POTENTIAL
of the
UNUSED
ANNA SOLOMATINA
Studies of the Project Site Co-ordination and editorial supervision: Gabor Stark
Canterbury School
of
Architecture / University 12 / 13
of the
Creative Arts
2
3
4 4
POTENTIAL
Nowadays
leaving
their
footprints without being particularly conscious about the amount of
vacant
wasteland
the
UNUSED
of the
and
contemporary existing
architects
constructions.
keep
Of
on
course
there
is
always
possibility to demolish old to clear up the plot to built new. it
is
worth
asking
before:
Why
not
instead of tiering everything down? of
the
unused
“The
first
and
to
look
at
to
Why all
use
the
existing
resources
not to consider the potential advantages
and
disadvantages?
normal modus operandi* for an architect is to add something
physical to the world; this alternative suggests that, in the spirit of
Price,
a
Though
Cedric
the addition of a building is not necessarily the best solution to
a spacial problem and that there are other ways of making spatial difference.
( Nishat Awan, Tatjana Schneider, Jeremy Till, Spatial Agency, Other Ways of Doing Architecture)
The
speculations
about
the
new
ways
of
architecture is a very relevant topic in our time.
working
Re-using
and
making
the existing
old building is one of the possible solutions with positive outcomes.
The
work process includes re-usage of these existing buildings, exploiting the
materials that the particular site possesses and taking into consideration all the possible potential that these buildings have, finding new approaches to creating new spaces for public or private needs, making
spaces more
flexible and creative in terms of architectural solutions, moving from the limits of the classical standard term
- ‘
architecture
=
new building’.
5
6
Acquaintance
with a city is different for everyone and depends on
many current things.
But
nevertheless there are some particular
landmarks that meet you straight away as you arrive by train.
For
Ashford started with the trainstation and that building ‘House‘ on top. It is a house indeed, moreover it is the only house you can see coming out of the Ashford International Station. I started my exploration of Ashford from this point and countinued going futher into the city centre and the nearby areas. I took several walks around, having already in my mind that Ashford is me
with the word
in a stage of intense growth and development in many sectors and aspires to become an important hub between the
In
UK
and
Europe.
spite of finding some potential and city voids around the town
centre,
I
came back to the area in proximity of Ashford InSpeculating and analysing all the upcoming development proposed by Ashford Concil, I saw a striking disparity between the proposed and the existed. The most crucial disparity I found in the area of a train station that can be called ‘the entrance to the city. ternation.
7
As Found
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
URBAN ANALYSIS OF DERELICT ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES AROUND ASHFORD INTERNATIONAL. POTENTIAL OF UNUSED.
17
Programmatic Agenda 3 SECTORS OF DEVELOPMENT demand in terms of city growth and social activities
•
“Industrial
and
competing
centres
rents in have
been
for three years or longer.
Ashford rising
Agents
re-
port a shortage of modern, good quality property,
with
minimal
void
periods
as
units are let as soon as they come on the market, and difficulty in responding to enquiries.
Start-up
premises and
small workshops are also reported to be in
short
locations,
Ashford,
supply,
as
they
especially do
not
are
those
provide
in
many
that,
like
public
sector
incubators or small business centres.
•
For
offices, the position seems
less clear-cut.
Kent
industrials, offices. not
Rental
growth throughout
has been smaller and later than for
have
certainly
In Ashford, started
to
in
town
office rise
until the current year.
centre
rents
may
significantly
However,
current
indications suggest that potential demand may exceed supply.
Agents suspect that Ashford is partly a reflection of lack of supply, so that, if more modern good-quality space were available, it could easily be let.” low office take-up in
Ashford Borough Council and partners Ashford’s Future: The Overarching Report October 2002
18
MAKING ANALYSIS OF THE DIAGRAM The highest demand in terms of spaces and infrastructure
19
Programmatic Agenda MEETUPS PROGRAM
About Meetup Meetup is the world’s largest network of local groups. Meetup makes it easy for anyone to organize a local group or find one of the thousands already meeting up face-to-face. More than 9,000 groups get together in local communities each day, each one with the goal of improving themselves or their communities. Meetup’s mission is to revitalize local community and help people around the world self-organize. Meetup believes that people can change their personal world, or the whole world, by organizing themselves into groups that are powerful enough to make a difference.
20
MEETUPS
in
ASHFORD
21
Client: SEEDA Location: Ashford Commercial Quarter Sector: Commercial Start Date: Jan 2011 Cost: ÂŁ182m Services provided: Architecture, M&E, Sustainability, Cost, Flood Risk, Ecology, Highways, Project Management
The
project:
The
brief
for
the
masterplan is to build on the initial
urban
design
of
the
Dover Place area CAAP) to create
an initial
masterplan
the
that
for will
and
(ATarea
facilitate
creation of a new mixed use commercial quarter in the town comprising
retail,
leisure
commercial and residential uses.
22
COMMERCIAL QUATER -CITY PROPOSALS
studioFRACTAL
have been
appointed to develop a lighting masterplan first
and
initial
building
development in
in
designs an
for
the
exciting
new
Ashford.
23
Research Paper Potental
of the
Unused
development is as much an oxymoron as is
(Javier
this clearing in the woods there is no trace of life;
no
surviving
ecosystem.
Modernism
never
reached
such
an
extreme situation.”
Introduction “Sustainable
In
Exological Urbanism” Mozas, 2008 : 3)
(Aurora Fernandez Per, Javier Arpa. 2008 : 7) Buildings and spaces are the reflections of society and its ceaseless flow of development. Every change of the world economy, society or environment tends to leave a footprint on the ‘body’ of architecture. In the middle of the 20th century our civilisation was going through
the
transition
post-industrial
to
a
an
evident
period.
mark
The
in
period epoch.
history
from
The as
a
an
industrial
industrial
epoch
epoch
large-scale
left
production
heritage of this period is vast and consists
of former industrial buildings and spaces, that are unique characteristic
Perceiving
oneself
an
architect
in
general
and
particularly in our time is a very difficult task demandingy4 responsibility
for
every
act
undertakes.
one
building at least one construction on our
The
Earth
the
scale
of
contemporary
of
has a strong
impact that it is very important to be aware of. and
act
architectural
The
speed
constructions
in our world shows how few architects seriously take this impact into consideration.
People
started
building
permanent
constructions hundred of centuries ago.
Earth
buildings on
Since all
that
over
time
consequences.
The
natural
is
close space.
land
to
still existing dates from
4850 BCE.
numerous
This
constructions amount
of
have
building
been
placed
has
direct
more buildings that appear the less pure left.
impossible
Some
of the first
world.
the
durable
One
to
In
some
find
countries
unoccupied
nowadays
it
is
architecture-free
countries that still possess undeveloped land
have a rough, irresponsible approach to the usage of it, considering it merely as plots free for new constructions.
The
responsibility concerning the occupation of land becomes
a more intrinsic and critically important question.
“…This
continual
latent
struggle
existing
between
the search for environmental stability and despicable human qualities such as pride and greed which at times go hand in hand with the desire for power and
World
Humanity. Human perversity, as the endpoint ambition, lays waste to everything which lies
domination by of unlimited in its path.
spacious
of
their
time
and
constructions.”The
generally
relocation
quite
of
robust
industrial
production to low-wage countries as well as the advancing rationalisation of the production led to the emergence of
Europe, North America, and Japan.” (Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp Misselwitz. 2013 : 9) The post-industrial epoch came up with the very intensive capitalistic approach to the construction process, known as well as a ‘construction boom’. “Construction Boom” - is a term that gives architects hope and excitement about new perspectives, new jobs, new possibilities to create and build one more new construction. From one point of view it brings new spaces and facilities to society, vast industrial wastelands in
it
creates
inhabitants
new of
physical
and
place,
the
development and prosperity.
emotional
forms
From
new
experiences
potential
for
for city
the other point of view,
this is not infrequently a wasteful process, spending the last
land
ambitious
resources personal
of
the
Earth,
intentions,
but
motivated
not
the
by
high
intentions
of
effective and rational change in the social, architectural or environmental spheres.
“Hence
the dominance of aesthetics, style,
form and technique in the usual discussion of architecture, and with this the suppression of the more volatile aspects of
buildings:
the
processes
of
their
production,
their
occupation, their temporality, and their relations to the society and nature.
The
definition of architecture in terms
of
object-buildings
thus
includes
just
those
aspects
of
their footprints without being particularly conscious about
world that cause architects discomfort, because these often
the amount of
unpredictable
Of
they
have
and
contingent
limited
power,
aspects
whereas
are
the
those
static
over
which
aspects
are
course
old
to
vacant wasteland and existing constructions.
there
clear
is
up
always
the
a
plot
to
new.
built
demolish
Though
the
it
is
those over which architects still retain nominal control,
worth asking before:
in terms of being able to manipulate form and technique….
instead of tearing everything down?
Building
potential of the unused first and to look at all advantages
and
spaces
are
context of network.
The
treated
as
part
of
a
dynamic
standard tools of aesthetics and
disadvantages?
and
Why
possibility
to
not to use the existing resources
“The
normal
Why
not consider the operandi*
modus
for
an
making are insufficient to negotiate these networks on their
architect is to add something physical to the world; this
own, and so the examples collated here other priorities and
alternative suggests that, in the spirit of
ways of working as part of their toolkit.”
the
( Nishat Awan, Tatjana Schneider, Jeremy Till, 2011 : 27-28) Reuse as the Alternative Method Naturally, there is an important aspect of architecture such as ‘saying a new word’, inventing and creating
solution to a spacial problem and that there are other ways of making spatial difference.* ( Nishat Awan, Tatjana Schneider, Jeremy Till, 2011 : 31) The speculation about new ways of working and making architecture is a very relevant topic in our time. Re-using
something totally new and opposite to what has been done
the existing old building is one of the possible solutions
before.
with positive outcomes.
Every
century our world gets a certain number of
addition
of
a
building
The
is
not
Cedric Price,
necessarily
the
best
work process includes re-usage
outstanding masterpieces and most of them in no way could
of these existing buildings, exploiting the materials that
appear inside or out of some existing constructions.
the particular site possesses and taking into consideration
Sagrada
could never imagine
Rouchamp by Le Corbusier Santiago Calatrava being
You Familia by Gaudi, Chapel City of Science and Art by
de
or
built from old constructions or
all
the
possible
potential
that
these
have,
buildings
finding new approaches to creating new spaces for public or private
needs,
making
spaces
more
flexible
and
creative
being the extension or renovation of existing buildings.
in terms of architectural solutions, moving from the limits
Of
of
course
needs
about
creation,
particular
materials.
architecture
clear
space
and
is
sometimes great work starts.
But
and
creation
This
is
how
then the creator takes a
the
classical
1.
“This
have more than
piece
that are
of
produce
work
that
one
more
is
worth
huge
spending
piece
of
the
resources
concrete,
steel
or and
term
- ‘
=
architecture
is very relevant for today.
6 million empty. And you
chance and the risk is either to come out with incredible to
standard
new
building’.
In Holland
we
square meters of office buildings can do two things
-
you can tear
them down or you can reuse them in a different way.
So I
glass that is useless wastage of material and exists as a
think the task of architects from now on
signature of an author.
make more office buildings but to think and to be creative,
“Famous architects are usually those developed, through practice, a defining character work. The architectural results can be seen
who
have
to their
is perhaps not to
to see what can be done with all these empty buildings.
May
be you can make it into housing, may be there are ideas
the
to exploit them, to use, to reuse the buildings we have
global research of international modernism to the way that
instead of making endless new buildings, new buildings, new
contemporary icons impose standard formal solutions with the
buildings….”
little
regard
for
local
conditions,
because
it
from
is
these
solutions that constitute the architects signature.”
( Nishat Awan, Tatjana Schneider, Jeremy Till, 2011 : 29) Nowadays contemporary architects keep on leaving
2. (Hertzberger, 2012) Reuse is very sophisticated and ‘delicate’ in some way process. The approach to work should be based on particular
conditions
existing context.
Such
and
limitations
as, for example:
in
terms
“do
of
the
not destroy
the magic of confronting old and new, do not hold positive or
negative
attempt
to
judgement change
on
the
the
space
character
worked
of
the
on
and
do
There
from the
old
into
advantages
new
of
completely
post-industrial
the
one.
different
heritage,
One is
of
that
the building mostly possess a very flexible and vast in all three
dimensions
light
and
very
space, robust
sufficient
construction
supply
of
elements.
interesting
That
Here
paper place
mill
into
meeting,
for
with
railway
space
meditation
open-air
viaduct
space derelict
into
and stage
and areas
retail
pedestrian into
large-scale factory premises into multipurpose space cooling food
towers laboratory
weakly new
into
used
civil
office
effectively
used
former power station into
Coca
storm-water
into
‘the
Living
in the
to
trying
to
think
about
century’s buildings?
We
What should 21st centrury,
save
some
amount
perceive
do we need of
the
tanks
call
centre
building
into
office
block
house of architecture’
cola depot into town hall and civic centre
extraordinary masterpieces of already classic architecture or the works that have been built centuries ago and have this obvious historic value.
But
what about buildings that
are not outstanding masterpieces but just the examples of the typical architecture of
20th
century?
We
now have a
examples of typical residential and civic architecture of the
beginning of
without a critical need.
So
many superfluous materials have
been utilised not for the matter of necessary constructions but
for
the
matter
of
making
and creating a splendid object.
an
impression
So
the question must be
on
“Is
architecture about beauty?
is about beauty.
theatre
and
former
slaughterhouse
into
music
studio
indoor
car
former
tram
greenhouses former
cargo
and
showroom
city
and
art
public
into
sheds terminal
exhibition
into
I
think the architecture is about
centre,
the fact whether it works or not.
gardens
it might be beautiful.
kindergarden
But
This
And
when it works
not an automatic thing.
when something beautiful,
I
think you are lost.
workshops,
housing into
halls
It
is very nice when something is beautiful, but it’s a great misunderstanding about architecture, that it
into
public
raised:
former
annex
last
tend to perceive heritage as either
existing warehouse structure into sport facilities space
former
business
units
(Hertzberger, 2012)
centre
derelict parking into rest area
Patterns
26
we
time still so many resources are continually being wasted
exhibition
tunnel under disused railway into exhibition space activities
as a heritage?
routs
the rest
former automobile parts warehouse into working space derelict
is a problematic aspect of the rapidly architecture.
of
sheltered-theatre
are just some actual
examples of those.
• former
world
Roman Empire. But we run the risk of ending up in the 21st century having practically no classical examples of 20th century architecture. Is this just because it was so recent and we have so many criticisms about it? Perhaps it’s not a weighty enough reason to tear them down completely and to replace them with new ones? There is another value in terms of Economy of Means and Materials which is as well an important issue nowadays. We have so many discussions going on in the architectural world today in terms of Sustainability. At the same
allows
architect to add and to convert the space into almost all possible programs and activities.
demolishing.
changing
are already numerous variations of conversion
mode
for reconsidering the space instead of
Heritage – This
Part 2 Variations of their Mode Switches
architectural resources.
arguments
space,
existing
indeed instead strengthen its intrinsic qualities.” (Aurora Fernandez Per, Javier Arpa. 2008 : 9)
Existing
Weighty
not
Part 3
of
Reuse / Temporality
of the
Part 3 Reuse Projects
There
are at least two possible temporal modes of reuse
for existing abandoned resources.
a new contemporary
The
which
is
first is a more classical and robust approach,
considered
to
long-term
be
use.
permanent
The
one to it and thus creating a mutually
‘relationship’
beneficial
The
second
between old and new.
strategy
of
reuse
I
that
am
going
to
examine in this research paper is temporary use, which at this point in time has gained a lot of attention and gives
project includes a proper reconstruction and revitalisation
an
of the existing structure and attaching a new architecture
real
to it.
relatively new sphere of architecture and that is proved by
The
design mode aims of this type of project is
to achieve a certain architectural aesthetic of contrasting characters material
through form.
and
combining
old
Thus
sense
the
and of
structure,
new
different
epochs
impulse
to
large
practice.
amounts
High
of
interest
current is
research
being
invested
work
and
in
this
all the urban planning debates that have taken place.
Temporary
use
architecture
‘normal
opposition to the
has
emerged
as
an
use’ due to the big demand boom
can be created in a balanced and harmonious composition.
in alternative ways to get an appropriate space.
Some
Lots
intensively growing demand for space for a range of social
of factors should be considered within the design project
uses, club activities, spaces for children and young people,
and
projects have more bold and extreme solutions.
I
think this makes this process more sophisticated as
There
is
various city communities and other general activities that
well as more exiting compared to the designing process from
need space but not for a long time.
scratch.
term occupation no longer supplies adequate conditions for
There
The
system of a long-
a big spectrum of urban activities and programs.
Hence
vacant or the existing building with its function doesn’t
shift
market
properly respond to the needs or supply enough space for
the
local communities.
social
is
also
a
case
Therefore
when
the
building
stands
an expansion the old building
is needed, adding a new part to it.
Instead
of clearing up
The
of
attention
spaces or
that
from
the
private
vacant
social
unpredictable flowing process
These
types
of
projects
are
usually
very
costly.
project and a long construction period.
Certain
types of
estate
the to
and
exploitation of these city gaps and niches mostly for
the existing function and supplying a new one. is always a well planned procedure with a proper design
real
“lie in the shadows of attention”. ( Temporary P.S. p-31)
stand
the plot the project is about reconsidering and replacing
It
formal
of the
urban
purposes
for
an
indefinite
term
and
with
an
- that is the basic definition term. The field of temporary uses is
Temporary Use
not strong and too unpredictable to work out the patterns of strategy and to integrate them into urban planning policies.
investors invest their money and expect a certain outcome.
The
The
is still rather difficult consider temporary uses as formal
program of the future building is usually defined in
advance.
It
can be a particular governmental program or can
programmatic concepts are so diverse and vibrant that it
urban planning solutions.
However,
quite a great spectrum
be a property of some major well-developed organisation.
of existing and developing temporary use sites and related
Both
practises shows big potential and perspectives for temporary
customers are basically reliable to work with and it
can be predicted that the final outcome will be well built
use to become a relevant planning feature.
and fit for purpose.
This is definitely a positive side of this reuse project type. However, it has a very realistic negative aspect. Specificity of the site and certain
For
building
engaged planners of the leftist-scene.
structure
conditions all
make
related the
to
the
building
existing
process
architectural
more
complicated
a long time and partly at the moment still most urban
development use
“simply
developers,
and sometimes makes investors turn their attention to an
woken-up
easier building plot. It is a type that can be called ‘symbiotic architecture’ - which is a way to approach an existing precious architectural object, saving the old structure and attaching
development
to
consideration
decision as
a
makers hobby
municipalities the of
fact urban
of
and for
and
investors some
the
life
cannot
contextual
But
property
that
be
temporary
and
achieved
This
socially
today, business
owners
sustainable
aspect.
see
left-wing,
is
alike
have
successful without true
a for
physical structures, as well as for existing activities and programs.
Traditionally
seen as threatening the interests of
27
owners and developers, informal uses are now increasingly
Second
embraced as valuable indicators for potential growth.
scene as a place for self-realisation and time-
“
(Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp Misselwitz. 2013 : 5) Relevant The
aspects of
main main actors and participators of temporary use
project.
that
Researching occupy
old
the scope of the architectural projects
abandoned
industrial
areas
and
buildings
these are those actors who use the
spending or for a particular kind of hobby. actors but
Part 5 Temporary Use
-
group
belongs
parallel
pursue
to
to
established
these
experimental
they
seek
“These
structures,
social the
freedom
to
practices.”
(Philipp Misselwitz.
life
Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp 2013 : 58) Third group - these are the ‘gypsy’ type of people, like trailer owners, houseboat-owners, people with poor social life conditions. This type is relatively small part and it drops out from the mainstream of temporary use projects.
and then develop their own industries within, it becomes new cultural, innovative and social industries.
Other possible participators Of course there are many other
the sphere of temporary architecture and can be interested
clear that the main protagonists in this field are mostly
Local urban authorities resources, plan and produce
usually, considering these gentrified
and
sanitised
in creating temporary projects.
people who are involved in
Each of them follows On the other hand
projects that come up with stylish form and clear the space
her own interests on the one hand.
for new functions, but do not provide an appropriate milieu
can
for potential users of these industries.
contract or financial incentive”.
“…The
actors in
the new cultural industries that are increasingly inhabiting
“have
his/ they
purely idealistic motivations and act without a
(Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp Misselwitz. 2013 : 57)
these former industrial ares reject this gentrified style of
‘revitalisation’,
preferring
instead
a
different
cultural
landscape.”
(Jan Verwijnen. 1999 : 12) Hence here come the main actors of temporary uses scene - the design makers of space and programs. “The heroes of our epoch are the garage do-it-yourselfs. With solid know-how, with ideas and their power of imagination yet
⁃ Municipal agents They organise, initiate and support the social and cultural intentions, help to find opportunity to launch temporary use. In this case agents mostly have a sympathy with temporary
users
and
help
them
to
local authorities and the owners.
find
Usually
a
contact
with few means they succeed in developing the innovations
anything from it, acting from personal intensions.
of our new age.”
⁃ Private In recent
(Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp Misselwitz. 2013 : 12) Main actors. 3 major types of temporary users can be defined. (By the Urban Catalyst researchers.) • First group - these young entrepreneurs who use the vacant niches to express themselves, to realise
their
like-minded ups a
28
who very
innovative
community.
possesses high
ideas
They
little
potential
in
and
are
mostly
starting terms
to
find
start-
capital of
a but
concept.
with
they do not get
agents years
some
private
and
official
agencies
have
emerged to coordinate temporary uses due to high demand.
They
work
on
behalf
of
owners
and
municipalities
bring spaces together with temporary use. organisation
whose
direct
job
is
to
It
to
is a formal
curate,
plan
and
support particular promising temporary projects.
The owners These are one
of the properties of the most important participators who are
responsible for their property and take a risk, giving it up to a temporary use. advantages
for
the
On
the other hand there are certain
owners,
such
as
a
positive
image
and
development of location, public awareness of the site and a state of a certain security of the property.
There
Premises
Temporary Use
that led to the
emergence
is a possibility to try to persuade the owners of
the site to take part in the development and consciously
What
to integrate temporary uses in the location’s development.
helps and provides the certain conditions that make these
If
projects
the
temporary
neighbourhood
use
makers
examine
the
surrounding
they may come to the conclusion that their
“act as a motor for quality urban “create affordable spaces for projects from neighbouring districts’. (Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp Misselwitz. 2013 : 52) • Policymakers and administrators • There is a possibility of multiply reaction of the temporary project can living
“
and
policymakers of
and
use.
temporary
authorities
administrators
“Depending
interpret
regulations
more
easily
faster?
and
What Where
“breeding ground” for temporary Temporary is a phenomenon that arose
gives
was the major
use growth? due
of
premises
and
technologies, experiments.
conditions
media,
It
is
of
our
network
difficult
era
and to
all
Here
to
lots
information,
of
cultural
cover
premises for temporary use to arise.
creative
the
possible
are some major
ones that had a weighty influence.
on
how
the
in
regarding
fire
The the
1920s
first patterns of temporary use were developing the Great Depression. “In the late 1930s squatter settlements and selfflourished. After World War II, emergency
period and
of
early
built structures
more, temporary uses can be enabled or prevented…
housing
Although
development
Europe’s devastated cities.” (Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp Misselwitz. 2013 : 9) All developed countries in the world experienced the massive impact of the post-industrial revolution, and is
administrators…
still witnessing the results and remains of the industrial
temporary
uses
largely
go
against
the
classical control and organisational practices
of
government entities, for a number of reasons they have
now
option
become for
Temporary
an
attractive
policymakers
urban
and
use milieus create new images for entire
neighbourhoods,
images
that
are
usually
viewed
period.
subsistence
And
industrial
it
is
food
no
buildings
cultivation
wonder,
that
had
because been
widespread
of
built
the and
in
number
of
intensively
quite positively by the majority of residents as
used at that time.
well as being attractive to investors.
constructions are usually enormously big and occupy a large
“
Moreover
were
the size and scale of these
• (Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp Misselwitz. 2013 : 58) “In contrast to classical economic and cultural life, the
scope of land, sometimes in the very city centres.
boundaries
nowadays is complicated and demands attention.
between
suppliers
and
demanders
are
often
not
clearly drawn; a single person can switch sides quickly or even
a
and what
emergence
protection, health and safety, and a great deal
appear
powerful incentive to start temporary use?
the
on
makes these temporary projects possible, what
play
(Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Misselwitz. 2013 : 60)
both
roles
at
once.”
However
the
In in
minded
urbanisation
from
members
good
planning
of
initiators different
method
that
and
varying
organisations can
essential seems
fundamentally
to
support be
improve
utilisation of the derelict place within a city.
a the
situation
the
world
with
these
context
in
architectural terms
of
resources
economic
and
geographical aspects the most active processes are happening
Overmeyer, Philipp The more rich a mix of people triggered and involved in the project, the more interesting and innovative the program achieved can be. The very idea of having freecreative
That
was logical for the industrial production of those times.
the
Northern Hemisphere
growing metropolises in the
now, compared to the rapidly Southern Hemisphere, where the
economic state and architectural resources are not ready to host
temporary
projects.
and
In
historical
terms
of
industrial
uses are much more intrinsic for the
Perhaps
in the
South
advanced
levels
periods,
Northern
of
temporary
hemisphere.
architecture should become less about
producing constant large amounts of
new buildings but more
29
about reconsidering and exploiting old resources.
It
is a
current state of economic, social and urban conditions in
Northern Hemisphere
the
that provides a breeding ground for
a multitude of temporary uses.
-
business of cities
the basis of their tourist attractions
and their unique, competitive edge.
(of
consumption
The
growth of cultural
art, food, fashion, music, tourism) and
the industries that cater to it fuels the city’s symbolic
The decisive impact for European countries migration. Local authorities of the particular city
was
economy, its visible ability to produce both symbols and
and
their planning policies play a crucial role in initiating
space.” (Zukin 1995:1-2 / 1999 - 14) In addition to the traditional
temporary projects.
there
The
fact that many of these abandoned
are
new
currently
cultural industries
increasing
cultural
industries
resources stay untouched and neglected by the local urban
such as design activities, digital imaging and multimedia
development decision makers plays a very important role in
oriented
the
development
‘flaws’
in
policies
becomes
of
the
architecture.
temporary
city a
fabric
most
and
in
valuable
The
the
so
urban
resource.
As
called
planning
On
well
adequate
as
slow economic development, low standards of development in different of
the
space
creative real
and
estate
projects.
for
environments
that
social
make
it
Hence
are
so
industries,
and
prohibitive
to
the
lack
essential
of
for
high get
the
the
rates
a
good
appropriate
young
enterprises and non-commercial public spaces.
growing
P l a ces
that are currently to interesting to city administration come into
the
There
foreground
for
the
vibrant
temporary
scene.
use
is neglect of integration the existing city space and
at the same time a huge amount of non-implemented plans for urban developments. beyond result
reality.”
-
“Planning seemed increasingly to operate (Jan Verwijnen. 1999 : 15). The
Internet
based activities.
In major megapolises ‘mega-industries’.
art and cultural industries are becoming the
hand,
one
despite
infrastructure
for
the
importance
these
of
industries,
creating
there
is
a
lack of means to effectively support an innovative milieu and
a
misunderstanding
authorities.
On
the
of
its
other
importance
hand
already
by
the
local
functioning
and
prospering examples of the regenerated abandoned industrial areas
which
host
these
types
of
activities
show
the
potential to start temporary use independently,
“even in opposition to the developers’ cultural model.” (Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp Misselwitz. 2013 : 56) That’s how the idea of temporary uses started to arise. Planned
and
Unplanned
lots of derelict spaces and buildings remain empty
and vacant.
All
that encourages for temporary projects to
The
temporary use project is not about elaborating and
appear and to develop.
realising the design project for a certain use.
it is about creating and providing opportunities for users
The
other result of the neglect of local authorities
Conversely,
is the importance of the cultural industries and start-up
to develop the space during the process themselves.
enterprises.
themselves become producers of the urban environment
The
evidence
of
their
growth
is
not
taken
“Users “. Misselwitz.
and communities, that can have a great local importance for
(Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp 2013 : 33) The process of formation of the innovative
the city economy and social conditions, face difficulty in
milieu
mostly
goes
develop ing their potential.
itself
during
the
into consideration in many countries and there is a lack of funding and support.
“As
role
in
of
local
government
30
a result, arising small industries
a set of architectural themes it plays a leading
urban
preservation
As
or
development local
manufacturing and
strategies
based
‘heritage’. With industries
finance,
culture
and is
the
on
disappearance
periodic more
historic
and
crises
in
more
the
enterprises
Mostly
worked
in
a
very
unexpected
development. out
and
Rarely
precisely
way
are
planned
creative
and
defines
such
creative
in
advance.
some certain type of the environment comes together
with the new pop-up programmes which are usually difficult to predict and to plan.
Though
in
some
cases
it
could
become
possible
to
exert
influence
on
the
process
and
to
make
it
work
in
more
making films or creating websites, but are usually not as
guaranteed planned way.
efficient when it comes to finding customers.
presented the idea of transforming this amazing building
There
are possible cases where there is no obvious
danger to the site or that the building should be demolished or
damaged
due
to
current
conditions,
bad
when
certain
into a Creative Factory (Leo Van Loon. 2012)
We
went and
to the city administration.”
research has been made and it has been proved that there is no better possible use for this space for the foreseeable future. data
When
has
been
done
there
is
a
chance
to
prove
further
robust future perspectives and to trigger additional funding for the project development.
Moreover
the program itself
and its audience should be defined so the investor can be more
precise
in
spending
this
funding
for
the
particular
use and to attract a particular crowd.
Due
to this funding one can create more appealing designs
and infrastructure, can develop media and network programs, can
find
and
industries.
Legal
and
Illegal State
all that work supplying research and analysis
arrange
All
these
useful actions
collaborations can
lead
to
with
other
more
robust
One
of the implicit features of initial temporary uses
is a state of illegality.
The first movements of temporary 80s were mostly represented by subcultures or countercultures. Their actions were strongly “oriented towards utopia of liberated society”. (Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp Misselwitz. 2013 : 13) Obviously their state was unstable and often substandard. Today’s temporary uses are generally oriented either toward use
1960s, 70s
in
expression
of
ideas,
and
personal
plan it more successfully.
environment.
Some European
freedom
possibilities
The Creative Factory
Rotterdam -
in
the project initially
could claim the title of the temporary project, though at the same time it has developed intensively over the last
5
and
especially
to
creating
collective
and
Case study: Netherlands, Rotterdam, project - The Creative Factory, Leo Van Loon, cultural producers and architects Use - Start-up offices and enterprises
or
or
project development and can make it possible to control and
those
neighbourhoods.
projects.
that
prevent these project is
emerges
on
the
not
creative industry market of
Europe.
processes.
In
started when the owner of the
a
developing
“Creative Factory
club that is based in the building and
I
realised that
there are a lot of young, creative people in who need spaces to work.
However,
Rotterdam
are
in
high
have
not
cultural
giving
demand only
by
more uses,
temporary
entire
become
more
enable temporary uses in other ways. “ (Philipp Oswalt, Klaus Overmeyer, Philipp Misselwitz. 2013 : 59) However, in some less advanced cities the municipal are
officially
started
developing
projects
and
tolerant in their licensing practices but also stipulate and
unpredictable
and
to
innovative social
countries
cities
policymakers
operates
positive
which
“Many
years and got to the state of a very robust stable project, productively
a
risk
in
eager
to
support
new
bold
and
Conversely, they actively try to appearing, avoiding any uncontrolled
this case the creators of temporary use take the
space
and
tend
to
exist
‘under
the radar’ of formal policies, hoping for a change of the status quo during the project term.
they do not want
to be tied by long-term tenancies because they do not know whether their business will still be around in five years’ time.
What
these people need are flexible
short-term contracts and open spaces where they can meet
Ways
of
Further Development
other companies and where they can get advice to help them develop.
These
people tend to be very good at
The
further
stages
of
development
can
come
either
31
suddenly, completely changing the whole use of the place, or
can
come
(/
incrementally
),
gradually
replacing
one
use after another over a period of time.
could imagine that partial plots, on the commercial strip on the east side of the site, might be rented at a prise
the space and remove their program completely to some other
that start-ups could afford.” (A conversation with Dr. Elmar Schultz, Fritz Schumacher, Matthias Burgin and Philip p Cabane. 2007 : 116) Temporary uses cultural project in Basle on the nt* / site is a very vivid example of such an approach. “nt* stands for non-territorial and describes the open character conveyed by the circa 18 hectare disused rail-freight
location.
deport since its original purpose was revoked and until its
is
The the
major reason for temporary uses to fall apart
appearance
of
new
replace the informal ones.
formal
In
planning
processes
to
some cases the concept of the
planning project is contrary to the existing uses and takes priority.
Usually
the temporary uses are obliged to vacate
planned redevelopment takes place.
Case study: Germany, Berlin, project - Zwischenpalastnutzung Cultural producers and architects (Urban Catalyst, ZwischenPalastNutzung e.V; Volkpalast) Use - cultural, theatre, dance, music exhibition, discussion
One
East Germany’s
Erlkonig
Converting
a canteen into
restaurant was the initial spark for a whole
string of projects, open-air gastronomy and playing fields
“ (A Dr. Elmar Schultz, Fritz Schumacher, Matthias Burgin and Philip p Cabane. 2007 : 116) The example of temporary project in Basle shows now for trend sports draw a large and diverse public conversation
with
most important building
temporary projects can be maintained during a certain term
was reconstructed and became a temporary zone of artistic
and afterwards see a successful further development of the
development.
best
Then
of the
the
“For
a long time it stood as an empty shell.
the idea of the provisional use arose.
Since 2003
it
parts
it.
of
During
the
term
of
was broadly used as multifunctional urban public space and
could
a cultural centre.
ones could be filtered out and developed.
000
“Thanks
to that initiative, over
300 concerts,
visitors enjoying many activities including
the
temporary
use
maintenance, the potential of viability of the current uses be
identified
and
as
a
result
the
most
Some
successful
projects can
definitely show financial potential and that gives a chance
art installations, exhibitions and sport events.”
for the use to become permanent.
( Zwischenpalastnutzung. 2006 : 214) There are also models of compromised consequences. It
investments that will put this particular program on a new is
The Success
can trigger
level of development.
very important for the owners of the site to get adequate returns from the real estate they possess.
It
is fair, when
temporary uses are carefully considered.
Case study: Switzerland, Basle, project - NT*Areal, Philippe Cabane (urbanist), Matthias Burgin (geographer) Use - Over twenty projects from the areas of socioculture
and art
the
owner
tries
to
avoid
the
risks
of
irrational
wastage
of his property, especially when new more beneficial uses arise.
In
this
“If
case
the
different
aspects
of
existing
the demand is there then temporary users could
become permanent users, but only if they are in the position to buy a part of the site at a regular market price.”
It
is
very
feasible,
so
important that
young
that
the
growing
prices
for
enterprises
lease
could
are
afford
Department Head of real estate agency, the owner of site in Basle, where temporal cultural project is maintained, Dr. Elmar Schutz speculates: “It doesn’t always have to be a matter of buying building plots. I
Other
projects
can
play
a
crucial
maintaining public space conditions.
role
in
Created
creating
it.
public space, it can grow and attract a large and
the
crowd,
32
from
tourists.
the
local
Recreational
neighbourhoods
to
and
as a temporary the
diverse visiting
zones with a certain infrastructure
are an integral component of any urban development concept.
Due
to that, local public authorities are obliged to support
and to run them. use,
proving
That
its
makes it easier to maintain temporary demand,
high
topicality
and
popularity
many of
I
sides
thoughts
in
came
terms
up of
against the
contradictory
possible
this architectural segment.
On
feelings
potential
and
development
one hand aesthetics and
among people.
robustness are not the strongest features of the projects.
Case study: UK, London, 100 Union Street in Southwork, project - Reunion, EXYZT, 2012 Use - Installation of Public House grew into Public House
quick result and sustainable approaches to the material and
From
“Inspired
the
other
side
there
are
particular
features
like
flexibility, that definitely respond to the requirements of the environment. a permanent
I
than the first one. way
-
that is where
find this side more crucial for today
In using these I see the pure
features in the right potential.
by the playful aspects in the history of the
public houses, the reunion was an outdoor place where families could meet as neighbours, where kids would enjoy a simple paddling pool or hang out in that playful space…. …The 100 Union now
because
its
street owner
has
has
worked out some ideas.
It moment,
idea in the right
… Meanwhile, how not to The idea of hosting some as
help
to
clearly
been
vacant
identified
for
some
some
years
potentials
and
is all about finding the right but that could happen later on
have a vacant and dormant site
4
temporary use throughout
identify
other
potentials,
?
years
probably
better connected with the specificity of the site and its location.”
(EXYZT. 2012.)
There
project’s
are more than two prospects for the temporary
future,
which
are
completely
turning it into a permanent one.
There
demolishing
are not only
or
‘black
and white’ consequences and temporary uses can be equally valuable despite different timing and budget.
Conclusion The all
major
relevant
aim
aspects
of of
wthe
research
temporary
use
was
and
to
to
look
ask
at
whether
temporary use has a positive future and a strong potential for
our
permanent
still sector
unsustainable in
society.
architecture,
Can
despite
it it’s
become
a
temporary
character or it is just the interim stage as a reflection of our time.
Looking
at
the
phenomena
of
temporary
use
from
33
34
ASHFORD CITY CENTER
FUTURE COMMERTIAL QUATER
ASHFORD INTERNATIONAL HOUSE
ASHFORD INTERNATIONAL STATION - ENTRANCE
ASHFORD INTERNATIONAL STATION
35
CAR PARKS Amount and rational usage of car parks nearby Ashford International Station.
1 2
36
CAR
PARKS
AS
THE
POTENTIAL
OF
THE
ASHZFORD INTERNATIONAL AREA. THE NEARBY AREA AROUND ASHFORD INTERNATIONAL STATION IS SURROUwNDED BY AROUND 5-6 CAR PARKS, THE TOTAL AREA OF OCCUPIED SPACE - AROUND 28 100 sq.m.
OCCUPIED BY PARKING LAND IS NOT OFTEN RATIONALLY USED. THE CARPARKS USE TO STAY VACANT, PARTICULARLY ON WEEKENDS. SOME OF THOSE CAR PARKS CAN BE RECONSIDERED AND BE REUSED OR ADDITIONALLY USED, BRINGING SOME NEW PROGRAM IN THE AREA.
PROJECT SITE CAR PARKS MAIN LANDMARKS AROUND AREA OF POTENTIAL
37
180ยบ viewpoint from ashford international station
1 2
38
finding a site
- 5
min walk from station
-
next after ashford international house
1
2
39
SIDE 1 Approaching
40
to the site from
Ashford International
41
SIDE 1 - CHARACTERS Character state - used intensively, uses: Club “Hustle“ Club halls, spaces for hire, private events and venues. 4 floors
42
Negative buildings
aspect is
-
the
covered
by
most
part
of
billboards,
the that
prevents from finding and exploring the site.
43
SIDE 2 From the
44
bridge towards the town centre.
45
SIDE 2 - CHARACTERS Character state - used intensively, uses: - Bar and Restourant “PLATFORM 5“ - Pizzeria “PapaJones“ - Business Office “ABC“ 4 building, 2 floors
46
Courner Courtyard - Tents for events and Restouranrt “Platform 5“ - every friday
venues for the
Bar
and
and weekends
47
SIDE 3 Exploring
48
the site form the
Dover
place street.
49
SIDE 3 - CHARACTERS Charecter 1 state - unused Brickwall building, from both courtyards, Several entrances
Character 2 state - used entances
partly,
online shop
“Gateway Furniture 2 floors,
Ashford“
Character 3 state - used very poorly, for 1 car or 1 bicycle, almost unused. shelter for
cars and bicycles
for worker of center
small business
“ABC”
1
2
50
3
51
SIDE 4 Approaching
52
site from the
Ashford International House.
53
SIDE 3 - CHARACTERS Charecter 1 state - unused Brickwall building, entrances from Dover Place street and back entrance from courtyard. Former use - Drama school. 4-storey building.
2
54
Character 2 state - used partly, One-storeyed building with roof windows, big gate entrance from Dover Place street. Temporary is used as a space for clup activities and performances.
1
55
drama school building
4
Plans
1:50
4
Plans
1:50
4
56
Plans
1:50
57
former drama school building - interior space
58
59
defining characters as the main aspects of the potential
character
1 -
buildings
character
2 -
spaces/couryards
character
3 -
gaps
60
/
potential points of access
building as a characters
courtyards as a characters
gaps as a characters
61
POTENTIAL OF THE COURTYARDS AS A VACANT SPACE RESOURCES
blocked access to the buldings blocked access to the site territory opened access to the site territory potential for access to the site existing access to the site vacant spaces on the site
4 3
1 2
62
1
2
4
3
63
Dead Ends
64
65
MATERIALITY Sense of the place - Existing
66
texture and material of the site as found
67
Gaps in the night time in terms of form and light Dark spot between two lightened buildings: Club Hustle building and Ashford International House
68
69
70
Buildings
around the site each
have a specific lighting mode, that
even
more
unravels
the
city void in the night.
71
72 -
long-term rent or
How
rent?
communities can be
there any communities
Europe?
programs?
for short term temporary
that demand large spaces
Is
ies or even
triggered from other cit-
communities can be
Ashford ?
What
in
interested in this space
What
COMMUNITIES
communities can need rented spaces and what type of rent?
What
there a demand to have spaces for rent?
Is
DESIGN
be provided in a shared
what extend should the facilities
To
funding?
to attract the
daily/weekly short-term
be
type of rent it can
What
many units of space
can be rented?
How
FINANCE
questions to find a right solution for the project proposal.
73
what extend then should the spaces fit in
or provide their needs?
To
COMMUNITIES
there are certain community groups that
are interested in space?
If
FINANCE
the architecture
what extend some
the sense of enterprise on the site?
social working creative
/
to develop the sense of place
How
accord?
process on their own
to develop the design
communities are able
To
stages can be taken?
incremental, what
design process be
Should
DESIGN
SKETCHES, CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT SPECULATIONS ABOUT FRONTLINE CONCEPT PUBLIC REALM CIRCULATION AND WAYS OF ACCESS TO THE SITE
74
75
SKETCHES, CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
76
PROGRAMMATIC AGENDA / TEMPORARY <----> PERMANENT
77
USe
of the
POTENTIAL
FRONTLINE CREATING A BETTER CIRCULATION AROUND AND THROUGH THE SITE THE IDEA OF A FRONTLINE, THAT CAN BE A TRANSITION BETWEEN INNER SITE SPACE AND THE OUTER WORLD
78
Outdoor public spaces and new structures - intervantions.
79
4 TYPES OF INTERVANTIONS
2
1
80
3
4
81
4 TYPES OF INTERVANTIONS
82
83
POSSIBLE OBJECTS TO DEMOLISH
84
85
PHYSICAL MODEL Experimenting with material Breeze blocks, acrylic
86
87
Canterbury School
of
Architecture / University 12 / 13
of the
Creative Arts