Chapter 4: Existing SWM Scenario in Town

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

CHAPTER 4: EXISTING SWM SCENARIO IN THE TOWN

Municipal solid waste management is an obligatory function of the urban local bodies in India. As per the definition provided by the Solid Waste Management Rules,2016 of Government of India, Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes commercial and residential wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes. With growing population and increasing waste generation, solid waste management has become a major environmental issue. ULBs across India face similar challenges in handling and disposal of municipal solid waste: lack of adequate financial and human resources, poor technology and lack of public participation to list a few. Processing and treatment of waste is not practiced, and final disposal is being made unscientifically in dumpsites, posing threats of ground and surface water contamination and air pollution. Existing solid waste management system of Maharajganj is presented in this section.

SOURCES OF WASTE GENERATION

Based on outcome of the discussions and incorporation of various viewpoints of the officials, Project team identified major problematic areas related to waste generation & its management. After detailed discussions and understanding of the ground realities, the major sources of waste generation has been identified. This exercise was carried out to get the focus points of waste generation & itsmanagement. The major waste generating sources in NPP are residential, commercial, institutional, market etc.

Based on the information received from Maharajganj Nagar Palika Parishad, total municipal solid waste generation in the town is 87.5 MT per day taking 250 gm per capita per day (gpcd). Quantityof waste has been calculated by Nagar Palika officials in the year 2019 - 2020. Two methods have been considered while calculating the solid waste, one was weighing of tractors carrying waste to the dumpsite and another was multiplication of 2011 population with 305 gm of waste per capita per day (CPHEEO manual). Different waste generation sources are briefed out in the following section.

RESIDENTIAL AREA

The major land use in the study area is residential and comprises of about 11804 households with a total population of 59020 as per census of India, 2011. Major portion of the waste is generated by residential area only. As informed by the NPP officials, waste generated from outgrowth areas also adds up to total waste from residential area.

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS

Marketing has been the prime function of the central places of the town by which they not only serve their inhabitants but also integrate the people of the region within the town. Area of interrelationship between a town and its region extends generally as per the commercial base and capacity of a town. Thus, commercial activities in most of the town make the essential part of its land use and a town can seldom exist without performing commercial activities. The town has many small restaurants and eateries shop. There are more street vendors lying on the main road leading to high congestion. Apart from formal market area, there are various informal street vendors within

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

the town particularly fruits and vegetable sellers. Based on the discussion with different types of shop owners in the market, most of the solid waste in the markets is generated by fruits and vegetable sellers.

SLAUGHTER HOUSE, DAIRY AND C&D WASTE

There are slaughterhouse near baliya bridge, Jila Udyog in town as of now. Earlier, there were many illegal slaughterhouses in town, which was closed due to complaints by local residents. Major area generating slaughtering waste is market area. Animal slaughtering is done through informal shops only in the market area. There are several dairies also in the town generating dung waste. However, as per the instruction given by Nagar Palika Parishad, all the dairy waste management is responsibility of the dairy owners. People generating construction and demolition waste are responsible to manage the waste also. Waste generated from C&D, dairy and slaughtering would be managed by their own and disposing the waste in drain or open area in Maharajganj town.

MEDICAL ESTABLISHMENTS

At present, situation of health services in makes it clear that there are 20+ allopathic private hospitals and one district hospital in the NPP region. Some of the hospitals have agreements with private operators for biomedical waste collection from the hospitals on alternate three to four days to carry out the medical waste. As informed by

Nagar Palika Parishad officials, there are various incidents of biomedical waste dumping into the drains by few of the hospitals.

INSTITUTIONAL AREAS

There are 2 colleges, educational institutions situated in the town area, the major one being the GSVS degree college,

DIET Maharajganj, PS Bhargaw. As Maharajganj is the district head quarter i.e. is collectorate occupying a sizable area in the middle of the town along Farenda Rd, Nichalual route. It also includes civil court, police line, besides, a number of offices inclusive of P.W.D., District Treasury, Fire Station, Police Station, Block Office, Post Office, and Electricity

Office etc. are also there. Paper, plastic, cardboard, packaging material etc. from shops and offices, leftover food from hotels/restaurants and miscellaneous items are generally produced from the above said sources.

STREET SWEEPING AND DRAIN CLEANING

Sweeping of streets and cleaning of drains also results in generation of waste. Street sweeping is done on all major roads and is the most common method of collection of solid wastes, especially in commercial areas. It is observed during fieldvisits that not all roads are being swept on daily basis. The reason being the road length assigned to sweepers is inequitable. Moreover, the distance to a collection point for each sweeper varies greatly due to local conditions. The other reason attributed to inefficacy of street sweeping is the large-scale absence of street sweepers.

The road length is important parameter for determining the waste generation

Drain cleaning is combined with sweeping in some assignments, which would become very tedious and difficult, whereas other teams have only drains to clean. Street sweeping is done for the major roads and commercial areas sweeping is done twice a day, morning 5-9 AM and evening 1-5 PM, whereas in residential area, it is done once or twice in a week in only important areas like ward no.24, ward no.16, ward no.3.

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS

The town has about 25-30 hotels/eateries and some restaurants cum lodges in the NPP area are located along NH 790 and D M road like Classic hotels Daya hotels, Samrat hotels, Anchal hotels Park hotel etc. Discussions were carried out with the concerned person of NPP officials to understand the size of the establishments (such as number of seats for hotels/ restaurants), waste generation per day and also the waste collection & disposal systems, but no actual information for the area was available with them. All of them are storing their waste on site in plastic containers.

Dry and wet waste is not being stored separately. In case of restaurants, waste is stored in smaller containers or plastic bags.

MARRIAGE / FUNCTION HALLS

These are places where large quantity of waste is generated but only occasionally during functions/marriages and other social gatherings. Waste generated from the function halls comprise of mainly organic waste such as food waste, flowers and leaves. Number of marriage halls in the town is about 8-10 nos. within the NPP area. The waste quantification for this category will be done in later stage based on the survey, seating capacity and average occupancy days in a year. The peak waste generation is during certain auspicious months when there are maximum social gatherings taking place

WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION

Knowledge about the quantum of waste generation and composition of MSW is essential for determining collection, transportation, processing and disposal options that could be adopted forthese ULB’s in Uttar Pradesh. These factors are dependent on the population, demographic details, principal activities in the town, income levels and lifestyle of the community. Studies carried out in Indian cities by NEERI indicate that waste generation and its composition is strongly dependent on the local socio- economic condition, lifestyle & behavioral pattern and available infrastructure for solid waste management (SWM) in the urban center. It has been well established from such studies that waste generation of an area is directly proportional to average income of the people of that area.

WASTE GENERATION

As informed by the Nagar Parishad, there are few bins available in the city and waste is collected only from major roads and from the arterial roads connecting to main road and the coverage is just 20% of the city. Street sweeping takes place once in day in morning hours. Waste mixing is common phenomena in these ULBs, not only at dumping yard but in open places also biomedical waste and slaughter waste is seen mixed with municipal waste. There is no weighbridge available at dumpsite; therefore, no records exists for the quantum of solid waste transferred to the dumpsite. In the absence of any records, the waste generated in these ULBs has been assumed based on waste generation estimates derived from secondary sources. The waste estimation is based on Central Public Health and

Environmental Engineering Organization, 2000 (CPHEEO) Manual and India Urban Infrastructure Report, 2011 by

High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC3). As per CPHEEO manual, the per capita waste generation for a population range of 0.1 to 0.5 million is 210 gm/capita/day. Other studies and observations indicate that waste generation rate is found to be between 200 and 300 gm/ capita /day in small towns / cities with population below 2, 00,000. Based on the per capita waste generation of 210 gm/capita/day and current projected population, the solid waste generated in these ULBs is provided below in Table 4-1.

As per the India Infrastructure Report 2006, towns having less than 1 lakh population fall under Class II,III and IV town and the per capita waste generation is 255 gm/capita/day and towns having population

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

Between 1 lakh to 10 lakh fall under Class IC and the per capita waste generation is 304 gm/capita/day. Therefore, with a projected population in the current year i.e. 2017, the waste generated is provided in Table 4-1.

This Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services is a result of over two years’ effort on the part of the High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC) for estimating the investment requirement for urban infrastructure services. The HPEC was set up by the Ministry of Urban Development in May, 2008.

Based on above estimations, the waste generation for the towns are shown in Table 4-1 and estimations based on HPEC report shall be used for all calculations in this report.

Table 4-1: Waste Generation in ULB’s

Name of the town CPHEEO

Standard (gm/capita/d ay) HPEC Standard (gm/capita/day) Population in 2017

Waste Generation as per CPHEEO (TPD)

Waste Generation as per HPEC (TPD)

Muradnagar

Modinagar

Niwari

Patala

Fareed Nagar

Dasna

Kithaur

Babugarh

Kharkhoda

Begrasi

Siana

Khurja

Gonda

Sikandrabad

Jhangirabad

Gulaothi Source: ARCADIS analysis 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210

210

210 210 210 210 304 304 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

304

304 255 255 255 114614 24.07 144985 30.45 9630 2.02

9831 2.06

13635 2.86

43073 31226 6065 9.05 6.56 1.27

15673 16465 3.29 3.46

49669

10.43

121848 25.59

175836 36.75 90065 18.91

67237 14.12

57352 12.04 34.84 44.08 2.46 2.51 3.48 10.98 7.96 1.55 4.00 4.20 12.67

37.04

53.2 22.97 17.15 14.62

WASTE COMPOSITION

In the municipal solid waste stream, waste is broadly classified into biodegradable and non- biodegradable. In this report, waste composition is categorized as organic, paper, plastic, glass, metals, and inert. Since, the project belongs to Maharajganj ; the waste composition for Maharajganj district has been assumed for ULBs and is given in the Table

4-2.

Table 4-2: Waste Composition

Location Moistu re Biodegradab le Recyclale (%)

Fuel Others Total

Nonbiodegradable

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

and inerts

At source 38.10 55.92 18.73 9.74 28.47 16.20 At dumping ground 41.63 58.09 4.71 7.41 12.12 29.79 Source: Quantity and Characterization Survey, 2009v

PRIMARY COLLECTION OF WASTE

There is door-to-door solid waste collection system active in in Maharajganj town but the extension of new area aexcept only six wards viz. 14,16,17, 20, 21 and 22 within the NPP area. In these six wards, the waste collection was carried out by NPP with the existing infrastructure and the outsourcing human resource. This agency has been engaged by the Nagar Palika Parishad on contract basis. Waste collection is done through tricycles and in some places by auto tippers(Tata Magic). Nagar Palika has provided only few tricycles and handcarts which are working in conditions at present and the coverage is just 40% of the City. The Nagar Palika sanitation workers regularly collect the waste. The collected waste (not segregated) from the households is transferred to the designated secondary collection points of the respective wards. In addition, there are many unauthorized open collection points. Currently, collection is managed by a combination of Nagar Palika sanitary workers and contractual labourers. Due to lack of proper collection system and civic sense, some of the households throw waste onto the streets, drains and open spaces within the localities, creating unhealthy conditions. Lack of door - to - door collection is also one the main reason for this situation. During field visit, it was seen few of the open drains in the town are choked due to indiscriminate solid waste disposal.

There are a number of open points along the drains, where people dump waste regularly. The NPP has provided sanitary workers for collection of the waste in a haphazard manner.

GAP ANALYSIS- PRIMARY COLLECTION

• Organized system of primary collection of waste is practically non-existent, as the system of storage of segregated wastes at source is yet to be developed.

• Segregation of the collected waste from households at source is not being practiced, leading to mixing of waste and entrainment of recyclable waste being dumped without proper and full recovery

• Absence of adequate manpower, regulated transportation, narrow streets and financial constraints are some of the reasons that are deterring door to door collection

• Synchronizing with the storage of waste at source is first essential step towards better solid waste management.

• The system is non-functional as people throw the wastes on the streets and the ground outside the community waste storage points, forcing to double handle the waste through street cleansing.

• Sanitary workers beats are not decided as per any work norms. They are not working as per standard requirements.

• The charges levied are not in practice

• Sanitary workers sweep the streets and transport the waste up to collection points but drains abutting streets are not cleaned by them on time.

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

• The tools and equipment’s are insufficient and improper. The design of equipment mainly un- containerized tricycles is required to be containerized

• Only few important roads and markets are swept on daily basis, while the other roads are not swept regularly.

• Handcarts are not properly distributed, nor are in sufficient numbers, which is one of the main reasons for reduced efficiency and productivity.

• Primary collection system is not adequate leading to backlog of waste at certain locations resulting in complaints from the public.

GAP ANALYSIS- EXISTING STORAGE SYSTEM

• No collection points for storage of different types of waste from shops, markets, institutions etc.

• Most of the households, shops and commercial establishments are often found throwing solid waste on the street at random hours and around the secondary collection points and not intoit and thus wastes are found coming on the roads, streets etc.

• No proper planning for deciding the no. of collection points

• The MS containers without lid are found to be either damaged or toppled to horizontal positions and thereby not facilitating for the use

• Many of the collection points are located on the roadsides. The spill overs from these collection points are making the whole area filthy. Moreover, the lifting of the wastes from these areas is also done once in a day, keeping the dirt lying whole day creating nuisance and congestion to the passing traffic.

• The spacing of the containers in many places is not satisfying the requirement of CPHEEO norms

DEFICIENCY ANALYSIS – WASTE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

• No grouping is undertaken, and transportation is effected as per availability of fleet

• No dedicated transportation system for collection of drain silt from drains.

• No fixed route plan for transportation system.

• Transport system is not fully synchronized with the system of waste storage facility.

• Transport vehicles are not covered

• Encroachments across the lanes also pose a problem. Transportation from the inner lanes of the Nagar

Palika were found to be very difficult.

• There is no record with authorities on the route followed by collection vehicles and weight carried by each vehicle on each trip but fuel to each vehicle operator is issued as per past experience and assumed number of trips.

• All types of mixed waste including construction material are removed by transport vehicles.

• In addition to identified points, several temporary points are also created for collection at the ward

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

level for which no record is available.

• There are no stand-by vehicles for deployment during periodical maintenance or breakdown of vehicles in service.

• The vehicles, especially tractor-trailers are not covered; as a result, the foul smell is found spreading around and lighter waste materials are found flying and falling down on the way

• In absence of any weighbridge for weighment; exact information about actual waste transportation is not available.

• Most of the transport system is dependent on manual labour attached with each vehicle as well as on mechanized means.

TREATMENT & DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Collected waste from NPP MRJ area is dumped at Gram poore Shiva Bakhtavar gird Maharajganj site about an area 2. acre, 12 km away from the heart of the town, which is near Ramnagar and NH730 road. The site is a low- lying area and is operational from last 10 to 11 years as shown in Figure 4-5. Since no sanitary landfill method is followed, waste is crudely dumped at the low-lying area, which is posing a high pollution threat from leachate and surface runoff during monsoon. Other impacts associated with the site are:

(i) The site is a breeding ground for vermin and gives rise to foul odour and burning of waste is common (ii) The health of the sanitary workers involved in manual unloading of wastes is affected. (iii) Health of the rag pickers involved in waste segregation is also affected. In the absence of a weighbridge, the quantity of waste transported to the site is not recorded, as informed by the NPP officials as well as local residents in that area.

GAP ANALYSIS -WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES

• Handling of specialized wastes • Shortage of vehicles • Shortcomings at land fill sites • Organizational in adequacies • Shortage of equipment and committed supervisory staff • Financial stringency

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

Figure 4-5: Location of Waste Dumping Site

Open Dumping site of 2 acres near RamNagar on NH 730.

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

Table 4-5: Analysis of the Existing SWM System

Componen t

General

ExistingScenario

• Waste from all categories including households, hotels, restaurants, commercial establishments, markets, institutions and street sweeping is mixed • Bulk waste storage collection in some areas only • Absence of segregation of waste at source of generation • Recyclables including newspapers, plastics and metals are collected by rag pickers

SWM Rules2016

• All waste generators shall segregate and store the waste generated by them in three separate streams namely bio‐ degradable, non-bio‐ degradable and domestic hazardous wastes in suitable bins and hand over segregated wastes to authorized rag‐ pickers or waste collectors;

Segregation at source

Recommendation

• Hotel/Restaurants, markets, temples to collect their waste separately. • Installing roadside community bins at different locations for biodegradable and nonbiodegradable waste separately. • Provisions should be made to collect street sweeping and drain sweeping waste separately.

• Usage of separate bins for collection of bio degradable and non-biodegradable waste from households and other waste generating sources like street sweeping/drain silt. • Food / biodegradable to be stored in non-corrosive container with a cover/lid

• Dry recyclable wastes to be stored in bags/ sacks made of plastic/paper/cloth

• Segregation can be practice dat the secondary collection points/ proposed Transfer

Station located in Nagar Palika area

• Domestic hazardous waste to be stored in bags/sacks made of plastic/paper/ cloth to be disposed in a notified area for safe disposal • Large containers are provided for Garden waste,

Marriage Halls, Community

Halls etc.to separate collection

Compon ent

Primary Collectio n • Door to door collection of waste only limited to wards in

Maharajganj • Absence of dustbins at some places • Littering of waste along streets • Door to door collection of segregated solid waste from all households including slums and informal settlements, commercial, institutional and other non-residential premises. From multistorage buildings, large commercial complexes, malls, housing complexes, etc., this may be collected from the entry gate or any other designated location; • The sanitary workers are required to undertake door-to- door and/or door step collection to prevent littering of waste. • Use handcarts/tricycles with detachable containers of 20 to 40 litre capacity with necessary accessories and handles for easy handling • Placement of waste bins in major commercial areas (as per generation of waste)of the Nagar Palika to avoid waste dumping on roadsides • Increase the number of vehicles and subsequent manpower for collection of waste • Encouraging and creating awareness among the local people not to throw garbage in the drains and public places • Adoption of the concept of

‘user’, ‘abuser’ and

‘polluter’ charges based on the quantity and characteristics of the waste generated by different sources. • Provide PPE viz. nose mask, gloves, gumboot etc. to sanitary workers on regular basis

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

Existing Scenario SWM Rules 2016 Recommendation

Secondar y Collectio n

Street Sweepin g

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

• Insufficient number of secondary collection points • Most of the collection points are open and unhygienic • Existing containers are in damaged conditions • Absence of provision to dump the waste in separate biodegradable and recyclable containers • Poor maintenance of collection points • Manual lifting of waste from collection points leading to spilling of waste • Absence of need based sweeping • Inefficient street sweeping operations Setup material recovery facilities or secondary storage facilities with sufficient space for sorting of recyclable materials to enable informal or authorized waste pickers and waste collectors to separate recyclables from the waste and provide easy access to waste pickers and recyclers for collection of segregated recyclable waste such as paper, plastic, metal, glass, textile from the source of generation or from material recovery facilities; Bins for storage of biodegradable wastes shall be painted green, those for storage of recyclable wastes shall be printed white and those for storage of other wastes shall be printed black • Community bins to be provided for storage of waste in the secondary collection points. • Bins should be placed on cement concrete having gradual slope towards drains and flushing the road to facilitate easy transfer of wastes from tricycles. • Identification of collection points/pick up points for collection of waste to processing/dumpsite

• Collect separately waste from sweeping of streets, lanes and by-lanes daily, or on alternate days or twice a week depending on the density of population, commercial activity and local situation; • The streets for sweeping operation shall be classified based on requirements • The time of sweeping operations should synchronize with that of generation

Compon ent

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

Existing Scenario

• Community participation is absent except very small initiative at one or two places

SWM Rules 2016

• Set up covered secondary storage facility for temporary storage of street sweepings and silt removed from surface drains in cases where direct collection of such waste into transport vehicles is not convenient.

Waste so collected shall be collected and disposed of at regular intervals as decided by the local body

Recommendation

• Divide the town into sanitary worker beats • Sweeping norms based on cleansing requirements, density and quantity of wastes generated and • Pinpoint operations to attend un- served areas • Sanitary workers to use handcarts/tricycle with detachable containers of 20 to 40 liters capacity with necessary accessories and handles for easy handling • Long handled broom with metal plates monthly one to each sanitary worker • Shovels to pick the heaped wastes and transfer to the containers and replaced in lieu of old one as required.

Create public awareness through information, education and communication campaign and educate the waste • Local Bodies may actively associate resident associations, trade &

Industry associations,

Community Based

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

Communit y Participati on & Public awarenes s • Absence of significant educational programs, campaigns,

NGO activities for public awareness on solid waste management, significance of recycling, reuse and segregation of

MSW generators on the following; namely:- (i) not to litter; (ii) minimize generation of waste; (iii) reuse the waste to the extent possible; (iv) practice segregation of waste into bio– degradable, nonbiodegradable (recyclable and combustible), sanitary waste and domestic hazardous wastes at source; (v) practice home composting, vermicomposting, bio-gas generation or community level composting; (vi) wrap securely used sanitary waste as and when generated in the pouches provided by the brand owners or a suitable wrapping as prescribed by the local body and place the same in the bin meant for non –bio degradable waste; (vii) storage of segregated waste at source in different bins; (viii) handover segregated waste to waste pickers, waste collectors, recyclers or waste collection agencies; and (ix) pay monthly user fee or charges to waste collectors or local bodies or any other person authorized by the local body for sustainability of solid waste management. Organizations (CBOs) and

NGOs in creating awareness among the people to segregate recyclable material at source and hand it over to a designated waste collector identified by

NGOs. The local body may give priority to the source segregation of recyclable wastes by shops and establishments and later concentrate on segregation at the household level. • develop appropriate information, education and communication material (IEC) according to the local needs and take up awareness campaign and help the urban local bodies to build public awareness in their cities and towns and promote the principle of "Reduce, Reuse and

Recycle" municipal waste

Compon ent

Land for Treatm ent & Disposa l • Land not sufficient for 25-30 years Ensure identification and allocation of suitable land for setting up processing and disposal facilities for solid wastes within one year and incorporate them in the master plan,

Ensure that a separate space for segregation, storage, decentralized processing of solid waste is demarcated in the development plan for group housing or commercial, institutional or any other non‐ residential complex exceeding 200 dwelling or having a plot area exceeding 5,000 square meters;

Ensure that the developers of Special Economic Zone, Industrial Estate, Industrial park earmark at least 5% of the total area of the plot or minimum 5 plots/ sheds for recovery and recycling facility.

Notify buffer zone for the solid waste processing and disposal facilities of more than 5 tons per day in consultation with the State Pollution Control Board and

Start a scheme on registration of waste pickers and waste dealers. • The site shall be large enough to last for 2025years; • The site shall be at least 0.5km away from habitation clusters, forest areas, monuments, national parks, wetlands and places of important cultural, historic or religious interest • A 500 m wide buffer zone of no- development is maintained around landfill site.

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

Existing Scenario SWM Rules 2016 Recommendation

Detailed Project Report for Municipal Solid Waste Management Collection & Transportation for Nagar Palika Parishad Maharajganj

Figure 5: Organization Structure in Nagar Palika

Source: ULB Data