The hidden potential of urban morphology. Courtyards of Bucharest. by Andreea Boldojar

„ION MINCU” UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING BUCHAREST DOCTORAL THESIS 2020

THE HIDDEN POTENTIAL OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY

COURTYARDS OF BUCHAREST

●

COORDINATOR: PROF. ARCH. ANA-MARIA ZAHARIADE AUTHOR: ARCH. ANDREEA BOLDOJAR

University of Architecture and Urban Planning â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ion Mincuâ&#x20AC;?, Bucharest Doctoral Studies

Years of study 2017-2020.

Coordinator: Prof. PhD. Arch. Ana-Maria Zahariade

Author: arch. Andreea Boldojar andreea.boldojar@gmail.com

Bucharest, 2020.

THE HIDDEN POTENTIAL OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY

COURTYARDS OF BUCHAREST ●

A TYPO-MORPHOLOGICAL APPROACH

Keywords

Typology Sequences Permanence Substrate Spontaneity Routes Urban Islands Strips / Areas Pertinence Interior Courtyards Gardens Edilizia

â&#x2014;?

The hidden potential of urban morphology: courtyards of Bucharest â&#x2014;?

A typo-morphological approach

Coordinator: Prof. PhD. Arch. Ana-Maria Zahariade Author: arch. Andreea Boldojar

Contents

The hidden potential of urban morphology: courtyards of Bucharest .................... 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Argument ................................................................................................................. 5 Summary .................................................................................................................. 6 Plan of ideas ........................................................................................................... 11 I.

Method ................................................................................................................... 17 The Italian School and its typo-morphological approach ...................................... 17 I.1 The typo-morphological school .......................................................... 17 I.2 Typology. Typological Process .......................................................... 23 I.3 Spontaneous consciousness. Critical consciousness ........................... 30 I.4 Substratum. Permanence. Phases. Variations ..................................... 33 I.5 Aggregation process............................................................................ 36 I.6 Counter-method. Complementary methods ........................................ 44

II. Following the Roman courtyards: typology and transformation .................... 54 Argument ................................................................................................................ 54 Hortus Conclusus as a model for the historical tissue ............................................ 58 II.1 Domus with atrium, garden and peristyle ....................................... 58 II.2 Insula-ae and the interior courtyards ............................................ 70 II.3 The medieval garden. Cloister. The medieval interstitial space ... 78 Transformation sequences. Typological process in Rome...................................... 90 II.4 Substrates in Rome .......................................................................... 90 II.5 Renovatio urbis and Modern Rome .............................................. 102 II.6 Conclusions. On Forma Urbis ...................................................... 118

III. Bucharest’s urban courtyard in the typo-morphological reading ................. 126 Argument .............................................................................................................. 126 Urban reading in the evolution of the city ............................................................ 130 III.1 Premodern substrate — Purcel Plan 1789 ................................. 130 III.2 Early modernization of the inherited pattern — Borroczyn Plan 1846/1852 ............................................................................................... 150 III.3 A new image of the city 1878-1928 — Plan of the Army Institute of Geography 1895-1899, Cadastral Plan 1911 ........................................ 162 III.4 The period of interwar regulations — 1928-1950 ..................... 180 III.5 On Forma Urbis — Cadastral Plan of Bucharest 1991 ............... 190 Synthesis on sequential paths ............................................................................... 197 Conclusions of the processual readings ................................................................ 210 Typological table .................................................................................................. 212 Processual criteria ................................................................................... 212 From the repertoire ............................................................................... 240 Synthesis ................................................................................................ 241 Conclusions. For Bucharest .............................................................................. 244 Glossary................................................................................................................248 Bibliography........................................................................................................ 254 Illustrations ......................................................................................................... 268 Annexes ................................................................................................................ 272

0 INTRODUCTION

The hidden potential of urban morphology: courtyards of Bucharest ... a typo-morphological approach

Introduction

The hidden places of everyday Bucharest â&#x20AC;&#x201D; where the blurry boundary between public and private spaces brings transparency to the layers formed over time, visible every so often between buildings and passages, places emerged from a dense historical urban coherence â&#x20AC;&#x201D; are the curious places that are becoming less and less outlined in the contemporary city of Bucharest: the surprising interstitial spaces â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the urban interior courtyards.

We propose this research as a repertoire of interior courtyards with a methodology borrowed from other historical cities. This research documents the intentions or spontaneities in composing and transforming the urban patterns. The temporal formation is the result of morphological sequences/ phases overlayed across the entire city, based on the morphological substrate/ persistence / permanence which are transferred from one transformation cycle to the other. The processes, pre-eminences and persistence in the actual image of the city and their identification help us describe the continuity of the historic city which apparently is formed through spontaneous events, irregularities, accidents, intersections, unexpected morphological layers in relation to the interstitial free space.

When we write about the inner tissue of the urban fabric, in this thesis, we refer to the urban elements we will work with â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the inner courtyards of the city â&#x20AC;&#x201D; spaces of different levels of interpretation: individual and private interior spaces; common courtyards or multiple courtyards side by side; resulted gardens/ interior pertinent area delimited by an entire urban island, a spontaneous consequence of the densification of the urban tissue; or even passages or dead-ends/blind alleys interpreted at the scale of the urban routes. At different scales, those free places are the main resource in the process of building transformation. Consequently, the inner tissue becomes in time the most obvious witness in the process of the city. In these inner courtyards one can best check and distinguish the imprint of the overlapping layers; what is inside often remains unpolished in the urban transformations, often subordinated in priority, with respect to designing the urban facades. Over time, these interior urban spaces, on one hand, provide space for the spontaneous growth of the city, and, on the other hand, adapt to the major intentional changes, through the embellishment / urbanization of the city (for example: specialized planning of new streets or boulevards).

In the current experience of the city, we identify the interior urban tissue as hidden spaces, thresholds, reminiscent of the historic city, with a new potential use. We consider these inner courtyards, firstly, places from which the city develops, places where the transformation of the city is best verified, and, secondly, places sought for their contextual intimacy, a kind of hortus conclusus of the contemporary city, sewn into urban fabric.

Starting from the interior tissue, we aim to discover the interior courtyards of Bucharest, to classify them typologically and processual, to go through a reading of the city, which we will consider a first step in building the contemporary design instances that reflect the formal, spatial, informal reasons and patterns of the city’s old structure.

To that end, the thesis The Hidden Potential of Urban Morphology: Courtyards of Bucharest has a methodological dimension. The Italian typo-morphological School through Saverio Muratori and Gianfranco Caniggia offers us the methodological model, applied to Bucharest and its transformation process. Firstly, we will research the model and propose the specific tools and terminology in Chapter I of the thesis; secondly, we will apply selectively the method following the Roman courtyards and their transformation in the Roman context, in Chapter II; thirdly, in Chapter III, we will propose and apply the method of typo-morphological urban reading following the Courtyards of Bucharest. ●

Beyond the first intentions of this doctoral research was my diploma project – House of Arts, Calea Moșilor, 2017 – coordinated by Arch. Cosmin Pavel. I saw this project as an early step in Bucharest's hidden type-morphology, and, in fact, as an intuitive stage of how a method could have been formulated. Following an urban reading by overlapping historical plans and studies, the purpose of the diploma project was to discern / show a hidden part of the city: to look for theoretical patches, by adding specific typological and morphological elements where the historical texture had begun to loses its quality of being indissoluble. The beginning of the doctoral thesis – The hidden potential of urban morphology. Courtyards of Bucharest – under the coordination of Prof. Arch. Ana-Maria Zahariade, had, from the first intentions of this thesis, a type-morphological dimension, quickly guided towards the "urban process" – a key tool in the specific methodology of the Italian school. As a result, the two years fellowship at the Romanian Academy in Rome offered me the chance to continue my research in the Italian context and to succeed in applying it to the reality of Bucharest.

My time in Rome allowed me to study and closely verify the method, the models and process of the Roman city, as well as to testify to a personal experience of these places where I could properly interpret the morphological relations between the city and its constituent typologies.

I encountered here not only a method of the urban studies and a design that inspired through their clarity, nor only the architecture and the urban image given by its fragments / indissoluble textures of the time that composed them in places; but also, an imaginary experience of each inhabitant, with a known language of the city which makes possible recognizing the city through any discipline, a permanent presence in everyday life. Accordingly, it was important in this research to propose from the lessons of Rome not only a translation of the specific method and its terminology, but also a translation of a particular way of looking at the city.

â&#x20AC;&#x201C; "I have also thought of a model city from which I deduce all the others," Marco answered. "It is a city made only of exceptions, exclusions, incongruities, contradictions. If such a city is the most improbable, by reducing the number of abnormal elements, we increase the probability that the city really exists. So, I have only to subtract exceptions from my model, and in whatever direction I proceed, I will arrive at one of the cities which, always as an exception, exist. But I cannot force my operation beyond a certain limit: I would achieve cities too probable to be real."1

Marco Polo towards Kublai Khan ĂŽn Calvino, Italo, Invisible Cities, English Translation William Weaver, Harcourt Brace & Company, Florida, 1974, p. 69.

Argument

The current approach in urban studies and Romanian architecture design, by identifying the elements / building types of urban morphology, is just an analytical method and an intuitive design method used by local professionals. This intuitive process can sometimes be incomplete in data and can have nonspecific implications in the historical area, where the projects often outlined different views than what would have been the natural, spontaneous process of the existing morphology. We can point out that these analyses delineate a range of criteria which does not include a diachronic approach of urban elements or even a condition of their interdependence relationship with the entire city. What we propose, instead of the urban analysis, is the synthetic urban reading – an instrumentalization of a method of urban investigation.

The typo-morphological Italian school laid out the foundations of reading the city according to its constituent urban morphologies and their typological building process, thus unifying the two disciplines: architecture and urbanism. Insufficiently studied and applied in the Romanian specialized culture, the Italian method is the scientific model pursued in this thesis.

This research aims to investigate the urban fabric specific to the historical reality of Bucharest, consisting of unbuild places in the interior tissue – a repertoire of courtyards in the urban density. The aim of this paper is to propose a reading method of the city transformation based on these resource spaces (inner courtyards), in order to highlight their typological process and preserve the built cultural heritage in future urban design.

We will consider the interior courtyard as a system of free spaces at different scales of interpretation; this system contains variations of the unbuilt surfaces adjacent to each building typology – called by the Italian typo-morphological school, the pertinent area. At different scale, we will read the interior courtyard as follows: at the scale of the urban routes – the passages or dead-ends/blind alleys coming from the inherited unbuild places in the urban core; the resulted gardens/ interior pertinent area – delimited by an entire urban island; at the scale of urban plots – the common or multiple courtyards side by side; at the building level – individual and private unoccupied terrain.

Summary

Following the urban courtyards, we structure this thesis in three important dimensions: 1 / a methodological dimension of a certain type of urban investigation; 2 / a model-example dimension based on a selective application of the method in its original context; 3 / an applied dimension of the urban reading method in Bucharest. Chapter I â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Method, includes the study of the typo-morphological Italian School. First of all, in this chapter we study the reading of the urban process, based on Saverio Muratoriâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s texts (Studi per un'operante storia urbana di Roma, Studi per un'operante storia urbana di Venezia, etc.) and of his continuators Gianfranco Caniggia and Gian Luigi Maffei (eg: Lettura dell'edilizia di base) who continued the methodology and proposed specific instruments and terminology. In parallel, we will consider the complementary methods, and in the end, we will propose a critical synthesis of different typo-morphological approaches.

Secondly, in this part, we will define the specific working terminology, extracted from the entire architectural linguistic field of the Italian methodology, in order to be used for the urban reality of Bucharest and for the intention of this thesis. We have attempted eloquent Romanian translations of Italian terminology to reveal the role of these working tools as proposed by this school. Since typological studies are constant topics in architectural theories, to avoid confusion, we will specify and reconstruct the theoretical framework proposed by Muratori/ Caniggia, highlighting the differences in meaning from other directions.

From the glossary, we mention: typological process, spontaneous consciousness, critical consciousness, substrate, permanence, variations, phases, aggregation, routes, pertinent strips, pertinent area.

The purpose of this thesis is not only to theoretically deepen a method of urban study, but, mainly, to follow its application. This will inevitably refer to the Italian context. The collected data will allow us comparative conclusions to identify the most suitable working tools for Bucharestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban framework.

Consequeently, in Chapter II – Following the Roman courtyards: typology and transformation, we identify the transformation of basic building types (and courtyards) from the Roman basic tissue. We start from substratum and the base building / tissue type, and continue through the morphological sequences / phases of aggregations and transformation, to identify the process of interior spaces.

In this chapter, we confront the reading of urban processes and urban interior fabric, based on the typo-morphological method developed by Muratori and Caniggia/ Maffei, with a diachronic reading of the model hortus conclusus proposed by Rob Aben and Saskia De Wit in The Enclosed Garden: History and Development of the Hortus Conclusus and Its Reintroduction into the Present-day Urban Landscape. We enrich those two readings with specialized studies (historical, archaeological, architectural theory, etc.) from personal experience’s examples of the two perspectives we have identified in the urban reality.

The chapter is structured in two parts: Hortus Conclusus as a model for the historical tissue and Transformation sequences. Typological process in Rome. In the first part of the chapter, in order to describe the substrates, the basic building types and tissues for a proper identification of the Roman courtyards, we explore the places where the ancient and medieval substratum and their typological process of the interior urban fabric are most visible. Therefore, we follow the basic urban fabric in Pompei, in Ostia Antica, at Monte Cassino and in the typical medieval cities. To that end, in the second part of the chapter, they become theoretical support in the investigation of the interior Roman courtyards. We will continue the investigation of the process in the following morphological phases – in the substrates of Rome, in the period of urban reconstruction of the city and in the modern times.

We explore the interior courtyards from three points of view: 1. As a morphological landmark. 2. As a scenery in urban sequencing. 3. As a model of a protected space – hortus conclusus. To cover these directions, we direct our research based on cartographic reading, as well as studies of architectural theory (Vitruvius, Alberti, Francesco di Giorgio, etc.), researches, archaeological studies (August Mau, James Packer, Guido Calza, etc.), as well as urban experiences from well-known writings (Le Corbusier, Leonardo Benevolo, etc.).

We documents the basic building types of the interior courtyards in the following instances / models and their urban processes: the Roman domus with atrium and peristyle; the interior courtyards of ancient island-ae; the medieval gardens / cloisters; the unbuilt terrain variations of medieval houses (the pertinent area outlined by the entire urban block); the atrium / courtyard of Renaissance palaces; as well as their current transformations into semi-public places for new collective dwellings. These specific situations are the symbolic landmark to be identified in the city's experience.

In this chapter, our intention is not to obtain a comparative study of a certain archetype of urban form which is not present in Bucharest; it is to propose / expose types of transformations of the urban elements, recurrent in any type of urban fabric or urban evolution. We will include the identified processes to the most adapted method of urban studies for the specifics of the city of Bucharest. To that end, in the 3rd chapter – Bucharest urban courtyard in the typomorphological lecture – we test the applicability of the Italian typologicalmorphological school method for the Bucharest fabric. We will overlap the city plans (from the pre-modern period, to the interpretation of the current cadastral plan) and search for the sequences of urban aggregation and transformation of its spontaneous urban pattern proposed by this school. The investigation of the cartographic documents (by redrawing the plans) took place in reverse – from the current plan of the city to the oldest ones – in order to identify the actual morphological permanence and the typological process of the urban pattern. We interpreted the data on the basis of overlapping plans and also independently, at several scales of interpretation / specificity. (Appendix III.1-2). In order to understand this hidden urban typology – but characteristic for the city of Bucharest (inner urban courtyard) – the study takes place telescopically from the city scale, to the intimate scale of the building typologies. We will consider both the interpretations of the redesigned plans, the typo-morphological identifications of the unbuilt / built space, as well as the specialized studies on the historical fabric of the city, the urban regulations. Whereas, compared to Italian cities, we must not document

Bucharest only by its spontaneous morphological dimension, but we must coordinate the socio-historical and cultural context and the limitations of urban regulations, due to the delayed period of spontaneous urban pattern that overlapped the critical dimension of urban planning.

In conclusion, we propose, in different instances and interpretive scales, the typological process of the interior courtyards of Bucharest resulted from the urban reading method: inside the urban island (at the level of the urban block, at the level of the plot structure, at the building level); from the point of view of urban heritage / permanence; at the level of urban image integration; a court repertoire / archive.

The studies that helped to build and reproduce a part of the Bucharest urban process came from several disciplines: urban and geographical studies (for example: Vintilă M. Mihăilescu, Geographical evolution of a city, Bucharest), cartographic interpretation studies (Andrei Pănoiu, Evolution of Bucharest), studies of urban regulations and legislation (Nicolae Lascu, Legislation and urban development, Bucharest 1831-1952), as well as specialized magazines Revista Arhitectura, Urbanismul (Cincinat Sfințescu, studies of historical areas of Bucharest), periodicals Bucharest - Materials of History and Museography; Archaeological research in Bucharest and others. We cover studies of formal typologies of the interior spaces and their transition treated exhaustively in the doctoral thesis of Mihaela Balan, The urban space of transition / negotiation as public-private interaction. Bucharest: passages, gangways, inner courtyards. Also, work references that follow the evolutionary dimension of interior urban fabric are: Sebastian Stan’s thesis of Bucharest interstitial spaces based on the British School method and on Spatial Syntax method – Dynamics of urban interstitial spaces Bucharest 1813-1946; Ștefan Ghenciulescu ’s research on reading urban transparency: Transparent City – on limits and dwelling in Bucharest.

In this chapter, following the line of typo-morphological method, we notice the necessity of an interdisciplinary collaborations in urban studies. We must confront and coordinate the urban studies based on the analysis of historical maps and on the interpretation of persistent traces in the cartographic drawing, with different multidisciplinary data, for example starting from the archeological and archival testimonies.

What we have proposed is a small part of the method that can be continued at a much more detailed level of investigation / specificity (for example, the identification of typological building process in archival documents and in archaeological evidence). The research thesis focused on the interior unbuilt pattern of the city outlined the urban blocks, seeking to identify the composition of these resource spaces of the city and their components. â&#x2014;?

In essence, the identification of the urban interior fabric process and of its hidden typo-morphological elements in Bucharest, with the tools of this school, are theoretical / methodological lessons based on which we can design an alternative model of intervention with historical and morphological coherence. We study the local urban fabric and its transformation (with specific influences and how they responded to the context), in order to observe the typological process of the interior city, which led to the appearance of variations of interior courtyard in the historical city center.

To that end, we will look for theoretical urban stitches by identifying the specific elements of the urban framework for the future addition in order to maintain the fullness coherence of Bucharest, maybe in the same way the Italian urban planning did with the policies of regeneration after the Second World War. For the Italian setting, the product of morphological studies has successfully generated, in some places, new architectural concepts and inserts really suited to the old urban structure.

Plan of ideas

The hidden potential of urban morphology: courtyards of Bucharest. Introduction. The thesis entitled The hidden potential… documents in a methodical way the intentions or spontaneities of the unbuilt spaces of Bucharest – courtyards, gardens, interstices of the dense fabric – and identifies the typological process faced by the urban morphology in Bucharest. This documentation uses the method studied and applied in the professional culture of the Italian School of Architectural Typology and Urban Morphology. Argument. The Argument contains the interest in applying the methodology of the Typological-Morphological School on the historical fabric of Bucharest. Summary. This section describes the method and content of the thesis. Plan of ideas. The plan includes the summary of chapters and subchapters of the thesis.

I. Method. The Italian School and its typo-morphological approach. In order to frame the theoretical aspects of the thesis, this chapter contains the methodological dimension and investigates the theories of the Italian school of architectural typology and urban morphology. This chapter will examine the following: I.1 The typo-morphological school: the method of the Italian morphological school based on the studies of Saverio Muratori and on his successors Gianfranco Caniggia, Gian Luigi Maffei, Giuseppe Strappa, in order to propose a discipline that unites architecture and urbanism. We define the tools of the methods: I.2 Typology. Typological Process / I.3 Spontaneous consciousness. Critical consciousness / I.4 Substratum. Permanence. Phases. Variations / I.5 Aggregation process. I.6 Counter-method. Complementary methods. In this subchapter we will follow a critical synthesis of different typo-morphological approaches. We start from similar perspectives from the Italian profession (Ernesto Nathan Rogers, Aldo Rossi, Carlo Aymonino, as well as Luigi Caccia Dominioni), to methods of urban discipline that support collaboration with other disciplines not present in the Italian school (Christopher Alexander, Philippe Panerai with the French school of typo-morphology, MRG Conzen through the British school).

II. Following the Roman courtyards: typology and transformation. Argument. In this chapter, we interpret the typological processes of the base building type and base tissue type which led to the formation of the Roman interior courtyards. We follow the research from different work plans: a diachronic reading of the interior courtyard’s models (hortus conclusus); a reading of urban processes in the composition and transformation of spontaneous courtyards’s morphology based on the tools of the typo-morphological school; and examples of the two directions in the Roman reality. We follow the interior courtyards from three criteria: 1. As a morphological landmark. 2. As a scenery in urban sequencing. 3. As a model of a protected space – hortus conclusus.

The chapter is divided into two parts: Hortus Conclusus as a model for the historical tissue. In this part, we follow the interior courtyards’ formation in the base building type where they are best identified and studied. This analysis will support the investigation in Rome in investigating the interior tissue and substrate for the following chapters. II.1 Domus with atrium, garden and peristyle. We start this chapter from the origins of the archetype domus italica / domus with atrium and peristyle in Pompeii and follow the typological process of the interior courtyards. II.2 Insula-ae and the interior courtyards. In what concern the typology in the Roman commercial city Ostia Antica, we detail in this section the development of multi-family dwellings (insula-ae) and the new roles of urban interior spaces. II.3 The medieval garden. Cloister. The medieval interstitial space. In this section, the medieval morphological cycle describes, on the one hand, the model transformation to the medieval cloister and the elements of spatial and formal continuity from the ancient substratum and, on the other hand, describes the spontaneities and variations of build and unbuild morphology.

Transformation sequences. Typological process in Rome. Following the Roman interior courtyards, this part is based on the previous interpretations and continues to interpret the morphological processes and typologies of urban interior spaces in Rome.

II.4 Substrates in Rome. This subchapter describes the typological process of the morphological substrate (ancient and medieval) in the city of Rome, by interpreting the typologies previously identified in the local context. II.5 Renovatio urbis and Modern Rome. This part describes the reconstruction and the modern periods of the city with an interest in the interior urban fabric transformation. The section follows the instances of the new housing typology with interior courtyard: palazzo. II.6 Conclusions. On Forma Urbis. On Forma Urbis. In this last point, we propose aspects of the morphology of the city and of the urban interior spaces captured in the plan of the Nuova Pianta di Roma, Giovanni Battista Nolli, 1748.

III.

Bucharest’s urban courtyard in the typo-morphological reading. In this chapter, we selectively apply the model of the Italian Typo-Morphological School on Bucharest’s fabric based on the readings of different phases of city formation and transformation. The aim is to identify the typological process of Bucharest’s interior fabric (inner courtyards) and the relations and interdependence of urban elements.

Urban reading in the evolution of the city. In this part we will study the typological process by its morphological periods, based on previous research on Bucharest’s morphology, starting from the urban, geographical, historical, anthropological studies, to urban regulations and legislation (for example: Vintilă M. Mihăilescu, Evolution geography of a city, Bucharest; Andrei Pănoiu, Evolution of the city of Bucharest; Nicolae Lascu, Legislation and urban development, Bucharest 18311952, as well as Revista Arhitectura, Urbanismul, Cincinat Sfințescu). We will propose urban readings by the help of historical plans and their overlapping, searching for the composition / transformations of the interior fabric. The morphological periods are: III.1 Premodern substrate — Purcel Plan 1789. III.2 Early modernization of the inherited pattern — Borroczyn Plan 1846/1852. III.3 A new image of the city 1878-1928 — Plan of the Army Institute of Geography 1895-1899, Cadastral Plan 1911. III.4 The period of interwar regulations — 1928-1950. III.5 On Forma Urbis — Cadastral Plan of Bucharest 1991.

Synthesis on sequential paths. By the help of urban readings, we identify the process of composing / transforming the interior spaces pertinent to the formative paths of the urban pattern, in the following areas: The historical nucleus / Calea MoČ&#x2122;ilor / Calea Victoriei / Calea GriviČ&#x203A;ei / Axis V-E / Axis N-S.

Conclusions of the processual readings. This section contains the conclusions for further interpretation of the identified typologies. Typological table. Following the overlapping of the historical plans and the urban reading, we identify the typological process of Bucharest courtyards in different instances and interpretive scales: inside the urban island (at the level of the urban block, at the level of the plot structure, at the building level); from the point of view of urban heritage / permanence; at the level of urban image integration; a court repertoire / archive.

Conclusions. For Bucharest. At the end of the paper, we will mention the model of the Italian typo-morphological school method with the potential to be considered / interpreted / adapted in the Romanian discipline, both in theory and in design. The lessons of Italian cities offer the method, the working tools and the terminology in order to identify the formation, the process and the permanence of the urban morphology and to contribute to the preservation of the historical urban pattern. Glossary. List of caniggian terms / working tools of the Italian typo-morphological school and their definitions. Bibliography. Bibliographic references by chapters and categories, as well as digital bibliographic sources. Illustrations. List and source of illustrations. Annexes. Complementary material: historical plans and illustrations.

Bibliography I.

METHOD. i.

General works.

ii.

Articles and studies.

General works:

BERIZZI, Carlo; Valeriani, Enrico, A colloquio con Franco Purini, Gangemi Editore, Roma, 2015. CANIGGIA, Gianfranco, MAFFEI, Gian Luigi, Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia. Lettura nell'edilizia di base, Marsilio Editori, Veneția, 1979. CANIGGIA, Gianfranco, MAFFEI, Gian Luigi, Architecture composition and Building Typology: Interpreting Basic Building, Elinea Editrice, Firenze, 2001, Traducere din italiană de Fraser, Susan Jane; revizie Kropf, Karl; Scheer, Brenda; coordonare și glosar Marzot, Nicola. CANIGGIA, Gianfranco, MAFFEI, Gian Luigi, Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia. Il progetto nell'edilizia di base, Marsilio, 1984. CANIGGIA, Gianfranco, Ragionamenti di Tipologia. Operatività della tipologia processuale in architettura, Elinea Editrice, Firenze, 1997. CANIGGIA, Gianfranco; Studi per una storia operante della città. Lettura di una città: Como; Centro di Storia Urbanistica, Roma, 1963. CERVELLATI, Pier Luigi; SCANNAVIN, Roberto; De Angelis, Carlo, Le nuova cultura delle citta’. La salvaguardia dei centri storici, la riappropriazione sociale degli organismi urbani e l’analisi dello sviluppo territoriale nell’esperienza di Bologna, Arnoldo Mondatori Editore S.p.A., Milano, 1977. CONZEN, Michael Robert Günter, Alnwick, Northumberland: A Study in Town Plan Analysis, George Philip & Son, London, 1960. CRISINELLI, Giuseppe; Saverio Muratori e egle Renata Trincanato. La nascita del restauro urbano in Italia, GB EditoriA, Roma, 2013. CHRISTOPHER, Alexander, The timeless way of building, Oxford University Press, New York, 1979. KOSTOF, Spiro, The city assembled. The elements of urban form through history, Thames&Hudson, London, 1992.

MAFFEI, Gian luigi; MAFFEI, Mattia, Lettura dell’edilizia speciale, Alinea Editrice, Firenze, 2011. MURATORI, Saverio, BOLLATI, Renato, BOLLATI, Sergio, MARINUCCI Guido, Studi per un operante storia urbana di Roma, Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Roma, 1963. MURATORI, Saverio, Storia e critica dell’architettura contemporanea. Disegno storico degli sviluppi architettonici attuali, Centro di Studi di Storia Urbanistica, Roma, 1980. PANERAI, Philippe; CASTEX, Jean; DEPAULE, Jean-Charles; Urban Forms. The death and life of the urban block, traducere, SAMUELS, Olga Vitale, Architectural press, Oxford, 2004. PANERAI, Philippe; DEMORGON, Marcelle; DEPAULE, Jean-Charles; Analyse urbaine, Parentheses, Marseille, 1999. PANERAI, Philippe; DEMORGON, Marcelle; DEPAULE, Jean-Charles; Análise urbana, Editora UnB, Brasilia, 2006. QUATREMÈRE DE QUINCY, De Antoine Chrysostome, The True, the Fictive, and the Real: The Historical Dictionary of Quatremère de Quincy, Introductory Essays and selected translations by Samir Younes, Andreas Papadakis Publisher, London, 1999. MAFFEI, Gian Luigi; MAFFEI, Mattia, Lettura dell’edilizia speciale, Alinea Editrice, Firenze, 2001. ROSSI, Aldo, Architettura della città, Marsilio Editori, Padova, 1966. ROSSI, Aldo, The Architecture of the city, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, 1984. ROSSI, Aldo, A scientific Autobiography, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, 1981. ROWE, Collin; KOETTER, Fred, Orașul Colaj, Traducere Teodorescu, Magda, (coord.), Editura Universitară „Ion Mincu”, București, 2013. STRAPPA, Giuseppe, L’architettura come processo, Il mondo plastico murario in divenire, FrancoAngeli s.r.l., Milano, 2014. TRANCIK, Roger, Finding Lost Space. Theories of urban design, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1986. ZUCCHI, Cino, Everyday Wonders, Maurizio Corraini s.r.l., Mantova, 2018.

ii.

Articles and studies.

CATALDI, Giancarlo, Articol „From Muratori to Caniggia: the origins and development of the Italian School of design typology”, în International Seminar on Urban Form, Vol. 7.1, 2003, Ediție online, Accesat în mai 2019 la http://www.urbanform.org/online_unlimited/pdf2003/200371_19-34.pdf CATALDI, Giancarlo, MAFFEI, Gian Luigi, VACCARO, Paolo; „Saverio Muratori and the Italian school of planning typology”, în Urban Morphology, Vol. 6 (1), 2002, pp. 3-14, Ediție online, Accesat în octombrie 2019 la http://www.urbanform.org/online_unlimited/pdf2002/200261_3-14.pdf COSTA, Stael de Alvarenga Pereira, Articol „The Conceptual basis of the Italian School of Urban Morphology and its application to a case study in Brazil”, în City as Organism, new visions for urban life, U+D edition Rome, Vol. 2, Giuseppe Strappa (coord.), Roma, 2016, Ediție online, Accesat în mai 2019 la https://issuu.com/urbanform/docs/volume_2_part_2_isuf_rome_2015 GAUTHIER, Pier, Articol „Conceptualizing the social construction of urban and architectural forms through the typological process”, în International Seminar on Urban Form, Vol. 9.2, 2005, Ediție online, Accesat în mai 2019 la http://www.urbanform.org/online_unlimited/pdf2005/200592_83-93.pdf. MADRAZO, Leandro, The concept of type in architecture. An inquiry into the Nature of Architectural Form, teză doctorat, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, 1995. MONEO, Rafael, „On typology”, în Oppositions, Journal of Ideas and Criticism in Architecture, 13, MIT Press, 1978, pp. 22-44. STRAPPA, Giuseppe, Articol: „Substrata – morphology of the ancient city, beyond its ruins”, Accesat în iunie 2019 la http://www.giuseppestrappa.it/; STRAPPA, Giuseppe, Articol: „City as a process – Rome urban form in transformation”, în City as an Organism, Conferință ISUF, Giuseppe Strappa (coord.), Roma, 2015, pp. 17-32, Accesat în iulie 2019 la https://issuu.com/urbanform/docs/volume_1_part_1_isuf_rome_2015; STRAPPA, Giuseppe, note extrase din cursul Urban Morphology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Accesat în ianuarie 2020 la http://www.giuseppestrappa.it. ZAHARIADE, Ana-Maria, „Tribute to Vitruvius” în GE-NEC Program 2000-2001 and 2001-2002, New Europe College, București, 2004, pp. 155-185.

II.

FOLLOWING THE ROMAN COURTYARDS: TYPOLOGY AND TRANSFORMATION. i.

Treatises on architecture.

ii.

General works.

iii.

Articles and studies.

Treatises on architecture:

ALBERTI, Leon Battista, I dieci libri de l’architettura, traducere din latină în italiana ’500 de către Pietro Lauro, In Vinegia: Appresso Vincenzo Vavgris, 1546. MARTINI, Francesco di Giorgio, Trattato di architettura civile e militare, Tip. Chirio e Mina, Torino, 1841. SERLIO, Sebastiano, Il settimo libro d'architettura di Sebastiano Serglio bolognese nel qual si tratta di molti accidenti che possono occorrer'al architetto in diuersi luoghi, Francofurti ad Moenum, 1575. VITRUVIUS, De architettura, Edizioni Studio Tesi srl, Padova, 1990. VITRUVIU, Despre Arhitectură, traducere de Cantacuzino, George Matei; Costa, Traian; Ionescu; Grigore Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române,1964.

Historical source: SAN BENEDETTO, La Regola, Monaci Benedittini di Subiaco, Tivoli, f.a.

ii.

General works:

ARGAN, Giulio Carlo; SARTOGO, Piero; DARDI Costantino; GRUMBACH Antoine; STIRLING, James; PORTOGHESI Paolo; GIURGOLA, Romaldo; VENTURI Robert; ROWE, Colin; GRAVES, Michael; KRIER Leon; ROSSI, Aldo; KRIER Robert; NORBERG-SCHUIZ, Christian; Roma Interrotta, Incontri Internazionali D’Arte, Officina Edizioni, Roma, 1978. AMATO, Anna Rita Donatella, Architetture di recinti e città contemporanea. Vitalità del processo formativo delle strutture a corte, FrancoAngeli s.r.l., Milano, 2017 ABEN, Rob; DE WIT, Saskia, The Enclosed Garden: History and Development of the Hortus Conclusus and Its Reintroduction Into the Present-day Urban Landscape, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam, 2001.

BARIZZA, Elisabetta; FALSETTI, Marco, Rome and the Legacy of Louis I. Kahn, Kindle Edition, Routledge Taylor&Francis Groupe, New York, 2019. BASCIÀ, Luciana; CARLOTTI, Paolo; MAFFEI, Gian Luigi; CAPOLINO, Patrizia, La casa romana: nella storia della città dalle origini all'Ottocento, Vol. 1, Alinea Editrice, Florența, 2000. BENEVOLO, Leonardo, Orașul în istoria Europei, Polirom, Iași, 2003. BOËTHIUS, Axel, Etruscan and Early Romam Architecture, Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1978. CAFA, Valeria, Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne di Baldassare Peruzzi storia di una famiglia romana e del suo palazzo in rione Parione, Centro Internazionele di Studi di Andrea Palladio, Marsilio, 2007. CALVINO, Italo, Orașele Invizibile, Traducere din italiană de Boșca Mălin, Oana, Editura Allfa, București, 2011. CORSINI, Maria Grazia, Tipi e tessuti del centro storico di Roma. Lettura del construito per il progetto, Edizioni Kappa, Roma, 1998. DI CASTRO, Francesca, Via Margutta. Cinquecento anni di storia e d’arte. Edizioni Kappa, Roma, 2006. FRUTAZ, Aimé-Pierre, Catalog Le piante di Roma, 1962. GIOVANNONI, Gustavo, Orașe vechi și noul urbanism, traducere din limba italiană de Severin, Cristian, Gemma Total Advertising, București, 2016. HOHENBERG, Paul M, The making of urban Europe, 1000-1994, Harvard University Press, London, 1996. HORN, Walter; BORN, Ernest, The Plan of St. Gall: A Study of the Architecture & Economy of, & Life in a Paradigmatic Carolingian Monastery, Vol. 1, University of California Press, Berkley, Los Angeles, Londra, 1979. KLEINER, Diana, Roman architecture, A visual guide, Yale University Press, New Haven&London, 2014, variantă e-pub. LANCIANI, Rodolfo, Destruction of Ancient Rome, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1899. LANCIANI, Rodolfo, Golden Days of Rome, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, New York, 1907. LANCIANI, Rodolfo, Pagan And Christian Rome, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Cambridge, 1893.

LE CORBUSIER, Le Corbusier, Vers une architecture, Les Éditions G. Crès et C., Paris, 1925. LUGLI, Piero Maria; Urbanistica di Roma. Trenta planimetria per trenta secoli di storia. Bardi Editore, Roma, 1998. MARIA LUGLI, Pietro, Urbanistica di Roma. Trenta planimetrie per trenta secoli di storia, Bardi, Roma, 1998. MAU, August, Pompeii. Its life and art, MacMillan & Co, Londra, 1899. MERGE, Patrizio, Cortili Aperti Roma, A.D.S.I. Lazio, Roma, 2019. MUMFORD, Lewis, The culture of cities, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, London, 1938. MUMFORD, Lewis, The city in history. Its origins, its transformations and its prospects, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1961. MURRAY, Peter, The architecture of the Italian Renaissance, Schocken Books, New York, 1997. RAPOPORT, Amos, House Form and culture, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1969. RODRIGUEZ-ALMEIDA, Emilio, Formae Urbis Antiquae. Le Mappe Marmoree Di Roma Tra La Repubblica E Settimio Severo, École française de Rome, Roma, 2002. TREBBI, Giorgio; PORTOGHESI, Paolo; CERVELLATI, Pier Luigi; Mazzucato, Gian Paolo; Le nuove corti 1. Progetti di recuperi degli edifici a corte dei quartieri Porto, San Vitale, Navile, IACP Bologna, 1990. TREBBI, Giorgio; PORTOGHESI, Paolo; CERVELLATI, Pier Luigi; Mazzucato, Gian Paolo, Le nuove corti 2. Progetti di recuperi degli edifici a corte dei quartieri Porto, San Vitale, Navile, IACP Bologna, 1991. VIOLLET-LE-DUC, Eugène, Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle, B. Bance, Paris, 1854. WOLFGANG VON GOETHE, Johann, Letters from Italy, traducere de Morrison, Alexander James William, Francis A. Niccolls and Co., London, Boston, 1900, Accesat în martie 2020 la https://archive.org/details/worksofjwvongoet02goet .

iii.

Articles and studies:

BATTISTIN, Fabiana. “Abitare nella roma dei severi studio delle tipologie abitative dai frammenti della forma urbis marmorea.” în Archeologia Classica, Vol. 66, 2015, pp. 547–574. Accesat în aprilie 2020 la JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26364297 BLONDIN, Jill E., “Power Made Visible: Pope Sixtus IV as ‘Urbis Restaurator’ în Quattrocento Rome.” în The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 91, Nr. 1, 2005, pp. 1–25, Accesat în 4 iunie 2020 la JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25026778 DEY, Henrik, „Architettura monastica in Italia dagli inizi all’epoca di Carlo Magno”, în S. De Blaauw (ed.), Storia dell’architettura in Italia da Costantino a Carlo Magno, Electa, Milano, 2011. GOLDTHWAITE, Richard A., “The Florentine Palace as Domestic Architecture.” în The American Historical Review, Vol. 77, Nr. 4, 1972, pp. 977–1012, Accesat la 27 mai 2020 la JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1859505. HORN, Walter, “On the Origins of the Medieval Cloister.” în Gesta, Vol. 12, Nr. 1/2, 1973, pp. 13–52, Accesat în mai 2020 la JSTOR www.jstor.org/stable/766633 JASSO, Osvaldo, Articol: „Urbanism of Papa Sixtus V”, Accesat la 7 iunie 2019 la https://www.academia.edu/8825576/Urbanism_of_Papa_Sixtus_V; LOTZ, Wolfgang, “Bramante and the Quattrocento Cloister.” în Gesta, Vol. 12, Nr. 1/2, 1973, pp. 111-121, Accesat în iunie 2020 la JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/766638 MOSCA, Giuliana, Articol: „Paolo II e il viridarium del Palazzo di San Marco a Roma:nuove acquisizioni”, în RR. Roma nel Rinascimento, 2015, pp. 379-400, Accesat la 12 iunie 2019 la https://www.academia.edu/31443813/Paolo_II_e_il_viridarium_del_palazzo_di _San_Marco_a_Roma_nuove_acquisizioni_in_RR._Roma_nel_Rinascimento_2 015_pp._379-400 NAZEMI, Pourya, Articol: „A comparison between beauty in islamic urban textures and european historic cities: Differences in urban conservation strategies”; în Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage, Historical-Technical Journal, Vol. 13, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna (sede di Ravenna), Italia, 2013, pp. 193-211, Accesat la 5 iunie 2019 la https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/view/4185

PACKER, James E. “The Insulae of Imperial Ostia.” în Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 31, 1971, pp. V-217, Accesat la 29 aprilie la JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4238664 SEGANTINI, Laura, La questione delle unita pluriabitative ad Ostia: Un riesame critic odei dati archeologici, Teză Masterat, în cadrul Università Ca’Foscari Venezia, 2014-2015. TICE, James, „Revealing the Micro Urbanism of Rome: A Posthumous Collaboration between G.B. Nolli and P.M. Letarouilly” în Giambattista Nolli and Rome, Verstegen, De Ian (ed); Ceen, Allan; Studium Urbis, Roma, 2013.

III.

BUCHAREST URBAN COURTYARD IN THE TYPO-MORPHOLOGICAL LECTURE. i.

General works.

ii.

Articles and studies.

General works:

BUJOREANU, Ion, Collecțiune de toate părțile legiurilor, Imprimeria Statului, București, 1871. CORBU, Adrian, Bucureștii Vechi. Documente iconografice, Arhivele Bucureștilor, Nr. 1, Atelierele „Cartea Românească”, București, 9 mai 1936. DAMIAN, Mircea, București, Fundația pentru literatură și artă „Regele Carol II”, București, 1935. DERER, Peter, Locuirea urbană. Schiță pentru o abordare evolutivă, Editura Tehnică, București, 1985. DJUVARA, Neagu, Civilizații și tipare istorice. Un studiu comparat al civilizațiilor. Editura Humanitas, București, 2016, variantă e-pub. FEZI, Bogdan-Andrei, Bucarest et l'influence française: Entre modèle et archétype urbain – 1831-1921, Editions L'Harmattan, Paris, 2005. FLORESCU, George, Din vechiul București. Biserici, curți boierești și hanuri între anii 1790-1791 după două planuri inedite, f.e., București, 1935, p. 103. GHENCIULESCU, Ștefan, Orașul transparent. Limite și locuire în București, Editura Universitară „Ion Mincu”, București, 2008. GHEORGHIU, Teodor-Octavian, Elemente de istorie recentă a orașelor românești extracarpatice (sec. XVIII-XXI), Editura Istros, Brăila, 2017.

GIURESCU, Constantin, Istoria Bucureștilor, Editura pentru literatură, București, 1966. HARHOIU, Dana, București, un oraș între Orient și Occident, Editura Simetria, București, 1997. IONESCU-GION, Gheorghe I., Istoria Bucurescilor, Stabilimentul Grafic I. V. Socecu, București, 1899. LASCU, Nicolae, Bulevardele bucureștene. Până la Primul Război Mondial, Editura Simetria, București, 2001. LASCU, Nicolae; ZAHARIADE, Ana-Maria; ILIESCU, Anca; RADU, Florinel; GHENCIULESCU, Ștefan (ed.); MIHNEA, Diana (ed.); Horia Creangă. O monografie, Editura Universitară „Ion Mincu”, București, 2019. MAJURU, Adrian, Bucureștii mahalalelor sau periferia ca mod de existență, Compania, București, 2003. MUCENIC, Cezara, București: un veac de arhitectură civilă. Secolul al XIX-lea, Silex, București, 1997. MIHĂILESCU, Vintilă, Evoluția geografică a unui oraș, București, Editura Paideia, București, 2003. OFRIM, Alexandru, Străzi vechi din Bucureștiul de azi, Humanitas, București, 2011. OLTEANU, Radu, Bucureștii în date și întâmplări, Paideia, București, 2002. PĂNOIU, Andrei, Evoluția orașului București, Editura Fundației Arhitext Design, București, 2011. POTRA, George, Bucureștii văzuți în călători străini (Secolele XVI-XIX), Editura Academiei Române, București, 1992. RĂDVAN, Laurențiu, Orașele din Țările Române în Evul Mediu, Editura Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iași, 2011. STAN, Angelica; IONIȚĂ Cătălina; Morfologie urbană, Editura Universitară „Ion Mincu”, București, 2014. SUDITU, Bogdan, Bucureștiul în locuințe și locuitori de la începuturi până mai ieri (1459-1989), Compania, București, 2016. VÎRTOSU, Emil; VÎRTOSU, Ion; OPRESCU, Horia; Începuturi edilitare. 1830-1832. Documente pentru istoria Bucureștilor I, Arhivele Bucureștilor, Nr. 2, Tipografia de Artă și Editura Leopold Geller, București, 9 mai 1936. ZAHARIADE, Ana-Maria, Arhitectura în proiectul comunist. România 1944-1989, Simetria, București, 2011.

ZAHARIADE, Ana-Maria, De la înfundătură, la intrare. Locuri ale Bucureștiului Cotidian, Editura Universitară „Ion Mincu”, București, 2016. ZAMANI, Lelia, Comerț și loisir în vechiul București, Editura Vremea, 2007, Epub.

ii.

Articles and studies:

AFRĂSINEI, Alexandra; Despre lectura orașului; Teză de doctorat, Universitatea de Arhitectură și Urbanism „Ion Mincu”, București, 2011. BALAN, Mihaela, Spațiul urban de tranziție/negociere ca interacțiune între publicprivat. București: pasaje, ganguri, curți interioare, teză doctorat UAUIM, București, 2015. CERNOVODEANU, Paul, „Considerații privitoare la organizarea administrativă a orașului București în sec. XVI-XVII” în București – Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, I, 1964, pp. 159-176, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. CURINSCHI-VORONA, Gheorghe, „De la Restaurarea Urbanistică La Creația Urbanistică Cu Caracter Specific” în Revista muzeelor și monumentelor – Monumente istorice și de artă, Nr. 2, 1983, pp. 6-16, Întreprinderea de stat pentru imprimate și administrarea publicațiilor, București. CURINSCHI-VORONA, Gheorghe; CRISTEA, Doina; POPESCU-CRIVEANU, Șerban, SANDU, Alexandru; VOICULESCU, Sanda; DORDEA, Mira; MOISESCU, Anton; NICORESCU, Mărioara „Centre și zone istorice, studiul de delimitare a zonei istorice a orașului București”; în Revista Arhitectura, Nr. 6, 1977, pp. 38-47, București. DERER, Hanna, “Bucureștiul interbelic ca temă cu variațiuni”; în BUCUREŞTI – STOP-CADRU! Despre atmosferă prin arhitectură și urbanism, pp. 29-55, Editura Universitară „Ion Mincu”, București, 2007. DERER, Hanna, „Building Urbanity in Bucharest” în SITA – De Urbanitate. Tales of Urban Lives and Spaces, Vol. 3, 2015, pp. 48-63, Editura Universitară „Ion Mincu”, București. DERER, Peter, „Reciclarea fondului construit” în Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice, Nr.1, 1992/ Nr. 1-2, 1993. DERER, Peter, „Reutilizarea clădirilor vechi” în Revista Monumentelor Istorice, Nr. 1, 1992/ Nr.1-2, 1993-1994.

DRĂGAN, Valeriu-Eugen, „Planul Ernst (1791) Analiza rețelei stradale din centru orașului București”, în București - Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, Vol. XIII, 1999, pp. 71-90, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. ELIAN, Tudor, Bucureștiul informal, Teză de doctorat, Universitatea de Arhitectură și Urbanism „Ion Mincu”, București, 2017. GAVRIL, Victoria, CONSTANTINESCU, Carmen (2007) “Calea Moșilor I. Din trecutul unei vechi artere bucureștene”, în București. Materiale de istorie și muzeografie, Vol. XXI, 2007, pp. 255-265, București. GEORGESCU, Florian, „Realizări edilitare în Bucureştii anilor 1831-1848” în București - Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, Vol. IV, 1966, pp. 87-122, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. IANCU, Bogdan, MANOLACHE, Cosmin, “Locuirea în spații disputate. Case naționalizate, retrocedări și evacuări în București", în De la stradă la ansambluri rezidențiale. Opt ipostaze ale locuirii în Bucureștiul contemporan, pp. 144-159, Editura Pro Universitaria, București, 2016. IONAŞCU, Ion, „Un plan inedit al Curții Vechi din 1799”, în Revista Istorică Română, XIII, Fasc. 1, pp. 55-77, București, 1943. IORGA, Nicolae, Istoria Bucureștilor, Ediția Municipiului București, București, 1939. LASCU, Nicolae, Legislație și dezvoltare urbană. București 1831-1952, Teză de doctorat, Institutul de Arhitectură „Ion Mincu”, București, 1997. MAJURU, Adrian, „Curtea Domnească și Târgul Bucureștilor. Evoluție și cotidian (XV-XIX)” în Cercetări arheologice în București, Vol. V, 2002, pp. 25-56, Muzeul Municipiului București, Editura Agir, București. MAJURU, Adrian, „Strada Șepcari – scurtă monografie” în București - Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, Vol. XIX, 2005, pp. 112-114, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. MONITORUL OFICIAL: -

M.C. NR. 30: 1878_Regulament asupra salubrității construcțiilor și locuințelor_MCPB, Nr. 30, 4(16) aug 1878.

M.C. NR. 34: 1878_Regulament construcții și alinieri în MCPB, Nr. 34, 31(12) aug 1878 – 1890.

MORTU, Petru, Arhitectură cu specific comercial, Teză de doctorat, Universitatea de Arhitectură și Urbanism „Ion Mincu”, București, 2011.

MORTU, Petru „Zamfir Inn, Ion Românul Inn, Simion Inn. Notes on Bucharest Historical Topography”, în Caiete ARA, Nr. 2, 2011, pp. 175-181. MUCENIC, Cezara, „Tipologia arhitecturii civile în centrul istoric al orașului București – secolul al XIX-lea” în Revista Arhitectura, Nr. 4, 1982, pp. 45-51. MUCENIC, Cezara, „Arhitecți și case în Bucureștii Secolului al XIX-lea – Alexandru Orăscu și Anton Onderka”, în București - Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, Vol. XV, 2001, pp. 251-266, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. MUCENIC, Cezara, „Tăierea bulevardului Regina Elisabeta”, în București - Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, Vol. XVIII, 2004, pp. 110-129, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. NĂSTUREL, Petre Ş., „Cetatea București în veacul Al XV-lea” în București Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, Vol. I, 1964, pp. 141-157, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. OLTEANU, Ștefan, „Geneza orașului București în lumina cercetărilor recente” în București - Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, Vol. II, 1965, pp. 17-30, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. PANAIT, Panait I, „Evoluția perimetrului Curții Vechi în lumina descoperirilor arheologice (Sec. XVI-XVIII)” în București - Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, VIII, 1971, pp. 83-88, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. PANAIT, Panait I, „Dezvoltarea cercetărilor arheologice medievale la București (19531971)” în București - Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, Vol. IX, 1972, pp. 101-108, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. PANAIT, Panait I., „Valențe istorice ale Pieței Universității din București” în București - Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, Vol. VIII, 2009, pp. 1-33, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București. POPESCU-CRIVEANU, Șerban; VOICULESCU, Sanda; DAMIAN, Liviu; „Unele aspecte metodologice, istorice și social-psihologice legate de studiul centrului orașului București”, Partea I, în Revista Arhitectura, Nr. 4, 1976, București, pp. 19-23; Partea a II-a în Revista Arhitectura, nr. 6, 1977, pp. 47-52. RAFAILĂ, Grina-Mihaela, „Câteva acte privind prăvăliile din zona Sf. Gheorghe Vechi aflate în colecțiile Muzeului Municipiului București”, în Cercetări Arheologice în București; Vol. IX, 2013, pp. 326-342, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, București.

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IV.

DIGITAL BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES.

http://www.digibuc.ro/. http://bmim.muzeulbucurestiului.ro/ http://cab.muzeulbucurestiului.ro/ http://www.revistamonumenteloristorice.ro/ https://patrimoniu.ro/ https://sita.uauim.ro/ http://cimec.ro/ https://www.ceeol.com/ https://www.humangeographies.org.ro/ http://www.arhivacezaramucenic.rhabillage.ro/

http://www.urbanform.org/ http://www.giuseppestrappa.it/ http://pompei.sns.it http://tess.beniculturali.unipd.it https://www.ostiaantica.beniculturali.it http://museopalazzovenezia.beniculturali.it/ http://www.stgallplan.org/ http://www.archidiap.com/ https://earth.google.com/web/

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Illustrations

Cartographical ilustrations: Pompei: http://pompei.sns.it/ Ostia Antica: Archivio Disegni Ostia Antica, Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica, www.nadis.it. Roma: Frutaz, A. P., Le piante di Roma, op.cit. Roma: Muratori, S., Bollati, R., Bollati, S., Marinucci, G., Studi per un’operante storia urbana di Roma, op.cit. Bucharest: Archive of Department of History & Theory of Architecture and Heritage Conservation at “Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urbanism in Bucharest. Bucharest, Plan of Borroczyn, ediția 1846, ediția 1852: thanks to arch. Horia Moldovan, Ph.D. Photos of Buchatest 1943: Macri, Ionuț, Accessed at http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/196170 Bucharest – City center 50-60 years ago, by Petre Ambroziu: Petre, Bogdan, archive of Muzeul Memorial Nicolae Bălcescu.

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In the absence of a mention, the illustrations (sketches, plans, images) are part of the author's archive and are made / drawn by the author. © Andreea Boldojar

THE HIDDEN POTENTIAL OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY COURTYARDS OF BUCHAREST

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“ION MINCU” UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING” DOCTORAL THESIS 2020