A Century of Civil Rights
May 2014
GODIVA Chocolate
YUM! 2
By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
TABLE OF CONTENTS Nicole Roach
Civil Rights Timeline ........................................................................................................................................ pg. 4 ! By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
News Section: Rosa Parks Stands up to Segregation .......................................................................................................... pg. 8 ! By: Alexander Favrot Linda Brown’s Fight Against Segregation Changes America Forever ........................................................... pg. 9 ! By: Nicole Roach Civil Rights Furthered Under U.S. President, John F. Kennedy .................................................................. pg. 10 ! By: Jack Zvonek Four Girls Integrate Two Schools and Lead to Crisis .................................................................................. pg. 11 ! By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo Brave African-Americans Stand Up to Discrimination ................................................................................. pg. 12 By: Jack Zvonek King, Lewis, and Greenberg Push Civil Rights Forward ............................................................................. pg. 14 By: Alexander Favrot Brown’s Lawsuit Helps Desegregate America ............................................................................................ pg. 16 By: Nicole Roach Integrating Central High .............................................................................................................................. pg. 18 By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
Arts Section: Harper Lee Shocks America With Her Masterpiece .................................................................................... pg. 26 ! By: Jack Zvonek A String That Tugs Your Heart...................................................................................................................... pg. 27 ! By: Alexander Favrot Robert Sharenow Expresses Views on Desegregation in New Orleans ..................................................... pg. 28 ! By: Nicole Roach Melba Pattillo Beals Shares the Harsh Realities of Integration.................................................................... pg. 29 ! By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo John Earl Ray Assassination on Freedom ................................................................................................. pg. 32 ! By: Jack Zvonek Dr. King’s Memorial Inspires Public to Aim for Justice ............................................................................... pg. 34 ! By: Nicole Roach African Americans Suffer During Civil Rights Movement............................................................................. pg. 36 ! By: Alexander Favro We Shall Overcome..................................................................................................................................... pg. 38 ! By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
3
Civil
Timeline
New Orleans Integration Crisis On November 14, 1960 four African American girls integrated McDonough 19, William Frantz in New Orleans.
Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on December 1, 1 9 5 5 , i n M o n t g o m e r y, Alabama. Then a group of African Americans refused to go on a Montgomery bus for an extended amount of time.
Central High Integration On September 23, 1957 nine African Americans integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Brown v. Board of Education I n To p e k a , K a n s a s , 1954, the school board did not let Linda Brown go to a white school. Her family filed a lawsuit against the school board and won the case.
To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird was written by Harper Lee and published on July 11, 1960 by J. B. Lippincott. It was set in the town of Maycomb, Alabama in 1933-1935.
Peter Seeger is a Civil Rights activists that sang “We shall Overcome.” On September, 1948 “We shall Overcome” was issued in the People's Songs Bulletin.
1955 1957
1954 1948
4
1960
1960
Mae Cowden-Garofalo
Rights Kennedy’s Election On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy beat Richard Nixon.
My Mother the Cheerleader My Mother the Cheerleader, by R o b e r t S h a r e n o w, w a s published by Harper Collins Publishers in 2007. It is set in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans during the winter of 1960.
Warriors Don’t Cry Warriors Don’t Cry was published on February 1, 1995 by the Washington Square Press. The book was set in 1957-60 in Little Rock, Arkansas.
1960
Mississippi Trial of 1955 Mississippi Trial of 1955 was written by Chris Crowe and published by Phyllis Fogelman in 2002.
MLK’s Assassination Martin Luther King Jr.‘s assassination by James Earl Ray on April 4, 1986.
MLK Memorial Martin Luther King Junior’s memorial opened in 2011 in Washington DC.
2007 2002
1995 1986
2011 5
MORE FANTA. LESS SERIOUS. 6
By: Nicole Roach
NEWS
7
Rosa Parks Stands Up to Segregation Alexander Favrot
!
On December 1, 1955 in
Montgomery, Alabama an African American women refused to give up her bus seat to a white man and she was arrested for it. Her name was Rosa Parks. 4 days later, an African American man named Martin Luther King started a bus boycott in Montgomery. during the boycott many African Americans didn’t ride the busses and walked to work and other places instead. Later Rosa’s case went to the Supreme Court and
Rosa Parks is the woman who started the bus boycott.
eventually the Supreme Court made all busses in Montgomery integrated.
Bus”. The boycott lasted from December 5, 1955 to December 20, 1956 , which is
!
The bus boycott was a reaction to
381 days. The boycott caused the
when Rosa Parks was arrested for not
Supreme Court to make all busses in
giving up her set to a white man. She
Montgomery
was arrested on December 1, 1955 while
caused the Civil Rights movement to
going home from work. The bus driver
start.
to be integrated and it
told her to move back to the back of the bus and she said no. He said he would
The boycott started because of the
get her arrested and she said okay then
leaflet that the WPC sent out. Many
do it and she was arrested a little bit later
African Americans joined the boycott
that night. The boycott was first called for
because they were tired of the
by the Women’s Political Council. They
segregation laws and restrictions in
sent out a leaflet title “Don’t Ride the
*SEE: BUS BOYCOTT, PG. 20 8
Linda Brown’s Fight Against Segregation Changes America Forever Nicole Roach
!
In the town of Topeka, Kansas,
segregation gave non-white races an
during 1954, an African American girl
unequal education compared to the
named Linda Brown faced an issue that
education given at white schools.
would change segregation forever. Linda
Marshall also believed segregation
was an eight year old girl who was
caused a feeling of negativity for African-
admitted to a school only five blocks from her house. The school board of Topeka refused to admit her to the school because it was exclusively for white students. The board entered her into a non-white school around twentyone blocks away from her house. Believing that this was extremely unfair, Brown’s parents filed a lawsuit against the school board. The main question raised in this debate was simply whether or not segregation was constitutional. !
Linda Brown
Linda’s parents believed
American students, because they were
segregation denied the Equal Protection
constantly reminded of their inferiority to
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
whites.
This clause said that all races would be
The school board gave a totally
treated equally and would all have the
different opinion on the topic.
same rights. Thurgood Marshall, the
They
claimed that white and non-white schools
lawyer for Brown, had many other
had equal educations, teachers, and
opinions about segregation that added to
supplies. In fact, they argued that
the argument of their side. He believed 9
* SEE: LINDA BROWN, PG. 21
Civil Rights Furthered Under U.S. President, John F. Kennedy Jack Zvonek
On November
Equal Employment Opportunity.
8 , 1 9 6 0 , J o h n F.
Although he had promised to give
Kennedy beat Richard
equal rights to African-Americans,
Nixon, in the closest
he did not keep to his promise
presidential election in
until late in his presidential
U.S. history. He then
session.
became the 35th
During Kennedy’s campaign,
President of the United
Martin Luther King Jr. was
S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a .
arrested for his participation in
President Kennedy won the election because of his African-American support.
John F. Kennedy’s campaign poster really helped Kennedy’s presidential run.
During their presidential
civil disobedience and was put in jail.
A few days later,
Kennedy called Coretta King,
Martin Luther King Jr.’s wife, to
campaign’s Kennedy and Nixon both had
sympathize with her.
Meanwhile,
promised to give equal rights to African-
Kennedy’s brother, Robert Kennedy
Americans. He had more than 70% of
called an Atlanta judge and requested
the African-American vote, in addition to
him to let Martin Luther King out of jail.
the large amount of white supporters that
This act of kindness earned him most of
he had gained over the year and a half of
his African-American support as well as
continuous, grueling campaigning. Once
Martin Luther King Sr.’s support. Little
Kennedy was elected, he appointed
did Kennedy know, his one act of
many African-Americans to high ranking
kindness would earn him a special spot
in the administration of Civil Rights,
in history.
strengthened the Civil Rights
In the beginning of his election,
C o m m i s s i o n , a n d e v e n p u t Vi c e
President Kennedy focused on more
President Lyndon B. Johnson as the
international matters, such as the Cold
head of the President's Committee on
War, and forgot about his promise to 10
*SEE JFK PG. 22
Four Girls Integrate Two Schools and Lead to Crisis Mae Cowden-Garofalo
In November, 1990 four African
desegregate the schools one grade per
American girls became the first students
year.
to integrate two schools in New Orleans.
In the summer of 1960 the final
The four girls were named Leona Tate,
ruling by the legislature to desegregate
Tessie Prevost, Gaile Etienne, and Ruby
schools was passed. There were 137
Bridges. This started crisis in the city of
applications of students who wanted to
New Orleans causing boycotts and riots
integrate, and only 4 were chosen. On
from the local white segregationist
November 14, 1960 these four students
citizens. The school board and children
lives would change dramatically.
were threatened causing their to be
Protected by
discussion whether or not to continue
police
with the integration. Lack of leadership
federal marshals
throughout this time made it even
L e o n a Ta t e ,
harder to control the city during this
Tessie Prevost,
hard time.
Gaile Etienne,
In response to the 1954 Brown
and
and
Ruby
v. Board of Education decision that
Bridges would
integrated schools in Topeka, Kansas,
go to the once
Judge, J. Skelly Wright gave the orders
all
to make a plan to desegregate public schools in the New Orleans Ninth Ward.
Ruby Bridges is escorted to William Frantz by white men.
white
schools. Leona Ta t e , Te s s i e
The Orleans Parish School
Prevost, and Gaile Etienne entered
Board, following Wrights decision, were
McDonough 19, and Ruby Bridges went
not quick to action because of the local
to William Frantz.
opposition, so they waited 4 years.
Immediately the boycotting and
Judge Wright decided in May to
r i o t s o f s e g r e g a t i o n i s t s s t a r t e d . *SEE: INTEGRATION, PG. 23 11
Brave African-Americans Stand Up to Discrimination Jack Zvonek
Martin Luther King was the leader and president of the Montgomery bus boycotters.
!
Claudette Colvin was the first person to give up her seat to a white person, but Rosa Parks is the most famous person for doing it.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott showed
King Jr. Martin was nominated and voted to
how unhappy and how annoyed African-
be president of the cause by African-
Americans were with the segregation and the
American supporters. This boycott sparked
discrimination that was taking place in America.
the civil rights movement.
Rosa Parks stood up to
segregation, by not giving up her seat to a white person, the second person to do so after Claudette Colvin. This act sparked a group of people to decided that they weren’t going on a Montgomery bus for one day. This boycott worked so well, that the group decided that they weren’t going to ride the Montgomery buses for an extended amount of time. Jo Ann Robinson was one of the key people in helping spread the news. There were many important people supporting the Many people reacted harshly to Rosa Parks stand up to segregation.
cause such as E.D. Nixon and Martin Luther 12
E.D. Nixon was one of the main funding supporter of the movement.
Jo Ann Robinson was one of the key supporters that helped spread word of the boycott.
13
King, Lewis, and Greenberg Push Civil Rights Alexander Favrot
The Selma to Montgomery march
MLK’s right hand men. He was hated for
took place on March 21, 1965 to March 25,
helping MLK and just being one of MLK’s
1965.
f o l l o w e r s . To d a y J o h n L e w i s i s a
!
Jack Greenberg was the person
democratic senator from Georgia. Finally there is MLK who was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. MLK was the racists least favorite person because he was the one who showed all blacks that they were equal and he led most of the
Jack Greenberg, the father of David Greenberg, was a lawyer that helped MLK.
who made sure it was possible to march without breaking the law. He was the lawyer that went to the judge in Montgomery to argue that MLK should be
John Lewis was one of MLK’s right hand men.
able to march to protest the voter
protests. He was treated with the least
registration problems in
amount of kindness,
Alabama. Many white
respect, and with the
people didn’t want MLK to
most amount of
march just because they
hatred. The themes of
didn’t like black people,
racial prejudice,
which brings up the themes
violence, and hatred
of racial prejudice, violence,
is shown in all of
and hatred. Then there is John Lewis who was one of
MLK gives a speech.
14
these men.
John Lewis is a democratic senator for Georgia.
MLK was the leader of the Civil Rights movement.
15
Brown’s Lawsuit Helps Desegregate America Nicole Roach
Thurgood Marshall leads a protest against segregation. Linda Brown
!
In 1954, Linda Brown was denied admittance to an all white school only five blocks
from her house in Topeka, Kansas. Instead of entering her at this school, the school board entered her into a non-white school about twenty-one blocks away from her home. Brown’s parents filed a lawsuit because they believed segregation was unfair and could have a negative effect on the non-white students’ self-confidence. Their lawyer, Thurgood Marshall, also believed that the white schools were getting a better education than the non-white schools, and used this as part of his argument. The school board argued that the separation was okay as long as it was equal, as decided by the Plessy case in 1892. In a vote of 9/9, Linda Brown won the case. In the majority opinion, written by Justice Warren, it was decided that “separate but equal” was unconstitutional because it denied the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. After one girl’s struggle, the ways of America changed forever.
16
Thurgood Marshall Justice Earl Warren
African American students go to school at Monroe Elementary in Topeka.
The Brown family poses for a photo in front of their house.
17
Integrating Central High Mae Cowden-Garofalo
On September 23, 1957, nine
High, they were physically and mentally abused by their fellow segregationist classmates.
President Eisenhower got
involved and tried to prevent the abuse by sending the 101st Airborne Division for a while. The nine students lives were filled with interviews and meetings to make them have a better and less hurting time at school. They finally made it through the The first day the “Little Rock Nine” went to Central High School, there were mobs of whites.
African Americans became the first people to integrate the previously all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The nine people involved were Ernest Green, Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas,
The nine students were the first to integrate in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Elizabeth Eckford, Thelma Mothershed, Carlotta Walls, Gloria Ray, and Melba
first year with Ernest Green graduating.
Patillo Beals. The first day they were at
Throughout their experience the nine
the school, they were forced to go back
African Americans made it through the year
home because of the mob of whites waiting
and became national heroes.
for them at the school. Governor Faubus, a segregationist, called the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering that day. Throughout the young African Americans experiences at Central 18
Governor Faubus was a segregationist.
President Eisenhower
Soldiers protected the integrators by bringing them inside and out of the school.
The 101st Airborne Division was sent to Little Rock to protect the nine students.
19
CONTINUED FROM: BUS BOYCOTT, PG. 8
Montgomery and the rest of the United States. This boycott was started to stop the segregated busses. The boycott was
We have the best prices out of all of our competition!
Bus boycott has began and many African Americans walk to work instead.
started to Most of the African Americans involved lived in Montgomery but there were some supporters in other states. The boycott was such an important event because it was the first major event of the Civil Rights movement. The boycott today affects the way we treat people of different races and how there are no more segregated place, vehicles, and restaurants.
Vote Faubus for Governor!
By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo By: Alexander Favrot
20
CONTINUED FROM: LINDA BROWN, PG. 9
sometimes non-white schools received a
Court Justices voted for Linda Brown’s
better education than the white schools,
s i d e . J u s t i c e Wa r r e n s a i d t h a t
because
segregation did indeed deny the
N a t i v e
Equal Protection Clause of the
American
Fourteenth Amendment. He
funds were
also supported the belief that
o
y
separation by races would
received
cause non-whites to feel
by the non-
negativity towards themselves
n
l
w h i t e schools. The
or their race. This case, Brown
The Supreme Court voted for Linda’s side and changed schools forever.
vs. Board of Education of Topeka,
School Board also used the Plessy case
not only reversed the decisions made in
to support their belief in the concept of
the case of Homer Plessy, but reversed
“separate but equal” public facilities. The
segregation in general. This case was
Plessy Case was a case in 1892
the beginning of the Social Justice
questioning whether the “separate but
Movement and the first time where the
equal” law was still considered
Reconstruction Amendments were
constitutional. This concept stated that as
actually honored. All because of a young
long as the bathrooms, water fountains,
African American girl’s unfair treatment,
and other public facilities for non-whites
the behavior of America changed forever.
were equal to the facilities for the whites, BY: NICOLE ROACH
separation was acceptable. Because they believed that segregation was
!
equal, the School Board said that
VOTE JFK
AS YOUR
After considering both sides of
UNITED STATES
the story, the Supreme Court voted on
PRESIDENT
segregation shouldn’t be negative
for
the non-white children.
the case. Nine out of nine Supreme 21
CONTINUED FROM: JFK, PG. 10
change African-American rights back in
!
America. President Kennedy also was
was assassinated before the bill was
kind of cowardly when it came to civil
passed.
rights. He sometimes choose not to take
Lyndon B. Johnson, now President
a big stand on controversial issues.
Lyndon B. Johnson, had to push the bill
However, with tensions rising in the
through Congress. President Lyndon B.
South, President Kennedy realized that
Sadly, President John F. Kennedy
Therefore, Vice President
Johnson eventually signed the bill into
h e n e e d e d t o a c t , a n d q u i c k l y.
act in 1964. This bill changed the way
Therefore, in 1964, President Kennedy
that African-Americans were treated and
presented Congress with the best
shaped the country in a new, more
equality bill dealing with civil rights since
equal, way.
the Reconstruction Era.
Antique Art Work for Sale! Great Prices
22
By:Alexander Favrot
CONTINUED FROM: INTEGRATION, PG. 11
Thousands of whites rioted down the
because most parents voting for the
streets of downtown business districts.
schools to remain open were black, and
White children boycotted the two
“whites are the people who support the
schools, McDonough 19 and William
system,” says Lloyd.
Frantz, for a year and were mean to the
remained open because Judge Wright
few white children who continued to
ruled that the schools should be open.
attend the schools. The four African
In 1964-65, only 873 black students
American students were victims of harsh
attended the schools, so a federal judge
The schools
ordered a speeded up process that allowed schools to desegregate through the twelfth grade in the 1969-70 school year. The lack of leadership in caused disorganization in New Orleans. The cities elite said that the issues of desegregation was too controversial to Mobs of whites protested against the integration and tried to stop it.
get involved, so the school board was left to handle the issue.
treatment, name calling, and racial epithets. The school board members
!
were threatened by phone calls and
Two years following the 1954
Brown v. Board of Education decision
were also beaten. The state legislature
Federal District Court Judge, J. Skelly
removed the board members from office
Wright, made the Orleans Parish School
to prevent further violence. They also
Board make a plan for the desegregation
tried to close the city's schools. The
of New Orleans' public schools. On
school board mailed a survey asking
November 14, 1960 the three girls
parents to vote to close the schools or
integrated at McDonough 19, and Ruby
not to. The majority ruled to keep the
entering William Frantz.
schools open. Lloyd Ritter, the school
Riots of
segregationists went through the city and
board president disregarded the survey 23
there was national criticism from segregationists, causing this to be the New Orleans Integration Crisis.
FLY DELTA 24
ARTS
25
Harper Lee Shocks America With Her Masterpiece Jack Zvonek To Kill a Mockingbird, written by
people of
Harper Lee and published in 1960 by J.
the town.
B. Lippincott, takes the reader into a
The book
world of discrimination and segregation.
at times
This piece of historical fiction, that is
tests the
centered around the town of Maycomb,
reader’s
Alabama in the years 1933, 1934, and
patriotism,
1935, moves reader and shows them a
in ways never felt before. The reader’s
new aspect of American History. The
view on racial and gender equality in
main characters of To Kill a Mockingbird
American History might be tested.
are Scout Finch, the
“That old Mr. n a r r a t o r, J e m F i n c h , Gilmer doin’ him Scout’s big brother, and (Tom) thataway, their father, Atticus Finch. talking so hateful to him--.” The tone for most if this
!
Harper Lee
This
book captures
the feeling of Americans towards African-Americans in ways that makes the reader never want to stop reading.
book is excited and anxious. Since the
This book gives us a peek into the the
story is told from the viewpoint of a
daily life of Americans living in the South
young child, the reader has to really
in the mid-1930’s.
exercise and practice their inferential
magnifies the issue of discrimination and
skills. A constant
segregation in the South and highlights
theme in the book,
the lack of Civil Rights that African-
is the theme of
Americans had in the United States for
white superiority.
that time. African-Americans are called
African-Americans
n------ throughout the whole book by not
are made fun of,
only the adults but by children too. One
gossiped about, and
focus of the book is the trial against Tom
violated by the white
Robinson, an African-American accused 26
This book, also,
* SEE: MASTERPIECE, PG. 42
A String That Tugs villain in others. John Lewis is another important Your Heart person, in this
Alexander Favrot
!
A Tugging String was written by
book he is
David T. Greenberg and it was published
just
by The Penguin Group in 2008. This is a
person who
a non-fiction book about the Civil Rights
follows MLK
era. All of the events go in chronological
a r o u n d
order. Each chapter is about a different
helping him
event or it is adding on to what
with anything he needs help with. Jack
happened in the chapter before it. All the
Greenberg is probably the most
chapters come back to one topic, the
important character in this book because
Civil Rights era. This book talks about
he is the white lawyer that is helping
the 1960s in Montgomery, Alabama and
MLK which never happens because
Brooklyn, New York. As you get further
most white men were either part of the
into the book the tencer people are. In
KKK or they were scared that if they
the beginning it talks about “The
helped the KKK would target them too.
Projects” and all of the African-
Then there is his son, David he is
Americans being poorer and being
important to because of how he acts and
treated poorly.
shows us that many people and
the
especially younger kids didn’t really
David Greenberg
In this book,
know what was happening. These
they talk about
characters lives shine a light on the Civil
MLK (Martin
Rights era and how the African-
Luther King Jr.)
Americans were treated.
and
is
shines the light on how serious the KKK
portrayed as a
was and how they treated people that
hero in some
helped African-Americans.
he
Greenberg
* SEE: STRING, PG. 41
ways and a 27
Robert Sharenow Expresses Views on Desegregation in New Orleans Nicole Roach
My Mother the Cheerleader, by
Every morning, a group of people
Robert Sharenow, was published by
would stand outside the school and tease
HarperCollins Publishers in 2007. This
Ruby as she walked into school. Ruby
book is a historical fiction novel that
was called names and received death
follows the issue of
threats every day, but she never acted
segregation in the
like it bothered her. Pauline was in a
Ninth Ward of New
group of all-women protesters called
Orleans during the
“The Cheerleaders,” who joined the other
winter of 1960.
protesters everyday. This book displays a
B e c a u s e
negative view on The Cheerleaders and
cheerleaders are
segregation in
normally associated with happiness, the
general, which
title of the book is deceiving. Even
gives it a tone of
though the book seems like it would be
disapproval
happy, it actually covers a more deep
t o w a r d s
topic. Louise Collins, the main character,
segregation. With
is a thirteen year old girl who runs a
no school to
rooming house with her mother, Pauline,
attend, Louise
and an African American lady named
usually found
Charlotte. Louise attended William Frantz
herself reading or snooping on the guests
Elementary until Ruby Bridges, the first
staying in her house, which could
African American student in the school,
sometimes lead to big trouble.
Robert Sharenow
was admitted. Louise, as well as almost
One day, a man named Morgan
all other white students, was pulled from
Miller arrived at “Rooms on Desire,” the
her school in protest of the segregation
rooming house that Louise’s family
that was occurring.
owned. Typically, the people who stopped at Louise’s house were truckers, but 28
* SEE: DESEGREGATION, PG. 43
Melba Pattillo Beals Shares the Harsh Realities of Integration Mae Cowden-Garofalo
!
Warriors Don't Cry is non-fiction
segregationists
novel that will make you feel the
waiting for
emotions the main character and author,
them
Melba Pattillo Beals, is going through.
protesting
The year of publication was February 1,
they’re coming.
1995 and the publisher is the
The young
Washington Square Press. The novel
A f r i c a n
begins with the introduction of the main
American
characters. Melba Pattillo Beals is going
students were
to Horace Mann but dreamed of going to
forced to go back home.
Central High School every time she
matters worse Governor Faubus, a
drove by it. On September 23, 1957, her
segregationist, called the Arkansas
dream would come true, but it turned out
National Guard to prevent the nine from
a very different from what she thought.
entering that day. This set a tone for the
Melba and eight other African Americans
other anti-integration whites in Little
became the first to integrate the
Rock. President Eisenhower even got
previously all-white Central High School
involved and tried to prevent the abuse,
in Little Rock, Arkansas. The “Little Rock
so this was obviously a very important
Nine” were Ernest Green, Terrence
issue. The students were threatened by
Roberts, Jefferson Thomas, Elizabeth
the segregationists in many ways
Eckford, Thelma Mothershed, Carlotta
including phone calls, bombings, and
Walls, Gloria Ray, and of course Melba
shootings. The geography in this book
Patillo Beals.
influenced the judges, legislatures, and
and
To make
When they first entered the
president because since it was in the
school, there were mobs of white
South, African Americans were not * SEE: INTEGRATION, PG. 40 29
Have a La Croix at the beach.
30
RELAX! Come to the Hilton Hotel
31
James Earl Ray Assassinates Freedom Jack Zvonek
!
M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g J r. ’s
and some people still today have not
assassination really motivated the
forgotten his death. Although, time does
country to change. Martin Luther King
heal all wounds and now we celebrate
Jr. was shot and killed by James Earl
his life instead of grieving his death.
Ray on April 4, 1986. Many people were
Martin Luther King Jr. played a major
deeply moved and were deeply upset by
role in America’s development and his
his assassination.
life will always be remembered.
The grieving of
Martin’s death went on for a long time
James Earl Ray and many co-conspirators executed their plan to kill Martin Luther King Jr.
32
Martin Luther King’s funeral procession was one of the most saddening and heart breaking funeral processions.
Many people across the nation were shocked that Martin Luther King Jr. was killed at the time that he was.
33
Dr. King’s Memorial Inspires Public to Aim for Justice Nicole Roach
MLK’s memorial reminds the public to work for equality for all races. Martin Luther King Jr.’s memorial stands 30 feet tall in Washington D.C.
Martin Luther King Junior ’s memorial opened during
amazing work. The statue is in
2011 in
Washington D.C. because a large part of
Washington D.C. It is a 30 foot tall statue
the Civil Rights Movement happened
made up of The Stone of Hope and The
here, which makes it a popular attraction
Mountain of Despair. This phrase comes
in D.C. With Dr. King’s influence still
from his “I Have a Dream” Speech in
showing in the US, the people are able to
1863 where he said, “Out of the mountain
be reminded of all of the great work he
of despair, a stone of hope.” This statue
did.
inspires all people to aim for equality by reminding the public of Dr. King’s
34
In 2011, King’s memorial opened and stunned the public.
King’s beliefs live on through his wonderful memorial.
King’s sculpture is amazingly accurate, nearly resembling MLK exactly.
35
African Americans Suffered During Civil Rights Movement Alexander Favrot
These photos show the theme of racial
photos show how bad the racial violence
violence. The photo of the black guy on
got back then and how horribly the black
the road crying is showing that nobody
people were treated. Further more many
cares especially the white people. Then
white people didn’t even cared at all what
the photo of the policemen letting their
happened.
dogs bite the black guy even though he is not fighting back is an example of the racial violence because he is not doing anything to them. Finally there is the photo of policemen running and just beating every black person that was there not caring at all what happens to the black people. Each one of these
An African American that has a broken leg is crawling over the road and nobody is bothering to help him.
36
Police letting their dogs attack an African American that is being peaceful .
Police beating peaceful African Americans.
37
We Shall Overcome Mae Cowden-Garofalo
Peter Seeger was a folk
organization that Peter Seeger
singer and Civil Rights activists
was the director of.
Pete
through song. He, as well as
Seeger made the song popular
many other Civil Rights
so it became the anthem for the
activists, sang “We Shall
Civil Rights movement. This
Overcome.” This song came
song inspired by saying that the
from an early gospel song
people will overcome people
called "I'll Overcome Someday.”
fighting for Civil Rights to keep
In September 1948 “We Shall
fighting so that they are able to
Overcome” was issued in the
“overcome someday.”
People's Songs Bulletin, an
Peter Seeger
Pete Seeger sang for the Civil Rights movement.
38
“We Shall Overcome” was the anthem of the Civil Rights movement.
Pete Seeger is a Civil Rights activists and singer.
MLK used “We Shall Overcome” in his marches.
39
Melba Pattillo Beals
CONTINUED FROM: INTEGRATION, PG. 29
treated equally like they were in the
see the changes,
North.
but you will… Oh,
Throughout the young African
yes, my child, you
Americans experiences at Central High
will.” Quotes of
they were physically and mentally
India throughout the novel emphasizes
abused by their fellow segregationist
the title Warriors Don't Cry. “You’ll make
classmates. Melba went into much detail
this your last cry. You’re a warrior on the
about her tragic experiences at Central.
battlefield for your Lord. God’s warriors
The reader is able to feel their emotions.
don't cry, ‘cause they trust that he’s
This was a wonderful aspect of the book
always by their side. The women of this
even though it was scary and depressing
family don’t break down in the face of
at some parts. This made me be able to
trouble. We act with courage, and with
connect and know what Melba went
God’s help, we ship trouble right on out.”
through. This shows the tone of the
Warriors Don’t Cry is a great
novel because since Melba, as the
b o o k t h a t i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n .
author, explains in detail the abuses she
Throughout the harsh experiences the
had to go through, this shows that she is
“Little Rock nine” went through they also
in favor of integration and does not think
had some good bonding experiences
that segregation is right.
with each other.
The integration of
Grandma India played a very
Central High led to more Southern
special role in this novel. She had much
schools integrating and had a large
influence over Melba and helped her go
impact on the lives of people not only in
through the tough times. An example of
Arkansas but other places. Because of
Grandma India helping Melba along the
the difficult issues Melba came upon, the
way is: ”Be patient, our people’s turn will
reader is able to react to Melba’s feelings
come. You'll see. Your lifetime will be
and emotions.
This is a book that
different from mine. I might not live to 40 increases my awareness of the Civil
Right’s issues around the 1960’s. Over all, Warriors Don’t Cry, by Melba Pattillo Beals is a well written interesting book. Come to Petco on September 25 to get 50% any item in the store.
By: Alexander Favrot
!
attempt and when Jack Greenberg was
! CONTINUED FROM: STRING, PG. 27 !
shot at. The book gives good info about
On of the major historical themes
what happened throughout the time
developed would be racism because of
before and after the Selma to
all of the times where it is brought up.
Montgomery march.
Like at the bakery, when Mrs. Suthered calls the lady behind the counter a racist
The book captures the important aspects
even though she just didn’t give the kid a
of the theme of racial violence. It
cookie because he didn’t say please.
captures that theme because of the
The author seems very biased toward
burning of the crosses on loons, the
MLK and Jack Greenberg which is why
police beating every African American
his tone towards them is very friendly
that was at the first attempt to march,
sort of like they were great friends.
and the time when Jack was almost shot because he was helping MLK. All in all
The book will change the reader's point
this is great book for both students and
of view about the Civil Rights era. The
history lovers because of the amount of
book will pull the reader’s emotions too
info and how it makes it more interesting
because of the events the book has in it.
and more fun. Finally this is a book for
Like when police go and beat every
everyone and it deserves to be read.
African American in the first march 41
CONTINUED FROM: MASTERPIECE, PG. 26
of rape. Jem and Scout were insulted,
and segregation of African-Americans.
bashed and taunted throughout the whole
This book will take the reader into, not
book because of Atticus defending Tom
only what the narrator witnessed, but her
for the trial. The book stresses the reality
thoughts about what she witnessed. This
that any African-American was guilty until
book also takes the reader inside a
proven innocent in any court of law in the
realistic and accurate portrayal of a
South during the 30’s and later. The
1930’s American, rural town. This book is
justice system in the 1930’s was
a must read for all people looking to learn
extremely corrupt towards African-
more about an average American lifestyle
Americans. The time period influences all
the 1930’s and how African-Americans
of the character ’s viewpoints and
were treated before the Civil Rights Bill.
influences the plot by influencing how
Beware young readers, To Kill a
they act towards, how they act around,
Mockingbird contains quite a bit of
and what they do around African-
profanity and at some points talks about
Americans.
rape. Overall, To Kill a Mockingbird is a
!
This book overall is a educational
fantastic book that will change any
masterpiece and will change anybody’s
readers life and show them the less
point of view on the topic of discrimination
talked about part of American History.
It’s All You Need To Have A Good Time. By: Alexander Favrot 42
CONTINUED FROM: DESEGREGATION, PG. 28
Morgan was very different. Morgan was
segregation in general. This book also tugs
intelligent and kind, and both Louise and
on the reader’s emotions, because there
Pauline were very fond of him. Louise was
are some sad scenes in the novel. The
extremely interested in finding out more
geography of this book helps to strengthen
about Morgan, and she did almost
the characters because New Orleans is in
everything she could to do so.
the South. The South was known for being
Even though My Mother the
a more racist area of the country, so it
Cheerleader is a work of fiction, it teaches
makes sense for the Cheerleaders and the
the reader about the historical issue of the
rest of the population to be so against
protests against segregation in New
desegregation.
Orleans. Louise shows how even though
Overall, My Mother the Cheerleader
someone from that time may not have
is a great inside look on the issue of
been involved in the protests, they were
desegregation in New Orleans. This book
still affected by it. Pauline’s character
will keep readers on the end of their seat
brings awareness to how terribly some
while they see the plot unfold, and will
people acted during the Civil Rights
appeal to many different types of readers.
Movement and the fact that nobody did
This story will interest students, but still
anything to stop it. For this reason, the
has enough historical information to satisfy
book holds the theme of the horrors of
any history lovers. Because of it’s
racism. Morgan’s interest in the protests
intriguing plot and amount of historical
revealed that even though this happened
information, My Mother the Cheerleader is
in a small section of New Orleans, people
the perfect book for any reader who wants
from all over the country were aware of the
to learn more on the topic of
issue.
desegregation.
They’re Back!
This book makes the reader consider what happened to the African Americans during the Civil Rights movement. It makes the reader feel sorry for how the African Americans were treated, and it could strengthen the reader ’s opinion on 43
By: Jack Zvonek
Eat Twinkies
“I have a dream . . . “ 44