CASO STUDIO CASE STUDYCAS D’ETUDE “Per me l’architettura è un cristallo che incarna la nostalgia per una vita in comunione con il creato” “For me architecture is a crystal embodying nostalgia for life in common with creation”
“Pour moi l’architecture est un cristal qui incarne la nostalgie pour une vie en communion avec la nature” Bruno Taut, Alpine Architecture, 1917
FORME PURE DANS UN ESPACE ABSTRAIT PURE FORM IN ABSTRACT SPACE
FORMA PURA IN SPAZIO ASTRATTO
MARIO BOTTA CAPPELLA GRANATO PENKENJOCH ZILLERTAL, AUSTRIA
Project type: Chapel at 2,087 m sea level Builder: Christa’s Skialm Architecture: Mario Botta Partner: Bernhard Sther-Besto zt Gmbh Statics: Merz Kley Partner ZT GmbH Construction: Rieder GmbH & Co KG Artist: Markus Thurner Client: Joseph Brindlinger, Christa and Georg Kroell-Brindlinger BBS Use: 50 m³ Photos: Enrico Cano
di /par /by
Joseph di Pasquale Pier Alessio Rizzardi
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bbiamo incontrato Mario Botta nel suo studio e SDUODQGR GL TXHVWR SLFFROR HGLÀFLR O¡DUFKLWHWWR KD iniziato il racconto della vicenda professionale ad esso legata. Ci sembra bello iniziare la descrizione di questo caso studio con il sunto di questo racconto. In fondo ogni HGLÀFLR q XQ UDFFRQWR FKH GLYHQWD PDWHULD H ´QDUUDUH¾ q SUREDELOPHQWH LO YHUER FKH GHVFULYH LQ PRGR SL SURIRQGR LO ODYRUR GHOO¡DUFKLWHWWR (JOL LQL]LD DSSXQWR LO SURFHVVR FUHDWLYR UDFFRQWDQGR LQQDQ]LWXWWR D VH VWHVVR PHQWDOPHQWH QHO WHQWDWLYR GL LQGLYLGXDUH XQ VRJJHWWR XQD WUDPD GD VYLOXSSDUH H XQD YROWD LQGLYLGXDWD XQD WUDFFLD SURVHJXH HODERUDQGR OD ´QDUUD]LRQH¾ LQ PRGR VHPSUH SL GHWWDJOLDWR XVDQGR XQ OLQJXDJJLR FKH VL ID YLD YLD VHPSUH SL SUHFLVR H WHFQLFR H DJJLXQJHQGR DOOH SDUROH L GLVHJQL SULPD DEER]]DWL TXDVL GHJOL VFKHPL PHQWDOL SRL VHPSUH SL SUHFLVL H WHFQLFL VSLQJHQGRVL ÀQR DO UDFFRQWR HVDWWR GHOOH D]LRQL H GHL PDWHULDOL FKH q QHFHVVDULR PHWWHUH LQ DWWR DIÀQFKp OD ´WUDPD QDUUDWLYD¾ VL WUDVIRUPL LQ PDWHULD SLHWUD FHPHQWR OHJQR IHUUR HFF ( FRVu UDFFRQWDQGROD SULPD D VH VWHVVR H SRL DJOL DOWUL O¡DUFKLWHWWR WUDVIRUPD OD VWRULD LQ XQD YLYD DUFKLWHWWXUD MB /D YLFHQGD GL TXHVWD FDSSHOOLQD q DEEDVWDQ]D VLQJRODUH VL WUDWWD GL XQ FOLHQWH SULYDWR XQ DVVLFXUDWRUH che decise di costruire questa cappellina in una sua proprietà in alta montagna. Circa tre anni fa si rivolse a me e mi espose questo suo progetto e il suo desiderio che fossi io a disegnarla. Accettai a condizione ovviamente di essere supportato da delle persone sul posto in grado di seguire la costruzione. Iniziammo a lavorare con degli artigiani che ODYRUDYDQR LO OHJQR PD GRSR XQ FHUWR SHULRGR PL UHVL conto che la squadra non funzionava e che non era possibile andare avanti. Parlai quindi al committente dicendogli che era meglio IHUPDUH WXWWR SHU HYLWDUH D WXWWL GL VSUHFDUH HQHUJLH tempo e risorse e lui convenne che fosse la cosa migliore da fare. Dopo due anni però si rifece vivo per comunicarmi che DYHYD PHVVR LQ SLHGL XQD VTXDGUD SL RUJDQL]]DWD H SHU FKLHGHUPL GL ULSUHQGHUH DG DYRFDUH (IIHWWLYDPHQWH DYHYD GLVSRVWR XQ WHDP PROWR SL FRPSHWHQWH H strutturato con a capo un architetto locale che faceva da interfaccia con il mio studio. Le cose infatti andarono subito meglio e in poco tempo elaborammo il progetto.
La mia percezione nel raggiungere il posto era di XQ¡DVFHVD SURJUHVVLYD GXUDQWH OD TXDOH OR VSD]LR VL IDFHYD VHPSUH SL UDUHIDWWR JdP ,Q TXHVWR VSD]LR UDUHIDWWR LO SULVPD LO YROXPH SXUR HQWUD LQ ULVRQDQ]D PHWDÀVLFD FRQ O¡DPELHQWH 1HOO¡HVWUHPR GHOOH FRQGL]LRQL QDWXUDOL HPHUJRQR H VL formano le geometrie assolute dei cristalli rivelando O¡HVVHQ]D JHRPHWULFD FKH LQIRUPD WXWWR FLz FKH FL circonda. MB Ho sempre amato i volumi puri e disegando TXHVWD FDSSHOOLQD YROHYR VFRSULUH FRP¡HUD IDWWR XQ YROXPH SXUR GDOO¡LQWHUQR ,QIDWWL HQWUDQGR q SRVVLELOH YHGHUH WXWWH H GRGLFL OH IDFFH GL FXL q FRPSRVWR LO prisma. JdP /R VSD]LR FDYR O¡LQWHUQR q DOOD EDVH GHOO¡DUFKLWHWWXUD UHOLJLRVD 5LVSHWWR DL WHPSOL
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GHOO¡DQWLFKLWj FODVVLFD GRYH O¡LQWHUQR HUD ULVHUYDWR DL VROL VDFHUGRWL LO OXRJR GL FXOWR FULVWLDQR q LO OXRJR dove si riunisce il popolo. Il rapporto tra esterno e LQWHUQR TXLQGL VL LQYHUWH /¡LQWHUQR GLYHQWD IRQGDWLYR H JHQHUDWLYR GHOO¡DUFKLWHWWXUD H TXDVL HVDXULVFH O¡LQWHUD FRQFH]LRQH DUFKLWHWWRQLFD GHOO¡HGLÀFLR MB 1RQ q VWDWR IDFLOH UHDOL]]DUOR /D VFDUVD accessibilità del sito ci ha obbligato a concepire la UHDOL]]D]LRQH GHOO¡HGLÀFLR SHU SDUWL JLj SURQWH GD ´DVVHPEODUH¾ VXO SRVWR /¡LPSRVVLELOLWj GL UHDOL]]DUH GHOOH ´ÀQLWXUH¾ VXO SRVWR ha comportato la riduzione quasi a zero delle tolleranze della realizzazione dei componenti i quali una volta assemblati dovevano avere un grado di completamento HTXLYDOHQWH DO ´ÀQLWR¾ Un elemento di forte criticità che ha condizionato la progettazione tecnologica di questa piccola architettura q VWDWR OD IRUWH LQWHQVLWj GHL YHQWL D TXHVW¡DOWLWXGLQH
FKH VRIÀDQR FRQ SXQWH GL YHORFLWj FKH WRFFDQR L NP O¡RUD (¡ VWDWR QHFHVVDULR TXLQGL VWXGLDUH LQ PRGR SDUWLFRODUH L VRVWHJQL GHOOD ÀQLWXUD HVWHUQD LQ FRUWHQ LQ modo da un lato da vincolarla stabilmente alla struttura H GDOO¡DOWUR LQ PRGR HODVWLFR SHU DWWXWLUH OH IRODWH GL YHQWR H OH VROOHFLWD]LRQL LPSURYYLVH ¾ PR (¡ LQWHUHVVDQWH RVVHUYDUH LO OXRJR LQ FXL TXHVW¡DUFKLWHWWXUD VL DSSRJJLD 1RQ FL VL WURYD nel tessuto urbano consolidato o in aree in via di trasformazione qui ci si trova lontano da tutti e tutto. /¡DUFKLWHWWXUD DSSDUH GD XQ ´QXOOD DUFKLWHWWRQLFR¾ GDOOD QDWXUD ORQWDQR GD RJQL FHQWUR DELWDWR R costruzioni. Poche sono le occasioni per vedere architetti occidentali confrontarsi con il primo gesto DUFKLWHWWRQLFR VXOOD QDWXUD PHWWHUH OD SULPD R O¡XQLFD pietra e cambiare il territorio con un segno indelebile. 4XDQGR QRQ F¡q XQ WHVVXWR FRVWUXLWR D FXL O¡DUFKLWHWWR
Disegnando questa cappellina volevo scoprire com’era fatto un volume puro dall’interno.
En dessinant cette petite chapelle je voulais découvrir comment un volume pur était fait de l’intérieur. Designing this small chapel I wanted to discover how a pure structure was composed from the inside.
Un elemento che ha condizionato la progettazione tecnologica è stato l’intensità dei venti a 200 km l’ora
La forte intensité des vents qui soufflent à une vitesses d’environ 200 km à l’heure nous a obligés à définir dans les détails les aspects technologiques. A factor that influenced the technological design was the strength of the winds blowing at 200 km an hour.
q REEOLJDWR R D FXL QRQ VL SXz aggrappare in mancanza di altro i pensieri che potrebbero passare per la mente sono contrastanti. Da un lato la mancanza di basi canoniche che si q REEOLJDWL D WHQHUH LQ FRQVLGHUD]LRQH SRWUHEEHUR LQWLPLGLUH 'DOO¡DOWUR ODWR VL SXz DVVDSRUDUH O¡HXIRULD GHOOD possibilità creativa di realizzare un segno sul territorio. Creare dal nulla XQ¡DUFKLWHWWXUD La domanda che attraversa ogni SURJHWWLVWD VLD QHOO¡XQR R QHOO¡DOWUR FDVR q FRPH VL SXz LQL]LDUH" Botta risponde alla domanda con una ricerca personale. Lui risolve la TXHVWLRQH VFDYDQGR QHOOD VXD PHPRULD e prendendo in considerazione le sue HODERUD]LRQL FUHDWLYH JHRPHWULFKH FKH O¡KDQQR DFFRPSDJQDWR SHU WXWWD OD VXD carriera. Non si sottomette alle forme GHOOD WUDGL]LRQH PRQWDQD QRQ ´UHJLRQDOL]]D¾ O¡DUFKLWHWWXUD DWWUDYHUVR OD WHFQRORJLD R PDWHULDOL GHO OXRJR capisce invece le possibilità create dal ´QRQ FRQWHVWR¾ GHOO¡DUHD GL SURJHWWR /D FDSSHOOD q LO ULVXOWDWR GHOO¡LQFUHGLELOH VIRU]R FUHDWLYR GHOOD produzione di un elemento capace GL JHQHUDUH WUDVIRUPDUH LO SDHVDJJLR contaminandolo con una forma HVWUDQHD PD FKH QRQ q DOWUR FKH O¡DIIHUPD]LRQH GHO SDHVDJJLR VWHVVR $OFXQH YROWH XQ JHVWR IRUWH SXUR IRUVH HVWUDQHR DO OXRJR LQ FXL q costruito ha il potere segnare per sempre il luogo ma ha la possibilità di trasformare lo spazio attorno LQ TXDOFRVD GL XQLFR LPSRUWDQWH H inatteso.
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PH FRQÀHU VD UpDOLVDWLRQ -¡DFFHSWDL j FRQGLWLRQ pYLGHPPHQW G¡rWUH VXSSRUWp SDU GHV SHUVRQQHV VXU OH OLHX FDSDEOHV GH suivre la construction. Nous commençâmes à travailler avec GHV DUWLVDQV GX ERLV PDLV DSUqV XQ certain temps je me suis rendu compte TXH O¡pTXLSH QH IRQFWLRQQDLW SDV HW TX¡LO pWDLW LPSRVVLEOH GH FRQWLQXHU 4XDQG M¡HQ SDUODL DYHF PRQ FOLHQW HQ OXL VXJJpUDQW GH VXVSHQGUH OHV WUDYDX[ DÀQ G¡pYLWHU GH GpSHQVHV LQXWLOHV G¡pQHUJLH GH WHPSV HW GH UHVVRXUFHV LO pWDLW SOHLQHPHQW DFFRUG 'HX[ DQV SOXV WDUG LO HVW UHYHQX YHUV PRL FDU LO DYDLW FRQVWLWXp XQH pTXLSH SOXV RUJDQLVpH HW il me demanda de reprendre le travail. (IIHFWLYHPHQW LO GLVSRVDLW G¡XQ WHDP SOXV FRPSpWHQW HW VWUXFWXUp DYHF XQ DUFKLWHFWH ORFDO TXL VHUYDLW G¡LQWHUIDFH DYHF PRQ DJHQFH /HV FKRVHV DOOqUHQW G¡DLOOHXUV WRXW GH VXLWH PLHX[ HW QRXV pODERUkPHV le projet en peu de temps. Ma perception HQ UHMRLJQDQW OH OLHX pWDLW G¡XQH SHQWH SURJUHVVLYH GXUDQW ODTXHOOH O¡HVSDFH VH IDLVDLW WRXMRXUV SOXV LPPDWpULHO JdP 'DQV FHW HVSDFH LPPDWpULHO OH SULVPH OH YROXPH SXU HQWUH HQ UpVRQDQFH PpWDSK\VLTXH DYHF O¡HQYLURQQHPHQW 'DQV GHV FRQGLWLRQV QDWXUHOOHV H[WUrPHV pPHUJHQW HW VH IRUPHQW OHV JpRPpWULHV DEVROXHV GHV FULVWDX[ HQ UpYpODQW O¡HVVHQFH JpRPpWULTXH TXL LQIRUPH WRXW ce qui nous entoure. MB -¡DL WRXMRXUV DLPp OHV YROXPHV SXUV et en dessinant cette petite chapelle je YRXODLV GpFRXYULU FRPPHQW XQ YROXPH pur pWDLW IDLW GH O¡LQWpULHXU '¡DLOOHXUV HQ HQWUDQW LO HVW SRVVLEOH GH YRLU OHV GRX]H faces qui composent le prisme.
JdP /¡HVSDFH FUHX[ O¡LQWpULHXU HVW j OD EDVH GH O¡DUFKLWHFWXUH UHOLJLHXVH 3DU UDSSRUW DX[ WHPSOHV GH O¡DQWLTXLWp FODVVLTXH R O¡LQWpULHXU pWDLW UpVHUYp DX[ VHXOV VDFHUGRFHV OH OLHX GH FXOWH FKUpWLHQ HVW OH OLHX R VH UpXQLW OH SHXSOH /H UDSSRUW HQWUH O¡H[WpULHXU HW O¡LQWpULHXU HVW LQYHUWL /¡LQWpULHXU GHYLHQW DORUV IRQGDWHXU HW JpQpUDWHXU GH O¡DUFKLWHFWXUH HW LO DFKqYH SUHVTXH O¡HQWLqUH FRQFHSWLRQ DUFKLWHFWXUDOH GH O¡pGLÀFH MB ,O Q¡D SDV pWp IDFLOH j UpDOLVHU /¡DFFHVVLELOLWp OLPLWpH GX VLWH QRXV D REOLJpV j FRQFHYRLU OD UpDOLVDWLRQ GX EkWLPHQW HQ SDUWLHV SUpFRQVWUXLWHV j assembler directement sur le chantier. /¡LPSRVVLELOLWp GH UpDOLVHU GHV ´ÀQLWLRQV¾ VXU SODFH D FRPSRUWp OD UpGXFWLRQ GHV WROpUDQFHV GH OD UpDOLVDWLRQ GHV FRPSRVDQWV TXL XQH IRLV DVVHPEOpV GHYDLHQW DYRLU XQ GHJUp GH UpDOLVDWLRQ pTXLYDOHQW DX ´ÀQL¾ /D IRUWH LQWHQVLWp GHV YHQWV TXL j FHWWH DOWLWXGH VRXIà HQW DYHF GHV SRLQWHV GH YLWHVVHV G¡HQYLURQ NP j O¡KHXUH QRXV D REOLJpV j GpÀQLU GDQV OHV GpWDLOV OHV VRXWLHQV GX UHYrWHPHQW H[WpULHXU HQ FRUWHQ DÀQ G¡DVVXUHU O¡DQFUDJH GX EDUGDJH j OD VWUXFWXUH HW VRQ MXVWH GHJUp G¡pODVWLFLWp pour amortir les rafales de vent et les VROOLFLWDWLRQV LPSUpYXHV PR ,O HVW LQWpUHVVDQW G¡REVHUYHU OH OLHX GDQV OHTXHO FHWWH DUFKLWHFWXUH V¡LQVqUH Nous ne nous trouvons pas dans un WLVVX XUEDLQ FRQVROLGp RX GDQV GHV aires en voie de transformation. Nous nous trouvons loin de tout et de tout le PRQGH /¡DUFKLWHFWXUH VH PDQLIHVWH HQ SOHLQ PLOLHX G¡XQ ´QXO DUFKLWHFWXUDO¾ GH OD QDWXUH ORLQ GH WRXW FHQWUH KDELWp RX l’AI 119 29
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H PHW 0DULR %RWWD DW KLV ÀUP DQG ZKLOH WDONLQJ DERXW WKLV VPDOO EXLOGLQJ WKH DUFKLWHFW EHJDQ WR WHOO XV WKH SURIHVVLRQDO VWRU\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK LW :H WKLQN LW ZRXOG EH QLFH WR EHJLQ WKH GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKLV VWXGLR KRXVH ZLWK D VXPPDU\ RI WKLV VWRU\ $IWHU DOO DQ\ EXLOGLQJ LV LQGHHG D VWRU\ WKDW WDNHV RQ PDWHULDO IRUP DQG ´VWRU\WHOOLQJµ LV SUREDEO\ WKH PRVW SURIRXQG ZD\ RI GHVFULELQJ WKH DUFKLWHFW·V ZRUN +H DFWXDOO\ begins the creative process by trying to think up a VXEMHFW LQ KLV RZQ KHDG D SORW WR EH GHYHORSHG 2QFH KH KDV FRPH XS ZLWK RQH KH UHÀQHV WKH ´QDUUDWLYHµ LQ DQ LQFUHDVLQJO\ GHWDLOHG PDQQHU GUDZLQJ RQ D ODQJXDJH that becomes increasingly precise and technical and DGGLQJ GUDZLQJV WR KLV ZRUGV LQLWLDOO\ MXVW VNHWFKHV almost mental schemes that gradually become more VSHFLÀF DQG WHFKQLFDO HYHQWXDOO\ SURYLGLQJ DQ H[DFW account of the actions and materials that need to be EURXJKW LQWR SOD\ VR WKDW WKH ´QDUUDWLYH SORWµ FDQ EH WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR PDWWHU VWRQH FRQFUHWH ZRRG HWF $QG VR E\ ÀUVW WHOOLQJ KLPVHOI WKH VWRU\ DQG WKHQ UHFRXQWLQJ LW WR RWKHUV WKH DUFKLWHFW WUDQVIRUPV LW LQWR D OLYLQJ ZRUN RI DUFKLWHFWXUH MB The story surrounding this small chapel is rather XQXVXDO WKH SULYDWH FOLHQW LQ TXHVWLRQ ZDV DQ LQVXUHU ZKR GHFLGHG WR EXLOG WKLV FKDSHO RQ D SLHFH RI ODQG KH RZQHG KLJK XS LQ WKH PRXQWDLQV $ERXW WKUHH \HDUV ago he turned to me and told me about his project and WKH IDFW KH ZDQWHG PH WR GHVLJQ LW , DFFHSWHG XQGHU WKH SURYLVR RI FRXUVH RI KDYLQJ WKH EDFNLQJ RI SHRSOH RQ VLWH FDSDEOH RI IROORZLQJ LWV FRQVWUXFWLRQ :H EHJDQ ZRUNLQJ ZLWK FUDIWVPHQ ZKR LQLWLDOO\ ZRUNHG ZLWK ZRRG EXW WKHQ DIWHU D FHUWDLQ SHULRG RI WLPH , UHDOLVHG WKH WHDP ZDV QRW ZRUNLQJ SURSHUO\ DQG WKDW ZH FRXOG
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La mia percezione nel raggiungere il posto era di un’ascesa progressiva durante la quale lo spazio si faceva sempre più rarefatto Ma perception en rejoignant le site était d’une pente progressive durant laquelle l’espace se faisait toujours plus immatériel The impression I got as I reached the location was of a gradual incline as the space became increasingly rarefied
La scarsa accessibilità ha obbligato a concepire l’edificio per parti già pronte da “assemblare” sul posto “L’accessibilité limitée du site nous a obligés à concevoir la réalisation du bâtiment en parties préconstruites à assembler directement sur le chantier. The fact that it was hard to get to forced us to design the building in pre-constructed parts to be assembled on site
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