고1 17년 3월 변형문제
도서출판 공터 E 모든 자습서 / 변형문제
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18번 변형문제
1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
( All 객관식 ) 공터 변형문제 연구팀 (영곰)
19번 변형문제 1)
3. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가 장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.3)
Dear Mrs. Coling, Then he tried to speak again, not knowing what to say. My name is Susan Harris and I am writing on behalf of the students at Lockwood High School. Many students at the school have been working on a project about the youth unemployment problem in Lockwood. You are invited to attend a special presentation that will be held at our school auditorium on April 16th. At the presentation, students will propose a variety of ideas for for the youth within the community. As one of the famous figures in the community, we would be honored by your attendance. We look forward to seeing you there.
Finally, it was Shaun’s turn to give a speech. When he opened his mouth, nothing but air escaped his throat. (➀) He had prepared to talk about time and he started with the word: ‘Time....’ (➁) But nothing followed. Shaun could not find the words. Laughter started to pass through the auditorium from front to back. (➂) Even the judges looked disappointed. (➃) He didn’t know what to say. He looked into the crowd. (➄) The audience at the contest were laughing out loud now, at him, at his inability.
Sincerely, Susan Harris ① ② ③ ④ ⑤
improving their health conserving the environment getting along with one another developing employment opportunities using the auditorium and other facilities
2. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?2)
4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?4) Finally, it was Shaun’s turn to give a speech. When he opened his mouth, nothing but air ➀ escaped his throat. Then he tried to speak again, not knowing what to say. He had ➁ prepared to talk about time and he started with the word: ‘Time....’ But nothing ➂ followed. Shaun could not find the words. Laughter started to pass through the auditorium from front to back. Even the judges looked ➃ nervous. He didn’t know what to say. He looked into the crowd. The audience at the contest were laughing out loud now, at him, at his ➄ inability.
Dear Mrs. Coling, My name is Susan Harris and I am writing ① on behalf of the students at Lockwood High School. Many students at the school have been ② working on a project about the youth unemployment problem in Lockwood. You are invited ③ to attend a special presentation that will be held at our school auditorium on April 16th. At the presentation, students will propose a variety of ideas for ④ development employment opportunities for the youth within the community. As one of the famous figures in the community, we would be honored by your attendance. We look forward to ⑤ seeing you there. Sincerely,
5. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?5) Finally, it was Shaun’s turn ➀ to give a speech. When he opened his mouth, nothing ➁ but air escaped his throat. Then he tried to speak again, not ➂ to know what to say. He had prepared to talk about time and he started with the word: ‘Time....’ But nothing followed. Shaun could not find the words. Laughter started ➃ to pass through the auditorium from front to back. Even the judges looked disappointed. He didn’t know what to say. He looked into the crowd. The audience at the contest ➄ were laughing out loud now, at him, at his inability.
Susan Harris
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H1-1703 변형문제
8. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?8)
20번 변형문제
6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 한 것을 고르시오.
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6)
Recent studies show some interesting findings about habit formation. In these studies, students who successfully acquired one positive habit reported less stress; less impulsive spending; better dietary habits; decreased caffeine consumption; fewer hours spent watching TV; and even fewer dirty dishes. (A) They’re doing the most important thing regularly and, as a result, everything else is easier.
Recent studies show ➀ some interesting findings about habit formation. In these studies, students who successfully acquired one positive habit ➁ reporting less stress; less impulsive spending; better dietary habits; decreased caffeine consumption; fewer hours spent watching TV; and even fewer dirty dishes. Keep working on one habit long enough, and not only ➂ does it become easier, but so do other things as well. It’s ➃ why those with the right habits seem to do better than others. They’re doing the most important thing regularly and, as a result, everything else ➄ is easier.
(B) It’s why those with the right habits seem to do better than others. (C) Keep working on one habit long enough, and not only does it become easier, but so do other things as well. ➀ (A) - (C) - (B) ➂ (B) - (C) - (A) ➄ (C) - (B) - (A)
➁ (B) - (A) - (C) ➃ (C) - (A) - (B)
7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?7) Recent studies show some interesting findings about habit ➀ formation. In these studies, students who successfully acquired one positive habit reported less stress; less impulsive spending; better dietary habits; decreased caffeine consumption; ➁ fewer hours spent watching TV; and even fewer dirty dishes. Keep working on one habit ➂ long enough, and not only does it become easier, but so do other things as well. It’s why those with the right habits seem to do ➃ better than others. They’re doing the most important thing ➄ irregularly and, as a result, everything else is easier.
21번 변형문제
9. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
9)
Noise in the classroom has negative effects on communication patterns and the ability to pay attention. Thus, it is not surprising that constant exposure to noise is related to children’s academic achievement, particularly in its negative effects on reading and learning to read. Some researchers found that, when preschool classrooms were changed , the children spoke to each other more often and in more complete sentences, and their performance on prereading tests improved. Research with older children suggests similar findings. On reading and math tests, elementary and high school students in noisy schools or classrooms consistently perform below those in quieter settings. ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄
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to to to to to
study independently reduce noise levels start early education take care of each child’s individual need learn literacy with communication experts
H1-1703 변형문제
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10. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 한 것을 고르시오.
Noise in the classroom has negative effects on communication patterns and the ability to pay attention. (A)
Some researchers found classrooms were changed to children spoke to each other complete sentences, and prereading tests improved.
that, when preschool reduce noise levels, the more often and in more their performance on
(B) Thus, it is not surprising that constant exposure to noise is related to children’s academic achievement, particularly in its negative effects on reading and learning to read. (C)
Research with older children suggests similar findings. On reading and math tests, elementary and high school students in noisy schools or classrooms consistently perform below those in quieter settings.
➀ (A) - (C) - (B) ➂ (B) - (C) - (A) ➄ (C) - (B) - (A)
22번 변형문제
10)
➁ (B) - (A) - (C) ➃ (C) - (A) - (B)
12. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
12)
Studies from cities all over the world show the importance of life and activity as an urban attraction. People gather where things are happening and seek the presence of other people. Faced with the choice of walking down an empty or a lively street, most people would choose the street with life and activity. The walk will be more interesting and feel safer. Events where we can watch people perform or play music attract many people to stay and watch. Studies of benches and chairs in city space show that the seats with the best view of city life are used far more frequently than those that . ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄
overlook rural areas are in less safe ones lack trails for walking do not offer a view of other people are located in parks without performers and music
11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은?11) Noise in the classroom has ➀ negative effects on communication patterns and the ability to pay attention. Thus, it is not surprising that constant exposure to noise is related to children’s ➁ academic achievement, particularly in its negative effects on reading and learning to read. Some researchers found that, when preschool classrooms were changed to reduce noise levels, the children spoke to each other more often and in more complete sentences, and their performance on prereading tests ➂ deteriorated. Research with older children suggests ➃ similar findings. On reading and math tests, elementary and high school students in noisy schools or classrooms consistently perform below those in ➄ quieter settings.
13. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은?13) Studies from cities all over the world show the importance of life and activity as an ➀ urban attraction. People gather where things are happening and seek the ➁ absence of other people. Faced with the choice of walking down an ➂ empty or a lively street, most people would choose the street with life and activity. The walk will be more interesting and feel safer. Events where we can watch people perform or play music ➃ attract many people to stay and watch. Studies of benches and chairs in city space show that the seats with the best view of city life are used far ➄ more frequently than those that do not offer a view of other people.
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H1-1703 변형문제
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14. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?14)
16. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은?16)
Studies from cities all over the world show the importance of life and activity as an urban attraction. People gather ➀ where things are happening and seek the presence of other people. ➁ Faced with the choice of walking down an empty or a lively street, most people would choose the street with life and activity. The walk will be more interesting and feel ➂ safer. Events where we can watch people perform or play music ➃ attracting many people to stay and watch. Studies of benches and chairs in city space show that the seats with the best view of city life are used far more ➄ frequently than those that do not offer a view of other people.
Consumers are generally ➀ uncomfortable with taking high risks. As a result, they are usually motivated to use a lot of strategies to reduce risk. Consumers can collect ➁ additional information by conducting online research, reading news articles, talking to friends or consulting an expert. Consumers also reduce ➂ uncertainty by buying the same brand that they did the last time, believing that the product should be at least as satisfactory as their last purchase. In addition, some consumers may employ a simple decision rule that results in a ➃ daring choice. For example, someone might buy the most expensive offering or choose a heavily advertised brand in the belief that this brand has ➄ higher quality than other brands.
23번 변형문제
15. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적 절한 것은?15) Consumers are generally uncomfortable with taking high risks. (A) , they are usually motivated to use a lot of strategies to reduce risk. Consumers can collect additional information by conducting online research, reading news articles, talking to friends or consulting an expert. Consumers also reduce uncertainty by buying the same brand that they did the last time, believing that the product should be at least as satisfactory as their last purchase. (B) , some consumers may employ a simple decision rule that results in a safer choice. For example, someone might buy the most expensive offering or choose a heavily advertised brand in the belief that this brand has higher quality than other brands.
(A)
17. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?17) Consumers are generally uncomfortable with taking high risks. As a result, they are usually motivated ➀ to use a lot of strategies to reduce risk. Consumers can collect additional information by conducting online research, reading news articles, talking to friends or ➁ consulting an expert. Consumers also reduce uncertainty by buying the same brand that they did the last time, ➂ believing that the product should be at least as satisfactory as their last purchase. In addition, some consumers may employ a simple decision rule ➃ that results in a safer choice. For example, someone might buy the most expensive offering or choose a heavily advertised brand in the belief that this brand has higher quality than ➄ another brands.
(B)
① For example
……
In contrast
② For example
……
In addition
③ As a result
……
In addition
④ As a result
……
In contrast
⑤ For example
……
Nevertheless
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H1-1703 변형문제
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24번 변형문제
25번 변형문제
18. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?18) 19. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Average Daily Internet Usage by Device
The above graph shows Americans’ average daily Internet usage time by device from 2011 to 2015. ① Overall, the total Internet usage time increased steadily from 2011 to 2015. ② In 2011, Internet usage time by mobiles was shorter than that by desktops or laptops. ③ In 2013, however, Americans spent the same hours on mobiles as they did on desktops or laptops. ④ In 2014, Internet usage time by others increased by 0.1 hour compared to that of the previous year. ⑤ In 2015, Americans spent an average of 5.6 hours a day on the Internet.
19)
New technologies . As a way to encourage TV viewing, social television systems now enable social interaction among TV viewers in different locations. These systems are known to build a greater sense of connectedness among TV-using friends. One field study focused on how five friends between the ages of 30-36 communicated while watching TV at their homes. The technology allowed them to see which of the friends were watching TV and what they were watching. They chose how to communicate via social television — whether through voice chat or text chat. The study showed a strong preference for text over voice. Users offered two key reasons for favoring text chat. First, text chat required less effort and attention, and was more enjoyable than voice chat. Second, study participants viewed text chat as more polite. ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄
enable real time voice communication create the communication for the 30s create new interactions and cultural rules make people’s leisure occupied with TV watching make social television more enjoyable than before
20. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.20) They chose how to communicate via social television — whether through voice chat or text chat. New technologies create new interactions and cultural rules. As a way to encourage TV viewing, social television systems now enable social interaction among TV viewers in different locations. (➀) These systems are known to build a greater sense of connectedness among TV-using friends. (➁) One field study focused on how five friends between the ages of 30-36 communicated while watching TV at their homes. (➂) The technology allowed them to see which of the friends were watching TV and what they were watching. (➃) The study showed a strong preference for text over voice. (➄) Users offered two key reasons for favoring text chat. First, text chat required less effort and attention, and was more enjoyable than voice chat. Second, study participants viewed text chat as more polite.
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H1-1703 변형문제
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21. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
26번 변형문제
이 적절하지 않은 것은?21) New technologies create new interactions and cultural rules. As a way to encourage TV viewing, social television systems now ➀ enable social interaction among TV viewers in different locations. These systems are known to build a ➁ greater sense of connectedness among TV-using friends. One field study focused on how five friends between the ages of 30-36 ➂ communicated while watching TV at their homes. The technology allowed them to see which of the friends were watching TV and what they were watching. They chose how to communicate via social television — whether through voice chat or text chat. The study showed a strong ➃ dislike for text over voice. Users offered two key reasons for favoring text chat. First, text chat required ➄ less effort and attention, and was more enjoyable than voice chat. Second, study participants viewed text chat as more polite.
23. 2017 Happy Voice Choir Audition에 관한 다음 안내문의 내용과 일치하는 것은?23) 2017 Happy Voice Choir Audition Do you love to sing? Happy Voice, one of the most famous school clubs, is holding an audition for you. Come and join us for some very exciting performances! ▪ Who: Any freshman ▪ When: Friday, March 24, 3 p.m. ▪ Where: Auditorium All applicants should sing two songs: - 1st song: Oh Happy Day! - 2nd song: You choose your own. To
enter
the
audition,
please
us
at
hvaudition@qmail.com. For more information, visit the school website.
22. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?22) New technologies create new interactions and cultural rules. As a way ➀ to encourage TV viewing, social television systems now enable social interaction among TV viewers in different locations. These systems are known ➁ to build a greater sense of connectedness among TV-using friends. One field study focused on ➂ how five friends between the ages of 30-36 communicated while watching TV at their homes. The technology allowed them to see ➃ some of the friends were watching TV and what they were watching. They chose how to communicate via social television — whether through voice chat or text chat. The study showed a strong preference for text over voice. Users offered two key reasons for favoring text chat. First, text chat required less effort and attention, and was ➄ more enjoyable than voice chat. Second, study participants viewed text chat as more polite.
➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄
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2, 3학년도 지원이 가능하다. 오디션은 금요일 오전에 치러진다. 참가자는 자유곡과 지정곡 중 선택하여 1곡만 부른다. 오디션 지원은 이메일을 통해 가능하다. 더 많은 정보를 얻으려면 동아리 방을 방문하면 된다.
H1-1703 변형문제
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27번 변형문제
28번 변형문제
24. Save Energy Video Contest에 관한 다음 안내문
25. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에
의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?24)
가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.25) Share your favorites with your friends and family so that everyone can get a good laugh, too.
Save Energy Video Contest Create a 30-second video that encourages students to save energy in their everyday life.
• The contest is open to middle and high school students. • Videos should be submitted between March 13th and midnight on April 6th to win awesome prizes. • Prizes - a digital camera for five winners - a $100 gift card for each winner’s class
Take time to read the comics. (①) This is worthwhile not just because they will make you laugh but because they contain wisdom about the nature of life. (②) Charlie Brown and Blondie are part of my morning routine and help me to start the day with a smile. (③) When you read the comics section of the newspaper, cut out a cartoon that makes you laugh. (④) Post it wherever you need it most, such as on your refrigerator or at work — so that every time you see it, you will smile and feel your spirit lifted. (⑤) Take your comics with you when you go to visit sick friends who can really use a good laugh.
• Winning videos will air on the TV show Green Planet!
Check out www.energy4future.org for more information.
26. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?26) ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄
3초 길이의 비디오를 중학생과 고등학생을 제출 마감은 4월 6일 5명의 수상자가 각각 더 많은 정보를 얻기
제작해야 한다. 대상으로 한다. 자정이다. 100 달러 선물 카드를 받는다. 위해 홈페이지를 방문하면 된다.
Take time ① to read the comics. This is worthwhile not just because they will make you ② laugh but because they contain wisdom about the nature of life. Charlie Brown and Blondie are part of my morning routine and ③ help me to start the day with a smile. When you read the comics section of the newspaper, cut out a cartoon ④ that makes you laugh. Post it wherever you need it most, such as on your refrigerator or at work — so that every time you ⑤ will see it, you will smile and feel your spirit lifted. Share your favorites with your friends and family so that everyone can get a good laugh, too. Take your comics with you when you go to visit sick friends who can really use a good laugh.
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H1-1703 변형문제
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29. chuckwalla에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지
29번 변형문제
않는 것은?29)
27. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은?27) Chuckwallas are fat lizards, usually 20-25 cm long, though they may grow up to 45 cm. They weigh about 1.5 kg when ① mature. Most chuckwallas are mainly brown or black. Just after the ② annual molt, the skin is shiny. Lines of dark brown run along the back and ③ continue down the tail. As the males grow older, these brown lines disappear and the body color becomes ④ darker; the tail becomes almost white. It is not ⑤ easy to distinguish between male and female chuckwallas, because young males look like females and the largest females resemble males. * molt: 탈피
Chuckwallas are fat lizards, usually 20-25 cm long, though they may grow up to 45 cm. They weigh about 1.5 kg when mature. Most chuckwallas are mainly brown or black. Just after the annual molt, the skin is shiny. Lines of dark brown run along the back and continue down the tail. As the males grow older, these brown lines disappear and the body color becomes lighter; the tail becomes almost white. It is not easy to distinguish between male and female chuckwallas, because young males look like females and the largest females resemble males. * molt: 탈피 ① ② ③ ④ ⑤
길이는 대개 20~20cm 이다. 태어났을 때 몸무게는 대략 1.5 kg 정도이다. 일 년에 한 번 탈피를 한다. 나이를 먹으면 갈색 선들이 사라진다. 가장 큰 암컷들은 수컷들과 비슷하다.
28. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?28) Chuckwallas are fat lizards, ① usually 20-25 cm long, though they may grow up to 45 cm. They weigh about 1.5 kg ② when mature. Most chuckwallas are mainly brown or black. Just after the annual molt, the skin is shiny. Lines of dark brown run along the back and ③ continue down the tail. As the males grow older, these brown lines ④ are disappeared and the body color becomes lighter; the tail becomes almost white. It is not easy to distinguish between male and female chuckwallas, because young males look like females and the largest females ⑤ resemble males. * molt: 탈피
30번 변형문제
30. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.30) And then she gave McMath a gentle push across it, just ahead of Vogel herself. Meghan Vogel was tired. She had just won the 2012 state championship in the 1,600-meter race. (①) She was so exhausted afterward that she was in last place toward the end of her next race, the 3,200 meters. (②) As she came around the final turn in the long race, the runner in front of her, Arden McMath, fell to the ground. (③) Vogel made a quick decision. She stopped and helped McMath to her feet. Together, they walked the last 30 meters. Vogel guided her to the finish line. (④) “If you work hard to get to the state meet, you deserve to finish,” she said. Later, Vogel’s hometown held a parade in her honor. (⑤) It wasn’t because of the race where she finished first. It was because of the race where she finished last.
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H1-1703 변형문제
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31. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?31) Meghan Vogel was tired. She had just won the 2012 state championship in the 1,600-meter race. She was so exhausted afterward ① that she was in last place toward the end of her next race, the 3,200 meters. As she came around the final turn in the long race, the runner in front of her, Arden McMath, ② falling to the ground. Vogel made a quick decision. She stopped and helped McMath to her feet. Together, they walked the last 30 meters. Vogel guided her to the finish line. And then she gave McMath a gentle push across it, just ahead of Vogel ③ herself. “If you work hard to get to the state meet, you deserve ④ to finish,” she said. Later, Vogel’s hometown held a parade in her honor. It wasn’t because of the race where she finished first. It was because of the race ⑤ where she finished last.
31번 변형문제
33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
33)
In small towns the same workman makes chairs and doors and tables, and often the same person builds houses. And it is, of course, impossible . In large cities, on the other hand, because many people make demands on each trade, one trade alone — very often even less than a whole trade — is enough to support a man. For instance, one man makes shoes for men, and another for women. And there are places even where one man earns a living by only stitching shoes, another by cutting them out, and another by sewing the uppers together. Such skilled workers may have used simple tools, but their specialization did result in more efficient and productive work. * trade: 직종
32. Meghan Vogel에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하 지 않는 것은?32) Meghan Vogel was tired. She had just won the 2012 state championship in the 1,600-meter race. She was so exhausted afterward that she was in last place toward the end of her next race, the 3,200 meters. As she came around the final turn in the long race, the runner in front of her, Arden McMath, fell to the ground. Vogel made a quick decision. She stopped and helped McMath to her feet. Together, they walked the last 30 meters. Vogel guided her to the finish line. And then she gave McMath a gentle push across it, just ahead of Vogel herself. “If you work hard to get to the state meet, you deserve to finish,” she said. Later, Vogel’s hometown held a parade in her honor. It wasn’t because of the race where she finished first. It was because of the race where she finished last. ① 2012년 1600 미터 달리기 주 선수권 대회에서 우승했 다. ② 그녀의 다음 경기는 3200 미터 경기였다. ③ 그녀 앞에서 넘어진 Arden MaMath를 도와서 마지막 30 미터를 걸었다. ④ 결국 3200 미터 경기를 꼴찌로 마쳤다. ⑤ 1등으로 들어온 시합 때문에 고향에서 퍼레이드를 개최 했다.
➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄
for for for for for
workmen to cooperate a workman to build a bridge a man to support his family alone people to learn skills for themselves a man of many trades to be skilled in all of them
34. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 한 것을 고르시오.
34)
In small towns the same workman makes chairs and doors and tables, and often the same person builds houses. And it is, of course, impossible for a man of many trades to be skilled in all of them. (A) Such skilled workers may have used simple tools, but their specialization did result in more efficient and productive work. (B) In large cities, on the other hand, because many people make demands on each trade, one trade alone — very often even less than a whole trade — is enough to support a man. (C) For instance, one man makes shoes for men, and another for women. And there are places even where one man earns a living by only stitching shoes, another by cutting them out, and another by sewing the uppers together. * trade: 직종 ➀ (A) - (C) - (B) ➂ (B) - (C) - (A) ➄ (C) - (B) - (A)
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➁ (B) - (A) - (C) ➃ (C) - (A) - (B)
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35. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
32번 변형문제
이 적절하지 않은 것은?35) In small towns the same workman makes chairs and doors and tables, and often the ➀ same person builds houses. And it is, of course, ➁ possible for a man of many trades to be skilled in all of them. In large cities, on the other hand, because many people make demands on each trade, one trade alone — very often even less than a whole trade — is ➂ enough to support a man. For instance, one man makes shoes for men, and another for women. And there are places even where one man ➃ earns a living by only stitching shoes, another by cutting them out, and another by sewing the uppers together. Such skilled workers may have used simple tools, but their specialization did result in ➄ more efficient and productive work. * trade: 직종
36. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?36) In ➀ small towns the same workman makes chairs and doors and tables, and often the same person builds houses. And it is, of course, impossible for a man of many trades to ➁ be skilled in all of them. In large cities, on the other hand, because many people make demands on each trade, one trade alone — very often even less than a whole trade — is enough ➂ to support a man. For instance, one man makes shoes for men, and another for women. And there are places even where one man earns a living by only stitching shoes, another by cutting them out, and ➃ another by sewing the uppers together. Such skilled workers ➄ should have used simple tools, but their specialization did result in more efficient and productive work. * trade: 직종
37. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
37)
About four billion years ago, molecules joined together to form cells. About two billion years later, cells joined together to form more complex cells. And then a billion years later, these more complex cells joined together to form multicellular organisms. All of these evolved because the participating individuals could, by working together, spread their genetic material in new and more effective ways. Fast-forward another billion years to our world, which is full of social animals, from ants to wolves to humans. The same principle applies. Ants and wolves in groups can do things that , and we humans, by cooperating with one another, have become the earth’s dominant species. * molecule: 분자 ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄
are simple, not complex are to be done genetically no single ant or wolf can do they could not do billions years ago need to be done to adapt to the environment
38. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?38) About four billion years ago, molecules joined together to form cells. About two billion years later, cells joined together to form more complex cells. ❶ And then a billion years later, these more complex cells joined together to form multicellular organisms. ❷ All of these evolved because the participating individuals could, by working together, spread their genetic material in new and more effective ways. ❸ More often than not, genetical factors are stronger than social and environmental ones. ❹ Fast-forward another billion years to our world, which is full of social animals, from ants to wolves to humans. The same principle applies. ❺ Ants and wolves in groups can do things that no single ant or wolf can do, and we humans, by cooperating with one another, have become the earth’s dominant species. * molecule: 분자
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39. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
41. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
이 적절하지 않은 것은?39)
이 적절하지 않은 것은?41)
About four billion years ago, molecules joined together to form cells. About two billion years later, cells joined together to form ➀ more complex cells. And then a billion years later, these more complex cells joined together to form multicellular organisms. All of these ➁ evolved because the participating individuals could, by working together, spread their genetic material in new and more effective ways. Fast-forward another billion years to our world, which is full of ➂ social animals, from ants to wolves to humans. The same principle ➃ applies. Ants and wolves in groups can do things that no single ant or wolf can do, and we humans, by cooperating with one another, have become the earth’s ➄ subservient species.
What do advertising and map-making have in ➀ common? Without doubt the best answer is their shared need to communicate a ➁ limited version of the truth. An advertisement must create an image that’s appealing and a map must present an image that’s ➂ clear, but neither can meet its goal by telling or showing everything. Ads will cover up or play down negative aspects of the company or service they advertise. In this way, they can promote a favorable comparison with similar products or ➃ differentiate a product from its competitors. Likewise, the map must ➄ describe details that would be confusing.
* molecule: 분자
42. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?42)
33번 변형문제
40. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
40)
What do advertising and map-making have in common? Without doubt the best answer is their shared need to communicate . An advertisement must create an image that’s appealing and a map must present an image that’s clear, but neither can meet its goal by telling or showing everything. Ads will cover up or play down negative aspects of the company or service they advertise. In this way, they can promote a favorable comparison with similar products or differentiate a product from its competitors. Likewise, the map must remove details that would be confusing. ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➄
What do advertising and map-making have in common? ❶ Without doubt the best answer is their shared need to communicate a limited version of the truth. ❷ An advertisement must create an image that’s appealing and a map must present an image that’s clear, but neither can meet its goal by telling or showing everything. Ads will cover up or play down negative aspects of the company or service they advertise. ❸ Therefore, Ads that have negative comments about their competitors should not be trusted. ❹ In this way, they can promote a favorable comparison with similar products or differentiate a product from its competitors. ❺Likewise, the map must remove details that would be confusing.
the most vivid visual images a limited version of the truth a detailed image of their output a different aspect from their competitors not a single negative image of their own
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45. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?45)
34번 변형문제
43. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.43) Your mind has not yet adapted to this relatively new development. Did you know you actually think in images and not in words? (➀) Images are simply mental pictures showing ideas and experiences. (➁) Early humans communicated their ideas and experiences to others for thousands of years by drawing pictures in the sand or on the walls of their caves. (➂) Only recently have humans created various languages and alphabets to symbolize these “picture” messages. (➃) An image has a much greater impact on your brain than words; the nerves from the eye to the brain are twenty-five times larger than the nerves from the ear to the brain. (➄) You often remember a person’s face but not his or her name, for example. The old saying, “A picture is worth a thousand words,” is true.
Did you know you actually think in images and not in words? Images are simply mental pictures ➀ showing ideas and experiences. Early humans communicated their ideas and experiences to ➁ other for thousands of years by drawing pictures in the sand or on the walls of their caves. Only recently have humans ➂ created various languages and alphabets to symbolize these “picture” messages. Your mind has not yet adapted to this ➃ relatively new development. An image has a much greater impact on your brain than words; the nerves from the eye to the brain are twenty-five times larger than the nerves from the ear to the brain. You often remember a person’s face but not his or her name, for example. The old saying, “A picture is ➄ worth a thousand words,” is true.
35번 변형문제
46. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적 절한 것은?46)
44. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은?44) Did you know you actually think in images and not in words? Images are simply ➀ mental pictures showing ideas and experiences. Early humans ➁ communicated their ideas and experiences to others for thousands of years by drawing pictures in the sand or on the walls of their caves. Only recently have humans created various languages and alphabets to ➂ symbolize these “picture” messages. Your mind has not yet adapted to this relatively new development. An image has a much ➃ less impact on your brain than words; the nerves from the eye to the brain are twenty-five times ➄ larger than the nerves from the ear to the brain. You often remember a person’s face but not his or her name, for example. The old saying, “A picture is worth a thousand words,” is true.
In negotiation, there often will be issues that you do not care about — but that the other side cares about very much! It is important to identify these issues. (A) , you may not care about whether you start your new job in June or July. But if your potential boss strongly prefers that you start as soon as possible, that’s a valuable piece of information. Now you are in a position to give her something that she values (at no cost to you) and get something of value in return. For example, you might start a month earlier and receive a larger bonus for doing so. (B) , when purchasing my home, I discovered that the seller was very interested in closing the deal as soon as possible. So I agreed to close one month earlier than originally offered, and the seller agreed to a lower price. (A)
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(B)
① However
……
In contrast
② However
……
Similarly
③ For example
……
Similarly
④ For example
……
In contrast
⑤ However
……
Nevertheless
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47. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
36번 변형문제
이 적절하지 않은 것은?47) In negotiation, there often will be issues that you do not care about — but that the other side cares about very much! It is important to ① identify these issues. For example, you may not care about whether you start your new job in June or July. But if your potential boss strongly ② prefers that you start as soon as possible, that’s a valuable piece of information. Now you are in a position to give her something that she values (at no cost to you) and get something of value in ③ return. For example, you might start a month earlier and receive a ④ larger bonus for doing so. Similarly, when purchasing my home, I discovered that the seller was very interested in closing the deal as soon as possible. So I agreed to close one month ⑤ later than originally offered, and the seller agreed to a lower price.
49. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.49) Then he mailed the letters, but didn’t enclose the checks. Andrew Carnegie, the great early-twentieth-century businessman, once heard his sister complain about her two sons. (①) They were away at college and rarely responded to her letters. (②) Carnegie told her that if he wrote them he would get an immediate response. (③) He sent off two warm letters to the boys, and told them that he was happy to send each of them a check for a hundred dollars (a large sum in those days). (④) Within days he received warm grateful letters from both boys, who noted at the letters’ end that he had unfortunately forgotten to include the check. (⑤) If the check had been enclosed, would they have responded so quickly?
48. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?48) In negotiation, there often will be issues that you do not care about — but that ① the other side cares about very much! It is important to identify these issues. For example, you may not care about ② whether you start your new job in June or July. But if your potential boss strongly prefers that you start as soon as possible, that’s a valuable piece of information. Now you are in a position to give her something that she values (at no cost to you) and ③ gets something of value in return. For example, you might start a month earlier and receive a larger bonus for doing so. Similarly, when purchasing my home, I discovered that the seller was very interested in closing the deal as ④ soon as possible. So I agreed to close one month earlier than originally ⑤ offered, and the seller agreed to a lower price.
50. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은?50) Andrew Carnegie, the great early-twentieth-century businessman, once heard his sister ① complain about her two sons. They were away at college and rarely responded to her letters. Carnegie told her that if he wrote them he would get an ② immediate response. He sent off two warm letters to the boys, and told them that he was ③ happy to send each of them a check for a hundred dollars (a large sum in those days). Then he mailed the letters, but didn’t ④ enclose the checks. Within days he received warm grateful letters from both boys, who noted at the letters’ end that he had unfortunately forgotten to include the check. If the check had been enclosed, would they have responded so ⑤ late?
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51. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?51)
53. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 한 것을 고르시오.
Andrew Carnegie, the great early-twentieth-century businessman, once heard his sister ① complain about her two sons. They were away at college and ② rarely responded to her letters. Carnegie told her that if he wrote them he would get an immediate response. He sent off two warm letters to the boys, and told them that he was happy ③ to send each of them a check for a hundred dollars (a large sum in those days). Then he mailed the letters, but didn’t enclose the checks. Within days he received warm grateful letters from both boys, who noted at the letters’ end that he had unfortunately forgotten ④ including the check. If the check had been enclosed, would they ⑤ have responded so quickly?
53)
Childhood friends — friends you’ve known forever — are really special. They know everything about you, and you’ve shared lots of firsts. (A) Maybe you’re into rap and she’s into pop, or you go to different schools and have different groups of friends. (B) When you hit puberty, however, sometimes these forever-friendships go through growing pains. You find that you have less in common than you used to. (C) Change can best friends, friends with just think of
be scary, but remember: Friends, even don’t have to be exactly alike. Having other interests keeps life interesting — what you can learn from each other.
37번 변형문제
52. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
52)
Childhood friends — friends you’ve known forever — are really special. They know everything about you, and you’ve shared lots of firsts. When you hit puberty, however, sometimes these forever-friendships go through growing pains. You find that you have less in common than you used to. Maybe you’re into rap and she’s into pop, or you go to different schools and have different groups of friends. Change can be scary, but remember: Friends, even best friends, . Having friends with other interests keeps life interesting — just think of what you can learn from each other. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤
can never be your family don’t know your inner self don’t have to be exactly alike can share everything with you can betray your trust any time
➀ (A) - (C) - (B) ➂ (B) - (C) - (A) ➄ (C) - (B) - (A)
➁ (B) - (A) - (C) ➃ (C) - (A) - (B)
54. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은?54) Childhood friends — friends you’ve known forever — are really ① special. They know everything about you, and you’ve shared lots of firsts. When you hit puberty, however, sometimes these forever-friendships go through growing ② pains. You find that you have ③ more in common than you used to. Maybe you’re into rap and she’s into pop, or you go to different schools and have different groups of friends. Change can be scary, but remember: Friends, even best friends, don’t have to be exactly ④ alike. Having friends with other interests keeps life ⑤ interesting — just think of what you can learn from each other.
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57. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
38번 변형문제
이 적절하지 않은 것은?57)
55. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
55)
Geography influenced human relationships in Greece. Because the land made travel so ① convenient, the guest-host relationship was valued. If a stranger, even a poor man, appeared at your door, it was your duty to be a good host, to give him a ② shelter and share your food with him. “We do not sit at a table only to eat, but to eat together,” said the Greek author Plutarch. Dining was a sign of the human community and ③ differentiated men from beasts. In return, the guest had duties to his host. These included not ④ abusing his host’s hospitality by staying too long, usually not more than three days. A ⑤ violation of this relationship by either side brought human and divine anger.
Geography influenced human relationships in Greece. Because the land made travel so difficult, the guest-host relationship was valued. If a stranger, even a poor man, appeared at your door, it was your duty to be a good host, to give him a shelter and share your food with him. “We do not sit at a table only to eat, but to eat together,” said the Greek author Plutarch. was a sign of the human community and differentiated men from beasts. In return, the guest had duties to his host. These included not abusing his host’s hospitality by staying too long, usually not more than three days. A violation of this relationship by either side brought human and divine anger. ① Geography ③ Duty ⑤ Intelligence
② Dining ④ Religion
58. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?58) 56. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 한 것을 고르시오.
56)
Geography influenced human relationships in Greece. Because the land made travel so difficult, the guest-host relationship was valued. (A) These included not abusing his host’s hospitality by staying too long, usually not more than three days. A violation of this relationship by either side brought human and divine anger. (B) Dining was a sign of the human community and differentiated men from beasts. In return, the guest had duties to his host.
Geography influenced human relationships in Greece. Because the land made travel so difficult, the guest-host relationship was ① valued. If a stranger, even a poor man, appeared at your door, it was your duty to be a good host, to give him a shelter and ② share your food with him. “We do not sit at a table only to eat, but to eat together,” said the Greek author Plutarch. Dining was a sign of the human community and ③ differentiated men from beasts. In return, the guest had duties to his host. These included not abusing his host’s hospitality by staying too long, usually ④ not more than three days. A violation of this relationship by ⑤ both side brought human and divine anger.
(C) If a stranger, even a poor man, appeared at your door, it was your duty to be a good host, to give him a shelter and share your food with him. “We do not sit at a table only to eat, but to eat together,” said the Greek author Plutarch. ➀ (A) - (C) - (B) ➂ (B) - (C) - (A) ➄ (C) - (B) - (A)
➁ (B) - (A) - (C) ➃ (C) - (A) - (B)
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H1-1703 변형문제
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39번 변형문제
40번 변형문제
59. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
61. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에
이 적절하지 않은 것은?59) Today car sharing movements have appeared all over the world. In many cities, car sharing has made a ① strong impact on how city residents travel. Even in strong car-ownership cultures such as North America, car sharing has gained ② popularity. In the U.S. and Canada, membership in car sharing now exceeds one in five adults in many ③ rural areas. Strong influence on traffic jams and pollution can be felt from Toronto to New York, as each shared vehicle replaces around 10 ④ personal cars. City governments with downtown areas struggling with traffic jams and lack of parking lots are ⑤ driving the growing popularity of car sharing.
가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.61) However, he felt that his presentation was not very well received by the German executives. A large American hardware manufacturer was invited to introduce its products to a distributor with good reputation in Germany. (①) Wanting to make the best possible impression, the American company sent its most promising young executive, Fred Wagner, who spoke fluent German. (②) When Fred first met his German hosts, he shook hands firmly, greeted everyone in German, and even remembered to bow the head slightly as is the German custom. (③) Fred, a very effective public speaker, began his presentation with a few humorous jokes to set a relaxed atmosphere. (④) Even though Fred thought he had done his cultural homework, he made one particular error. Fred did not win any points by telling a few jokes. (⑤) It was viewed as too informal and unprofessional in a German business setting.
60. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?60) Today car sharing movements ① have appeared all over the world. In many cities, car sharing has made a strong impact on ② how city residents travel. Even in strong car-ownership cultures such as North America, car sharing has gained popularity. In the U.S. and Canada, membership in car sharing now ③ exceeds one in five adults in many urban areas. Strong influence on traffic jams and pollution can ④ be felt from Toronto to New York, as each shared vehicle replaces around 10 personal cars. City governments with downtown areas struggling with traffic jams and lack of parking lots ⑤ driving the growing popularity of car sharing.
62. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은?62) A large American hardware manufacturer was invited to ① introduce its products to a distributor with good reputation in Germany. Wanting to make the best possible impression, the American company sent its most promising young executive, Fred Wagner, who spoke ② fluent German. When Fred first met his German hosts, he shook hands firmly, greeted everyone in German, and even remembered to bow the head slightly as is the German ③ custom. Fred, a very effective public speaker, began his presentation with a few humorous jokes to set a ④ relaxed atmosphere. However, he felt that his presentation was not very well received by the German executives. Even though Fred thought he had done his cultural homework, he made one particular error. Fred did not win any points by telling a few jokes. It was viewed as too ⑤ formal and unprofessional in a German business setting.
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63. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?63) A large American hardware manufacturer was invited to introduce its products to a distributor with good reputation in Germany. ① Wanting to make the best possible impression, the American company sent its most ② promising young executive, Fred Wagner, who spoke fluent German. When Fred first met his German hosts, he shook hands firmly, greeted everyone in German, and even remembered ③ bowing the head slightly as is the German custom. Fred, a very effective public speaker, began his presentation with a few humorous jokes to set a relaxed atmosphere. However, he felt that his presentation was not very well received by the German executives. Even though Fred thought he ④ had done his cultural homework, he made one particular error. Fred did not win any points by telling a few jokes. It was viewed as too informal and ⑤ unprofessional in a German business setting.
41~42번 변형문제
64. 밑줄 친 부분이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다 른 것은?64) A teacher once received a letter from a student, asking fourteen unrelated questions on a variety of subjects. ① He wrote back a long reply in which he dealt with thirteen of the questions. He soon received a return letter from the student, who not only noted the omission, but expressed no thanks for what ② he had written. Though the teacher was a man of great patience, ③ he was hurt by the student’s behavior: “Not only was there no word of thanks, but at the beginning of your letter you reminded ④ me that there was one of your questions to which I forgot to give an answer. Was that the proper beginning and response to a letter of ten pages?” He went on to tell the student: “I mention this not because I need your thanks, but because of my love for you and concern that you should not become a person who denies the good done for ⑤ him.”
65. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은?65) A teacher once received a letter from a student, asking fourteen ① unrelated questions on a variety of subjects. The teacher wrote back a long reply in which he dealt with thirteen of the questions. He soon received a return letter from the student, who not only noted the ② omission, but expressed no thanks for what the teacher had written. Though the teacher was a man of great ③ patience, he was hurt by the student’s behavior: “Not only was there no word of thanks, but at the beginning of your letter you reminded me that there was one of your questions to which I forgot to give an answer. Was that the ④ proper beginning and response to a letter of ten pages?” He went on to tell the student: “I mention this not because I need your thanks, but because of my love for you and concern that you should not become a person who ⑤ appreciates the good done for him.”
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H1-1703 변형문제
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66. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?66)
43~45번 변형문제
A teacher once received a letter from a student, ① asking fourteen unrelated questions on a variety of subjects. He wrote back a long reply ② which he dealt with thirteen of the questions. He soon received a return letter from the student, who not only noted the omission, but expressed no thanks for what he ③ had written. Though the teacher was a man of great patience, he was hurt by the student’s behavior: “Not only ④ was there no word of thanks, but at the beginning of your letter you reminded me that there was one of your questions to which I forgot to give an answer. Was that the proper beginning and response to a letter of ten pages?” He went on to tell the student: “I mention this not because I need your thanks, but because of my love for you and concern ⑤ that you should not become a person who denies the good done for him.”
68. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.68) He kept the slave in a small room and locked it from outside. Once in a village lived a rich man. (①) He had many slaves and servants for work. (②) The rich man was very unkind and cruel to them. (③) One day one of the slaves made a mistake while cooking food. He overcooked the food. (④) When the rich man saw the food, he became angry and punished the slave. (⑤) Somehow the slave escaped from that room and ran away.
69. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것을 모두 67. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? When someone has helped you, done all that you requested, focus has done, not on what he hasn’t. seem to be morally obvious, many up with their own needs that ① ② ③ ④ ⑤
they they they they they
but has perhaps not on what the person Although this would people are so caught .
do morally wrong things focus on the goods for them ignore the good done for them admit that they need some help can’t do anything for themselves
고르시오. (2개)69)
67)
Once in a village lived a rich man. He had many slaves and servants for work. The rich man was very unkind and cruel to them. One day one of the slaves made a mistake while ① cooking food. He overcooked the food. When the rich man saw the food, he became angry and punished the slave. He kept the slave in a small room and ② locked it from outside. Somehow the slave escaped from that room and ran away. He went to a forest. There he saw a lion. Instead of becoming afraid of the lion and ③ ran away, he went close to the lion. He saw the lion was injured and one of his legs was bleeding. The slave searched for herbs to cure the lion’s wound and ④ took care of the lion. After a few days the lion recovered. The slave and the lion became very close friends. A few days went by but one day the slave was caught by one of the guards of the rich man. The guard took him to the rich man, who decided to punish him severely. The rich man ordered guards ⑤ to put him in the lion’s cage. The whole village got the news about it and came to see. As soon as the slave was locked in the lion’s cage, the lion came near him and started licking his hand and hugged him. It was the same lion that the slave ⑥ had helped in the forest. ⑦ Seeing this, everyone was surprised. The rich man thought that the slave was such a great person ⑧ who the lion didn’t kill him. He freed the slave, made him his friend and started to treat all his servants and slaves better.
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H1-1703 변형문제 정답
1) 4 2) 4 ( development → developing ) 3) 1 4) 4 ( nervous → disappointed ) 5) 3 ( to know → knowing ) 6) 5 7) 5 ( irregularly → regularly ) 8) 2 ( reporting → reported ) 9) 2 10) 2 11) 3 ( deteriorated → improved ) 12) 4 13) 2 ( absence → presence ) 14) 4 ( attracting → attract ) 15) 3 16) 4 ( daring → safer ) 17) 5 ( another → other ) 18) 4 19) 3 20) 4 21) 4 ( dislike → preference ) 22) 4 ( some → which ) 23) 4 24) 4 25) 5 26) 5 ( will see → see ) 27) 4 ( darker → lighter ) 28) 4 ( are disappeared → disappeared ) 29) 2 30) 4 31) 2 ( falling → fell ) 32) 5 33) 5 34) 3 35) 2 ( possible → impossible ) 36) 5 ( should → may ) 37) 3 38) 3 39) 5 ( subservient → dominant ) 40) 2 41) 5 ( describe → remove ) 42) 3 43) 4 44) 4 ( less → greater ) 45) 2 ( other → others ) 46) 3 47) 5 ( later → earlier ) 48) 3 ( gets → get ) 49) 4 50) 5 ( late → quickly ) 51) 4 ( including → to include ) 52) 3 53) 2 54) 3 ( more → less ) 55) 2 56) 5 57) 1 ( convenient → difficult ) 58) 5 ( both → either )
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59) 60) 61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) 69)
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3 ( rural → urban ) 5 ( driving → are driving ) 4 5 ( formal → informal ) 3 ( bowing → to bow ) 5 5 ( appreciates → denies ) 2 ( which → in which ) 3 5 3, 8 ( ③ ran → running / ⑧ who → that )