Detention centre

DETENTION CENTRE

Diploma project Alexandra Kvasnicová Studio Novotný - Koňata - Zmek Detention centre FA ČVUT 2018

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ČESKÉ VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V PRAZE FAKULTA ARCHITEKTURY AUTOR, DIPLOMANT: Bc. Alexandra Kvasnicová AR 2017/2018, ZS NÁZEV DIPLOMOVÉ PRÁCE: (ČJ) DETENČNÝ ÚSTAV (AJ) DETENTION CENTRE JAZYK PRÁCE: SLOVENSKÝ Vedoucí práce:

Ing. Tomáš Novotný

Ústav: 15127 Ústav navrhování I

Oponent práce:

Max Kahlen, AA Diploma

Klíčová slova (česká):

Detencia, detenčný ústav, liečebňa

Anotace (česká):

Témou diplomovej práce je detenčný ústav, o ktorom sa na Slovensku už naozaj dlho rozpráva. Ide o vcelku nový typologicky druh, na Slovensku sa žiaden nenachádza. Je to teda zariadenie, kde sa umiestňujú ľudia, ktorí vplyvom psychickej poruchy vykonali trestný čín. Títo ľudia sú nepezpeční ako pre seba, tak i pre spoločnosť a preto je pre nich nutné vytvoriť miesto, kde budú v bezpečí a kde im dáme šancu na lepší život. Predstavila som si človeka, ktorý pod vplyvom psychózy ublížil niekomu v rodine, taký človek nepotrebuje byť ešte viac potrestaný, ale potrebuje pomoc. A práve táto pomoc bola najdôležitejším aspektom môjho projektu.

Anotace (anglická):

Topic of my diploma project is detention centre and it is been some time since government started to talk about this topic. It is quite new typology, at least at Slovakia, where we miss it. It is facility dedicated for mentaly ill inmates who did the crime under the psychosis. These people are dangerous not only for themselves, but mostly for menkind and that is the reason why to build a place for them, where they are going to be safe and where they are going to have better life. Imagine man, who hurt the member of family under the psychosis, this person does not need to be punished, this man needs help. And this help is the most important point of my project.

Prohlášení autora

Prohlašuji, že jsem předloženou diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně a že jsem uvedl veškeré použité informační zdroje v souladu s „Metodickým pokynem o etické přípravě vysokoškolských závěrečných prací.“ V Praze dne

podpis autora-diplomanta

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Vote of thanks

I would like to thank to Tomáš Novotný, Jakub Koňata and Tomáš Zmek for the time they spent with me and for consultation, which always pushed my project forward. Big thanks to my family, who never underestimated me and believed in me. Thanks to my external consultants - Jan Kristek, Mudr.

Jolana Múdra and Dominika Kanisová, because their answers formed my project.

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Topic of my diploma project is detention centre and it is been some time since government started to talk about this topic. It is quite new typology, at least at Slovakia, where we miss it. It is facility dedicated for mentaly ill inmates who did the crime under the psychosis. These people are dangerous not only for themselves, but mostly for menkind and that is the reason why to build a place for them, where they are going to be safe and where they are going to have better life. Imagine man, who hurt the member of family under the psychosis, this person does not need to be punished, this man needs help. And this help is the most important point of my project.

Intro

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Content

Analytic part 15 - 27 Site 29 - 35 Process 37 - 39 Idea 41 - 47 Design 49 - 103 Day of a patient 105 - 131

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Analytic part

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Detention centre is facility used for retention.

There are few types of detention, such as:

What is detention centre?

- A jail or prison, a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state as a form of punishment after being convicted of crimes.

- A structure for immigration detention - An internment camp - A concentration camp - A youth detention center, a secure prison or jail for persons under the age of majority.

- A nucleolar detention center, in cell biology.

Specification of my detention was not by accident, it is a real project that is going to be built in Slovakia. There was supposed to be a competition, but it ended up as developer competiton, so it is all about money.

My detention centre.

My detention is going to be used by inmates, that can not fit to the prison, because of their mental illness. It can be person, that has some serious disorder, that makes the person very dangerous for society, but also for himself.

Analytic part

The only thing I could find on internet about whole task was the number of inmates, which is minimum 72.

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Criminal law

In Slovakia there is no such a paragraph in law for detention of mentaly ill inmates and sexual deviants. So far there is no detention centre here.

All criminals are put to the prison, but there is possibility, that after some period of time, doctors or any other staff may see, that this person is different, he/she does not fit there, he/she may be bullied or he/she is the bully.

They may come to the conclusion that this inmate is mentally ill and he/she commited the crime unter the psychosis. After that he must be examined and tested, if the illness is so serious, if it is curable or not. If he fits the profile I described before, he/she will be moved to the detention centre.

As I mentioned earlier, it is for inmates who are mentallly ill, for sexual deviants, basicaly for someone who doesnt fit the profile of prisoner or psychiatric patient.

For who is detention centre?

It is person, that is very dangerous for himself, but also for society. Person, which does not fit anywhere and person that needs help.

In denetion centre, they will try to get used to some habits, such as take medicines. Medical treatment is one of the most important for people with mental disorder.

Analytic part

They will also be guided to live in a society.

Retention lasts until the inmate is not ready to move to psychiatric treatment. It may last for years, even 10. Because most of the illnesses, such as schizophrenia, personality disorder or bipolar disorder are incurable.

Period of detention?

By law, retention has to be checked at least once a year, always after suggestion of detention centre. Judicature will review the reasons and conditon and after professional medical opinion decide what steps will be next.

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Types of retention

- isolation from the outside world, from everything that has prompted the crime, from the servants, from the other prisoners - prevent collecting (rebellion, ...)

- the prison should not create a homogeneous and solid community among criminals (criminals have enough) - a convict left to himself, considering and facing his own crime - isolation ensures that they can operate at maximum power, which will not be affected by any external influences a) Auburn - The microorganism of the company - follow-up to the monastic model - silence between prisoners - communication with supervisors only - social participation in activities to adapt to good habits - This isolation, unification and communication, and the law guaranteed by uninterrupted scrutiny in the convict restores “social habits” and drives it for “useful and surrendered action” b) Philadelphia - Absolute insulation - Relationship to one’s own conscience - only in the cell is the prisoner given to himself, the surrounding world sinks, ...

- the prisoner does not impose external respect for the law or fear of punishment, but the work of conscience - eg. Cherry Hill, Philadelphia (John Haviland)

The psychotherapeutic approach is a form of psychological treatment that uses the patient-physician’s relationship to discover the source of unrest, freeing mental functioning and promoting healing. There are several types of psychotherapies; the most known and recognized in psychiatry are the psycho-psychoanalytic therapy (derived from psychoanalysis), family psychotherapy and systemic cognitive- behavioural psychotherapy. Most therapies are carried out in an office or in the patient’s room.

Treatment approaches

The pharmaceutical approach has the goal of decreasing the patient’s symptoms. The patient’s stabilisation with medication (antipsychotics and antidepressants drugs) is often the prerequisite to carrying out other therapies.

Ergotherapy where patient learns or relearns activities of daily life by improving his motoric-functional, psycho-functional and senso-motoric abilities. This method groups together activities like handi- crafts, playing, pottery, painting, gardening, cooking and other tasks of daily life. Ergotherapists usually accompany patients on these activities, and they take place in workshops or other spaces suitable for the relevant activity.

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Analytic part

The physical approach consists of relaxation through massages or other similar ex- ercises, but physical exercise is an important part as well. A skilled staff member or a physiotherapist usually accompanies the patient. Common locations are gymnastic halls or the patient’s room.

What is healing enviroment?

The important role of gardens and parks

According to Jain Mallkin in The Architecture of Hospitals, the term «healing environment» describes a physical setting and organizational culture that are psychologically supportive, with the overall goal of reducing stress in order to help patients and families cope with illness, hospitalization, and sometimes, loss.

But what should this setting look like? We found in many books descriptions and recommendations on how to create such settings, but they were often very vague. Since it is difficult to put into words what a healing atmosphere should look and feel like, statements on such environments often seem dull, leading the reader to think that those recommendations are simply part of common sense.

For patients, visitors or members of the staff, spending long hours in a hospital can be a stressful experience. Nearby access to a natural landscape or a garden can enhance people’s ability to deal with stress, and thus potentially improve health outcomes.

Significant research in the 1980’s and 1990’s helped to support the belief that views of or time in nature have a positive influence on health outcomes. It was shown that gardens were important because they represented, in many respects, a complete contrast to the experience of being inside a hospital: domestic versus institutional scale; natural versus manmade; rich, sensory experience versus limited sensory detail; varied, organic shaped versus predominance of straight lines; places to be alone versus few places offering privacy; fresh air versus controlled air.

Studies have examined how the physical environment can affect health, promote healing, relieve pain or stress from the patient, and reduce various other complications.

Many hospitals and health centers are gradually adapting the verified aspects of their work.

It is about reducing patients suffering and eliminating stress not only for patients but also for employees, families and visitors.

Scientists have found that enough daylight and so much contact with nature can positively influence the mitigation of the negative states of the patient. An important factor is the reduced noise level for good and undisturbed sleep.

It is also important to note that carpets used in patient rooms instead of other types of flooring have increased the average residence time.

Analytic part

EBD (Evidence based design)

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Protecting the patient from himself

Flexibility

The security issue in psychiatric facilities is very important and often contradictory to other needs of the patient.65 Some important questions to consider include: How to respect the privacy of a patient in his room if it is necessary to keep an eye on him?

How to allow him to communicate with the exterior, to benefit from the city although the win- dow has to be locked?

Those questions show how difficult it often is in psychiatry to give a clear answer. In the end, each hospital management must decide which of the factors are more important to them than others.

Psychiatric facilities and treatment ideologies are subject to quick and frequent changes.

Practices have evolved considerably in the last decades, and the options for patients have to be adapted constantly. 70 Therapy rooms, in particular, have to be built in a flexible and multi-purpose way. This allows not only for different activities in the same spaces, but it also prevents unnecessarily quick obsolescence.

In stationary clinics, privacy is an important issue in order to keep a patient’s dignity, since he lives in the hospital and spends every minute of his days and nights in it. He should have as much visual and acoustical privacy as possible, and he should also be in control of it. This can be achieved through single bedrooms, with the possibility to close the door when desired, or by offering several types of common spaces. It is also important to create spaces where private family meetings can take place, while assuring a high level of acoustic isolation. But as discussed before, the need for privacy often contradicts others essential needs, such as supervision and intensive care, and makes this matter another delicate tightrope walk.

Analytic part

Privacy in psychiatric clinics

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Professional consultation with Dominika Kanisovรก Occupation therapy Greenwood house, London

Types of patients’ disease:

Daily Activities:

Schizophrenia (90%) Personality disorders Bipolar disorder Sexual abnormality

- mentally stable patients are also able to perform more complicated tasks (eg wall building) - During the stay, they can be taught and at the end receive a certificate, so they are easier to employ after being released - not just as a hobby but also as a true qualification - gardening - workshops with wood - women’s workshops hunting where there is always a worker who keeps track of them

Security levels: By disease / what they did / risk tall middle low People entering to the process:

Visitors:

1. Nurses (Men) - Major - Assistants 2. Psychiatrist 3. Psychologists 4. Ordinary doctors 5. Ergotherapists / Occupation Service - employ patients, go to cinema, go for walks) 6. Social workers - communicate with families, other institutions, they are responsible for papermaking, ...)

7. Leadership

- outside the campus to avoid stress from other patients (eg children and pedophiles)

- learn to take medication - learn new strategies - when patients work together, they can do so, they can go out, the first with the companion, but then themselves, but to the guest hunting where there is always a worker who keeps track of them

Daily - mainly nurses, OS Reception - Leader, psychologist, psychiater

Relationships: Do patients have free time?

Essentially, as normal people’s communication, they may not be based on one another.

There are also romantic relationships, mainly because there are really long closures (even 10 years).

- Depends on the mental state - the new one is automatically watched for 1-2 days, if everything goes, then it is moved to the room - they have shutters (used when they have psychosis) - As regards transfers between pavilions, it is either accompanied or if the patient is well and free but in a closed area

Patients have better relationships with therapists and nurses because they understand and help them.

Orientation of Views: - The view of the forest is an ideal 27

Analytic part

Treatment:

Site

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Hronovce part Čajakovo 1:4000

Site dedicated to the new detention centre was chosen by government in the village called Hronovce, part Čakajovo. It is near by Hlohovec city. Site neighbour with Psychiatry, while other detention - prison is in a near by village Želiezovce. I would call this area Detention Bermuda Triangle.

Size of the site is 18 380 m2, it is quite huge.

There is one way going to the site through the forrest and very close is river called Hron.

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Psychiatry complex 1:4000

Rooms

Park

Administration

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Site

18 380 m2

Process

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Idea

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Awareness of behavior through the physical environment.

By designing the right environment, the right society can also be created.

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Idea

The right mechanics of our behavior can also be guided by the correct solution of the mechanics of the built environment.

Pavilions

Night Day

Main idea of the project was to create different en- main atriums. viroments. Whole structure is divided on day pavilions, where all day activities are together and night pavilions, where 3 levels of residential units are.

Each pavilion has different function, what provides easy orientation. Situation of pavilions creates 2

Komunication

Residential units middle Canteen

Chapel

risk

Idea

Administration

Workshops

Therapies

Residential

Residential

units high risk

units low risk

Connection between pavilions is circular, with one central communication. There are moments where the pavilion is oriented to the atrium, but also moments where the orientation is outside to the outside court.

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Courts

Mindfull court Wild park court

Dividing court

Representative court

Gardening court

Dividing court Action court

Each court has another function, look and feel- court is the one with chapel, basically end of your ing. Representative one is one with calm lake, nice walk, where you can find yourself. plants and lakeside. Action court is one where you can find basketball playground, ping pong tables.

Gardening court is one where there are small gardens and fruit trees. Wild park court is one which is not touched, it is just pure nature and the mindfull

Idea

Walls

And the last part were walls which continued with space dividing and finished the task by giving it last touch. Also the fact that they need to be under control is important.

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Design

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dening or fun are changed every day. Patients are assigned to groups and always spend an hour and The goal of the project was to design a functional a half on a specific place under the supervision complex that is easy to operate, which is in close of a qualified expert. Through this “wandering”, a connection with nature, which caters for human person experiences different environments at difneeds and, above all, which will be healing in a ferent times during the day and at different times certain word. Betham himself has formulated the during the year. idea that “the mechanics of our behavior can be controlled by the correct solution of the mechanics of the exposed environment”.

Design

I wanted to create a microcosm that will remind our world, I have imagined a city in which there are buildings, streets and parks. In my project, I proposed same principle as in the city, the pavilions became buildings, streets are communications, parks became atriums or gardens. The aim was to create different angles of view. I wanted to avoid the classic 3-tract, where the connection with nature and where you feel imprisoned. My solution maybe is not so economical, because communications are lined with functions on one side only, but it is more connected to nature and nature heals mind and body.

My job was to provide a substitute society for people whose minds are ill and whose impulses are dangerous. Therefore, it was a very important part of the project to think about “filters”. Whether when moving from a closed residential unit to an open community block or from a living cell itself out to the garden. Everywhere the transition is double, whether functional or visual. Filters are membranes that provide for possible leaks.

In addition to safety, I also had to think about the treatment process, which is the main idea forming my project. These people have to learn some habits. The main thing is to understand the system of rules and the second is to take medicines. My proposal is based on the patient’s daily schedule.

Activities such as group therapies, individual therapies, creative workshops, sports activities, gar-

Construction My building is perceived as a monument, casting from concrete provides the feeling of being in charge under those who are inside. This was essentially a matter of intent, because the concept itself and the solution to privacy are already quite benevolent, and something has to be tightening.

The complex has a fairly simple system, the day part is based on modules of 8m and at night it is at the width of the pavilion, which is shorter than 8m and varies according to the specific pavilion. As there are 3 types of rooms with different area dimensions. This step was necessary because I needed to create 3 types of accommodation in which the patients were ranked according to the risk, not by the severity of the crime, but by the fact that they were able to do it again.

Design

The roof landscape was an important part of the design because it is perceived from the higher floors of the complex. All the roofs are green with extensive greenery, not only because of good insulation but also because of the fact that such a huge object does not disturb the forest landscape nearby.

Filters between living rooms and nature are tiled with glazed tiles, providing reflecting light and indirectly getting into the room itself.

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Site 1:4000

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Site 1:1000

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Plan -1

Design 0 12

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5

10

Plan 1

Design 0 12

61

5

10

Plan 2

Design 0 12

63

5

10

Plan 3

Design 0 12

65

5

10

Section cuts

F

C

A

B

C F

D

E

Design

A

B

D

E

0 12

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5

10

Sections

A 1:500

B 1:500

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Sections

C 1:500

D 1:500

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Sections

E 1:500

F 1:500

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Elevations

North view 1:500

South view 1:500

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Elevations

West view 1:500

East view 1:500

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Administration 1

It is based on 2 separate entrances, one for patient only and the other for staff and visitors.

The new patient is placed to the emergency room for the 2-3 days, just to examine him and find the best risk unit for him. 24-hour care is provided by the nurses, as well as doctors whose ambulances have access to the comples too.

Visitors rooms are isolated from the rest of the complex due to adverse effects on patients.

In addition to the main rooms, there are also social facilities, dayrooms and warehouses.

x m2 Doctor 2 16,4 Assistant 2 16,4 Emergency room 4 9,6 Nurses

2 15,9 Visiting rooms 3 15,9

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Administration 2

Second floor is dedicated for all psychologist and psychiatrist.

x m2 Office S 8 15,9 Office M 1 25,8 Day room 1 25,8 Congress room 1 78 Storage 1 15,9

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Administration 3

Third floor is exactly same as second, but it is dedicated to the leadership of the constitution and also for social workers, who provides leading of whole complex.

x m2 Office S Office M Day room

Storage

8 1 1 1

15,9 25,8 25,8 15,9

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Workshops 1

The eastern court-oriented pavilion is designed primarily for work, entertainment, creativity and sport therapy. The division is flexible, dimensioned on the 8m module. There is a multipurpose hall, a gym, a workshop and a games room. The space is flexible.

x m2 Hall 1 136,7 Fitness 2 49,3 Workshop 2 49,3 Play room 1 49,3

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Canteen and kitchen 1

Own entrance to this pavilion was needed not only for food supplies, but also for the overall functionality of the complex. All supporting and functional components and persons in charge of the technical operation of the areal are using this entarance. Pavilion is isolated, it can be used only by those who has entarane cards.

m2 Canteen

220 Kitchen

78,6 Kitchen storages

68 Kitchen staff room 50 Buffet 60

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Technical rooms

m2 Technical rooms

470

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Therapies and residential units with high risk 1

Therapy rooms are again flexible, there are 3 for group therapy and 4 for individual therapy.

x m2 Group t.

Individual t.

Rooms with the high risk are rooms with the smallest luxury. Each cell has its own toilet and wash basin, the bathroom is shared. 24 hours care are handled by nurses who have their background right on the pavilion. The atrium is adjacent to the pavilion, which serves not only as a dividing element but also as a space for patients who can spend there leisure time under supervision.

3 4

46,3 14,7

Room 13 9

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Residential units with high risk 2

x m2 Room 13 9

_____________________________________ Together 26

93 Design

Residential units with middle risk 1

The pavilion with a middle risk has two-storeys, while each floor is dedicated for another sex. Orientation of the rooms is east to the park. The rooms are bigger, they have their own bathroom, but the bathroom is placed to keep the sisters informed about patients.

Corridors are wide enough to be taken as community spaces where patients can spend time. Surveillance is provided by nurses for 24 hours.

x m2 Room 15 10,7

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Residential units with middle risk 2

x m2 Room 15 10,7

_____________________________________ Together 30

97 Design

Residential units with low risk 1 part a

Rooms with the lowest risk offer the greatest luxury. They have the closest contact with nature, most privacy and freedom. There is also one barrier-free room. The corridors should have enough width to call them not only corridors, but social space, because it really is about fitting into society.

x m2 Room 14 15

99 Design

Residential units with low risk 1 part b

x m2 Room 12 15

_____________________________________ Together 26

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Detail 1:40

Green roof

Circumferential wall

Cast concrete

Design

+4,650

Cast concrete

+1,650

+0,650

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Day of a patient

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7:00 waking up and getting ready

107 Day of a patient

7:25 way to the canteen (breakfast)

109 Day of a patient

7:26 way to the canteen (breakfast)

111 Day of a patient

8.30 therapy

113 Day of a patient

10:00 gardening

115 Day of a patient

13:00 lunch in the park

117 Day of a patient

14.00 workshop

119 Day of a patient

15.30 sport activities

121 Day of a patient

17.30 free time on pavilions

123 Day of a patient

18.00 dinner

125 Day of a patient

19.00 personal hygiene

127 Day of a patient

20.00 time for sleeping

129 Day of a patient

Good night.

131 Day of a patient

Bibliography Books - Michel Foucault, Dozerať a trestať - Zrod väzenia, Kaligram, spol. s.r.o., Bratislava, 2004, ISBN 80-7149-663-4

Magazines - ERA21 #04/2016 Pod kontrolou, editoríál Jan Kristek

Documents - Lena From and Stefan Lundin, Architecture as Medicine - the Importance of Architecture for Treatment Outcomes in Psychiatry, English edition 2010, ISBN 978-91-978215-4-4 - Benjamin Schütz & Livia Wicki, ARCHITECTURE FOR PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT, 2015

Web pages http://www.health.gov.sk http://www.apa.org http://socks-studio.com

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