by Alessio Barollo, architect Daniela Castrataro, twintangibles
The report has been kindly translated by web-translations.com
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Origins and Principles of Crowd-funding................................................................................6 1.1 Origins........................................................................................................................6 1.2 Principles....................................................................................................................8 2. Civic crowd-funding platforms, how they work and their trends.............................................9 2.1 How they work........................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Civic crowd-funding models....................................................................................... 9 2.3 Trends........................................................................................................................10 2.4 Platforms....................................................................................................................11 3. Examples of contemporary crowd-funding.............................................................................12 4. Thesis.....................................................................................................................................17 4.1 Conditions.................................................................................................................17 4.2 How it works..............................................................................................................19 4.3 Model........................................................................................................................ 20 5. SWOT Analysis...................................................................................................................... 22 Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 23 References................................................................................................................................ 24
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Introduction
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In this short paper, we aim at presenting both a new type of the wider phenomenon that is crowd-funding,
known
as
“civic
crowd-funding”,
and
a
proposal
for
feasible
active
citizenry.
The first aim of this paper is to put forward a feasible use of civic crowd-funding within the national territory [Italy], rather than offering a fruitless analysis of this phenomenon. However, in order to put forward a proposal with solid and factual foundations, we included a rather detailed analysis of this phenomenon. We started from the origins and principles of contemporary civic crowd-funding, and later described the world’s major existing platforms, how they work, the models they follow and the upcoming trends. We only presented a few platforms, both because this phenomenon is new and because of the limited scope of this paper. After a brief overview of projects that used civic crowd-funding, we put forward our proposal, stating the basis and way of operating of a certain model of civic crowd-funding which in our opinion could be reproduced in our country. This way, a process which both addresses the scarcity of capital in local administrations and brings citizens closer to institutions would be created, thus increasing people’s respect for public assets and implementing a model of active citizenry and collective innovation. If this model were put into practice systematically, it could place Italy at the forefront in this sector as regards the possible future developments of civic crowd-funding, making it a model for other countries, especially in Europe. We hope to offer a useful and inspirational read for many to put into practice our theories. Alessio Barollo Daniela Castrataro
05
origins e
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During April 1968, the Computer Graphics in Architecture
making us aware of our ability to partake in the betterment
and Design conference took place at the University of
and renewal of society. The potential of web 2.0 is finally
Yale. Here a group of experts came together in order to
turning into powerful offline collaborations. Applied to urban
assess the changes the use of computers would bring to
planning, this means that citizens can be directly involved
the job of architects. Among the participants were Steven
in the formation of processes, services or real public
Coons, Bruce Graham, Carl Steinitz, David Evans, Nicolas
infrastructures in a coordinated and collaborative way,
Negroponte from MIT, Charles Moore from the University of
whilst being fully aware of having the right tools to do it.
Yale, Louis Kahn, Eric Teicholz from Harvard and Warren
Italy currently has the right infrastructure to be able
McCulloch. After an initial uncertainty, the majority of the
to develop such methods. Civic crowd-sourcing could
participants agreed that computers could become a useful
develop in our national territory into crowd-funding, namely
tool for projects. Not many know this, not even among the
financial crowd-sourcing, which would address the issue
experts, but in those days civic crowd-funding relative to
of scarce public funding. Crowd-funding has existed for
urban planning was being born at Yale, even though it
a few years and has been developing greatly, becoming
acquired this name many years and many megabytes later.
more and more complex and elaborate. Crowd-funding
A new urban development model was born from the minutes
is part of a phenomenon which takes online communities
of the conference: this model also put the environment
offline, turning them into stronger forms of cooperation
and the people at the heart of a project, rather than just
and participation: one of its natural developments
the designer and the physical system he works with.
is the phenomenon known as civic crowd-funding.
Negroponte states that â&#x20AC;&#x153;thanks to new processes, it wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be the architect and his personal and cultural experiences who imposes the project upon the users. Rather, it will be the users themselves, aided by new technologies and machines that turn into a collective mind, who lead the project. This way the project goes definitively from being a product to being a process. People are no longer seen only as end users but rather as sources of ideas. The combination of ideas, innovation and creativity, together with new technologies, results in a horizontal process. Both organisations and groups of private citizens have attempted to involve public administrations in oftneglected collective projects, creating an active planning which is based on the above horizontal structure. We live in a time in which information technologies and social networking have been moulding our minds,
06
X
In line with civic crowd-sourcing, civic crowd-funding
of the pedestal which was to support the statue itself.
is defined as the collective financing of public works
The situation stalled until the media tycoon Joseph Pulitzer
and projects, which is not included in the budget of the
raised the publicâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s awareness through his newspaper: he
relevant governmental bodies or local administrations.
encouraged the citizens to donate in order for the public
It is carried out by citizens, organisations and private
work to be carried out. A hundred thousand dollars was
businesses, which sometimes co-fund the works together
raised in 5 months, collated from 120,000 micro-donations,
with the local authorities themselves. This new model of
thus allowing for the statue to be placed in New York Bay.
distributed microcredit is not really a new practice. Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
There was also another result, which is as important:
go back to the USA, this time to New York: in 1884 the
the
French were about to send the Statue of Liberty to the
attached to this symbol because they had actively
United States, however the American Committee had
contributed to its realisation, actively cooperating with
not allocated all the necessary funds to the construction
the public administration which was managing its use.
local
community
started
to
feel
particularly
07
principles g
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We can ascribe the origins of modern civic crowd-funding (not
Local communities can encourage collaborations and
contemporary, as it naturally did not make use of the web 2.0)
innovation, bringing online communities offline. If a small
to this short anecdote, as it presents some of its core aspects:
business or a local project is looking for funds, it is unlikely they will find them in the global market. Why should
funds;
someone from Buenos Aires finance a bakery near Rome?
an emotional bond
This is even more obvious if we talk about civic crowd-
with the territory, the local community and the public
funding: there are a lot more opportunities and it is more
good, which comes from projects of a civic nature;
sensible to collect funds for a footbridge in the Rotterdam
a strengthening of bonds in the community
city centre within the local community rather than calling on
and a higher sense of belonging towards public places
the online global community. We are talking about relational
on the citizens’ part, with a consequent heightened
rather than social capital, and small but strong relations that
sense of respect and willingness to preserve them.
form tightly bound communities rather than large networks.
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Online communities gain a new life going offline: online Nowadays, we can find all these elements together with
cooperation allows for the creation and development of
an ever increasing distrust and loss of connection on the
strong relations that can go up a level if they transfer to an
citizens’ part towards local administrations. The example
offline environment. These dynamics are only possible within
of active citizenry found in the case of the Statue of
limited geographical boundaries. As previously mentioned,
Liberty has evolved into civic crowd-funding. This is in all
local communities seem to be a suitable environment
respects a form of active government, through which the
in which civic crowd-funding can flourish, as this aims at
citizens decide where and how to invest money to improve
financing local works and projects. It is important to keep this
communities and neighbourhoods. This happens through
in mind for civic crowd-funding initiatives to be successful:
project proposals, voting and petition mechanisms, and
the key point seems to be both to facilitate digital cooperation
naturally relies on the funding itself. Furthermore, thanks to
and to build offline relationships. According to Chance
the web 2.0 and to the social nature of contemporary civic
Burnett of Crowdfunder (see references) the real power
crowd-funding, we also have another essential element:
of the crowd does not lie with people randomly connecting
transparency. People have (or at least could have, and
on the web. The future of this technology seems to be
certainly demand) access to all the information on how the
pointing towards local online environments that promote
money is utilised. Moreover, the way crowd-funding works
strong interactions both online and offline. This is the future
allows citizens to have a tangible return for the offer they
of crowd-funding, and civic crowd-funding is the future.
made to help carry out the public work thanks to reward systems (or interest, in the case of civic social lending, as we will see later). These rewards are naturally on top of the reward of a better community, which is intangible and less immediate but factual nonetheless. The internet tends to make us forget about the importance of our location. We can communicate, interact and work online with anyone, but this does not mean that we have a real relationship. 08
models
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crowd-funding
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The main civic crowd-funding models followed by the
the same basic dynamics as traditional platforms.
platforms examined in this short overview follow traditional
However, some models are favoured over others.
crowd-funding models: “reward based”, “donation based”
We will analyse briefly a few innovative solutions
and “crowd-lending”. We haven’t found any equity based
characteristic of crowd-funding in the following paragraph.
platforms intended solely for projects of a civic nature.
All the platforms that were analysed in the scope of this
°
±
²
³
paper adopt the “all or nothing” model: the project must
This model is based on emotional attachment and
receive all the necessary funds for its completion, or else
ideas, as no tangible reward is given in exchange for
the investors’ pledged donations will not be collected.
donations. Therefore, the success of the crowd-funding
We can also further classify the platforms into two sub-
campaign is based almost exclusively on the community’s
models, according to who can initiate the campaigns:
or individual’s emotional attachment to the project. Whether the project’s supporters see the campaign for
•
The project can only be put forward by local
the first time during the fund-raising phase or took part in
governments and public bodies, and at times by
conceiving the project itself, they have to have or establish
private businesses, non-profit organisations and
a bond with the idea behind the project. Spacehive
public sector building contractors. Citizens can put
follows this model. Other examples of donation based
forward petitions in some cases. This is the case
campaigns are political or charity fundraising campaigns.
for the two major civic crowd-funding platforms in North America, Neighbor.ly and Citizinvestor. •
°
±
²
³
The project, despite being in the public interest,
This model takes its name from the rewards given in
can be put forward even by a single private citizen.
exchange of a donation. This is a way of enlarging the
An example is the British platform Spacehive.
community related to the project by giving a further reason to donate. However, offering a reward does not preclude
Like in traditional crowd-funding platforms, the projects
aiming at gaining people’s emotional attachment, which
are selected by the platform and published online. This
should remain the essential element of the campaign.
way the fundraising process, which can vary in duration, is
Examples of reward based platforms are the American
initiated. Let us take a look at its models and how they differ.
Neighbor.ly and Citizinvestor. Some “do-it-yourself” (DIY) crowd-funding campaigns belong to this group as well: these projects do not resort to any particular platform, rather they set up the campaign on ad-hoc websites.
09
trends ´
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In this model, the citizens lend money to local government, which plan to carry out a specific project through a crowdlending platform. The loan can vary in duration and citizens can opt for reducing or not earning any interest at all, in order to support the community further. An example of this is the German platform LeihDeinerStadtGeld. ¾
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Data from civic crowd-funding platforms and projects are still
of match-funding seems to prevail on civic crowd-funding
too scarce to be able to report significant trends. However,
platforms: the institution or organisation allocates part of
we analysed the Spacehive platform,
the budget for the project, whilst private
which is the most substantial and active
investors contribute in order to complete
platform to date as regards the
the fundraising. Four out of eight projects
number of projects. Eight projects
were put forward by private citizens, as this
were completed successfully on this
British platform allows for this arrangement.
platform1, totalling nearly £900,000.
However, excluding a few isolated cases
First of all we have to consider the
of projects led by a private citizen and
type of investors and the distribution of
financed by private individuals2 (these
donations. There seems to be a strong
projects did not reach the total of £1,500),
prevalence of big investors, such as
Spacehive projects are mostly supported
institutions, organisations or private
by local organisations and/or institutions.
businesses, rather than individuals. As shown in the below pie chart, over 60% of donations come from institutions or organisations. However, only 21 out of 315 investors for 8 projects are organisations or private businesses. This can be explained with the amount of the average investment: according to the data analysed, an investor donates on average £2,842, a rather high sum for a private individual to invest. This is of particular interest as currently a form
Individui Individuals Istitutions/Organisations Ente/Organizzazione
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Neybor.ly is a civic crowd-funding platform based in Kansas
public bodies, private businesses. Projects may vary in nature,
City, USA. It only accepts projects from local administrations
as long as they hold planning permission. Projects go ahead
and public bodies. At the moment citizens are unable to put
only if they receive 100% of the target funds. This platform
forward projects directly, however a system that receives
is donation-based: no reward is given out for donations.
citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; projects is scheduled for the near future. This is a reward based platform: citizens donate in exchange for a reward. However, they can opt for not being rewarded,
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thus contributing further to the campaign. In some cases,
This German platform is one of the very first civic crowd-
projects hold funds before the campaign starts. Because
lending platforms. Its mission is to support local authorities
Neighbor.lyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mission is also to show the full picture about
in directly financing local projects through public loans.
a projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s finances, campaigns sometimes show the total
Through this platform, citizens are able to lend their
value of a project, not only the amount necessary to reach it.
savings to their local administration or public body in order to finance a specific project. The loan can vary in
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Citizinvestor is an American platform for public projects
duration and citizens can opt for reducing or not being paid any interest, in order to support the community further.
which allows citizens to finance projects that have been published by local government. These projects will already
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have been assessed and approved, and they only need
Some civic crowd-funding projects do not resort
financing. Projects range from the building of a new park
to any platforms, rather they rely on what is
to the setting up of first aid kits for cyclists on cycle lanes.
known
as
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Normally these projects have been sitting on the waiting lists of local governmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; budget plans. Citizinvestor also offers citizens the chance to put forward a petition for projects they would like to see implemented and which are not included in budget plans. Also in this case, projects are carried out only if they received 100% of the necessary funding. According to its website, offers made on the Citizinvestor platform are tax-deductible, as they have a strictly public purpose, and as such are classified as donations.
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This is a British platform which defines itself as â&#x20AC;&#x153;the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first funding platform for neighbourhood improvement projectsâ&#x20AC;?, such as building a new playground in oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own neighbourhood. Anyone can put forward a project: citizens, professionals, 11
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This project is part of a plan which aims at linking two parts
In order to encourage the citizens to donate, every citizen
of this city which are currently separated by a congested
who donates is offered the opportunity to write a message,
main road. The footbridge links the two parts of the town,
a quote or their name and signature on the wooden boards.
which have been reappropriated by its citizens, who are
Having oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name written on a plate (â&#x201A;Ź25), on a section of
now able to move more freely and with little environmental
the bridge (â&#x201A;Ź125) or on the bridge structure itself (â&#x201A;Ź1,250)
impact. This is a perfect example of reward based
is one of the rewards. The project proceeds by stages:
crowd-funding for a project which benefits the whole
when a certain amount is reached, a section of the bridge
community. So it is not surprising that a strong community
is built. Further parts of the bridge are completed with each
aspect featured in the media campaign, whose slogan
subsequent crowd-funding stage. If donations carry on at
went â&#x20AC;&#x153;the more you donate, the longer the bridgeâ&#x20AC;?. The
the current rate, the footbridge will be completed in 2014.
minimum donation is â&#x201A;Ź25 and the maximum is â&#x201A;Ź1,250.
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Franklin Park is one of the green lungs of Boston. The
campaign was put forward on the platform Razoo (www.
non-profit organisation FPC decided in 2011 to involve the
razoo.com). It is possible to donate between $10 and
citizens in the management of public green areas, ranging
$2500. It is possible to help purchase tops for children in
from tidiness and safety through to outdoors activities. In
summer camps, or pay for rangers to patrol, or even hire
order for these activities to exist, a reward-based fundraising
local bands to provide evening entertainment in the park.
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This is another interesting project, which was hosted
interesting for the number and variety of its supporters.
on Spacehive. In this case, almost £37,000 was raised
This project received only 10% of its funding through small
in order to finance the creation of a wi-fi hotspot in the
investors, the rest was contributed by big organisations
centre of Mansfield (UK). This project is especially
which were not necessarily linked to local government.
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The Madama Palace museum in Turin (Italy) put forward an
museum chose to raise the money through crowd-funding,
interesting cultural project in the first few months of 2013:
involving the community in this cultural project. Rewards
they intended to bring back to Turin the china that once
were offered in exchange for donations: they ranged from a
belonged to the Taparelli d’Azeglio family. The whole 43-
mention on the website (with a €2 donation) to free access
piece set was found recently after a long and careful search,
to the museum for a year (with a €100 donation). The
and it was on sale for £66,000, which needed to be raised
sum was reached (and exceeded) a few days before the
by 31st March 2013. Because of the scarcity of funds, the
deadline and the china set will shortly return to the museum.
15 123
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The town of Oestrich-Winkel decided to resort to loans from
are used in case of emergencies) with a wireless network,
citizens in order to finance investment in the town’s Freiwillige
within the scope of a nation-wide project. The project
Feuerwehr (lit. “Volunteer Fire Brigade”), which had been
was successfully financed by €83,200. An overview of
included in the town’s budget plan. These investments
the conditions on offer is reported below as an example.
will allow replacement of analog radio frequencies (which
Annual Interest Rate Duration Type of loan Available from Financed on Commencement of loan repayments Maturity date Commencement of interest payments Payment of interest Minimum investment Maximum investment
16
up to 0,76% 6 years Instalment loans 26/09/12 17/10/12 17/12/12 17/12/18 16/12/13 Every year, in arrears €100, it increases in multiples of 50 Equal to the amount of loan remaining
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After our analysis of civic crowd-funding and its various forms and applications, we will now consider whether the necessary conditions for the growth of crowd-funding exist in Italy, and if so, which conditions are necessary to make it grow. Finally we will put forward a model of civic crowd-funding that is well suited to our territory on the basis on the analysis we carried out so far. å
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Civic crowd-funding seems to be a solution to the lack of
talent to circulate freely, and more recently by unlocking
funds in local governments, much like crowd-funding in
capital through crowd-funding. However, all of this does not
a wider sense presents itself as a solution to the lack of
happen across the board. There is still a strong feeling of
capital on the market. Financial problems in the budget
lack of empowerment and trust in our ability to improve the
of towns, provinces and regions are widespread and
community we live in. This problem should be addressed
rooted in many places, both small and large. This situation
with more digitisation, a better availability of infrastructures
results in the citizens feeling increasingly distant from
and a more extensive use of the web, which could be
their administrations, more distrustful and less respectful
applied in different aspects of everyday life. Paradoxically,
of public assets: this comes mainly from the feeling of
the web presents itself as the new and strongest means of
distance towards assets that are not identified as one’s
association. What once used to be a meeting in a town hall
own, but rather owned by the state. On the contrary, citizens
room or a walk in the neighbourhood has now become an
are often socially bound to their own community: even in
online forum. It looks as though it is necessary to go via the
the smallest of villages, organisations for the promotion
web to be able to share, cooperate and feel empowered,
of the local area, local clubs, local football teams, local
transferring these activities offline later. If communities
government meetings, bars and schools are shared places
are educated on the web and how to use it, crowd-funding
in which the community comes together to try and improve
will find fertile ground from which to start off and develop.
the environment they live in. This precondition is related to the strong bond between citizens and their birthplace, and it offers the initial foundations for the development of crowd-funding. However there are many problems which are linked to crowd-funding in a wider sense and which hinder the development of collective funding of a civic nature. These obstacles include scarcity of information, lack of IT literacy and lack of structures that would facilitate a suitable and thorough spread of the web. Moreover, the web has enabled us to carry out many things we were not aware of being able to do before, by allowing ideas and 17 123
Money ï
Passion and interest in the topic Being happy and partecipate
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Asking for opinions or specific knowledge Trustworthy project Altruism Indicators of reputation, progress, tax levels, score Usefulmess of project for the contributors Having a good time Immediate feedback Recommendation of other users belonging to the same social class
Another precondition for the development of civic crowdfunding seems to be the participation of public administration
and that these people might want to finance a project.
or other institutions in the role of promoters, validators and
However, for bigger projects the “extended” community
co-investors of projects. We saw in the models above how
might not be able to contribute the whole amount by itself.
institutions are often the ones who put forward the projects. Moreover, the construction of public works requires the approval of local government in any case,
citizens on public matters (for example
which needs to assess the projects’
the towns that follow the Agenda 213
feasibility.
It is important that local
plan) could be a fertile ground
organisations and private businesses are
for shared funding projects. This is
also involved. Civic crowd-funding often
due to certain conditions found in these
requires a very high budget, which means
environments, such as the development
that often match-funding is necessary.
18
Towns with many well rooted associations which involve
of a strong bond between citizens and
Crowd-funding in a general sense is based on a potentially
their territory, the citizens’ active involvement in discussing
global audience, however local crowd-funding looks for
and giving their feedback, their willingness to cooperate
funds in a geographically small area, which implies a
directly or indirectly with the local administration on choices
small community in terms of numbers. On one hand it is
aimed at the local community. Based on our previous
true that the web could put people who live far away, but
observations, we can now put forward a model of civic
who are still bound to their original community, in touch,
crowd-funding that we deem suitable to our national territory.
how it works Ăź
Ă˝
Ăž
Ăż
On the basis of our analysis and observations, we think
Public administrations would be able to communicate
that the best model for crowd-funding to be implemented in
directly with the citizens, inform them on common choices
Italy is through a platform which integrates crowd-sourcing,
in a clear and transparent way, reaching a large section of
crowd-validation and crowd-funding. The tool we propose
the population thanks to the internet and social networks.
is important for the social and economic development
Local associations could use online platforms as a place
of the community. Through this tool, it would be possible
to make themselves known, grow, interact with citizens
to integrate the decisions made by the administrators
and put forward projects for the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sustainable
with the suggestions made by all the interested parties.
development. Citizens could use these platforms to give
It would also become possible to increase the feedback
feedback directly to the local administrators, and also to
within local communities and give credit to their creativity.
put forward ideas and proposals for shared projects and to find interested parties that pursue their same objectives.
19 123
Let us take a look at how this tool works: 1. Citizens or organisations put forward their proposals
have an important social aspect. A first stage which is
for projects to be carried out in their community. Local
both efficient and not too costly can demonstrate that the
government can put forward projects as well: in this
method is clear and
case the platform is used to finance the project and
transparent, that the
to understand the citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; priorities, thus involving the
invested money is being
citizens and implementing a form of active citizenry.
employed according to
2. Projects are checked by public administrations to
the project plan and that
ascertain they are feasible. This is very important as
the rewards are being
there is the risk that projects which are not needed
given out. All of this
urgently or which go against natural, historical or
should help the project
artistic elements in the community are put forward
to progress as planned,
and approved, in the event of total freedom for
thanks to the fact that the
the citizens4. A scientific and cultural structure
projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ideas are being
which assesses the proposals made by citizens and
practically implemented.
organisations must necessarily exist. This structure has to actively communicate with the parties involved according to the principles of â&#x20AC;&#x153;crowdâ&#x20AC;? methods.
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3. After the projects are first sifted through, there will be
A reward based crowd-funding model is the one that
a stage in which online methods are brought offline (at
suits best the dynamics of civic crowd-funding. The
least until IT literacy has reached a suitable level among
administrationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lack of the necessary funds to carry out
the community). Projects are published on the platform
some projects would not allow for any financial rewards to
where they remain available for a certain period of time
be offered to citizens (therefore equity based crowd-funding
in order to be voted on by citizens. At the same time,
is to be excluded). On the other hand, the building of a
the relevant organisations and groups will contribute
public structure would allow for a variety of rewards linked
to inform the population through traditional means.
to the structure itself to be offered. These rewards would
4. Projects with the most votes go through to the
range from seeing oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name on a wooden board on a
financing stage: this is the crowd-funding stage.
bridge, to obtaining an annual subscription to a museum or
5. If will
projects
reach
be
initiated
the by
target the
budget,
they
theatre. The model known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;pre-selling modelâ&#x20AC;? could be
administration.
suitable for the chronic lack of funding mentioned earlier, which is one of the major obstacles for urban crowd-
20
These are often large scale projects both on a physical
funding. This could also help dissipate initial scepticism
and a financial level. For this reason, it could be useful to
and lack of understanding around the ideology of crowd-
divide the projects in stages, so that the project is carried
funding: the individual makes a donation not merely for
out in three or four phases, like in the case of the Rotterdam
an individual benefit, but rather to share the benefit with
footbridge mentioned above. This would both decrease the
others for the collective well-being. However, considering
size of the initial investment, and involve later on citizens
rewards for individual supporters could be of help in a
who were not involved in the initial campaign, which would
period of transition like the one we are living at the moment.
Another solution for the scarcity of public funding could
improving the feedback from all the interested parties.
be to apply a crowd-lending system. A loan from citizens
This proposal should be regulated by the relevant authorities
to public administrations is facilitated on the model on
in order to be implemented, as it is already the case with
the German platform LeihDeinerStadtGeld. This way,
equity-based crowd-funding. The cases analysed earlier
public administrations would ask for loans directly from
are on the town or neighbourhood scale, however this
citizens rather than from banks, and citizens would be
model could be scaled up in the context of Italy. Projects on
encouraged to invest in the future of the place where they
different scales could be put forward, involving increasingly
live. The advantages are obvious: local government would
large communities. This factor is not to be underestimated,
receive a closed-end loan at a low interest rate. Citizens
as the idea behind the project and the relevant community
are rewarded with a better community and with a small
constitute the strength of this method. On the basis of
interest rate, which is still better than what many banks
this, we propose to employ a national platform which is
offer on traditional bank accounts. Moreover, trusting
divided into sub-levels for regions, provinces and towns.
that citizens understand that the primary benefit they will
The platform model so far described would lead to a
receive is a better community and public services modelled
global gathering and sharing of ideas, with a subsequent
on the community’s real needs, the option of not offering
push to publicly debate choices relevant for citizens,
interest on loans could be considered. This process must
who would become more informed about the public
be based on the utmost transparency in order to work:
administration’s choices and would find it easier to form
citizens should have access to projects’ proposals and
project’s groups. Finally, this platform could become the first
to the reasons why a local government deems a project
element of a larger sharing network, and hopefully a real
infeasible; they should have forums on the platforms, thus
network of towns, provinces and regions can be created.
21 123
SWOT analysis 5
6
7
8
9
:
;
<
;
=
>
?
@
?
•
Aimed at public administrations, wich must have a
•
User-friendly structure
•
Internationally recognised method
•
High involvement of social players
•
Repeatability of projects
•
High rate of process democratization
•
Difficulty in raising funds
•
Creation of businesses
•
Entails a good level of IT literacy among the
leadership role •
Suitable for pubblic administrations that want to invest in development and innovation
citizens involved
•
More dialogue between P.A. and citizens
•
Weak leadership of pubblic adminastrations
•
Decrease in digital divide
•
Possible lack of interest among citizens
•
Increase in speed in broadband services
•
Absence of sufficient network services
•
“Digitisation” of processes
•
Public administration’s difficulty in dealing with
•
Opportunity for economic development
•
Initation of high speed dialogue with international communities due to new infrastructures
22
•
Increases inclusion
•
Encourages citizens’ IT literacy
complex and innovative organisations
conclusion A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
B
C
Development is generated through innovative processes
We have analysed this proposal in order to put across
which derive from the interaction of four core strengths:
that it is already possible to put it into practice, with
ideas, institutions, population and human capital (expressed
current means: there is nothing we have to wait for but
through education and research). As demonstrated in
support from the responsible parties. It is an opportunity
this short paper, civic crowd-funding is able to create
to take part directly and actively to the betterment of the
an interaction among these four components and to
society we live in, going beyond delegating, which takes
point them towards common objectives, by facilitating
us away from what should concern us the most: our local
processes and adding two essential elements created
community. Now more than ever, there is harm in not trying.
by the web 2.0: relationships of trust and transparency.
IDEAS
COOPE RATION
HUMAN CAPITAL
CIVIC CROWD OPEN SOURCE
POPULA TION
EDUCA TION
INSTITU TIONS
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http://www.forbes.com/sites/chancebarnett/2013/03/20/crowdfundings-future-local-online-ecosystems/ http://rodrigodavies.com/blog/2013/02/19/civic-crowdfunding-from-the-statue-of-liberty-to-now/ x http://www.aia.org/press/releases/AIAB097681 http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab097668.pdf http://www.launcht.com/blog/2012/11/27/state-of-crowdfunding-in-the-government http://blog.civiccommons.org/2011/11/crowdsourcing-civic-infrastructure http://www.archdaily.com/233194/can-you-crowdsource-a-city http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2012/10/121024-Crowdfunding.asp http://vodblogsite.org http://spacehive.com http://citizinvestor.com http://neighbor.ly http://www.luckyant.com https://www.leihdeinerstadtgeld.de http://www.citysourced.com/about (http://www.citysourced.com/zenfunder) http://giveaminute.info http://changeby.us http://www.newurbanmechanics.org
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