The Turning Point by AmyAlexandraMarsden

Vision

The Turning Point The turning point for naturalistic park design.

A turning point in designing natural parks driven by the ecological potential contaminated sites provide. We are using Phytotechnology principles to create a multi-mechanism buffer that providers and an extensive range of biodiversity value now and in the future to create a place for local people to explore, learn and socialise.

Amy Alexandra Marsden 180187122

The Site and Its Surroundings

Considering the site's characteristics and how it defines the Social, Economic and Environmental development for the turning point.

Start Kelham Island High levels of concrete road to accommodate for high car use in the area. Maintenance is done to removing some of the ecological benefits to the site through the removal of trees. The rugged city design in the background Defining the turning contrasts the overpoint using crushed grown vegetation area concrete as a sub- created by the site's strate and path ma- abandonment after the terial. industrial revolution. Using the contrast to create unique views over the city through viewpoints on site.

The colonising vegetation is taking over the concreate and abandoned buildings that remain in the area starting to provide habitat in the area.

The few companies remaining still define the noise of the area with the steelworks still in place.

Deposited materials act as a substrate for colonising plants to start invading. Lacking social respect for the area indicated by littering. Using large volumes of substrates and contamination level to drive the project.

The turning point takes this as a point for further development and not just a site that should be destroyed but enhanced.

The old industrial buildings provide a backdrop for the vegetation in place, providing a softer edge to the water where animals can start to colonise.

The abandoned railway and car park are starting to be colonised by vegetation. The social side of the area is attracting anti-social behaviour such as graffiti due to abandonment. Taking the concept of abandonment as the opportunity to enhance the site's ecological benefit and social side.

Taking the idea of recreating the soft edges near the water and ponds allows for breeding and habitats for a broader range of species to live on-site near the River Don. The canal area can become a social point near the site by increasing access and awareness of the area.

Change in character from industrial ruins being colonised by vegetation to vegetation planted by design.

Finish Grey to Green City meets nature, creating a contrasting view of the roundabout and built-up area behind the planting scheme's soft landscaping. Using the idea of the contrast between build architecture and landscaping to frame the view.

Very impermeable surfaces made from concrete parking areas that are not fully occupied by cars.

The Highline itself is colonised by a wide range of species with trees and shrubs starting to develop. Below this level large volumes of social movement take place in cycling, walking and by car. Merging walkers into the area above the car pollution to create a walking route people enjoy.

The arches occupy a wide range of industries/ small businesses. The enhancement is to make some of these facilities accommodate social interaction such as cafes and art galleries.

Using the concreate as a useful resource but reducing groundwater contamination runoff through the use of plants.

Extensive paths to accommodate for large volumes of walkers. Seating areas to allow for wider recreational use. Considering floodings and water retention by design. Bright, bold coloured planting indicates planted by design. Including the idea of seating attracting people to stay in the site.

Wildlife considerations in the form of bug hotels allowing animals to potentially occupy the area. Considering the sufficient detail and how this method can be adapted into the turning point project.

Content Initial research

Character areas and access points The sites potential Social implications Economic implications Environmental implications

The turning points design development Visited sites and case studies Development of design Development of concept 1:500 Scale Master plan 1:250 Scale Master plan

Definitions

Amino Acid- Organic compounds that form proteins. They are biologically significant for plants and animals to provide nutrition. Biochar- An organic material that has been carbonised under high temperature (300- 1000Â°C) in the presence of little or no oxygen. Brownfield site- Areas of previously developed land that (in the case of the turning point) was used for industrial purposes creating an area of contamination but still has the potential for development. Carbon Sequestration- A artificial or natural process where carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and captured in solid or liquid form (can occur in plants). Carbohydrates- An essential compound for plants and animals as a primary source of energy helping to synthesize with other chemicals. Character of a place- Distinctive characteristics then give meaning and identity from other locations considering; weather, population density, architectural systems, landforms, vegetation, cultures and types of industry. Climate Change- a longterm shift in global or regional climate patterns. Colonising Species- The occupation of habitat or territory by a plant community or an ecological niche population of species. Taking over unoccupied habitats that become available with a strong ability to survive and reproduce in a harsh environment. Contamination- Making an area dirty or poisonous to a state of unwanted or dangerous substances. Diversification- increasing the variety of plant species present in a specific site area. Ecological Value- the level of benefits that are in a space, that support life forms such as plants and wildlife. Ecology (from a landscape perspective)- improving the relationships between ecological processes and the environment itself in a specific ecosystem. Environmental Pollution-the contamination of the earth/ atmosphere to the extent than the normal environmental processes are affected. Gentrification-A change in the place, where a poorer area becomes a richer area due to development and new residents in the area attracted by redevelopment or investment. Geology- the study and research of rocks and soils in relation to their pH and other properties, considering their properties in relation to plant growth. Grass (turf)- Typically only one specie of grass usually used as lawns, with the plant being typically short in height and narrow leaves. Green corridor- A form of natural infrastructure that connects one green area (e.g. park) to the next providing ecological services and networks for wildlife and society (providing a sustainable transport route). High- affinity-A low concentration level of the uptake of water and contaminants by plants. Lipid- A diverse group of compounds that are insoluble in water. Low- affinity - A high concentration level of the uptake of water and contaminants by plants. Membrane proteins- A type of protein that is associated with a biological membrane, they can be involved in many different functions depending on their location in the cell for example plant sub cellular compartments where proteins are found. Multi-mechanism Buffer- A mixed planting scheme targeting plants to mitigate phytotechnology from all phyotechnology processes, to provide the maximum of phyotechnology and ecological benefit ensuring no planting needs to be harvested to remove contaminants. Nickel (Ni)-An element with the atomic number of 28, found in contaminated soil and water in Sheffield due to the industrial Steel revolution. PAH (Coal)- A class of chemical that occurs naturally (in coal, crude oil and gasoline) and produced when coal, gas, wood, garbage and tobacco are burned, which can bind to or form small particles in the air but can also be found in soil and water due to the Industrial Revolution and continued used of house wood-burning stoves. Pyrolysis- decomposition due to high temperatures changing the components chemical composition. Phyotechnology- the use of vegetation to remediate, contain or prevent contaminants in soils, sediments and groundwater. Stabilizing, degrading, removing and preventing polluted areas to mitigate and ecological problems before they occur. Phytoremediation- the degradation or removal of contaminants on-site using groups of planting. Pioneer woodland- Initial species colonising a space due to abandonment. Pump-and- treat operation system (PaT)-The process of removing contaminated groundwater through pumping the water to the surface collecting and removing the contamination from a polluted site. Sensitive Species- plants that need very specific conditions to survive that is not strained. The Turning point (project)- A project-driven by phytechnology principles to use the historic substrates and geographical location to enhance the ecological value of the site now and in the future. Toxic Trace Elements (TTE)- Elements that are toxic to animals and humans that are detected in small amounts in the living body. Unskilled workers-workers who do not rely on technical abilities or skills.

Character Areas and Access Points

The overall character areas and access points to create understanding of potential users at different points at the site. Character Areas Residential areas

1 2 Some housing areas are one of the poorest in Sheffield, such as Burngrave with other areas such as Kelham Island is one of the wealthier gentrified areas. There is a wide variety of buildings with traditional semi-detached housing but also factory building conversions into flats. All residential areas are in walking distance, with minimal areas directly connected to the site.

3 4 5

Commercial areas

7 8 Functions of original viaduct and old manufacturing sites provide a cheaper option for small businesses occupying the site. The majority of workers are in the skilled manual work sector, such as steelworks or car garages.

10 9

Derelict (including carparks, storage and unused space) Figure 1-character areas and access points.

Concrete and deposited substrates (from the past industry) shape the derelict spaces, providing great colonising species' great potential. The spaces tend to be vandalised, and large volumes of trash are presently creating a hotspot for vandalism and anti-social behaviour.

Access Points Each entrance point directly correlates to the surrounding environment by understanding the character areas and entrance point as one. Residential areas will see a wide range of people at high volumes using this entrance point. Commercial areas will see mainly manual and office workers using the access point before and after work along with lunchtimes. Derelict areas will see minimal users with very little use of the entrance points.

1 Derelict with the potential for Commercial

6 Derelict, Residential, Commercial

2 Derelict with the potential for Commercial

7 Commercial

3 Derelict

8 Commercial and Derelict

4 Derelict

9 Commercial

5 Residential

10 Derelict

Social Turning Point The turning point for naturalistic park design.

Potential Users

Population age diverstiy in a close proximity The population near the site shows youth in the area with the educational and social interaction being a pivotal point to attract people into the area.

Considering the primary users of the site will shape the design needs of the spaces, considering, in particular, the educational potential of the area. Combining all the needs for the potential local users based on the age range and family households in the area. With the two areas (see section below) creating cooperative play and social spaces with a priority for families and the more private adult based cafe arches for the young couples in the area. The concept of combination with the educational and social development of the area is the forefront when considering the age population and their needs. Educational and socially, combined high line. Play area merges into Educational.

Population between 0-15 years of age

Population between 16-32 years of age

Neepsend 10-15%

Neepsend 40- above%

Burngrave 40.1- above %

Burngrave Sheffield as 25-30% a whole

Educational merges into social.

Population between 35-64 years of age

Population between 65+ years of age

Neepsend 0-10%

Neepsend 0-10% Burngrave 0-10%

Burngrave 10-15%

Figure 2-Social uses based on the current population statistics

Sheffield as a whole

Proportion of dependent children in a close proximity

Social cafes point- to create a social meeting point in the area all year round, with the focus on the young adults in the area

Main principles for an educational, designed area: 1. To provide an insight into sustainability for the future. Educating children in the form of outdoor learning and play. 2. Providing resources for education not only for the younger generation is essential in not only engaging all the community to revolve around more a sustainable living and environmental awareness. 3. Making people feel involved in the habitat development results in the sense of pride and position, increasing the likelihood of long term use by locals. 4. Education does not just come from sustainable education but also social interaction and personal development in the area, with no specific play items creating imagination in the younger generation of use.

Main principles for a sucessful social point; 1. It is crucial to place a social point separately and interlinked with the play areas to accommodate the range of the population in the area. 2. The social aspect of the area needs to accommodate multiple people providing, private cafes, joint cafes to the play space, and low lying vegetation to allow for group gathering and free social points. 3. Providing a successful social point for all should accommodate free social points such as grass and seating areas but also cafes for refreshments and possible toilet facilities.

All aspects of the curriculum can be explored outside. The sights, sounds and smells of the outdoors, the closeness to nature, the excitement most children feel, the wonder and curiosity all serve to enhance and stimulate learning.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; (a curriculum for excellence building the curriculum, 2020) The general areas closest to the site show a need for recreational play spaces but also educational opportunities for the younger generations through the understanding of high proportions of children present in the area. The statistics also show the need for social, recreational points to encourage families/ parents to take their children to the turning point. The dominance of families also indicates that the site will predominantly be used outside school hours (weekends and early night). Proportion of households in the imediate area with one dependent child Burngrave 20-25% Neepsend 10-15%

Proportion of households in the imediate area with two dependent children Burngrave 20-25% Neepsend 10-15%

Households in Sheffield

Proportion of households in the imediate area with three dependent children Neepsend 0.1-0.5%

Burngrave 25.1- above%

Households in Sheffield

Shirecliffe

Cycle & walking routes

3.1 m 24 min

Stocksbridge

35. 9 m 3 h 29 min

10.1 m 53 min

11.2 m 1 h Selby 5 min 39.6 m 3 h 20 min

eT urn

ing

Neepsend

Loxley S 4.6 m he 31 min

Personal Business 10%

Swinton

14.3 m 1 h 26 min

43.3 m 4 h 7 min

U.K walking/ cycle stastics

54.6 m 4h 37 min

Penistone

Manchester

Hyde

York

Giving connections to surrounding cities influencing the users of the turning point

1.4 m 8 min

ffi

Woodside Park

Grey to Green

Shopping 20%

Doncaster

int

M an

ch e

Specific site

e ff i

r Yo

st er

19.2 m 1 h 40 min

Va Don

Just Walking 30%

The current U.K. statistics about the reason for walking/ cycling along with the distance and time it allows an analysis of the potenReasoning for tial users from the surrounding areas. walk/cycle trips Understanding the need for educational purposes in the design to attract people into the site, along with providEducational ing areas where clear walking paths 20% Leasure allow people to take their daily stroll. 15%

U.K cycling stastics

Burngrave lk 0.9 m a w lley

Canal

Commuting 5%

Less than 20% of adults in the U.K cycle once a week; With an average 23-minute cycle per trip.

7 min

Male, 4 miles per cycle trip Females 0.2 trips per week

Males 0.5 trips per week

Gender difference in the volume of cycle trips taken per week

U.K walking stastics

Females 5.2 trips per week

Gender difference in walking distance in relation to the site Gender difference in cycling distance in relation to the site

Sheffield City Centre 1.3 m 10 min

Gender difference in the distance taken per cycle

Males 0.8 miles per walk

Males 4.6 trips per week

Figure 3-Distance in miles and time (based on cycling) to the site.

Female, 2.8 miles per cycle trip

67% of people in the U.K. Gender difference in walk once a week for 20 min- the volume of walking utes or more; With the av- trips taken per week erage of a 17 minute walk.

Females 0.7 miles per walk

Gender difference in the distance taken per walk

Neepsend

Neepsend Burngrave

Estimated park use based on UK statics and linking routes

Penistone

Neepsend Burngrave

Loxley Neepsend

Figure 4- Average walking distance between genders

Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s average walking distance according to the UK average

Penistone Loxley Stocksbridge

Stocksbridge

Menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s average walking distance according to the UK average

Gender difference in UK statics of distance in relation to the site, seeing that the site will be more domint in the site due to their increased average walking distance. The walking distance really only includes the immediate areas to the site creating a very local level design influence.

5000

10000

15000

20000 25000

30000

Estimate site visits based on national cycle/ walking distance and frequency District population size

Although the population is large the visitors are limited by less than 20% of adults cycling once a week with 13, 881 visiting in the week, 1,983 a day in the entire site and 397 people per day visiting the specific site area.

Estimated park use based on UK statics and linking routes Combining national walking statistics and current walking paths it creates Burngrave an estimate of 23,272 users a week, 3,324 a day in the entire site area and 665 in the specific location each day. Neepsend

Sheffield City Centre Figure 4- Average Cycling distance between genders

15000 25000 35000 45000 0 500010000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Public Transport and Parking

Considering the primary use as public transport over cars to the site to reduce carbon emissions

Total percentage of UK people that regularly use public transport.

Taking on the closest bus stops to try and understanding who might be using the site. The focus being on public transport such as the buses to promote a more sustainable way of travelling to the area with a focus on the local level people due to the increased likelihood to visit regularly due to short journey times.

Use of buses on a regular basis 5%

Other 95%

Bus stops Car parking Site area Barnsley

Shiregreen

Wakefield Ecclesfield

The general use of buses is minimal, which suggests that the impact will be predominantly minimal concerning the site numbers on site. When considering Sheffield, Barnsley and Rotherhamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population, the proportion of people will still be minimal.

Hillsbrough

Rotherham Fir Vale

High Green Chapletown Burngrave Firth Park 2

Using the five closest bus stops near the specific site indicates the potential uses from specific areas such as Rotherham to Firth Park. By having multiple bus stops nearby, it gives the potential for a more sustainable travel mode but also considering how the site links up using local green spaces to provide a positive journey from the bus stops to the site (discussed in environmental links).

6 1

Figure 6- Bus stops and parking areas near the site

4 5

Bus and Parking Routes; 1. A10 2. 97 3. 75 4. 88 5. 1a 6. Parking, NCP Sheffield Blonk Street Parking

Economic Turning point

The turning point for naturalistic park design.

Current Economic state of the area

Understanding the population from an economic stand point to understand an effective design outcome at a local level. Current Economic state of the area Level of Employment

Level of Unemployment City Centre 2.1-4%

Burngrave 0-50%

City Centre 50-55%

Burngrave 10.1% and Above

Neepsend 0.1-2%

Neepsend 75.1% and Above

Type of Employment City Centre Unskilled manual workers, Retired and Unemployed

40.1% and Above

Managerial and Professionals 0-15% Supervisory and Clerical 0-15%

Skilled manual workers 15.1-20%

Burngrave

Neepsend Unskilled manual workers, Retired and Unemployed

40.1% and Above

Skilled manual workers 15.1-20%

Managerial and Professionals 15.1-20% Supervisory and Clerical 40.1% and Above

Unskilled manual workers, Retired and Unemployed

40.1% and Above

Managerial and Professionals 0-15% Supervisory and Clerical 0-15%

The potential turning point for the economy? The contrast to these statistics is Kelham Island in the Neepsend area has been rapidly gentrified going from one of the most derelict and deprived areas of Sheffield, such as the current state Burngreave. The turning point needs to take on the same principles of gentrification by providing a green space for the community to enhance investment in the area and cause gentrification to take off in some of the most deprived areas in Sheffield.

Skilled manual workers 0-15%

The area's economic state is hard to evaluate without looking at the volume of people employed/ unemployed in the area, giving an indication of economic stability, influencing design features such as the proportion of cafes required on-site. The current employment levels are deficient in the area seeing that all areas surrounding the rail line itself are in the range of 0-50% Employment, with a slight increase in areas near the railway line itself, this could be due to the gentrification of specific areas such as Kelham Island. Levels of unemployment in the area There are high levels of unemployment in the area mainly in the more deprived northeast side of the turning point; this needs to be addressed by not only creating a space where people want to live that have a steady income but also creating the opportunity for jobs in several sectors through public and cheaper modes of transport such as leisurely walking/ cycle routes. The high level of unemployment has a considerable impact on the area itself with any leisure businesses in this area struggling without investment by the government to gentrify such an economically poor area. Unemployment is a catalysis for a less stable economy at a national and local level as increased unemployment has the chain reaction of less money spent, less tax being paid locally affecting the quality of health services and living standards affecting society. When an area's economy has high levels of unemployment, the area is usually unrecoverable without a turning point of gentrification. The work level directly impacts a household's income with managerial/ professionals and unskilled manual workers receiving a very different paycheck. It directly impacts the areas economically grown in the leisure market, seeing that with less money comes less spending on gyms and regular visits to cafes and restaurants. It shows that the turning point needs to provide an ecological benefit creating a green link and a free facility for recreational activities such as running, playing, and learning unavailable to most in the area.

What implications could the turning point have on employment rates in the area? 1. A small volume of Jobs: Jobs created in the Cafes, educational and maintenance of the turning point can have a considerable impact on the households in the areas providing low skill jobs in an area dominated by unskilled workers. The cafes will attract the wealthier workers such as those found in Kelham Island, which will start to create a turning point for the gentrification of the more impoverished areas such as Burngreave. 2. Gentrification: By placing a green space in the middle of the city, space becomes a pleasant and desirable place to live, as found in Case of Studies later discussed such as the Highline. If this area becomes gentrified such as Kelham Island, the surrounding economic footprint will change, attracting wealthier professionals into the area with extensive investment and money for leisure activities. 3. Governmental investment in the area: When the turning point's success creates a clear green link for humans, and the environmental consideration occurs at the Sheffield City Council level as to where investment in the area is needed further to create a more stable TAX income at a local level. The turning point is the catalysis for the growth that the government will want to invest in further to increase their economic stability.

The Sites Industrial Past

Looking at how history shapes the current site as a significant industrial area.

1820s Sheffield's town stopped at the Wicker (below Spital Hill) with areas such as Pitsmoor being a hamlet, mostly in small workshops (attached to farm buildings) producing knives and tools for local sales.

The area was farms, fields and some woodlands. Burngreave was considered a highly desirable place for wealthy families.

1870s A dramatic transformation had taken place with the arrival of heavy steel and engineering industries with the railways contributing to the explosion of Sheffield centre for craftsmanship and industry.

1940- 50s Widening of the tracks The wicker arches were due to electrification of bricked up during WWII to the section from Shef- create air raid shelters, the field Victoria to Penis- damages caused by shrapnel tone in 1945. and bombing were sustained but repaired.

1820

The first part of the viaduct was built in 1839 to extend the railway over the River Don and across the Don Valley with several proposals costing upwards of ÂŁ500,000 (a cost of ÂŁ48,642,878.66 in today's economy).

1850s Sir John Fowler designed the viaduct and wicker arches; the design dominated the landscape for miles around.

There were vast amounts of workhouses to the North of the site due to the River Don's proximity.

The Victoria Station is built-in 1851, with a 1000 ft long platform, 400ft central covered by a patterned glass roof, engineered by Joseph Locke providing a grand station.

How has the history of the site affected the characteristics of the area? 1. Buildings are industrial characteristics. 2. Derelict/ abandoned buildings 3. Substrates of coals and metals such as Nickel on site from the past steel industry drove the rail line's transformation, resulting in specific vegetation occupying the space. These brownfield sites have since undergone successive processes with discarded site rubble/concrete acting as an urban substrate. They are creating a range of new habitats on-site that have since been colonised by native and non-native species. 4. The most influential change was that removing the station and relocating the industry further into the city centre led to many of the surrounding factories/industrial buildings becoming derelict. 5. Despite the station being closed and demolished to make way for the hotel and car park, many entrance points (including a lift shaft) remain; however they are not accessible by the public. 6. The viaduct's arches also form a distinctive character area and have seen several changes along with the rest of the high line, most notably that many of the Wicker Arches remain bricked up following their conversion into air raid shelters are now workshops. The photographs below show some of these characteristics.

1900s There was a There was an huge increase in increase in Building density numbers of rail (particularly to tracks towards the North of the the east of the site. site).

How does the history of the site affect the entrance points on-site? 1. The train station's main entrance points are still in place although currently boarded up and not in use. 2. The main entrance is currently a car park and road leading to the Royal Victoria Hotel, which can lead from the grey to green scheme. 3. The other entry point that remains from the historic railway use is the lift shaft, which can add a lift in the site to allow for areas of disabled access.

The wicker arches were restored to their former appearance in 1990.

1980s Victoria station buildings/ platforms were demolished in 1989 and turned into a hotel and car park, decreasing the number of tracks, leading to the successive processes beginning in the area around the tracks, creating a large pioneer woodland area.

Turning point design considerations 1. Take the bricked-up arches from WWII as inspiration for the interior of the cafes. 2. Taking the grand architecture and turning it into natural spaces in the design 3. The site's history shapes the vegetation on site due to the substrates created from past industrial development; the design should enhance the shaping taking place to reduce pollution on the site and bring it back to its former glory and focal point of the city. 4. The main entrance created originally for horse and carts to the train station gives easy access to the site.

Economic Implications of Removing Contaminated Soil

Understanding the possible costs of removing contamination using the traditional method and Phytotechnology method to gain an insight into the economic strain the Local Council would be put under due to the development of the project.

Why do contaminated soils need to be removed in a city environment? Contaminated soils need to be addressed in a city context as it causes harm to human health, property and the wider environment all factors magnified in a dense city environment. Contaminated soils can limit new development as it is restricted by compliances with the Water Environment Regulations 2017, because of the site's location the regulations would most likely be put in place to reduce further pollution of the River Don. If the design output is trying to increase the site's housing and desirability, such as in the turning point as new developments would not be able to occur if the contamination rates did not reduce.

What is the cost of removing contaminated soils? Two scenarios are taken to understand the cost implications of reducing the contamination levels on site, firstly the more traditional Pump-and-Treat operating system and secondly phyotechnology principles using a multi-mechanism buffer system. 40,090,826.80

4,687,753.80

Economic implications of contaminated soils The economic implications of contaminated soil can impact a local government's economic state when considering redevelopment or potential use of a site, along with issues such as climate change and rapid population growth, placing a considerable strain on space's environmental requirements to ensure further spending is not required. Considering the site as a four-year remediation project for both removal of contaminated soils and phytopathology principles gives a clear economic outlook of the sites possible costs estimated from past costs of projects. Of Course, consideration being taken in relation to the removal of contaminated soils is only the initial stage of developing a green corridor and the long term maintenance cost is in place after the first year due to the rapid development of phytotechnology site development.

Pump-and-Treat operating system (PaT) The Pump-and-Treat operating system (PaT) would cost around ÂŁ40,090,826.80 For the four year implementation as showing in appendix. .This is the cheaper option when looking at the 4-year plan for the site with only the initial maintenance and implementation of vegetation. When considering the PaT method, it is crucial to understand the environmental implications of removing all habitats and vegetation in the initial stages. There are substantial economic implications for the local economy/ population as mass removal (of contaminated soil) destroys a large percentage of recreational areas, resulting in a less desirable area, causing an economic downfall placing a strain on the local government as less tax income is received and more benefits support is required in the area. The consideration of jobs at a local level as although there will be a workforce on-site will be the highly educated and already in work contractors that will benefit from removing the soils rather than the people at a local level.

Phytechnology principles Phyotechnology costs ÂŁ4,687,753.80 for a four year plan to be put in place. When considering phyotechonology as a way of removing contaminants in the soil, the main costing is the planting of the vegetation, testing of the soils and maintenance in place. The initial phasing of the project will contribute to the bulk of the costing. This cost considers 1 tree, 2 shrubs and ground cover per square metre, this of course will not be required in all of the spaces as social uses and current vegetation can be incorporated in the phyotechological multi-buffer. The economic downfall is the initial costing of the project with the maintenance cost being an ongoing output. This is something that needs to be considered in all new greenspace designs and although costly large volumes of volunteers and involvement can reduce the cost of having more than one full time groundskeeper. The use of phyotechonology not only is considering the contamination levels on site as found with the other methods such as extraction but also the economic benefits to the entire community that can arise when a deprived area is enhanced by a green corridor space. By creating a desired place to live it boosts the area as a whole attracting new residents and companies into the area as the area begins to become gentrified by the people. The government will start to see an economically positive output after the initial costing as they will gain more tax revenue and pay out less benefits due to the increase in manual untrained jobs appearing from the leisure industry.

*See appendix for ecological benefits broken down with costing.

Environmental Turning point The turning point for naturalistic park design.

Environmental Impacts due to Contamination Level

Consider what impact the past industrial revolution had on the environment concerning air, water, and soil pollution.

Air

Water

Levels of contamination

Present

Past

Previous Contamination levels on site “There was that much oil on top that it would literally burn.” (River Don comes clean, 2021) The River Don (once one of the most polluted stretches of water in Europe) defined by the industrial revolution in Sheffield with no plants or animals of any kind being alive in the water for decades. 1880s Certain parts of the river ran yellow and sewage being discharged straight into the river.

2014 Approximately 6,000 litres of fuel and recovered oils (including Kerosene) entered road drains resulting in a discharge into the River Don at Neepsend following a fire at Frogson Waste Management Ltd.

1886 Meadowhall treatment works were opened (costing around £1.4 million) resulting in the significant first clean- up operation, thanks to the £78 million clean-up project at the Blackburn Meadows wastewater treatments.

Ground

Levels of contamination

2021 The current waste quality of the River Don is better than at any point since Sheffield's Industrial revolution seeing sensitive wildlife such as Salmon reintroduction for the first time in 200 years.

The future environmental improvements under the turning point design changes 1. Increased natural cleaning through phytotechnology principles to decrease water cleaning treatments such as Blackburn Meadows wastewater treatment. 2. Naturalise edges to increase breeding areas. 3. Increase overall ecological value to the site by increasing vegetation density and variety. 4. Use the River Don as an educational learning point using its history and the new species as a biological learning point for schools and adults in the area.

Present Past

Previous Contamination levels on site

Whilst Sheffield's industrial revolution was taking place pollution levels were not considered harmful to the population's health, this resulting in terrible air pollution that created dark clouds of smoke, creating pollution levels 50 times higher than before the revolution. Sheffield's primary pollution was from the coal used in factories releasing PAH (coal) particles in the air, giving Sheffield the name as the industry's smokey centre even long before the first steel furnace was in place.

Sheffield's topsoil has high Cr, Ni and Pb concentrations due to the industrial use of coal and furnaces, which are the primary source of ground contamination. The turning point's site has Ni president in the soil, which directly correlates with the old steel manufacturing (according to historical land use maps, find figure.... for the iron and steelworks locations in Sheffield). Underneath the topsoil, the natural coal measures found in Sheffield form to the east of the city centre and Ni, Cr, Co, and V have the most significant concentration to Sheffield's northeast boundary.

Today's environment Sheffield air pollution rates are still some of the worst in the world with the levels being unusually high for a city in the UK seeing Sheffield being placed 1597th out of 4,416 cities that are the most polluted cities in the world. One of the geographic reasons for bad air quality in Sheffield is the 'pollution sink' caused by the surrounding valleys and buildings. Sheffield's air quality is affected by two main polluters, domestic burners and vehicle fumes. Domestic burners cause run off of coal releases in large volumes into the atmosphere, and Vehicle fumes and emission creates a large concentration of nitrogen dioxide. To contrast the overall poor air Quality in Sheffield, the winter season air quality is rated good by IQAir quality control. The future environmental improvements under the turning point design changes 1. Reduction of direct access for cars into certain parts of the site. 2. Increased tree and shrub density near the roads to absorb air pollution. 3. Creating a microclimate of absorption/ trapping of pollutants to increase the air quality. 4. Providing a space dominated by walkers not cars to increase the social acceptance of walking as a mode of transportation.

Today's environment Sheffield is a city that was defined by its natural coal measures and the industrial potential, the turn of fate has now meant the industrial revolution that defined Sheffield has left contaminated land that not only needs to be addressed but adapted to provide ecological stability to create the new 'green' image of Sheffield. Soil contamination levels on-site need to be addressed, as toxic trace elements (TTE) pose potential health risks that restrict the area's environmental and economic regrowth. Nature has started to reclaim these sites with some colonising plant species beginning to appear providing some habitats for the less sensitive wildlife and vegetation. The colonisation will start to break down some of the contaminants found in the soil. The future environmental improvements under the turning point design changes 1. Using phytotechnology principles to create a multi-mechanism buffer that traps, removes and uses the contaminants in the soil to provide an ecologically enriched environment for local wildlife and people. 2. An ecologically rich site for now and in the future, creating a space for more sensitive planting and wildlife to inhabit over time.

Phytotechnology

Reasoning and potential turning point for the ecology of the site What is phytotechnology?

Phytotechnology is the use of vegetation for the remediation, containment or prevention of pollutants in soil, sediments and groundwater. It is different from phytoremediation as it includes techniques such as stabilisation of pollutants in the surrounding soil or root structures of a plant, taking a plantbased method to treat a pollutant or mitigate ecological problems before they occur.

Phytotechnology that makes a multi-mechanism buffer Phytostabilization

The plant caps and holds the pollutant particles in place, so they cant move off-site. Capturing PAHs (organic) and Nickel (inorganic) compounds.

Phytohydraulics

Plants pull up water, with some contaminants coming with it. The processes change the direction or stop the flow of contaminated groundwater. Removing PAHs (organic) and Nickel (inorganic) compounds.

Why is phytotechnology required onsite?

The past industrial contaminations (such as Nickel and PAH onsite) causes a threadbare ecological landscape that has limited environmental development due to the contamination preventing more sensitive species inhabiting the site. Contaminated sites are not just bad for ecological development but perceived as economically and socially dysfunctional areas that require remediation to be habitable again. Nickel (inorganic metal) Nickel on site is from past and current development, with the historical remnants of the steel industry and the current scrap metal transportation releasing sediment into the surroundings. Nickel can be broken up and consumed by planting not only reducing the contamination levels on- site but also preventing the spread of the contamination further. Heavy-metal detoxification contributes to the development of plantgrowth. PAH PAH is a class of petroleum organic hydrocarbons associated with coal processing providing the historical reference to the steel industry in Sheffield. PAH is deposited in multiple forms in the soil, groundwater and air. Studies have shown on average 5% of PAH sediment is deposited in lakes, 46% in the atmosphere and 10% deposit on the soil. Plants take up 44% of PAH and incorporating it into their organic matter. Planting also traps a large volume of airborne PAH due to the lipophilic nature of both PAH and plant cuticles.

What is a multi-mechanism- buffer?

Rhizodegradion

The root exudes released by the plant and microbes increase breaking down the contaminants in the soil. Removing PAHs (organic) compound.

Phytometabolism

Plants incorporate contaminants as nutrients using it to grow new biomass. Removing PAHs (organic) compound down after phytodegradation.

A multi- mechanisms buffer is a range of plants placed together to utilize all the phytotechnology mechanism to provide the maximum amount of fo benefit without the need to harvest any planting to remove contaminants.

Figure 7- The components of a multi-mechanism buffer

Phytovolatilization

Plants extract the contaminant particles and then release as gases through its leaves. Removing PAHs (organic) and Nickel (inorganic) compounds.

Phytodegradation

Contaminants are taking up by plants and broken down into smaller parts (metabolites) that are non-toxic. Removing PAHs (organic) compound.

How do plants break down Ni and PAH

Creating an understanding of how the particles are absorbed through the multi-mechanism buffer process concerning Nickel and PAH found in soil and groundwater.

Key Nickel (Ni) PAH Roots Water Microorganisms Plant Soil

Nickel (Ni) Ni absorption Plants absorb nutrients from soils using specialized membrane proteins with plants having two transport systems low- affinity (uptake system acting at higher concentrations) and high-affinity (uptake systems working at low nutrient concentrations). High- affinity systems have more effective Nickel absorption rates.

The plant release the broken down particles back into the air in a non-harmful form (through its leaves).

Parts Per Million of Ni uptake per Ni uptake (PPM) million gallons of water (liters) Low- affinity trans- 4.4 0.02 port system High- affinity trans- 1.8 7.03 port system

Ni and PAH get trapped in the roots, broken down by microorganism in a process called Rhizodegradation or absorbed by the plant and broken down.

Ni function to plant Nickel is an essential element for plant growth helping plants. Without the presence of Nickel, toxic levels of urea can accumulate in plant tissue forming necrotic legions on the leaf tips. Nickel also allows plants to increase their tolerance against disease.

PAH stimulates root growth.

Figure 8- Ni and PAH absorption

Ni threats to Humans and Wildlife Nickels average intake for wildlife and humans is ingestion, inhalation and absorption through the skin; this can have a considerable effect on the body with high absorption leading to high levels of Nickel in Kidneys, livers, heart, lungs, fat, and fetuses of exposed mothers.

What is the best plant currently on-site for removing an enormous volume of Nickel and PAH? Salix

The planting consideration revolves around Salix, as it is excellent groundwater, soil and air purifier that is already present on-site in multiple variations. Salix is the perfect plant for phytoremediation as it is metal- tolerant with properties for the accumulation of high and low concentration levels of metals (including Ni, Cd, Zn and Cu). Not removing large volumes of planting on site does prevents high disturbance levels to try and retain the wildlife present on-site as much as possible.

PAH (Coal)

PAH absorption Using substrates such as Biochar (charcoal produced by pyrolysis byproduct) found on site due to Sheffield's industrial past using coal allows the promotion of plant roots (lipid, amino acids and carbohydrates) to degrade PAH particles found in the soil. PAH (Coal) function to plants Biochar enhances soil fertility and stability to provide longterm carbon sequestration, providing improvements to disease resistance in the West Europe soils. PAH threats to Humans and Wildlife PAH moves through the air, water and soils exposing people and animals to inhalation, ingestion or direct dermal contact. The contaminants directly impact wildlife and society living in high PAH levels, mainly through air and water.

Geology of the Site

Understanding the sites soil composition in order to suggest future planting accordingly. Geology of the site and how it defined the environment around it. Understanding the site's geology provides a base to work from with what type of soils are below the contaminated topsoil layer considering the long-term planting schemes that could thrive under these soil conditions. The main definitive soil types are Mudstone, Sandstone, Sand and Clay creating different growing conditions for a wide range of species found on site, creating unique characteristics depending on the soils. Figure 9. this is shown in the graph below, identifying species currently on site and their location based on the geology of the site, of course, this may vary slightly due to large volumes of deposited substrates contamination. The vegetation that prefers mudstone, sandstone and siltstone are predominantly trees (creating woodland areas) with gravel and sand areas dominated by climber and annuals (low lying vegetation areas). The wildlife and vegetation species found in contrasting areas of the site give the users a completely different experience, the use of the site's geology needs to be understood to ensure a successful planting scheme that enhances the geographical potential.

Key Bedrock

Mudstone, Siltstone and Sandstone (MDSS) Sandstone (SDST) Superficial deposits

Gravel, sand, silt and clay Sand and Gravel Artificial Ground

Artificial Deposit (ARTDP) Void (VOID) Linear Features

Coal seam, inferred Fossil Horizon, marine Band Normal fault, inferred

Figure 9- Geology of the site

Current plants distribution according to prefered soil conditions Mudstone Sandstone Siltstone

Salix Fragilis

Himalayan Balsam

Sand Gravel

Sandstone

Sycamore

Ficus Carica

Centranthus Ruber

Sorbus

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

Buddleja davidii

Malus domestica

Symphyotrichum novibelgii

Linaria purpurea

Senecio Jacobaea

Cymbalaria muralis

Vegetation Spacing

According to the vegetation structure, identifying different character areas worldwide to understand regions further enhances the turning point. Current Vegetation Spacing Vegetation spacing creates different habitats and different characters and identities that define the user's experience and the wildlife found in specific areas. Open green space There are three main open green areas on site. The potential is to enhance the biodiversity replacing grass turf with low lying meadows to create new habitats and new experiences for the users. Urban River Bank The River Don banks are currently not very diverse, dominated by a few invasive plant species including impatiens glandulifera. The potential is to use phytotechnology principles to reduce the water contamination and naturalise the river to provide smaller pond areas adjacent to the river for breeding purposes. The reduction of pollutants will enhance the survival rates of the current species found and allow for more sensitive species. Pioneer woodland Several areas of pioneer woodlands on site are currently not managed or maintained, creating a high-density woodland. This area has the potential to decrease the density of the vegetation itself by creating openings in the woodland; this would not involve the removal of the trees but moving the trees to another location on-site to reduce the environmental impact of buying and transportation of new planting. Plants such as Salix trees are present on-site, which are a great species to provide effective phytoremediation and habitats. Figure 10- Current Vegetation spacing

Context The site's industrial heritage defines its environment today, with colonising plant species taking over the abandoned sites. The turning point uses the industrial heritage as a starting point by understanding the potential contaminated urban areas to provide great ecological benefits. The site's current vegetation is defined by the time of abandonment and substrates left behind seeing Coal (PAH) areas grown at larger rates, resulting in the high line itself developing into woodland. The development rate and substrates create dappled areas of completely different habitats giving the site a tremendous ecological standpoint for a wide range of wildlife. The turning point takes these microclimates and enhances them to their full potential by reducing pollution levels and increasing vegetation density and variety to allow a broader range of sensitive planting and wildlife to colonise.

Character The current turning point character is dominated by derelict Brownfield sites to the east and pioneer woodlands in the central west areas. The industrial past defines the character areas and what substrates they left behind, seeing that the coal PAH on the viaduct provides a more manageable area for rapid colonisation than the concrete areas to the east. The characteristics defined by the industrial movement and abandonment of the site should remain to give the site its own identity working with the substrates and vegetation to ensure the site's initial character is not lost in redevelopment.

Unused Brownfield The majority of the site is currently made up of unused brownfield sites. The potential for this is to enhance the 'invasive' species that have colonised the urban substrates whilst introducing some other competitors to increase biodiversity. The area's development is shaped around creating a multi-mechanism buffer to reduce pollutants in the air, ground and water through phytotechnology principles meaning that a variety of trees, shrubs and groundcover in place will not only reduce pollutants but increase the ecological benefits to wildlife. Design enhancements needed on-site to increase environmental benefits: 1. Enhancing the potential of the vegetation already in place through relocation of some denser woodland areas 2. Using the historical past to understand the potential substrates created by the industrial past and what potential they have to shape the character of the site 3. The east side of the site is still in the initial stages of being colonised, giving vast ecological enhancement.

Turning Points Concept The turning point for naturalistic park design.

Vision A turning point in the designing of natural parks driven by the ecological potential contaminated sites provide. We are using Phytotechnology principles to create a multi-mechanism buffer that provides an extensive range of biodiversity value now and in the future to create a place for local people to explore, learn and socialise.

Design Approach Taking a design focus to ensure the site evokes an emotional response by defining spaces through vegetation and topography change. Whilst still addressing the ground, water and air pollution that is stopping the project developing into a more diverse ecological site.

Environmental Turning pollution into a catalysis for ecological development. Using phytotechnology principles to remove some contaminants found in the soil, water and air to allow greater ecological development introducing more sensitive vegetation and wildlife into the site.

Social Creating a turning point for social interaction. Increasing the usable social spaces in Sheffield for all including cafes and free seating spaces creating an all year round social point for Sheffield.

Economic Turing future economic problems into the present solutions. By considering the problems for the future now in the design, it means that redesign will not be a regular occurrence reducing the impact on the economy, by considering reducing the ground and air pollution in Sheffieldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s city.

Personal Concept The turning point uses phytotechnology principles to increase the ecological value of the site whilst still considering the social aspect of city life by creating social and educational development; turning the traditional natural park upside down. The concept of this project is to integrate the historical Steel past by using phytotechnology principles to offer an enhanced ecological value. The future development of the site provides extraordinary biodiversity in both plants and wildlife, manipulating the current vegetation (e.g. increasing Salix fragilis density) and new species to create phytotechnology advancements on-site to reduce soil, air and groundwater pollution. Focusing on PAH hydrocarbons (coal ash) on the viaduct and nickel at ground level (soil) created by the past and present steel industry and the potential future air and groundwater pollution problems; providing a more stable environment for future vegetation growth as well as a cleaner place for human interaction to take place. By using Multi-Mechanism buffers it combines different processes of phytotechnology to provide soil, air and water cleaning in one location. This is a considerable benefit to the ecological value of the site increasing vegetation diversity and the introduction/ migration of wildlife to the area because of the range of wetlands (aquatic), trees (high), shrubs (medium) and ground-level (low- level) habitats it creates.

Visited Sites

Understanding design of Social, Economic and Environmental spaces through exploration. Design points to take from the visited sites. Topography changes

To define wildlife spaces, frame views and create an exploratory feel to the site. Use of industrial waste

Longshaw Estate

The topography changes create areas where people can explore and cannot access leaving spaces for just wildlife.

The use of topography change in the path creates a sense of exploration to the user's journey.

Leaving old stones and fallen trees in place allow nature to thrive in the area.

To create habitats and bring the sites industrial past into the design.

Leaving fallen trees over the path creates an exploratory experience. Longshaw has a high budget for maintenance, but the paths are still muddy and a risk to users.

Nature is allowed to engulf the human-made elements on site.

Crushed concrete paths guide users through narrow passageways bring people closer to nature.

Naturalising water areas Meadowhall walk To purify the water and make access easier to wildlife. Defining paths to define the use

To create areas to explore and places to stick to the paths.

An abandoned site that is starting to be colonised for natural development.

Natural purifying of water through the development of reeds reduces pollution level.

The economic downfall has left some spaces abandoned, allowing vegetation to take over the site.

Abandoned industrial equipment creates habitats for wildlife.

Deposited substrates act as a growing medium for specific colonising plants and habitat for animals such as rabbits.

Extensive paths invite people into space without encouraging people to go off the trail.

The landscape frames the industries behind showing historical reference to the site.

The site's topography restricts some areas for wildlife and the other areas as a route for humans.

The reeds purify the water and provide a dense area for wildlife to thrive away from humans' possible access- humans are restricted to the boardwalks.

Case Studies

Understanding design of Social, Economic and Environmental spaces through previous designs. Design points to take from case studies. Use of industrial waste

To create habitats and bring the sites industrial past into the design.

Creating social meeting points

To create a space where people meet, socially interface and gather due to vegetation's seating and ground layer.

The Highline, New York Pioneering Railway connecting the community

The paths are sharp and defined, directing the users only to use the paths. There is the use of artwork to portray parts of the Highline's past.

Seating near main paths provides a social interaction point.

Grassed areas allow people to sit and relax on the Highline, creating a social meeting space.

The historical referencing to the site is subtle, hiding railway lines in the centre of planting areas.

All year round planting to keep the ecological value of the site consistent.

The symbiotic Matorral, Mexico Educating and research in ecosystems for city schools

Defining paths to define the use

To create areas to explore and places to stick to the paths.

Narrow exploratory paths bring people close to nature, allowing them to explore and discover man-made items such as the steel box, bringing the idea of nature and humans working as one.

Undefined paths allow people to explore and not feel restricted only to use the trails.

Nature is enhanced through the creation of habitats using human-made items.

The younger generation living in a city environment are brought back to nature and educated about their surroundings.

The project enhanced the ecological value of the site.

People are encouraged to explore the site making the experience fun and educational simultaneously, creating different experiences as the paths go along.

Initial Design Development

Undersanding the fundamental social, contamination and possible vegetation structures before developing into a strategic design format. Social movement through the viaduct and possible stopping points

Current businesses that could benefit from the turning point project

Types of contamination in the area

Groundwater pollution- Keeping the Brownfield

Main Walking movement

Potential Green space due to the derelict site at present.

Stopping points, near cafes

The Viaduct

site pollution, not polluting the river Don further Soil Pollution- Nickel from the old steel industry

Social interaction place- defined by cafes, bars, nightclubs, Breweries, Brew-

Soil and air pollution- Working Gas plant causing

The broader areas social potential on the current day if the Highline was already operational as a public park. The viaduct would act as a primary path through the city with stop points possibly along the viaduct where space opens out and the quarry space where cafes are currently established providing the perfect opportunity to enhance the social use of the space. By considering the main walking routes, it is essential to ensure that these areas have vegetation in place and habitats for resilient to disturbance animals. Opportunities for development Where on the viaduct could social stopping points be created. The potential of converting the arches into social stopping points. Using the initial layout to create a space for people and walk through brings the local communities closer to nature.

ery tours, art galleries and events organisers. Educational areas- including nurseries and colleges

When defining social development, it was essential to consider what is currently in the entire site area, that define the space into socialising points and possible education points for the site. There are large volumes of restaurants, bars and cafes on the south side of the Highline showing possible wealthier residents and thriving industry. Cafes and bars dominate the site in general at ground level, but facilities such as brewery tours and art galleries could all be introduced into the sites' identity. When considering the current industry, it is a lot easier to see what is thriving at a localised level and that educational purposes are required to see two educational centres close to the site. Opportunities Developing the potential already in the site to create areas for interaction between all different age groups fitting the local needs. How to create a network between all the areas that can attract a wide range of local people the current companies in the area.

contamination in the air and soil Air pollution- From vehicle fumes on roads

Possbile vegetation structure after the evaluation of contaminted areas

Low-density vegetation-Ground level and shrubs Medium-density vegetation-shrubs and low-density tree cover.

High-density vegetation-Shrubs and high-density tree cover

Considering the contaminants on site, the Soil and Air pollution- Railway line containing design looks at the denser tree concentraPAH and Nickel from the past and present industion at the most troubled areas such as next trial transportation along with a small volume of air to the road or railway. pollution from the running train It considered the broader area of the site to un- The vegetation structure considers only the derstand points where contamination is present vegetation and spatial layout with no social and where mitigation was needed using phyto- benefits to understand the landscapes basic technology development. needs before human needs. The vegetation The initial concept looks purely at the present layout of the more expansive space is conand possible future contamination spaces that sidering the potential future and present could be in and around the site to analyse the ar- contamination risks. ea's potential development to allow a focus point. There are five different contaminants in the area; Opportunities the gas station, railway, old industrial soil, road (air Using the vegetation density as a developing pollution), and groundwater pollution. point to ensure pollutants are considered in the vegetation layout. Opportunites Developing into a design for people as well as Focusing on some of the pollutants in the area to the environment. mitigate and reduce pollution levels. Designing the ecological value of the site around the pollution hazards to protect and educate users.

Initial Design Development

Using workshop participation to develop the area into a designed space comprising of emotions and movements desired to happen in the space.

Developing potential uses

Spatial layout

Areas of open space Initial spatial line (developing the open areas from this line) Woodland areas currently on site Proposed woodland areas

I was using the initial spatial design as a starting point for the developing design. The initial development considers every area, not open space, as woodland to increase the Phyotechnology benefits (the more trees, the more roots). This basic structure provides the building point to develop the site further. Opportunities Reduce the woodland area to increase habitat variety. Develop design further for social use. Consider multiple habitat creation ideas.

Run Watch Meet Explore

The initial spatial development considers what activities the space should facilitate to provide social and environmental needs. The spaces consider the meeting points as small pockets along the area to allow small groups to gather together. The explore and run spaces are located next to each other to create the space's ongoing movement. The issue with this layout is some explore spaces and watch areas are very close together meaning that some wildlife (watch) areas may be disturbed. Opportunities Consider the connection between each space closer to ensure they do not contrast each other but connect. Consider one main social meeting point as a nucleus for social interaction. Increase the size of the watch spaces.

Run Watch Meet Explore

There is one main social hub point located at the top of the main entrance to provide a nuclei point for social interaction and gathering, the run spaces have been located adjacent to this encouraging young children to explore with parents close by. The watch space has been enhanced dramatically to decrease disturbance and minimise the explore spaces next to the area. The layout creates a continual exploration journey through the small pockets of different activities/ emotions. Opportunities Consider how these spaces could be put into a design format. Consider changing some of the design layouts if the design format does not provide a good design layout. Consider bringing back the current woodland vegetation in the area to start developing the structure of the space.

Vegetation Structure Development

Using a strategic design point to define the coherent vegetation to create designated spaces that link as one Development of vegitation struture

Basic vegitation layout based on 'activity' spaces

Woodland area

Dense woodland

Meet

Low lying vegetation (meadow)

Run

Reeds

Watch

Light cover woodland

Explore

Tallgrass area

Shrub area

Taking the emotions and movement spaces to start to define how vegetation could shape these emotions. Choosing the meeting point as the centre turning point with the initial idea of creating all the areas that were not in the vital emotional points of light and dense woodland. Considering what environments are required to create each activity:65 Meet- low lying vegetation to allow people to sit and rest in space; space needs to be very open to allow people to find each other. Run- mainly low lying vegetation with possible canopy layer Watch- dense vegetation layer where people cannot easily access parts of the environment. Explore- a wide range of vegetation that is not too dense to allow people to move through the spaces. Opportunities Reduce overall woodland area to create a more fantastic range of habitats. Consider adding groundwater storage in the area consider merging the areas further Use vegetation to create an exact separation point between exploring and watch spaces.

The vegetation layering gives an unmistakable character to the landscape with areas starting to develop such as the interaction between a watch space, and an explore space crossing over from low- lying meadow to dense grasses to dense reeds the water areas. The vegetation layout here has small social interaction areas to allow for little groups together but slightly compromise the watch areas' density, resulting in high levels of disturbance. Opportunities Increase the variety of habitats further (maybe increase the groundwater areas. Make changes in vegetation clearer through the change in density and type of vegetation (for example grasses could mean watch areas). Focus on what the vegetation structure could do for the viewpoints how do they need to frame. Define larger areas for social rather than lots of small areas to create watch areas undisturbed as much as possible.

This contrast will encourage users to change their attitudes in specific spaces to decrease disturbance levels by changing the space layout to create a precise watch and explore spaces through vegetation structure change. There are two groundwater areas (reeds) that provide the contrasting landscape to watch and not explore this creates multiple different experiences for the users and provides educational resources. The merging of the vegetation from one character to another provides a smooth transition between the spaces creating the 'natural' feel. Opportunities Maybe consider how paths can reinforce watch and explore spaces. Consider if the social area should be more precise. Could the social space be developed into a slight change in topography and vegetation structure to create interest to keep exploring new areas?

Structural Layout

Considering different layouts based on prevous vegetation and activity layouts to create a coherant space that encourages people to explore Developing the layout

Path Shrub and low lying vegitation area Reeds/ grass Woodland River Don Low lying vegitation (meeting area) Air pollution from roads

The design places the finalised vegetation structure into a strategic layout considering expanding the explore/ meet area and considering the groundwater, soil and air pollution where particular vegetation should be placed in the site. Flaws The path only has one exit entrance point making it impractical for some users to enter/ exit the site There is no soft edge from the meet and explore spaces creating an abrupt contrast. The small social space contrasts with the watch areas and may cause large amounts of disturbance and a hard place for people to find to meet. This space needs to be developed more as a meeting place to incorporate the viaduct as cafes

Water retention areas River Don

Meeting/ run areas Shrub and low lying vegi

Grasses/ Reeds

Paths

Woodland area

Air pollution from roads

Light woodland area

Developing the structure further to accommodate the opportunities from the last design incorporating topography in the run (play) and explore spaces to increase phytotechnology rates and create a nuclei meeting point using a train turning wheel layout to create a historical reference. Flaws The inner ring of the social point makes it a hard place to meet, restricting the size and visibility The path through the area does not create the stop and meet atmosphere. All of the surrounding areas is road meaning more trees should be planted to reduce the air pollution levels. This area feel undefined and should be developed into a clear watch space. The platforms provide educational watchpoints and low levels of disturbance.

Understanding the relationships with the surrounding green spaces

Meeting/meadow River Don Grasses/ Reeds Water retention areas

Shrub and low lying vegetation Air pollution from roads

Woodland area

Developing the structure further to accommodate the last design opportunities to change the meet place to make people feel like they should stop and incorporate the run spaces further into the meeting area. It is developing the area's topography further to increase the level of exploration in areas that felt undefined. Increasing the overall 'natural' feel to the design with 'abandoned' trains as play aspects and water to increase the habitats and historical reference. Considering the entrance path as an exploration into the site.

Opportunities Considering how the design would work at a smaller scale Opportunities What features could provide the most habitats Consider a different path layout. and how could this affect the sites ecological Opportunities Consider making softer but still defined areas value further. Consider developing the nuclei meeting point further between meet/ explore and watch spaces. What type of planting would reduce the levels of to increase user capacity and make it an exact stopConsider removing the small social space to pollution as a whole in the area. reduce disturbance in the watch areas and create ping point. To increase woodland and shrub density in areas next one nuclei point. to the road to reduce air pollution. Increase the historical reference to the site. Maybe remove the platforms and considIncrease topography change to increase er the area as a watch space with only edthe rate of phyotechnology along with inucational groups allowed in the area. creasing the exploration aspect to the site.

River Don 5 Wier Walk The Turning Point (site area) Woodside Park Canal Grey to Green Entrance/ Exit points

The sites design and entrance/ exit points connect the surrounding green spaces and walk to create a green corridor for humans and wildlife. The main entrance points join the new green to grey scheme with contrasting design, changing the users' emotional response from the 'wow' factor to being close to 'nature' and exploring the space. Social spaces such as the canal space provide extended cafes for social interaction. The woodside park provides a large green space area with a great connection to the turning point through the entrance points in place naturally by the sites' history (railway entrances). Opportunities The site can have excellent connections to the surrounding walks and landscaped spaces, creating an effective green corridor.

Enhancement of Ecological Value

It understands the site's current ecological value and the enhancements that could be made through the eyes of educational programs in place at the turning point site. The turning point itself considers the vegetation already on-site as a developing point trying to understand each plant's value and how new planting can enhance the phytotechnology and ecological value. When considering planting, it is essential to understand the characteristics desired when creating a multi-mechanism buffer above and below ground. The planting favoured is fast-growing, covering large surface areas above or below ground to trap as many contaminants as possible. The turning point is not using all native planting as the project understands that just because a plant isn't native does not mean it doesn't have valuable ecological and phytotechnology benefits. The design takes the 'useful' colonized planting as a starting point of growing development taking ecological and phytotechnology development hand in hand by using specific plant circumstances such as pH, root size, large surface area and air pollution absorption rates and wildlife each species would attract.

The turning point rethinks how to create an environment with a considerable ecological benefit by considering contamination on an urban site as the potential point for growth. The multi-mechanism buffers don't just reduce pollution level in the turning point but increase the ecological value from the first point of implementation to years down the line when introducing more sensitive planting and wildlife due to the reduced pollution level greater diversification over time.

Betula Pendula

Ulmus Minor â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Atiniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Salix Capria

Buddleja davidii

Site 1 Current vegetation distribution Site 1 is the site's current state with little variation of planting species and large volumes of substrates not being encorperated into the landscape.

Holcus Calluna Lanatus Vulgaris

Adding the site's educational development as part of the wildlife enhancements creates a clear understanding that although the site could have a greater variety of wildlife and planting the site is by no means lacking ecological value at present.

Site 2 Future design vegetation distribution Site 2 is the proposed design changes in the turning point project, increasing the variety of planting in the area to increase ecological value to the site and increase the rate of contamination trapping and removal.

The Turning Point

Substrates

Creating a design turing point for natural parks. Coal Substrate

The decision to use coal 1. Addressing the historical importance of the site to transporting coal to the booming steel industry. 2. Using phytotechnology principles to break down the contaminants found in the coal/ coal ash (PAH hydrocarbons). 3. Enhancing substrates left on site (due to the industrial past) with some areas still having coal piles present and others steel industry still acting as a source of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;wasteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for the site, keeping the substrates local. Coal substrates effects on plants 1. Removing PAH hydrocarbons found in the coal ash to prevent contaminated outside of the site. 2. The coal biochar enhances soil fertility and stability to provide longterm carbon sequestration and improving resistance against diseases. Specific planting Plants tolerant of acidic conditions in the range of pH 4.5 to 5.5 will thrive in the substrate such as Calluna Vulgaris (see pH chart for more suitable planting). What type of social space does this create? A landscape with contrast changes in topography encourages users to explore, sit and view depending on the change. The use of coal shapes the idea of the historic reference driving the project to the users. Case Study Urban- Industrial landscape in Upper Silesia (south Poland) With abandoned spoil heaps providing a different habitat in comparison with the habitats in the surrounding areas an environmental island is created. Field observations show the spoil heaps (despite their unfavourable conditions) are colonized by plants and animals with different habitat preferences over time. The images below show a site converted into a museum in the site area and topography change and substrates in a socially used space.

Crushed Concrete Substrate The decision to use crushed concrete 1. Using the material from the current car park and road to create a valuable habitat. 2. Creating a less competitive substrate to provide less maintenance reliance on the site. 3. The pores in concrete can absorb and hold water, essential supplies of nutrients and maintain a reasonably open structure for root growth. Crushed concrete substrates effects on plants 1. Removing and trapping some contaminants found in the human-made substrate stops the pollution and landfill rates offsite, ensuring the site's ecological development does not have a negative impact elsewhere. 2. It is porous and therefore lighter than other aggregates, can hold water and air within its pores and is often alkaline. 3. The loose aggregate allows for roots to quickly develop in the gaps in the concrete. Specific planting Average concreate pH is around 12-13 before being crushed and other elements subsequently being added to the mixture means that plants such as Succisa Pratensis would be suitable (see pH scale for more specific plants suitable). Most tall grasses can grow in crushed concrete including planting such as Tall Fescue and other plantings including wildflowers (requiring a depth of 80-150 cm of growth) such as Trifolium repens. Case study Jardin des Joyeux By Wagon Landscaping An old car park site made into a garden-city area with a meagre budget to provide a social area for people together in Aubervilliers (a surrounding area to Paris) for the local people to enjoy.

The Effect of pH Levels on Possible Planting

Large roots (LR) absorb and Trap large volumes of pollutants.

Considering how planting can be put in place that is suitable for the site that provides the removal of contaminants in the soil and the wildlife benefits the turning point will provide.

Understory (lower) Calluna Vulgaris

PAH 4

Large Surface area (LS)Absorb, Trap and Release large volumes of broken down pollutants. Plants currently onsite, providing clear adaptation and potential wildlife on site now.

Nickel 5

Wildlife Benificieries

Phytechnology Benefits

Pollinators

Fish

Moths

Mammals

Butterflies

Birds

Insects

CalloSylvia Plebejus phrys undata argus rubi Araneae

Saponaria Officinalis Anthemis Nobilis Dictamnus Albus Trifolium Repens Understory

Buddleja Davidii (Buddleia) Centranthus Ruber Thymelicus sylvestris lineola Leporidae

Holcus Lanatus Daucus Carota Saponaria Officinalis

PhloSpinus Chloris Coccinel- Aphi- gophora Phalera Drepana Endromis lidae doidea meticulosa bucephala falcataria versicolora Picidae spinus chloris Acanthis

Canopy Betula Pendula

Satyrium Biston Campaea Cosmia w-album betularia margaritata diffinis

Ulmus Minor â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Atiniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

SynanApatura Furcula thedon Paranthrene iris furcula flaviventris tabaniformis

Salix Capria

Sciurus caro- Apodemus garrulus Dendroco- Corvus Columba tortrix sylvaticus glandarius pos major frugilegus palumbus viridana linensis

Quercus Robur

Plemyria Drepana Spinus Acronic- Epirrita falcataria spinus ta alni autumnata rubiginata Lutrinae Acanthis Carduelis

Alnus Glutinosa pH scale to understand the soil/ groundwater conditions onsite related to Nickel and PAH's pollution. Figure 11- Plant pH levels and wildlife beneficiaries

The Effect of pH Levels on Possible Planting in the Wetland Areas.

Large roots (LR) absorb and Trap large volumes of pollutants.

Considering how planting can be put in place suitable for the site that provides the removal of contaminants in the groundwater and the wildlife benefits the turning point will provide.

Wetland areas

PAH 4

Wildlife Benificieries

Phytechnology Benefits

Large Surface area (LS)Absorb, Trap and Release large volumes of broken down pollutants. Plants currently onsite, providing clear adaptation and potential wildlife on site now.

Pollinators

Fish

Moths

Mammals

Butterflies

Birds

Insects

Nickel 5

Salix Alba

Salmo Trutta

Cerura Smerinthus Catocala Vinula Ocellatus nupta

Salix Fragilis Impatiens Glandulifera

Syrphus Bombus Apis spp Syrphids meelifera ribesii

Succisa Pratensis pH scale to understand the soil/ groundwater conditions onsite related to Nickel and PAH's pollution.

Coal Substrate a pH of 4.5. 5.5

Concrete substrate a pH of 9-13 Contaminated soils (on-site) a pH of 1-9

Planting Colour Scheme

Understanding the colour scheme and the effects it can have on the level of exploration. Dictamnus Albus The experience created through the use of a pastel colour scheme. The pastel colours create a sense of security in the landscape that evokes the ease of exploration through not overdesigning with bright, bold colours; the preciousness of sitting on the meadow areas or climbing up a tree is lost on purpose to create a space like no other in the city. The use of pastel colours in the planting scheme is taken from the site's current vegetation enhancing the pastel pinks, purples and light yellows to create a space to unwind and be refreshed in an area dominated by families and office workers.

Calluna Vulgaris

Holcus Lanatus Saponaria Officinalis

Anthemis Nobilis Contrasting surrounding colour schemes The pastel colours contrast the surrounding landscapes such as the grey to green to evoke a different response from the users indicating a space of exploration and not walking. Grey to greens emotional response is to attract people to walk through the area changing their daily routes and occasionally stop on the benches to absorb the beautiful array of bright and bold planting. The colour scheme could not mimic this experience as the idea behind the turning point is to meet, explore and learn, meaning the bright and bold colours would not have been suitable to create the 'natural' look of the site.

Succisa Pratensis Salix Alba

What do the colours represent in western culture? Why is this important? In Western society, each colour has a strong emotional annotation such as red means stop and green means go. The turning point considers the emotional resonance to specific colours as a development point to bring people closer to nature whilst still providing ecological and phytotechnology benefits combining all principles to benefit the user's experiences. The primary colour scheme is choosing the pastel pinks, purples and yellows to evoke above all else a place of calm in a city environment. In the western world these colours are seen as; Pink- Love, caring nurture Purple- elegance, luxury Yellow- grabbing, comfort, liveliness, optimism, happiness.

Finer Details

Showing how even at a smaller level, the consideration is about increasing ecological value through habitat creation wherever possible.

Path Inspiration

Longshaw estate Sheffield

Path Variations All paths at ground level are made from crushed concrete recycled on-site.

5 Wier walk Noordwaard Sheffield Netherlands

Grass Roof Company John Littles use of crushed concrete as a path medium. Play Inspiration

Thrybergh Country Park Rotherham

Industrial Revolution Sheffield

Signage and Seating Inspiration

Thrybergh Country Park Rotherham

Grass Roof Company John Little

Play/ Explore Elements The 'play' areas are all about connecting children to nature through play items that provide ecological value and play aspects.

Signage and Seating I am considering any 'wasted' space as the potential to increase wildlife habitats.

Defined Paths Creating a space for undisturbed wildlife, using the path's definition to emphasise that this area is not welcomed to be explored to minimise disturbance of some more sensitive wildlife.

Mounds and Tubes Mounds and tunnels contribute to exploration play spaces with a large surface area for vegetation to reduce contamination levels.

Bug Hotel Signage Placing bug hotels into signage provides a habitat for bugs and bees in sand areas in the south-facing signage.

Undefined Paths Using these paths to encourage people to explore 'off the beaten track' due to the lack of definition and vegetation such as trees being planted in the area's centre.

Stepping Blocks They are made out of bug hotels with a gripped top to allow children to play on items the wildlife lives amongst providing ecological and social value.

Rotten Wood Signage An exterior rusted metal frame, the rotting wood allows for insects to live amongst the signage.

Overwater Paths Using old metal, galvanised steel foot grates allows for vegetation to grow through the path. The lack of sides provides a 'risky' exploration through the site, which gives easy access to the water for educational purposes.

Abandoned Train Using the historical reference as a part of the explorational play space using the structure to house bug hotels, bird boxes and a green roof.

Bug Hotel Picnic Bench Having the picnic benches have bug hotels under the seating and table provides a habitat area and a space for interaction.

Meet

The recreational area designed as a meeting point for social interaction. 1 The abandoned railcart provides a historical reference to the site and essential facilities to attract people to stay and gather in the area such as easy access to food, drink and toilet facilities. 2 The low lying vegetation mainly traps the contaminants on the site from escaping elsewhere with individual plants having higher absorption rates than others. 3 The nuclei meeting point defines the level of social interaction, allowing people to gather from different local areas. 4 The meadow height varies causing patterns where people sit in groups; this natural development is defined by the human interaction flattening, trappling or even carrying the flowers. 5 The topography change creates small ideal areas for users reinforcing this natural area that needs exploring.

This area creates a nuclei meeting point for all residents, including pollinators and butterflies. The slightly uneven surface allows for increased rates of phyotechnology (the more plants touching soil the quicker the rates) and allowing the meadow areas to naturally define 'ideal' seating areas created by 'nature'. The meet area is joined with the viaduct cafes (through steps) and provides an old railway cafe to promote stopping. Dominated by low lying vegetation but still provides massive contamination trapping and ecological value, especially for pollinators, butterflies and other small insects attracted by the meadow.

Close- up area The Ni and PAH particles are trapped in the soil unable to escape from this area, with plants such as Dictamnus Albus absorbing the contaminants along with attracting wildlife such as Plebejus argus.

3 4 2

Run

A place to explore, run and hide with nature. Taking inspiration from site visits and The symbiotic Matorral case study the idea of creating an educational play space developed with changing topography, historical reference and several simple habitats such as bird boxes provide the potential for development through play. The spaces changing topography made up for the two substrates and contaminated soil removed from the water provide a natural edge to the River Don, creating more surface area for plants to increase rates to reduce overall contamination levels. Features such as an abandoned railcart have a fun element to it whilst provide huge ecological benefits with meadow roof, bug hotels and bird boxes to encourage wildlife into the area.

1 The abandoned rail cart provides a fun play aspect of play and a habitat for birds, insects and small mammals through the integrated use of meadows, bird boxes and bug hotels connecting the younger generation with the wildlife surrounding them. 2 The idea behind the bug hotels and other wildlife features it to make it fun and interactive; some bug hotels can be built by the children and spot the interactive bird signage gets children involved in the site. 3 The topography changes create for an explorational type of play, creating excitement and adventure. 4 The lower topography allows children to hide and explore connecting with the vegetation and wildlife at eye level. 5 The vegetation provides a layer to stop pollutants escaping from the area. Close- up area The Ni and PAH particles are trapped in the soil unable to escape from this area, with plants such as Holcus Lanatus providing long grasses as a fun experience and essential wildlife such as Thymelicus sylvestris.

2 4

Explore

A place for wildlife and people to explore.

1 The crushed concrete paths are left undefined at the edges to allow the users to feel comfortable to stray off the paths and explore the surrounding areas. 2 The rapid changes in topography create a sense of exploration and surprise for the users whilst providing high surface area for the phyotechnology process to increase the removal of contamination. 3 Educational and volunteers are allowed to experiment with this area planting new trees and developing the site further. 4 The woodland aspects of the area provide ecological value and increase rates of phyotechnology.

This area is predominantly for wildlife with trees and taller vegetation structure, guiding some of the humans' routes. This space is designed to create a sense of exploration in the users with the dramatic topography changes and undefined paths. This is one of the focus areas of ecological development, encouraging large volumes of volunteers and community input.

Close- up area The low lying vegetation traps the Ni and PAh particles with the tree (betula pendula), absorbing large contaminants that break up the harmful components in the soil and substrates. The trees also provide the ideal habitats for Picidae and Phalera bucephala.

4 2 1 3

Watch

1 The soft water edge provides a pond structure for birds such as Cygnus to raise its young. 2 The raised galvanised steel platform allows users to feel directly connected to nature without disturbing it, the reeds grow through the path, along with the structural components providing an idea soil build-up for reeds to develop. 3 An abandoned rail cart is placed in the water to provide a historical reference to the site's past use and allow reeds and animals to occupy the human-made material creating an artificial island in the water. 4 Maintenance and development are done by volunteers interested in learning how to increase the area's ecological value. 5 The railway track is still on-site and is slightly raised to avoid any flooding risks, the trees or reeds will absorb the contaminants deposited by the train in the water.

Where wildlife can thrive and users can observe and learn. This area is designed to provide an area to trap groundwater that is cotntaminated and provide a range of habits, such as woodland areas to accomidate for a wide range of wildife. The space allows users to only access the area on a bridge like structure over the water to restrict where they can go and reduce distrubance.

Close- up area The polluted groundwater is trapped and cleansed by the reeds providing a reduction in contamination of the river don and a small microclimate. The abandoned train provides an area for animals such as Fulica to nest in the water centre along with Anas. The reeds provide a considerable level of privacy and security.

5 4

2 1

Key for 1:500 plan

On the viaduct Groundwater storage areas- wetland storage area for wildlife and educational purposes. Woodland areas- Used to reduce air pollution, decrease disturbance in certain areas and create framed viewpoints. The play/ explore areas are located near the socialising area where children feel safe due to proximity to explore and play, composed of mounds, tunnels and abandoned train. Socialising area- an area of low lying grass surrounded by picnic benches and a cafe allowing people to meet and stop at this area Educational building- providing a facility to educate in the social area to provide a clear meeting point. Dense shrub/ grass areas- providing a space dominated by nature and not inviting to users. Topographic changing areas- an exploration space for all; using topography to increase phytotechnology surface area and the user's sense of exploration. Below the viaduct. Arches cafe and seating- providing a space of cafes and small grass areas. Wetland area- separated to allow nature to be mostly undisturbed with only educational groups being allowed in the area with leaders. It provides an overflow and cleansing process for the river don providing a natural edge to increase wildlife the area. Roads are causing large volumes of air pollution adjacent to the site- using trees and denser vegetation to mitigate the pollution levels.

1:500 @A2 Watch/ observe

Explore

Explore/ Meet

Watch/ observe

Key for 1:200 plan

Trees- such as Salix Alba, Quercus and Ulmus minor 'Atinia.' Meadow grasses- attracting pollinators and small mammals. Long grasses- attracting small mammals. Creating a change in the environment, making people aware of the change from an area to observe and not explore. Reeds- attracting species such as Fulica. Water area- water retention areas to clean groundwater and provide a broader range of habitats. Undefined path- to emphasise the emotion of exploring and not sticking to the path Defined path- emphasising the change in the environment where exploring is no longer encouraged to protect wildlife. A path over water- created from recycled metal mesh covers to allow vegetation to grow through the path. Railine Abandonded rail cart- an aspect of exploration created from the history of the site along with creating habitats. Topography mounds- using substrates such as coal or crushed concrete to create an exploration experience/ Crushed concrete- Providing a small paddling area for users that does not compromise the entire area concerning the wildlife that is attracted Explore- the explore spaces distinct due to their changing topography and meadow areas where users are encouraged to stray off the path and explore their surroundings. Watch/ observe- an area defined by denser vegetation to discourage people from moving away from the path.

Watch/ observe

Explore

Appendix

Figures

Cycling and walking page

Figure 3-Distance in miles and time (based on cycling) to the site. Location

Cycle time (minutes)

Shirecliffe

Distance for cyclists(metres) 3.1

Walking time (minutes)

24 min

Distance for walkers (metres) 2.9

Neepsend

1.4

31 min

1.1

23 min

Loxley

4.6

31 min

4.1

1 hr 20 min

Stockbridge

35.9

3hr 31 min

9.8

3hr 10 min

Penistone

14.3

1hr 26 min

13.9

4 hr 31 min

Hyde

35.9

3hr 29min

31.1

Manchester

43.3

4hr 7 min

Sheffield Centre 1.3 Swinton

57 min

Location

Population

Cycle (20%)

walking (67%)

Neepsend (Hillsbrough)

7,255

1451

4860

Burngrave

27,481

5496

18412

Penistone

22,909

4582

15349

Loxley

1828

366

1225

Stocksbridge

9,869

1974

6612

10 hr 18 min

Regional population Sheffield

5% 584,028

29201

38.3

12hr 48 min

Barnsley

245,199

12260

10 min

19 min

Rotherham

264,671

13233

11.2

1hr 5min

10.8

3hr 40min

Doncaster

19.2

1hr 40 min

18.1

16hr 5 min

Burngreave

0.9

7 min

0.9

18 min

Selby

39.6

3 hr 20 min

37.1

12hr 17 min

York

54.6

4hr 37 min

49.7

16hr 34min

Google Maps. 2021. Google Maps. [online] Available at: <https://www.google.com/maps/dir/sheffield/manchester/@53.5095491,-2.1357255,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m 14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x-48790aa9fae8be15:0x3e2827 f5af06b078!2m2!1d-1.470085!2d53.381129!1m5!1m1! 1s0x487a4d4c5226f5db:0xd9be143804fe6b-aa!2m2!1d2.2426305!2d53.4807593!3e1> [Accessed 8 January 2021].

Level of employment/ unemployment

Soil pH Used as part of the pH graph chart

Including types of work

Current Level of employment in the area Burngreave Neepsend Sheffield City Centre

Current Level of unemployment in the area Employed Unemployed 0.0-50% 10.1% and above 75.1% and above 0.1-2% 50-55% 2.1-4%

Type of employment from the local people near the site in Sheffield Managerial and Supervisory and Skilled manual professionals clerical workers Burngreave Neepsend Sheffield City Centre

0-15% 15.1-20% 0-15%

Figure 1-character areas and access points developed from initial group work. Figure 2-Social uses based on the current population statistics Figure 3-Distance in miles and time (based on cycling) to the site, developed from initial group research into connecting cycling and walking routes. Figure 4- Average walking distance between genders, taken from Uk average distances Figure 5- Average cycling distance between genders, taken from Uk average distances Figure 6- Bus stops and parking areas near the site manipulated from initial group work Figure 7- The components of a multi-mechanism buffer, using multiple references and research into the topic found in the references Figure 8- Ni and PAH absorption, using multiple research references found in the references section Figure 9- Geology of the site, taken from digimaps (referenced in references) and enhanced to create a distribution of current plant species Figure 10- Vegetation spacing taken from group work analysis Figure 11- Plant pH levels and wildlife beneficiaries, see referencing section plant pH, also taken from on-site notes and group work to establish colonised species present.

0-15% 15.1-20% 15.1-20%

Unskilled manual workers, retired and unemployed 40.1% and above 25.1-30% 40.1% and above

Digimap.edina.ac.uk. 2021. Digimap. [online] Available at: <https://digimap.edina. ac.uk/society> [Accessed 3 January 2021].

McIlwaine, R., Doherty, R., F. Cox, S. and Cave, M., 2017. Environmental - The Relationship Between Historical Development And Potentially Toxic Element Concentrations In Urban Soils. Volume 220, Part B. ScienceDirect, pp.753-1498. n.d. [image] Available at: <https://th.bing.com/th/id/ R2ed6fc8fbf110f789f1c6da035961fcf?rik=hD%2fALLJvVgkm1g&riu=http%3a%2f%2fstatic.torontopubliclibrary. ca%2fda%2fimages%2fLC%2fpictures-r-6539.jpg&ehk=TUHYNGqcn5pNco%2btbx53MRjmgL4kgrhLDYrNlij96TQ%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw> [Accessed 3 January 2021].

Multi- Buffer Layering approach

Costing of remidiation procesess Evaluation/ comparison of the two methods Breakdown of costs for a pump-and-treat system operating Year 1

Costing according on a GovEcological benefits ernmental cost basis (does not include TAX) £30,191,011.20 Only colonized vegetation in place, but with little disturbance to the habitats and plants in the area £889.20 £741.00 £30,189,270

Soil tests (average) Equipment Cost Clearance of contaminated soil based on the 201062 m2 site, depth of 100cm and cost of £150 per ton (based on contamination level) Year 2 £1,000.20

Operating and maintaining cost Average testing soil costs

£111.00

Year 3

£604,186.20

Operating and maintaining cost Average testing soil costs Topsoil replacement £3 per m2 caulated with 201062m2 site Year 4

£111.00

Soil tests (average) Multi-buffer (1 tree, 2 Shrubs ang groundvoer per m2) Costing of implementation of £3113.60 vegetation (based on the average UK wage for landscapers, working 5 days a week for 2 months, with 10 workers) Year 2 £19,775

Operations and Maintenance (including soil contamination testing) one full time grounds keeper Year 3

£19,775

Operations and Maintenance (including soil contamination testing) one full time grounds keeper Year 4

£19,775

£889.20

£889.20 £603,186 £9,294,629.2

Implementation of vegetation £4, 624, 426 (1 tree, 2 shrubs and groundcover per m2 costing £23 per m2 Costing of implementation of £3,113.6 vegetation (based on the average UK wage for landscapers, working 5 days a week for 2 months, with 10 workers) Operations and Maintenance, one full time groundskeeper Total cost for the four year remediation process

Large levels of disturbance, wiping out any plants and habitats that were on site

Year 1

Costing according on a GovEcological benefits ernmental cost basis (does not include TAX) £4,628,428.8 Increased vegetation density, increases range of habitats building on the current vegetation. £889.20 £4, 624, 426

£19,775 £40,090,826.80

Large levels of disturbance, new soils provide the opportunity to place sensitive plants on site. Habitats still lost due to destruction of original vegetation.

£19,775

Multi-buffer environment in place allowing for habitats to establish and develop.

Operations and Maintenance £19,775 (including soil contamination testing) one full time groundskeeper Total cost for the four year £ 4,687,753.80 remediation process Economic implications of contaminated soils

Ashridgetrees.co.uk. 2021. Buy Hedge Plants - Order Online | Ashridge Nurseries. [online] Available at: <https://www.ashridgetrees.co.uk/hedging/all> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Fixr.com. 2021. Soil Test Cost | Soil Contamination Testing Cost. [online] Available at: <https://www.fixr.com/costs/soil-test> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. GOV.UK. 2021. Land Affected By Contamination. [online] Available at: <https://www.gov.uk/guidance/land-affected-by-contamination> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Iyaka, Y., 2019. Nickel In Soils: A Review Of Its Distribution And Impacts. Essays 6(33). Scientific Research. Kuppusamy, S., Thavamani, P., Venkateswarlu, K., Bok Lee, Y., Naidu, R. and Megharaj, M., 2017. Remediation Approaches For Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) Contaminated Soils: Technological Constraints, Emerging Trends And Future Directions. Volume 168. ScienceDirect, pp.944-968. Online Soil. 2021. Topsoil. [online] Available at: <https://www.onlinesoil.co.uk/products/soil/topsoil-bulk-bag?msclkid=8135b6d99ba21e38256ae932ccbd6f34> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Payscale.com. 2021. Groundsman Salary In United Kingdom | Payscale. [online] Available at: <https://www.payscale.com/research/UK/Job=Groundsman/Salary> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Payscale.com. 2021. Landscaper Hourly Pay In United Kingdom | Payscale. [online] Available at: <https://www.payscale.com/research/UK/Job=Landscaper/ Hourly_Rate> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Thumbtack. 2021. 2021 Average Excavations Cost (With Price Factors). [online] Available at: <https://www.thumbtack.com/p/excavation-costs> [Accessed 3 January 2021].

References Industrial History Catford, N., 2004. Disused Stations: Sheffield Victoria Station. [online] Disused-sta-

tions.org.uk. Available at: <http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/s/sheffield_victoria/> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Gracesguide.co.uk. n.d. Sheffield, Ashton-Under-Lyne And Manchester Railway - Graces Guide. [online] Available at: <http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Sheffield,_Ashton-under-Lyne_and_Manchester_Railway> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Historical UK inflation rates and calculator. 2021. Historical UK Inflation Rates And Calculator. [online] Available at: <http://inflation.iamkate.com/> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Museums-sheffield.org.uk. n.d. SGMT - The Arrival Of.... [online] Available at: <https://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/project-archive/burngreave-voices/industrial.html> [Accessed 3 January 2021].

Current economic state of the area

Digimap.edina.ac.uk. 2021. Digimap. [online] Available at: <https://digimap.edina. ac.uk/society> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Fao.org. 2021. Impact Of COVID-19 On Informal Workers |Policy Support And Governance| Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations. [online] Available at: <http://www.fao.org/policy-support/tools-and-publications/resources-details/ en/c/1270457/> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Writer, S., 2021. How Does Unemployment Effect The Economy?. [online] Reference.com. Available at: <https://www.reference.com/world-view/unemployment-effect-economy-a534fd0b84f10f8> [Accessed 3 January 2021].

Economic implications of contaminated soils

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Plants in pH scale

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Design implementation

1.bp.blogspot.com. n.d. [online] Available at: <https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u5TUcuDjQoM/TqyFaNyek_I/AAAAAAAAAUk/fE7ak3aGy6o/s320/DSC_5020.JPG> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. 2017. Use Of Agricultural Wastes For The Immobilization Of Metals In Polluted Soils In Lagos State, Nigeria. [online] Nigeria. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315921384_Use_of_Agricultural_Wastes_for_the_Immobilization_of_Metals_in_Polluted_Soils_in_Lagos_State_Nigeria> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. 2020. A Curriculum For Excellence Building The Curriculum. active learning in the early years. [online] Available at: [Accessed 15 December 2020]. Area-arch.it. n.d. [online] Available at: <https://www.area-arch.it/wp-content/uploads/ sites/6/2014/07/DSR-Highline-09-06-5054.jpg> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. Chowdhary, P., Raj, A., Verma, D. and Akhter, Y., 2020. Microorganisms For Sustainable Environment And Health. ELSEVIER. Kennen, K. and Kirkwood, N., 2017. Phyto. New York: Routledge. Kompała-Bąba, A., Bierza, W., Błońska, A., Sierka, E., Magurno, F., Chmura, D., Besenyei, L., Radosz, Ł. and Woźniak, G., 2019. Vegetation Diversity On Coal Mine Spoil Heaps – How Important Is The Texture Of The Soil Substrate?. [online] Available at: <https:// link.springer.com/article/10.2478/s11756-019-00218-x> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. Landezine-award.com. 2021. Noordwaard « Landezine International Landscape Award LILA. [online] Available at: <http://landezine-award.com/noordwaard/> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. Landezine.com. n.d. The Symbiotic Matorral By Pasini Garza Ramos Rosas « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. [online] Available at: <http://landezine.com/index. php/2020/04/the-symbiotic-matorral-by-pasini-garza-ramos-rosas/> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. Li, X., Song, Y., Bian, Y., Gu, C., Yang, X., Wang, F. and Jiang, X., 2020. Environment International- Insights Into The Mechanisms Underlying Efficient Rhizodegradation Of Pahs In Biochar-Amended Soil: From Microbial Communities To Soil Metabolomics. Volume 144. ELSIVIER. Livinthehighline.com. n.d. [online] Available at: <https://www.livinthehighline.com/ wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Aerial_Sarah-Sze.jpg> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. Liu, G., Simonne, E. and Li, Y., n.d. Nickel Nutrition In Plants. [online] Nutricaodeplantas. agr.br. Available at: <http://www.nutricaodeplantas.agr.br/site/downloads/unesp_jaboticabal/Niqueldeficiencia1.pdf> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. n.d. [image] Available at: <https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.wAkzQtW7hmDnGy9qszkmdQHaE0?pid=Api&rs=1> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. n.d. [image] Available at: <https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.SERr-eAumV6DkP1PRh00mAHaFj?pid=Api&rs=1> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. n.d. [image] Available at: <https://i.pinimg.com/originals/d5/0c/96/d50c96db6d612b143efda3713c2e950a.jpg> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. n.d. [image] Available at: <https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.WWs27RKiNF_plfjk10a5MwHaFj?pid=Api&rs=1> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. n.d. [image] Available at: <https://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/09/07/arts/design/20140907_HIGHLINE-slide-T5QN/20140907_HIGHLINE-slide-T5QN-master1050.jpg> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. Th.bing.com. n.d. [online] Available at: <https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.NCbOfCFxGnxOAPYXzunXqwHaE7?pid=Api&rs=1> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. Pthorticulture.com. 2020. Role Of Nickel In Plant Culture | PRO-MIX Greenhouse Growing. [online] Available at: <https://www.pthorticulture.com/en/training-center/role-of-nickel-in-plant-culture/> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. S.M.Mansourb, M. and I.Abdel-Shafy, H., 2016. A Review On Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Source, Environmental Impact, Effect On Human Health And Remediation. [online] EPRI. Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1110062114200237> [Accessed 3 January 2021].

Definitions

2017. Use Of Agricultural Wastes For The Immobilization Of Metals In Polluted Soils In Lagos State, Nigeria. [online] Nigeria. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315921384_Use_of_Agricultural_Wastes_for_the_Immobilization_of_Metals_in_ Polluted_Soils_in_Lagos_State_Nigeria> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. 2017. Use Of Agricultural Wastes For The Immobilization Of Metals In Polluted Soils In Lagos State, Nigeria. [online] Nigeria. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315921384_Use_of_Agricultural_Wastes_for_the_Immobilization_of_Metals_in_ Polluted_Soils_in_Lagos_State_Nigeria> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. 2020. A Curriculum For Excellence Building The Curriculum. active learning in the early years. [online] Available at: [Accessed 15 December 2020]. 2020. A Curriculum For Excellence Building The Curriculum. active learning in the early years. [online] Available at: [Accessed 15 December 2020]. Chowdhary, P., Raj, A., Verma, D. and Akhter, Y., 2020. Microorganisms For Sustainable Environment And Health. ELSEVIER. Chowdhary, P., Raj, A., Verma, D. and Akhter, Y., 2020. Microorganisms For Sustainable Environment And Health. ELSEVIER. Kennen, K. and Kirkwood, N., 2017. Phyto. New York: Routledge. Kompała-Bąba, A., Bierza, W., Błońska, A., Sierka, E., Magurno, F., Chmura, D., Besenyei, L., Radosz, Ł. and Woźniak, G., 2019. Vegetation Diversity On Coal Mine Spoil Heaps – How Important Is The Texture Of The Soil Substrate?. [online] Available at: <https://link.springer.com/article/10.2478/s11756-019-00218-x> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. Kompała-Bąba, A., Bierza, W., Błońska, A., Sierka, E., Magurno, F., Chmura, D., Besenyei, L., Radosz, Ł. and Woźniak, G., 2019. Vegetation Diversity On Coal Mine Spoil Heaps – How Important Is The Texture Of The Soil Substrate?. [online] Available at: <https://link.springer.com/article/10.2478/s11756-019-00218-x> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. Landezine-award.com. 2021. Noordwaard « Landezine International Landscape Award LILA. [online] Available at: <http://landezine-award.com/noordwaard/> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. Li, X., Song, Y., Bian, Y., Gu, C., Yang, X., Wang, F. and Jiang, X., 2020. Environment International- Insights Into The Mechanisms Underlying Efficient Rhizodegradation Of Pahs In Biochar-Amended Soil: From Microbial Communities To Soil Metabolomics. Volume 144. ELSIVIER. Liu, G., Simonne, E. and Li, Y., n.d. Nickel Nutrition In Plants. [online] Nutricaodeplantas.agr. br. Available at: <http://www.nutricaodeplantas.agr.br/site/downloads/unesp_jaboticabal/ Niqueldeficiencia1.pdf> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Liu, G., Simonne, E. and Li, Y., n.d. Nickel Nutrition In Plants. [online] Nutricaodeplantas.agr. br. Available at: <http://www.nutricaodeplantas.agr.br/site/downloads/unesp_jaboticabal/ Niqueldeficiencia1.pdf> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. n.d. [image] Available at: <https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.wAkzQtW7hmDnGy9qszkmdQHaE0?pid=Api&rs=1> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. n.d. [image] Available at: <https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.wAkzQtW7hmDnGy9qszkmdQHaE0?pid=Api&rs=1> [Accessed 26 January 2021]. Pthorticulture.com. 2020. Role Of Nickel In Plant Culture | PRO-MIX Greenhouse Growing. [online] Available at: <https://www.pthorticulture.com/en/training-center/role-of-nickelin-plant-culture/> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. Pthorticulture.com. 2020. Role Of Nickel In Plant Culture | PRO-MIX Greenhouse Growing. [online] Available at: <https://www.pthorticulture.com/en/training-center/role-of-nickelin-plant-culture/> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. S.M.Mansourb, M. and I.Abdel-Shafy, H., 2016. A Review On Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Source, Environmental Impact, Effect On Human Health And Remediation. [online] EPRI. Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1110062114200237> [Accessed 3 January 2021]. S.M.Mansourb, M. and I.Abdel-Shafy, H., 2016. A Review On Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Source, Environmental Impact, Effect On Human Health And Remediation. [online] EPRI. Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1110062114200237> [Accessed 3 January 2021].

Group work referencing

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Socal

2007. A Curriculum For Excellence EFFECTIVE CONTRIBUTORS RESPONSIBLE CITIZENS SUCCESSFUL LEARNERS CONFIDENT INDIVIDUALS Building The Curriculum 2. [online] Scottish Executive. Available at: <https://www.education.gov.scot/Documents/ btc2.pdf> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. Digimap.edina.ac.uk. n.d. Type An Organisation Name: Which Organisation Would You Like To Sign In With?. [online] Available at: <https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/society> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. First Bus. n.d. Route Maps | South Yorkshire | First Bus. [online] Available at: <https:// www.firstgroup.com/south-yorkshire/routes-and-maps/route-maps> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. Google Maps. 2021. Google Maps. [online] Available at: <https://www.google.com/ maps/dir/sheffield/manchester/@53.5095491,-2.1357255,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m1 4!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x-48790aa9fae8be15:0x3e2827f5af06b078!2m2!1d-1.47008 5!2d53.381129!1m5!1m1!1s0x487a4d4c5226f5db:0xd9be143804fe6b-aa!2m2!1d2.2426305!2d53.4807593!3e1> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. Google.com. n.d. [online] Available at: <https://www.google.com/search?q=ph+scale&rlz=1CAXGER_enGB889GB889&sxsrf=ALeKk01S3cGvovRG4hPdt1je7OOZUBTNXg:1610111698431&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOq9W-tYzuAhWo4YUKHbkTCs4Q_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw=1360&bih=649&dpr=1#imgrc=CbFE3e33OcqYUM> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. Gov. org. 2020. Walking And Cycling Statistics. [online] Available at: <https://www.gov.uk/ government/collections/walking-and-cycling-statistics> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir/Firvale+School,+Owler+Ln,+Sheffield+S4+8GB/ Crowne+Plaza+Royal+Victoria+Sheffield,+Victoria+Station+Rd,+Sheffield+S4+ 7YE/@53.3965571,-1.4734642,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x4879783eeba72caf:0xa6f6503095c53d2e!2m2!1d-1.446746 https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir/York/Crowne+Plaza+Royal+Victoria+Sheffield,+Victoria+Station+Rd,+Sheffield+S4+7YE/@53.6718146,-1.5327949,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x4878c340e19865f1:0x4774ab898a54e4d1!2m2!1 d-1.0872979!2d53.9599651!1m5!1m1!1s0x4879787132e04793:0x3bc https://www.google.com/maps/dir/York/Sheffield/@53.3811649,-1.4749278,13.61z/ data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x4878c340e19865f1:0x4774ab898a54e4d1!2m2!1d1. 0872979!2d53.9599651!1m5!1m1!1s0x48790aa9fae8be15:0x3e2827f5af06b078!2m2!1d-1.470085!2d53.381129!3e1 1 https://ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Don+Valley+Way iLiveHere - Britain's worst places to live. n.d. Socio-Economic Statistics For Stocksbridge, Sheffield. [online] Available at: <https://www.ilivehere.co.uk/statistics-stocksbridge-sheffield-36424.html> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. Ltd, W., n.d. Interesting Information For West Lane, Loxley, Sheffield, S6 6SN Postcode. [online] StreetCheck. Available at: <https://www.streetcheck.co.uk/postcode/s66sn> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. n.d. [online] Available at: <https://www.google.com/maps/dir/sheffield/manchester/@53.5095491,-2.1357255,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x48790aa9fae8be15:0x3e2827f5af06b0 78!2m2!1d-1.470085!2d53.381129!1m5!1m1!1s0x487a4d4c5226f5db:0xd9be143804fe6baa!2m2!1d-2.2426305!2d53.4807593!3e> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. N.d.[online] Available at: N.d.[online] Available at: N.d.[online] Available at: N.d.[online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/dir/Crowne+Plaza+Royal+Victoria+Sheffield,+Victoria+Station+Rd,+Sheffield+S4+7YE/York/@53.6558018,1.5315779,72579m/data- =!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x4879787132e04793:0x3bcc8d9abc90370!2m2!1d-1.4599215!2d53.3872554!1m5!1m 1!1s0x4878c340e19865f1:0x4774ab898- a54e4d1!2m2!1d-1.0872979!2d53.9599651! 3e1 Sheffield.gov.uk. n.d. Burngreave. [online] Available at: <https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/your-city-council/facts-figures/ward-profiles/Burngreave.pdf c8d9abc90370!2m2!1d> [Accessed 8 January 2021]. Travelsouthyorkshire.com. n.d. For All Your Travel Needs.. [online] Available at: <https:// travelsouthyorkshire.com/en-gb/journeyplanning> [Accessed 8 January 2021].