1
Refrigeration Principles
1
Refrigeration Principles • Mechanical Compression Refrigeration • Pressure Temperature Relationships • Heat Transfer • Pressure Control • Operation • Chillers • High- and Low-Pressure Chillers
2
Safety
21
Certified Technicians • Codes and Standards • Safety Labels • Personal Protective Equipment • Protective Clothing • Head Protection • Eye Protection • Ear Protection • Hand Protection • Foot Protection • Respirators • Lockout/Tagout • Refrigerant Safety • Safety Data Sheets • NFPA Hazard Signal • ASHRAE Standard 15 • DOT Reusable Container Safety • Air Conditioning and Refrigeration System Safety Precautions • Using Nitrogen • Refrigerant Documentation Forms
3
Refrigerants and Oils
37
Refrigerant History • Refrigerants • Molecular Makeup • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) • High-Pressure/Low Pressure Refrigerants • Blends • Azeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures • Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures • Substitute Refrigerants • Refrigerant Oils • Refrigerant Oil Properties • Waste Refrigerant Oil
4
Ozone Depletion
51
The Atmosphere • Ozone Depletion • Ozone Destruction • Ultraviolet Radiation • Evidence of Ozone Depletion • Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Ground-Level Ozone Accumulation • Global Warming
5
Regulatory Requirements
61
Montreal Protocol • Excise Tax • Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) • London Amendments to the Protocol • Copenhagen Revisions to the Montreal Protocol • Clean Air Act Amendments • Section 608 of the Clean Air Act • The Prohibition on Venting • Venting Prohibition for Refrigerant Substitutes • Service Practice Requirements • Technician Certification • Refrigerant Leaks • Safe Disposal Requirements • Refrigerant Sales Restrictions • Major Recordkeeping Requirements • Enforcement • MVAC-Like Appliances • Planning and Acting for the Future
6
Recovery, Recycling, and Reclaiming
81
Recovery, Recycling, and Reclaiming • CFC Recovery, Recycling, and Reclaiming • Recovery • Recycling • Reclaiming • Reclaimer Certification • Reclamation Requirements • Refrigerant Handling Options • Evacuation Levels • Low-Loss Fittings • Equipment Certification • Certification of Owners of Recycling and Recovery Equipment • Equipment Grandfathering • Use of CFC and HCFC Recovery Equipment with HFC and PFC Refrigerants • Refrigerant Containers
7
Service Practices
95
Tools and Equipment • Vacuum Pumps • Gauge Manifolds • Leak Detectors • Refrigerant Recovery Machines • EPA Evacuation Requirements • Exceptions to Evacuation Requirements • Dehydration and Evacuation • Recovery and Recycling Machines • Pressure-Temperature Relationships • Pressure-Temperature Charts
8
Core Certification Test Questions
113
Test Questions
9
Type I (Small Appliances)
129
Type I (Small Appliances) Classification • Service Apertures • Piercing Access Valves • Small Appliance Refrigerants • Regulatory Requirements • Recovery and Recycling • Recovery Machines • Shipping Refrigerant Containers • Recovery Requirements for Small Appliance Disposal • Small Appliance Components • Small Appliance Service Practices • Small Appliance Leak Repairs • Pressure Readings from Recovery Cylinders • Schrader Valves • Servicing Small Appliances • Recovery Regulations • Recovery Speed • Recovery Practices
10 Type I (Small Appliances) Certification Test Questions Test Questions
143
11 Type II (High-Pressure Equipment)
153
Type II (High-Pressure Equipment) • High-Pressure Refrigerants • Regulatory Requirements • High-Pressure System Components • High-Pressure System Accessories • Recovery and Recycling Machines • High-Pressure System Refrigerant Recovery Precautions • Service Practices • High-Pressure System Leak Testing • High-Pressure System R-134a Refrigerant Recovery • Increasing Speed of Refrigerant Recovery in a High-Pressure System • High-Pressure System Refrigerant Recovery Techniques • High-Pressure System Evacuation • High-Pressure System Dehydration • Using Nitrogen in High-Pressure Systems • Oil Foaming • High-Pressure System Refrigerant Charging • High-Pressure System Service Tips
12 Type II (High-Pressure Equipment) Certification Test Questions
167
Test Questions
13 Type III (Low-Pressure Equipment)
177
Low-Pressure Equipment • Low-Pressure Refrigerants • Regulatory Requirements • Low-Pressure System Components • Purge Units • Rupture Discs • Low-Pressure Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling • Low-Pressure Refrigerant Recovery and Charging Procedures • Service Practices • Removing Oil • Low-Pressure Refrigerant Charging • Low-Pressure System Leak Testing • Low-Pressure System Evacuation
14 Type III (Low-Pressure Equipment) Certification Test Question)
189
Test Questions
15 Canadian Regulations for Refrigerants
197
Discharge Prohibition • Discharge of Refrigerants • Servicing and Testing Refrigeration Equipment • Records and Notices • Types of Refrigerants • Testing Notices • Refilling Small Refrigeration Systems • Refilling Large Refrigeration Systems • Owner Submittal Letters • Filling Containers • Sale or Transfer of Refrigerants • Deposits and Refrigerant Sales Records • Notices Indicating No Refrigerant • Certification in the use of Refrigerants and Refrigeration Equipment • Issuing Authorizing Certificates • Possession of Refrigerant Before and After January 1, 2012 • Delivery of Refrigerants that Contain a Class I Ozone-Depleting Substance • Transfer, Transport, Storage, or Disposal of Ozone-Depleting Substances as Waste • Fire Extinguishing Equipment and Containers • Disposal of Portable Fire Extinguishers Designed to Contain Less than Three Kilograms of Halon • Use of Refrigerants in Motor Vehicle Air Conditioners • Servicing and Testing Motor Vehicle Refrigeration Systems
16 Canadian Regulations for Refrigerants Certification Test Questions
217
Test Questions
17 Certification Test Preparation
225
Refrigerant Certification Tests • Environmental Protection Agency • Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute • Refrigerant Technician Certification • Certification Requirements • Certification Classifications • Certification Test Preparation • Completing Certification Tests
18 Universal Certification Test Questions
233
Test Questions
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Digital Resources • Quick Quizzes® • Illustrated Glossary • Flash Cards • Sample Certification Tests • Interactive Animations • Step-By-Step Procedures • Compliance Forms • Media Library • ATPeResources.com
Technician Certification for Refrigerants provides information on the recovery of refrigerants from air conditioning and refrigeration equipment. This third edition is specifically organized and formatted for easy use in preparing learners for the Type I, Type II, Type III, and Universal 608 refrigerant certification card tests and the Canadian ODP certification card test. Vignettes on technical topics, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards, and common refrigerant recovery and charging procedures are located throughout the book to enhance understanding of the content covered. This textbook includes information on the latest generation of refrigerants and the most up-to-date EPA and Environment Canada standards and regulations. Chapters 1–7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 offer a comprehensive learning experience that includes numerous illustrations, discussion questions, and review questions (certification-test based). Chapters 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 contain hundreds of updated sample 608 and Canadian certification test questions. Chapter 18 is a sample Universal Certification Test that has also been updated for the third edition. The Appendix contains useful refrigerant recovery charts and compliance forms. The Glossary provides definitions for key terms found throughout the book. Discussion questions offer a review of specific chapter topics.
Chapter introductions preview content to be covered.
Detailed figures indicate procedures and/or safety precautions that are required when performing a task.
Vignettes provide supplemental information related to topics discussed. Review questions are certificationtype worded questions that cover chapter content. Refrigerant and cylinder forms and labels are identified.
Digital learner resources enhance book content and can be accessed by the following: • ATPeResources.com/QuickLinks and entering the QuickLink™ code: 827160 • Quick Response (QR) Code reader app to scan the QR Code on a mobile device
• Quick Quizzes® that provide 10 interactive questions for each chapter to reinforce fundamental concepts • An Illustrated Glossary of terms, with links to selected illustrations • Flash Cards for the review of common refrigerant and HVAC terms, definitions, and refrigeration system test tools • Sample Certification Tests organized into five 25-question tests that provide practice with refrigeration certification tests in the United States and refrigerant-handling certification tests in Canada • Interactive Animations that present refrigerant recovery procedures for Type I and Type II refrigeration systems per Section 608 of the Clean Air Act • Step-by-Step Procedures that cover common refrigerant-handling tasks with drawings and concise text • Compliance Forms that provide documentation for purchasing and working with refrigerants • A Media Library that depicts principles and tasks using media clips and animations • ATPeResources.com, which provides a comprehensive array of instructional resources To obtain information about related training products, visit the American Technical Publishers website at www.atplearning.com. The Publisher