will then host the 1500 dwellings planned in the area, with the addition of

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services and offices.

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Figure 28. City masterplan with a proposal of reusing existent oil silos, AM.

REtype - Urban Strategy

Site Concept

Alessandro Martinelli

Figure 29. Sketch picturing silos reuse, AM.

Silo study

Silo Concept Stockholm want to become a completely fossil fuel free city by the year 2040

2016

All the oil silos present in the Louden area will be empty

REtype - Silo study

2040

Alessandro Martinelli

Figure 30. Diagram fossil fuel free opportunity, AM.

challenging

REtype - Silo study

Figure 31. Diagram tions, AM.

funcAlessandro Martinelli

Silo dimension

Silos Construction

Silos Structure

This kind of Silo is builded in situ with metal plates pre-formed

diagonal tie

metal plates pre-formed

foundation plinth

Total : 72 Silos 25 silos < 10,5 m radius average radius = 12,7 m

24 silos > 10,5 m <7m radius

REtype - Silo study

average radius = 8,6 m

24 silos >7m radius average radius = 5,8 m Alessandro Martinelli

Figure 32. Diagram Showing dimension and quantity in Louden Silo area, AM.

Louden area

72 oil silos

Figure 33. Diagram Showing dimension and quantity in Louden Silo area, AM.

REtype - Silo study

avg radius : 9.03 m avg footprint : 256.34 m2 avg height : 16.7 m avg volume : 4280 m3

Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Silo study

1 silo

Alessandro Martinelli

16 swedish houses

Figure 34. Diagram showing the capacity of a silo, AM.

This kind of Silo is builded in situ with metal plates pre-formed

Metal plate thickness 8,6,4 mm depending on the dimension and pressure

947.39 m2 of steel plates with an average of 6 mm 5.68 m3 of steel avg for silo

THIS IS THE POLLUTION GENERATED FROM THE PRODUCTION OF ONE SILOS energy consumed in the production of steel: 832.90 GJ/t Co2 intensity: 1.77 t CO2/t

44 588 kg of steel

Figure 35. Diagram showing the capacity of a silo, AM. Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Silo study

from the avg radius and height we can calculate the surface of steel

REtype - Silo study

City Project

Figure 36. Diagram comparing municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s approach and my own, AM.. Alessandro Martinelli

Proposal

REtype - Silo study

WHY WASTE ?

Alessandro Martinelli

Silo REuse

Silos conformation

REtype - Silo REuse

Figure 37. API 620 LOW PRESSURE LIQUID STORAGE, [website] http://www.steeltank.com, (accessed 22 May 2016).

Figure 39. Louden, Stockholm, [website] http://se.worldmapz. com/photo/50964_ar.htm, (accessed 9 March 2016).

Alessandro Martinelli

Figure 38. API 620 LOW PRESSURE LIQUID STORAGE, [website] http://www.steeltank.com, (accessed 22 May 2016).

REtype - Silo REuse

Figure 40. Louden, Stockholm, [website] http://flickrhivemind.net, (accessed 29 March 2016).

Alessandro Martinelli

Silos utilization

REtype - Silo REuse

Is possible to reuse 100% of the silo itself

Structure

Alessandro Martinelli

Foundation

Metal plates Figure 41. Diagram showing the possibility of reuse from a silo, AM.

Figure 42. Diagram showing the construction process, AM.

Idle oil silo

Disassembling non structural elements

Cleaning from polluting agents

Cutting openings

Reinforcement and openingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s frame weld to the metal plates

Casting in situ using the metal plates as formwork Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Silo REuse

Construction

REtype - Silo REuse

Construction initial concept

Figure 43. Diagram showing the possibility of reuse from a silo, AM. Alessandro Martinelli

Figure 44. Zoom ofAxonometric detailed section showing the layering of the building, AM.

Figure 45. Axonometric detailed section showing the layering of the building, AM. Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Silo REuse

Construction detail

Sketch Design

REtype - Silo REuse

1 apartment 51.2 m2

1 apartment 63.4m2

1 apartment 55.5m2

Figure 46. Sketches tryout, AM Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Silo REuse

Figure 47. Sketch picturing the silo district, AM. Alessandro Martinelli

Silos References

NL Architects

Gemini Residence, Copenhagen

Silo Sport Complex Concept, Amsterdam

REtype - Silo REuse

MVRDV

Figure 48. Gemini Residence, Copenhagen [website] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_Residence_ (Copenhagen).jpg, (accessed 18 May 2016). Alessandro Martinelli

Figure 49. NL Architects, Silo Sport Complex Concept, Amsterdam [website] http://www.archdaily.com/20955/ the-silo-competition-proposal-by-nl-architects, (accessed 18 May 2016).

Lighting design collective

Monte Silo House, Woodland, Utah

Silo 468, Helsinki, Finland

Figure 50. Gigaplex Architects, Monte Silo House, Woodland, Utah, [website] http:// www.inspirationgreen.com/assets/images/ Blog-Building/Silos/montegigaplex%20 arch.jpg, (accessed 18 May 2016).

REtype - Silo REuse

Gigaplex Architects

Figure 51. Lighting design collective, Helsinki, Finland, [website] http://www. archdaily.com/298912/silo-468-lighting-design-collective, (accessed 18 May 2016). Alessandro Martinelli

Reference - Houten_Lobe City Houten, a city in the province of Utrecht (NL). It is a unique example of an entire lobe city designed and realized for the cyclist and pedestrian. The design of the city limits intra-city car use and gives priority to a safety traffic for pedestrians and cyclists. The core design include narrow roads, introduction of traffic calming system and separation for bicycle paths from car traffic wherever is possible. However, the network of paths for pedestrians and cyclists includes a thoroughfare that passes directly through the town center, providing a filtered permeability for the slow mobility. The schools and public buildings are sited along this thoroughfare. Due to this peculiar design, bike is the most easy mode of transportation and is even faster than travel

REtype - Silo REuse

by car.

heading to every residence, there are no direct links between the neighborhoods by car. In order to access another neighborhood, drivers must first enter the ring road and then

Houtenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban design is the key to the

exit again at their destination. Furthermore,

cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current level of high transport sustain-

even on these residential roads used to ac-

ability. The street network in Houten consists

cess homes, priority is given to cyclists. By

of ring roads, on the perimeter of the urban

an introduced law, drivers must slow down

center. From the ring road there are roads

when exiting the ring road, decreasing their

Alessandro Martinelli

Figure 52. Houten, overdam area, 2015 photo AM.

speed from 90km/h to 30km/h while entering residential areas. Additionally, there is a change in the road pattern from asphalt to bricks in order to slow down car velocity. The Filtered permeability is an urban planning and design technique that allows cyclists and pedestrians to travel through an area more directly compared with a car user. This makes travel by these modes more convenient and even faster. The relation between nature and city is always present, green and blue fingers are cutting through the urban tissue, and they are containing cycle paths, green lawns and recreational parks. At the beginning, all of them were highly maintained by the municipality but nowadays because of their quantity, size and maintenance expenses the local authorities start to leave them back to the nature. Using different kind of green management, not Figure 53. Janwillemvanaalst, Houten city map, [website] https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Houten-stad2014Q1.jpg, (accessed 2 May 2016).

also the biodiversity is increasing, with all the positive impact that we could aspect: some plants and animal species start to reappear.

Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Silo REuse

only the city hall was able to save money, but

Site Strategy A sequence of layers compose my de-

privacy has to be higher, the paths touch the

sign strategy, adding to it at the same time the

silos only at the main entrance, where they

simplicity of each layer, and the complexity of

widen to create the â&#x20AC;&#x153;add-onâ&#x20AC;?, small squares

their intersection.

that the inhabitants can use daily to rest or

The first layer composed by the existing elements, the silos, which have different heights, dimensions and position in the space. The atmosphere they create already without any other intervention is extremely unique and interesting, without edges and corners. On the top of that lays the layer of the connections. The links between the silos are of different kinds in order to create a major complexity and to allow different experiences while passing through the area. The main road is external to the site, which will be only for pedestrian and bicycles. It is connected with silos used as parking, which are situated on the border too, to be easily accessible. In the center of the area a tram line runs, which will provide public transport connection with REtype - Silo REuse

the rest of the city. The pedestrian and cy-

cle path interlinked with the silos in a precise way. Where the function is residential, and the

parking their bikes. The relation with the other functions is different. Dealing with the services, the footpaths change their direction, encircling the whole silos, which become accessible from more than one point. With the offices, where more than one silos is agglomerated together, the route enters directly inside the area, creating an inner square between the buildings. The third and last layer is formed by rectangles of different dimensions, that vary depending on the amount of privacy they provide. In fact, they can be small canopies only for a small amount of people, or they can be much bigger and ensure a proper public space. Those last ones will be for the majority sportive functions, since 3 out of 4 Swedish people practice and love, indeed, sports. They will then be tennis and football fields, but also platforms for ice skating or bandy.

Figure 54. Three layers of the masterplan, AM. Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Silo REuse Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Silo REuse

Masterplan

Figure 55. Masterplan, AM. Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Silo REuse Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Silo REuse

Figure 56. Sketch, AM. Alessandro Martinelli

Cutting Types

Conceptual sketches

core apartments

REtype - Cutting Types

common spaces

Figure 57. Sketch housing type, AM

Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Cutting Types

Figure 58. Sketch office type, AM.

Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Cutting Types

Figure 59. Sketch Service type, AM.

Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Cutting Types

Figure 60. Sketch Service type, AM.

Alessandro Martinelli

Project

REtype

REtype - Project

Housing Type

Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Project Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Project

Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Project Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Project

Office Type

Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Project Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Project

Alessandro Martinelli

7.5m

REtype - Project Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Project

Service Type

100

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5m Alessandro Martinelli

REtype - Project

101

REtype - Project

102

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REtype - Project Alessandro Martinelli

103

Models

REtype - Models

Housing Model

106

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REtype - Models Alessandro Martinelli

107

REtype - Models

Masterplan model

108

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REtype - Models Alessandro Martinelli

109

Bibliography

Corboz, Andre (January-Marchi 1983) “Le territoire comme palimpseste,” Dios4ne 121: 14-35. MacKaye, Benton. (1969) “Expedition Nine: A Return to a Region”, Wilderness Society, Washington Nilsson, Lars; (2002). “Staden på vattnet 1. Stockholm: Stockholmia förlag”, Rye, Margareta Nordfeldt, M. & Segnestam, L. (2013) “Local welfare in Sweden: Housing, employment and child care.” Ersta Sköndal University College (Sweden), WILCO Publication no. 03 Solà-Morales, de M. (1989) “The Culture of Description” in Perspecta Vol. 25, The MIT Press, Cambridge Viganò, Paola (2012) “Situations, Scenarios,” in Our Common Risk, eds. Emanuel Giannotti and Paola Viganò, Milan: et al./Edizioni Viganò, Paola (July 2014), “Territorialism I”, New Geographies 6

Table of Figures

AM = own work, pictures and design

Figure 1. Construction Site, Hjorthagen, Royal Seaport, Stockholm, photo AM. �� 2 Figure 2. Kindergarten with CHP plant on background Hjorthagen, Royal Seaport, Stockholm, photo AM. �� 5 Figure 3. View on Gamla Stan, Slussen, Stockholm, photo AM. �� 7 Figure 4. Seafront in Östermalm, Östermalm, Stockholm, photo AM . �� 7 Figure 5. Park and brownfield on background,Norra Djurgarden, Royal Seaport, Stockholm, photo AM. �� 8 Figure 6. Park and brownfield on background,Norra Djurgarden, Royal Seaport, Stockholm, photo AM. �� 11 Figure 7. Gamla Stan, Stockholm, [website] https://www.visitstockholm.com, (accessed 9 March 2016). �� 14 Figure 8. Stockholm map, data from OpenMaps, edited by AM. �� 17 Figure 9. Historical map of Stockholm, 1930, city archives. �� 20 Figure 10. Historical Analysis, Stockholm, eight maps combined from 1640-1930, research and design AM. �� 20 Figure 11. Bird’s eye view and plans of the types in Stockholm, Historical Centre, Multi-Family Housing, Single-Family Dwelling and Oil Silos, AM . 23 Figure 12. Stockholm typological map, AM. �� 24 Figure 13. Historical center plan, focus on built and distribution network AM. �� 27 Figure 14. Aerial picture of Norrmalm, historical center, [website] http://www.bing.com/maps/ (accessed 12 April 2016). �� 27 Figure 15. Multy-Family Housing plan, focus on built and distribution network AM. �� 29 Figure 16. Aerial picture of Fruängen, Multy-Family Housing, [website] http://www.bing.com/maps/ (accessed 12 April 2016). �� 29 Figure 17. Single-Family Dwelling plan, focus on built and distribution network AM. �� 31 Figure 18. Aerial picture of Hägersten, Single-Family Dwelling, [website] http://www.bing.com/maps/ (accessed 12 April 2016). �� 31 Figure 19. Fossil Fuel Silos plan, focus on built and distribution network AM. �� 33 Figure 20. Aerial picture of Loudden, Fossil Fuel Silos, [website] http://www.bing.com/maps/ (accessed 12 April 2016). �� 33 Figure 21. Shape, Function and type, AM. �� 34 Figure 22. Overall map, highlighted the area of interest AM. �� 38 Figure 23. Existing situation, plan, AM. �� 38 Figure 24. Actives Industries and brownfields, plan, AM. �� 40 Figure 25. Royal Stockholm Seaport municipality masterplan, AM. �� 42 Figure 26. Comparison City masterplan and active brownfields, AM. �� 44 Figure 27. superimposition of the municipality masterplan with the existing buildings in Louden , AM. �� 46 Figure 28. City masterplan with a proposal of reusing existent oil silos, AM. �� 48 Figure 29. Sketch picturing silos reuse, AM. �� 50 Figure 30. Diagram fossil fuel free opportunity, AM. �� 54 Figure 31. Diagram challenging functions, AM. �� 55 Figure 32. Diagram Showing dimension and quantity in Louden Silo area, AM. �� 56 Figure 33. Diagram Showing dimension and quantity in Louden Silo area, AM. �� 57 Figure 34. Diagram showing the capacity of a silo, AM. �� 58 Figure 35. Diagram showing the capacity of a silo, AM. �� 59 Figure 36. Diagram comparing municipality’s approach and my own, AM.. �� 60

AM = own work, pictures and design

Figure 37. Louden, Stockholm, [website] http://se.worldmapz.com/photo/50964_ar.htm, (accessed 9 March 2016). �� 64 Figure 38. API 620 LOW PRESSURE LIQUID STORAGE, [website] http://www.steeltank.com, (accessed 22 May 2016). �� 64 Figure 39. API 620 LOW PRESSURE LIQUID STORAGE, [website] http://www.steeltank.com, (accessed 22 May 2016). �� 64 Figure 40. Louden, Stockholm, [website] http://flickrhivemind.net, (accessed 29 March 2016). �� 65 Figure 41. Diagram showing the possibility of reuse from a silo, AM. �� 66 Figure 42. Diagram showing the construction process, AM. �� 67 Figure 43. Diagram showing the possibility of reuse from a silo, AM. �� 68 Figure 44. Zoom ofAxonometric detailed section showing the layering of the building, AM. �� 69 Figure 45. Axonometric detailed section showing the layering of the building, AM. �� 69 Figure 46. Sketches tryout, AM �� 70 Figure 47. Sketch picturing the silo district, AM. �� 71 Figure 48. Gemini Residence, Copenhagen [website] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_Residence_(Copenhagen).jpg, (accessed 18 May 2016). �� 72 Figure 49. NL Architects, Silo Sport Complex Concept, Amsterdam [website] http://www.archdaily.com/20955/the-silo-competition-proposal-by-nl-architects, (accessed 18 May 2016). �� 72 Figure 50. Gigaplex Architects, Monte Silo House, Woodland, Utah, [website] http://www.inspirationgreen.com/assets/images/Blog-Building/Silos/ montegigaplex%20arch.jpg, (accessed 18 May 2016). �� 73 Figure 51. Lighting design collective, Helsinki, Finland, [website] http://www.archdaily.com/298912/silo-468-lighting-design-collective, (accessed 18 May 2016). �� 73 Figure 52. Houten, overdam area, 2015 photo AM. �� 74 Figure 53. Janwillemvanaalst, Houten city map, [website] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Houten-stad-2014Q1.jpg, (accessed 2 May 2016). �� 75 Figure 54. Three layers of the masterplan, AM. �� 76 Figure 55. Masterplan, AM. �� 78 Figure 56. Sketch, AM. �� 80 Figure 57. Sketch housing type, AM �� 84 Figure 58. Sketch office type, AM. �� 85 Figure 59. Sketch Service type, AM. �� 86 Figure 60. Sketch Service type, AM. �� 87