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Chapter 2: Town Profile
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
Chapter 1: Project Background
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INTRODUCTION
Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. Solid waste management (SWM) is a major problem for many urban local bodies (ULBs) in India, where urbanization, industrialization and economic growth have resulted in increased municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per person. Effective SWM is a major challenge in cities with high population density.
Achieving sustainable development within a country experiencing rapid population growth and improvements in living standards is made more difficult in India because it is a diverse country with many different religious groups, cultures and traditions. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. As long as people have been living in settlements and residential areas, garbage or solid waste has been an issue. Waste management is all about how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource. Solid waste management should be embraced by each household including the business owners across the world. Industrialization has brought a lot of good things and bad things as well. One of the negative effects of industrialization is the creation of solid waste.
There are six functional components of the waste management system as outlined below:
• Waste generation refers to activities involved in identifying materials which are no longer usable and are either gathered for systematic disposal or thrown away. • Onsite handling, storage, and processing are the activities at the point of waste generation which facilitate easier collection. For example, waste bins are placed at the sites which generate sufficient waste. • Waste collection, a crucial phase of waste management, includes activities such as placing waste collection bins, collecting waste from those bins and accumulating trash in the location where the collection vehicles are emptied. Although the collection phase involves transportation, this is typically not the main stage of waste transportation. • Waste transfer and transport are the activities involved in moving waste from the local waste collection locations to the regional waste disposal site in large waste transport vehicles. • Waste processing and recovery refer to the facilities, equipment, and techniques employed both to recover reusable or recyclable materials from the waste stream and to improve the effectiveness of other functional elements of waste management. • Disposal is the final stage of waste management. It involves the activities aimed at the systematic disposal of waste materials in locations such as landfills or waste-to-energy facilities.
Due to improper waste disposal systems, particularly by municipal waste management teams, wastes heap up and become a problem. Therefore, Nagar Palika Parishad is responsible for carrying out effective Solid Waste Management system in their municipal area that would ensure prevention of diseases and control of pollution in that area. Solid Waste Management mainly involves collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and can cause outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects.
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
In spite of encountering the above challenges, the Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) has been one of the most proactive states in implementation of solid waste management programs under JnNURM and they have also shown keen interest in the improvement of Solid Waste Management in all the ULB’s under Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM). There is therefore a need to improve the existing SWM system in Maharajganj Nagar Palika Parishad and to make this city/town Clean and liveable. The purpose of this Detailed Project Report (DPR) part-1 is to study the existing SWM practices in relation to primary collection, secondary storage, street sweeping and transportation of municipal solid waste in Maharajganj Nagar Palika Parishad, identify deficiencies/ gaps in the present system and propose a comprehensive improvement plan for SWM in the city in compliance with the SWM Rules, 2016 and SBM (U) guidelines.
“The system for Managing Solid Wastes in Uttar Pradesh should be financially and environmentally sustainable, and contributes to improved quality of life.”
NEED FOR THE PROJECT
• Absence of any systematic waste collection and segregation process with complete coverage; • Absence of any waste processing and treatment facility. • Open disposal of waste near to the roads and in open drains. • Generation of bulk quantity of waste during festive seasons and uncontrolled disposal of waste at the source of generation itself. • Absence of sufficient manpower and suitable infrastructural facilities for waste management • No waste management practices followed for waste collection and treatment. • Lack of awareness among people towards waste management • Lack of defined routes for collection for 100% coverage of town.
Based upon this above condition, a need for development of an Integrated/Regional Solid Waste Management Facility has been recognized. The project will comprise of a proper collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal facility for the Municipal council of Maharajganj.
The major issues are:
Rapidly Increasing Areas to be Served and Quantity of Waste:
The solid waste quantities generated in urban centres are increasing due to rise in the population and increase in the per capita waste generation rate. The increasing solid waste quantities and the areas to be served strain the existing SWM system.
Inadequate Resources:
While allocating resources including finance, SWM is assigned with a low priority resulting in inadequate provision of funds. The inadequacy of human resource is mainly due to the absence of suitably trained staff.
Inappropriate Technology:
The equipment and machinery presently used in the system are usually that which have been developed for general purpose or that which have been adopted from other industry. This results in underutilization of existing resources and lowering of the efficiency.
Disproportionately High Cost of Manpower:
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
Mostly out of the total expenditure, around 90% is accounted for manpower of which major portion is utilized for collection. Since citizens tend to throw the waste on the adjoining road and outside the bin, the work of the collection staff is increased. Hence, the cost of collection increases considerably.
Societal and Management Apathy:
The operational efficiency of SWM depends on the active participation of both the municipal agency and the citizens. Since the social status of SWM is low, there is a strong apathy towards it, which can be seen from the uncollected waste in many areas and the deterioration of aesthetic and environmental quality at the uncontrolled disposal sites.
Low Efficiency of the System:
The SWM system is unplanned and is operated in an unscientific way. Neither the work norms are specified nor the work of collection staff appropriately supervised. The vehicles are poorly maintained and no schedule is observed for preventive maintenance. Due to shortage of financial resources, the vehicles are often used beyond their economic life resulting in inefficient operation. Further, there is no co-ordination of activities between different components of the system. The cumulative effect of all these factors is an inefficient SWM system.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
The project aims at developing a solid waste management facility for Maharajganj in a scientific manner in pursuance to Swachh Bharat Mission and Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016. The project activity would be focused on collection of municipal solid waste, segregation of solid waste, storage of solid wastes in systematic manner so as to prevent any unhygienic and insanitary conditions around the storage points, transportation of municipal solid waste, processing and disposal of the same at a scientific landfill site. The specific objective of the project can be listed as:
• Prepare comprehensive Solid Waste Management (SWM) Action Plan with implementation options including public private partnership mode, covering all components of Solid Waste Management (SWM) for the Maharajganj cluster. • Prepare a detailed project report including financial feasibility for the overall project, which could be used for selection of a private operator and/or developer. • Prepare a capacity building program for the ULBs and C&DS as well as including an operational manual for executing the program for C&DS.
In line with the objectives, the broad scope of work, to be carried out, as part of this assignment will be in the following phases:
Phase I: DPR for primary waste collection, secondary storage and transport to processing plant. The Consultant shall include diagnostic report on ULBs, analyses of alternatives and justification for choice of proposed alternatives and provide details of tools, equipment and vehicle requirements for waste collection, secondary storage & transport to processingplants.
Phase II: DPR for waste processing facilities, materials recovery facility, separation and processing of biodegradables, recovery of recyclables for transfer to the waste trade, and recovery of RDF for developing waste to energy facility or for sale as feedstock for RDF including: a. Investment Plan for Processing Plant including (i) demand study for products from processed waste; (ii) Conceptual design, costs and technical specifications for processing and/or transfer station facility. b. Financial and Economic Analysis for DPR phases 1 and 2 including (i) cash flow analysis, (ii) payments analysis, (iii) user fees analysis; (iv) financing plan; and (v) economic analysis.
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
Phase III: DPR for the regional sanitary landfill comprising: a. Conceptual design, costs and technical specifications and cost estimates for landfill operation including all permanent infrastructure of roads and buildings at landfill site, one cell adequate for disposal of waste for 5 to 6 years, and initial requirements of equipment and vehicles for landfill operations and transport of inert waste from processing plants. b. Implementation Arrangements and Operator Models including (i) options assessment of the implementation arrangements and operator models; (ii) description of proposed implementation arrangements and contractual arrangements c. Comprehensive Financial and Economic Analysis including (i) cash flow analysis, (ii) payments analysis, (iii) user fees analysis; (iv) financing plan; and (v) economic analysis.
Phase IV: Capacity Building program and Operation Manual
SCOPE OF WORK INVOLVES:
▪ Realistic assessment of quantity characterization of quantity, characterization and classification of MSW, the current scenario in ULB. ▪ Planning- Detailed planning for resource requirements and implementation strategy. ▪ Proposed DPR shall be in-line with SWM rules, 2000 of GOI and the toolkit of the Govt. Of India for SWM projects. ▪ Scope of Work should adhere to: ▪ Keeping wet and dry waste stream separated at the household/ source level itself. ▪ Doorstep collection, Segregation of wet waste. ▪ Composting of biodegradable waste. ▪ Recycling of dry waste by category. ▪ Strategies for 100% source segregation and door to door collection of household and commercial waste, street sweeping, silt removal, vegetable and fruit market waste, slaughter house waste, etc and suitable incentive structure to promote source segregation and recycling. ▪ Identification of ideal site for setting up compost production and generation of green energy through biomechanization in the proposed ULB/Cluster of ULBs as per feasibility. ▪ Transportation of resources from secondary collection point to the proposed processing plant with the detailed process. ▪ Innovative incentive structure to the operating personnel for motivation and for ensuring sustainability of
MSWM. ▪ Options and strategies for processing of organic waste. ▪ Streamlining and optimization of transportation system.
PROJECT DELIVERABLES
DPR Report 1: for primary collection, secondary storage and transport to processing plant
DPR Report 2: for waste processing facilities
DPR Report 3: for sanitary landfill and collection & transport of inert non-combustible waste from different processing plants in the cluster
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
GUIDELINES FOR FEASIBILITY STUDIES/DETAILED PROJECT REPORT PREPARATION:
▪ Consistency with World Bank, Swachh Bharat Mission, and GoI Requirements ▪ Comprehensive Analysis ▪ Analysis of Alternatives to Develop Least Cost Solutions ▪ Technical Proposals ▪ Institutional Analysis and Institutional Strengthening ▪ Financial Analysis ▪ Economic Analysis ▪ Consultation Process ▪ Details on current deliverable – DPR “Report 1” for Primary Collection, Secondary Storage and Transport to
Processing Plant
Task1: Review of Documents and Background Material
The consultant has reviewed available documents on SWM improvements in India and globally, and become familiar with the global best practices, and particularly the documents listed below which are directly relevant to the project.
▪ GoI Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, and subsequent revisions; ▪ GoI SWM Toolkit and Guidelines; ▪ GoI National Manual on SWM; ▪ GOI Swachch Bharat Mission relating to support for SWM; ▪ SWM improvement Plan for UP prepared by COWI Consultants; ▪ SWM Planning model prepared by COWI Consultants; and ▪ SWM improvement projects implemented by GoUP under JnNURM
Task 2: Diagnostic of Existing Conditions in ULBs in the Clusters
Profile of ULB: Collect following data from primary and secondary sources: Area and population; city map; area; population; decadal growth of last three decades; ward wise details of population area; ward wise details of slums and squatter settlements; density of city; and floating population in general and on special occasions; Main industries, tourist/pilgrim destinations. Provide details of current SWM and conduct analysis of: waste generation; street sweeping; and accessibility for collection vehicles.
Waste Generation: Document number and types of waste generators in the city; annual, monthly and daily waste generation rates of past three years; per capita waste generation; waste generation from various sources such as households, commercial establishments, vegetable, fruit, meat, fish markets, offices, hotels and restaurants, from sweeping of streets and drain cleaning, etc.; and waste characterization - physical and chemical, if available. To the extent possible, primary survey data shall be used, with some extrapolation across ULBs in the cluster.
Streets Sweeping: Document arrangements for street sweeping including principal commercial streets lengths; other important roads including length/width; and other streets, lanes and by lanes including length. Document the current means of disposal of swept debris and silt.
Waste Collection and Accessibility: Provide details of waste collection arrangements and percentage of population/households living in inaccessible areas that cannot be served through motorized light commercial vehicle (LCV) for waste collection and need to be served through handcarts/tricycles or other manual devices.
Role of the Informal Sector: Survey and document the role of the informal waste pickers, amount of recyclables extracted by them, and possible mechanisms to expand their role for door-to-door collection.
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
Secondary Storage of Waste: Document ward-wise details of number of secondary storage depots, types of depots, open sites, masonry bins, dhalaos, bottomless containers, covered containers, etc., their size/capacity, and synchronization between waste collection and secondary storage.
Transportation of Waste: Document number and type of vehicles used, their capacity, frequency of transportation, number of trips made and quantity transported by each type of vehicle, extent of manual loading vis a vis mechanical loading, quantity and percentage of waste transported each day, etc.), synchronization between primary collection, secondary storage and transportation of waste.
Processing of Waste: Describe any waste processing done now, including the availability of land for processing of waste, processing technology, capacity of the plant, waste processed each day, percentage of product and rejects derived from the process and marketability of the product derived
Final Disposal of Waste: availability of land for waste disposal; current methodology of waste disposal; whether there is sanitary landfill duly constructed; tools and equipment available at site; capacity of landfill cell; and expected life of landfill.
Institutional Aspects: Document arrangements in ULB for SWM. Provide details of institutional structure of the municipal department responsible for solid waste management, decision making process, delegation of powers, etc. Document the staff involved in solid waste management in various levels and categories such as technical, managerial, supervisory and field. Document the categories of employment such as permanent, on temporary or daily wage contract and personnel employed by contractors.; Document availability of tools, equipment and vehicles for SWM, their age and working condition.
Finances of ULBs:
For the three highest contributors to own-source revenue, analyze the demand and collection performance for the last four years
Identify the budgeting process for solid waste management.
For solid waste management functions, Budgeted and actual expenditure under various heads (salary, fuels, electricity, vehicles, contracted or outsourced costs, etc.) Identifyrevenue streams, ifany, for solid waste management including cess withinor in addition to property tax, user charges, revenues from sale of recyclables or other by products, State or central government grants (both revenue and capital) earmarked for solid wastemanagement item-wise expenditure on street sweeping, door to door waste collection, transportation, processing, disposal of municipal solid waste; and expenditure on training and capacity building.
Identify the extent of cost recovery for solid waste management from (a) user charges and other revenues from sale of recyclables or by-products, (b) from cess or surcharge on property tax or other municipal revenue sources, and (c) from State or central Government grants earmarked for solid waste management. Identify how the costs of solid waste management are financed by solid waste management related revenues, other municipal revenue sources and State or central Government grants. Identify the percentage of municipal revenue (own income as well as total revenue income) that is earmarked for solid waste management.
Solid waste user fees: Review whether SWM user fees or SWM (city cleaning) tax is levied; and full details of rates prescribed, billing performance, collection modalities, collection efficiency, mechanism is in place and measures are
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
taken to recover the user fees from defaulters etc. Document if any charges are collected by outsourced contractors from households or commercial establishments.
Private sector participation outsourcing/PPP: Describe whether outsourcing to private sector is practiced, document the contracting method, payment mechanism, contractor responsibilities and obligations, performance specifications, track record of performance and a summary of learnings from the identified private sector participation/ outsourcing.
Task 3: Analysis of Alternatives to Improve Service Levels
Technical Criteria: Based on document review and site investigations, provide recommendations for population projections for ULBs; waste generation rates; waste composition; waste characterization, percent of inert waste disposed in landfills and land requirements for 25 years.
Environmental Standards: Based on Pollution Control Board requirements, provide details of environmental requirements for waste processing, including but not limited to, compost making, waste disposal, and treatment of leachate.
Alternatives Analysis. Based on review of existing conditions, develop various scenarios for SWM improvements, and analyse them for adaptability in UP conditions, affordability, least cost and environmental safety. Scenarios described below, but not limited to, need to be analyzed: waste separation at source, with separate bins provided by owners or financed under the project; use of waste pickers for collection or only separation at a storage point, or transfer station or processing plant; secondary separation to recover more recyclables and improve quality of compost transfer stations necessary to economize on transportation costs processing in each ULB rather than in decentralized processing plants; labor intensive composting with some separation is more economical due to small volumes of waste and high transport costs not affordable by small ULBs; economics of combining processing plants at the same location as the landfills; separated inert street waste is more economical to transport direct to landfills or conveyed to the processing plants for separation and then transported to the landfills;
▪ economic justification for individual landfills for ULBs; ▪ revenue generation to meet O&M costs and timely payments to service providers; ▪ guarantees from GoUP to assure successful operation of SWM. ▪ institutional responsibilities ▪ contracting models ▪ Deliverables: Description of analysis of alternatives and justification for choice of proposed alternative
Task 4: Investment Plan for Primary Collection, Secondary Storage and Transport (to Processing Plant)
The recommendations for least cost arrangements, and tools, equipment and vehicles requirements for waste collection, secondary storage and transport to processing plants, supported by quantitative evidence of alternative analyses carried out, as described below:
Waste separation at source: (i) number of waste categories which may be separated at source; number, type and size of bins to be used for storage of waste by waste generators; need for providing support, e.g., household bins, and awareness-raising (IEC), including costs; and (ii) provide a framework for involving informal sector in waste collection.
Primary collection to storage points: (i) method, frequency, and time of collection; (ii) frequency and time of collection; type of vehicles and equipment required; (iii) requirements of manpower, total vehicles, equipment, including costs; (iii) options and method for use of informal sector of rag pickers for collection, recycling, waste separation, and waste processing.
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
Street sweeping: (i) total length of roads swept, and frequency; and (ii) costs of manpower, tools and equipment required for collection of inert waste, excluding street sweeping which will remain a function of ULBs outside the project.
Secondary storage: Based on city area, road length and wards: (i) quantity of waste expected to be deposited at the depots; (ii) number and type of secondary storage points required to cover the city, including engineered stands, bin sizes, including costs; (iii) suitable/strategic locations for bins, distance between two bins; (iii) vehicle routes and bin locations; and frequency of clearance of bins; (iv) costs of manpower, civil works (for stands), tools and equipment required.
Waste Transportation. For the quantity of waste to be transported daily, (a) develop least cost alternatives for different distance travelled, and factoring road conditions, for transport of wastes from storage area to a transfer station or processing facility; processing integrated with landfill location; and alternatives for distance of landfill from collection area/transfer station/processing facility; (b) number of trips required; (c) type, capacity and number of vehicles required, including costs, including the number of stand by vehicles required for preventive maintenance and during breakdowns. The Consultant will assess and recommend if there is the need for introduction of transfer/separation facilities to reduce transport costs.
Investment Plan: Based on the above, to identify the investment needs for one life cycle of collection and transport. In particular, the consultant will define the investments needed for equipment including but not limited to: (i) household waste bins; (ii) secondary storage bins; (iii) collection bins for waste and selective/street collection; (iii) trucks for collection and transportation; (iv) collection carts; (v) uniforms and personal protective equipments. The consultant will develop the investment plan including the technical specifications and estimated costs.
Deliverables:
▪ Proposed investment needs for collection and transport services; ▪ Investment plan including cost estimates; and ▪ Technical specifications for the initial investments.
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
CHAPTER 2: TOWN PROFILE
PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION
Maharajganj is a Nagar Palika Parishad city in district of Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh. The Maharajganj city is divided into 25 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Maharajganj Nagar Palika Parishad has population of 33,930 of which 17,656 are males while 16,274 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 4255 which is 12.54 % of total population of Maharajganj (NPP).
In Maharajganj Nagar Palika Parishad, Female Sex Ratio is of 922 against state average of 912. Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Maharajganj is around 889 compared to Uttar Pradesh state average of 902. Literacy rate of Maharajganj city is 77.24 % higher than state average of 67.68 %.
In Maharajganj, Male literacy is around 85.24 % while female literacy rate is 68.60 %. Maharajganj Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration over 5,589 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Palika Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND REGIONAL LINKAGES
Figure 1: Maharajganj Topography Map Source: - India Topographic Map_ESRI
District Maharajganj is situated on the northeast corner of the state, whose latitudinal expansion lies between 25.50 to 26.20 degrees north latitude and 83.25 to 84.20 degrees east longitude, which is about 200 feet above sea level. Maharajganj District is sharing border with Gorakhpur District to the South, KushiNagar District to the South , Siddharth Nagar District to the west . Maharajganj. District occupies an area of approximately 2934.1 square kilometres. . Its in the 96 meters to 100 meters elevation range. This District belongs to Hindi Belt India.
HISTORY OF THE REGION
The district Mahrajganj is famous for its charming forests, vegetables and green plants of paddy in the fields. Ancient history of the district is almost unknown. Mahrajganj was a tahsil of Gorakhpur. It became a district in October, 1989 and as such its history can be associated with that of Gorakhpur. In the epic period, this region was known as 'Karapath' which was the part and parcel of the 'Kosala kingdom'. It seems that an ancient emperor 'Ekshvaku' of Ayodhya, founder of the Suryavans was the ruler of this area. The emperor of this dynasty, Ram in his lifetime handed over the dominion of this area to his son 'Kusha'. After the Mahabharat era, the revolutionary changes took place in this whole area. There were various small 'Ganatantra' (Republic) under the control of the Kosala's emperors in which the Ganatantra of Sakya's and Kolio's were stretched on the boundaries of the present Mahrajgnj district. According to a pilgrim of China named Hiuen-Tsang, Lumbini was twenty two miles far from Ramgram. The both pilgrims Fa-Huien and Hiuen-Tsang have given vivid description about the stup erected on the bones of Buddha and the push Karani stationed in the back side of the stup. Kolio's were also related with the Dev Daha Nagar. Mahamaya, the mother of Lord Gautam Buddha and mother’s sister Maha Prajapti Gautami were daughters of Sakya Chief Angan of Dev Daha who belonged to Nichlaul now a tahsil of Mahrajganj.
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
Figure 2: District Maharajganj
The period between the rise of the Guptas and downfall of Magadh supremacy is like a dark-ages in the history of the district. It appears that the Kushanas got success to establish his authority in these areas. After the Gupta's period this area remained in suzerainty of Maukharis and Harshverdhanas. During the Harsha regime a pilgrim of China named Hiuen-Tsang (630 to 644A.D.) made a journey of Ramgram. After the Harsha, the Bhali had gained complete ascendancy of some part of the district. In the beginning of 4th century the most area of the district was included in the reign of Chandra Gupta I. The emperor Chandra Gupta I (319-335 A.D.)married princess (Kumardevi) of Lichchhavi and enlarged his strength and boundaries of dominion. In the 9th century,southern part of the district was comprised of Shrawasti-Bhukti (Province) of the Gurjara-Pratiharas kings where feudal lord Kala Churis established their sovereignty. After the decline of Gurjara Pratihars, Lakshmi Karna, the ruler of Kalachuri dynasty brought under his control the most landed property of this district.
Afterwards Kalachuris, Gahadvalas, monarch of Kannauj gained complete ascendancy of the region. The reign of Govind Chand Gahadvala was spread upto Bihar wherein the most part of the district was comprised. During the period of Firojashah Tuglaq this region remained in ascendancy of the local Rajput Kings. Neither Babar nor his son and successor Humauyn could bring this area under their control. The emperor Akbar paid attention towards this area in 1556 A.D. and after defeating the revolts of Khan-I-Zaman (Ali kuli-khan) gained complete ascendancy on this region. After the death of Khan-i-Zaman, Akbar handed over the Jagir of Jaunpur to Munim Khan. During the period of Munim Khan Law and order was maintained in this area. For the purpose of reorganization of his empire Akbar merged the whole tract of the district in the Sarkar of Gorakhpur under the suba of Avadh in 1596 A.D. At that time this region was under the control of Suryavansi Rajputs.
Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj
In view of safety of the boundary of the headquarters, palaces and forts were constructed with bricks. The description of the Fort situated in Tilpur (In present Nichalaul) was given in Ain- e-Akbari written by Abul Fazal .After the death of Akbar, Jahangir consigned the Jagir of this area to Afzal Khan in 1610 A.D. Afterwards this tract had remained in the sovereignty of Mughals. This region continued to be part of Gorakhpur Sarkar of the Avadh Suba upto 18th century. Sadat Khan was appointed as Nawab of Avadh and Faujdar of Gorakhpur on 1st September 1722 A.D. After passing away of Sadat Khan, Safadarjung was nominated as Nawab of Avadh in 1739 A.D. and after twenty years long struggle,he was compelled to surrender before the king of Butwal. The fate of Safdarjung was sealed in 1754 A.D. and his son and successor Shuja-ud-Daula became Nawab of Avadh. After the death of Shuja-ud-Daula his son Asaf-ud-Daula became the ruler of Avadh on 26th January 1775 A.D.
Due to various treaties, the expenditure on East India company's army ,became very high for Nawab of Avadh. As a result of it, the Nawab Asaf–ud-daula handed over this region along with other regions toEast India company on 10th November 1801 A.D. The administration of this whole region was assigned to the Magistrate Routledge. The first fight of freedom of 1857 fulfilled the feeling of consciousness and awakening of public spirit in the heart and mind of Indians. The feudatories of this region declared war against British rule. The mass movement was being carried on against British Empire under the leadership of Randula Son, the King of Nichlaul participated in first fight of freedom against the British. In consequence of which his title of Raja and allowance granted in 1845 A.D were forfeited. After declaration from Queen Victoria, this region was brought under the control of British rule. The nonco-operation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi was vindicated by the people of the district with might. Mahatma Gandhi visited Gorakhpur on 9th February 1921 A.D. The birthday of Mahatma Gandhi was celebrated with great Zeal. Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru visited this region in 1923. Mahatma Gandhi accompanied by Kasturba, J.B. Kriplani and Shri Jai Prakash again visited Ghughuli Railway Station on 4th October 1929. Mahatma Gandhi addressed a large gathering in Mahrajganj on 5th October 1929. To oppose the salt law, hartal, satyagrah, meeting and processions were taken out in almost every village and town of the district in a peaceful and non-violent way. Given a call by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, Shiblan Lal Saxena, professor of Saint Andrews College, gave up his professorship and laid foundation of sugar cane federation which worked for the welfare of struggling sugar cane producers and labourers.
In 1937 Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant came here and addressed a large meeting. Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru visited again this place and laid the foundation stone of local Ganesh Shanker Vidyarthi memorial School in 1940. India got independence on 15th August 1947 and since then this region is making progress by leaps and bounds in every walk of life. Maharajganj Nagar Palika is active from the year of 1992 after the establishment of local self-government in State Headquarters.
HYDROLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY
The area of the district Maharajganj is a part of the Central Ganga Plain and is underlain by quaternary alluvium of Pleistocene to sub-recent age. The soils of the district are mainly transported i.e. alluvial comprising sand, silt and clay in varying proportions and are rich in humus. The alluvial soils of the district are subdivided into older alluvial soil and younger alluvial soil. The older alluvial soil occupies high land while the younger soils are restricted to marginal tract of the little Gandak River. Both of these soils are fertile.
