Thesis Journal_ People, Power and Bureaucracy

Architectural Thesis: 2011-2012

People, Power and bureaucracy

National Secretariat Complex, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar,Dhaka

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE (Deemed to be a University)

CANDIDATE DECLARATION 16th May 2012 The thesis titled ‘People, Power and Bureaucracy; The Secretariat Complex Of Dhaka, Bangladesh’ has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the Bachelors Program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi – 110002, India under the supervision of Prof. I.M. Chisti, Ar. Rajeev Agarwal and Prof. M.L. Bahri.

The undersigned hereby declares that this is his/her original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other University.

Anupama Saha Final Year, B. Arch, A/1999/2007 School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

CERTIFICATE

This thesis was carried out during the January – May 2012 semester in the Department of Architecture. Thereafter, based on this declaration by the candidate, the thesis was placed in front of the External Jury held on 3rd and 4th May 2012. For this work the candidate was awarded the following marks: 1.

Internal Evaluation during the Semester:

2.

External Jury Evaluation: 3rd and 4th May 2012:

________ out of 300 marks. ________ out of 350 marks.

On successful completion of the Bachelor of Architecture Course by the Candidate the undersigned hereby accepts the Thesis Report on behalf of the Department, so that it may be placed in the Architecture Library. _________________________ (Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover) Thesis Co-ordinator 2012, Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi - 110002

2

सारांश : समकालीन समय में, ‘लोकतंत्र’ शब्द लोगों के द्वारा चुने हुए सरकार को दर्शाता है | संविधान नागरिकों के अधिकारों की सुरक्षा करता है, व्यवस्था बनाए रखता है, और अधिकारी -

वर्ग की शक्ति को सीमित करता है | इसीलिए जनता में ही लोकतंत्र की वास्तविक शक्ति निहित है | जैसा कि अब्राहम लिंकन ने कहा था - ‘सरकार - जनता के लिए, जनता के द्वारा और जनता को चलाने के लिए होता है ‘ - नौकरशाही और लोकतंत्र के बीच के संबंध को महत्वपूर्ण बनाये रखने के लिए जनता को माध्यम के रूप में उपयोग कर सकते हैं |

सरकारी इमारतों की वास्तुशिल्प शब्दावली ऐसी है कि यह नौकरशाही आदमी की भौतिक अभिव्यक्ति को सीधा दर्शाता हैं | ऐसे वातावरण में इस प्रकार की गतिविधियों को वास्तुकला द्वारा रचना कर लोकतांत्रिक वाद - विवाद का बढ़ावा देना है |

लोकतांत्रिक अनिवार्यता, नागरिकों के राजनीतिक फैसलों में भाग लेने के अधिकार जो कि उनके दैनिक जीवन को प्रभावित करने के रूप में परिभाषित है | नौकरशाहों के रूप में नागरिको के द्वारा कुछ सर्वोच्च सम्मानित, प्रतिध्वनित और महसूस करने योग्य बनाया गया है | इसकी अगली कड़ी के तौर पर वास्तुकला की दुनिया में ऐसे प्रख्यात इमारतों के निर्माण के लिए उचित स्थान और अधिकार दिया गया है | सर्वोच्च संचालित संस्थानों जैसे - संसद भवन, सचिवालय, अदालत, आदि राष्ट्र की आकांक्षाओं और उनके मूल्यों के रूप में निरंतर स्मरण

कराने का कार्य करती है | लेकिन दुर्भाग्यवश जनता को ही इन सरकारी इमारतों से इनकी गोपनीयता और सुरक्षा के मुद्दों के कारण दूर कर दिया गया है | मेरी शोध प्रबंध के माध्यम से, इस तरह के सार्वजनिक और सांस्कृतिक सौहार्दपूर्ण इमारतों को पेश करने का, जनता की भागीदारी को अधिकतम करने के लिए और अब तक सुरक्षा चिंताओं को ध्यान में रखने का पूरा प्रयास किया है |

यह परियोजना शेर - ए - बांग्ला नगर, ढाका, बांग्लादेश स्थित एक सचिवालय परिसर है जोकि लुइस आई क्हान के द्वारा किये गए महायोजना के अंतर्गत आता है | हम जानते हैं की इस

महायोजना का अब तक सरकार के द्वारा अपमान किया जा चूका है, इसलिए वहाँ एक बेहतर योजना की आवश्यकता है जो विधानसभा परिसर के साथ सामंजस्य बनाए और जो महायोजना को पुन: सम्मिलित भी करे | इस परियोजना वास्तुकला रचना को विकसित करने का प्रयास है, जोकि नौकरशाही के खिलाफ लोकतंत्र का एक प्रतीक है और यह नागरिकों के शक्ति न्यस्त और पर्यावरण के साथ गहराई से जुडा हुआ है |

परिकल्पना : यह शोध प्रबंध वास्तुकला अभिव्यक्ति को प्राप्त करने के इरादे से पर्यावरण के साथ वास्तुकला का एक सर्वोत्कृष्ट कृति के रूप में उभरे और साथ ही साथ प्रजातंत्र का प्रतीक भी बने | अनुपमा साहा

अंतिम वर्ष, बी. आर्क. अ/1999/2007

योजना तथा वास्तुकला विद्यालय, नई दिल्ली, भारत

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to my thesis guides Prof I.M. Chishti, Prof Rajeev Agarwal and Prof. M L Bahri, for guiding me through out the research and design process; for their suggestions and inputs at critical stages of design translation that finally helped to shape the idea. For believing in me to execute such a project of such a huge magnitude and helping me realize my dream; for their regular evoking insightful discussions which was one of the most enlightening ones in the period of my Architectural education here at the school.

I would deeply thank, Studio Director, Prof (Dr.) Aruna Ramani Grover, for the systematic structure of the design studio so as to make it a gradual process of learning and application.

My deepest gratitude goes to Prof. Sambuddha Sen , Prof Satish Dabral, Ar. Arun Rewal, Prof. Arvind Krishnan, Prof. Vinod Gupta, Prof. Meena Mani, Ar. Shiriesh Malpani for being a support through the design development and for showing the different aspects of the same.

My heartiest regards and thanks to Ar. Mahfuzul Mannan Shafi to help me with all the data, base drawings and all insights of the project, without whose input the project would not be possible to take up as thesis project.

I take the opportunity to thank Ar. Pallab Chakrabarty for his unconditional support throughout the thesis period.

My special thaks to my parents to inspire me to go ahead with my thesis work.

And, lastly I am very thankful to those who directly and indirectly helped me in completion of this report, specially Praveen k. Shehrawat, Aman Rupesh Xaxa and Karthik Jajula.

Anupama Saha Final Year, B. Arch, A/1999/2007 School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

4

TABLE OF CONTENT

PART I: Design Investigation 1. CHAPTER 1- Thesis: A Search

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

1.5 1.6

Introduction 6 Thesis preposition 7 The Project 8 Need of the Project 9 The Master And Plan The Project

10 Temporal 11

2. CHAPTER 2- Research and Case studies

4.4 Precinct level 4.5 Site level 4.8 Inferences

5. CHAPTER 5- Summing Up 96

Research:

5.1 Conclusions and Inferences 5.2 SWOT Analysis

PART II Design Translation

2.1 Primary Issue: 12 6. CHAPTER 6- Conceptual Framework 98

-Philosophy Of Louis I. Kahn

6.1 Master plan level

2.2 Secondary Issue: 19

6.2 Site Level

-Architecture as an expression of political power

6.3 Micro/ module level

-Symbolism in architecture and the role of architecture in the image of

6.4 Conceptual Framework that Formed The Basis Of The Design the city

6.5 Extent Of Success And Or Failure In The Translation

-Architecture and Democracy

-Sustainable Architecture

2.3 Tertiary Issues: 28

7. CHAPTER 7- Thesis: From Search to Translation 103 -Bangladeshi Vernacular Architecture

7.1 Steps Taken to translate the Search into the Final Design 2.4 Inferences 34

7.2 Stage 1

7.3 Stage 2

Case Studies

7.4 Stage 3 2.5 Introduction 35

7.5 Final stage

2.6 Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India

2.7 Assembly complex for Chennai, TN, India 36

2.8 Paliament of Australia 43 8. CHAPTER 8- Design Drawings 107

2.9 Natonal Secretariat, Thimpu, Bhutan 50

2.10 Parliament of Shrilanka 56 9. References 119

2.11 Summing up table 67

3. CHAPTER 3- Reading of The Program

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

The Vision and Master Plan Program Area Program of Secretariat Building Program Analysis Inferences

4. CHAPTER 5- Reading of The Site

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3

68

10. List of Figures 122

76

The Vision Site Analysis Time line City level

5

CHAPTER 1- Thesis: A Search 1.1 Introduction: In contemporary usage, the term ‘Democracy’ refers to a government chosen by the people. The constitution protects the rights of citizens, maintains order, and limits the power of bureaucracy. So the actual power in democracy lies with the people. As stated by Abraham Lincoln, ‘The government – of the people, by the people, for the people’- cultivates a critical relationship between Bureaucracy and democracy using people as the connecting medium.

The architectural vocabulary of government buildings are such that it denotes a physical expression of man’s relationship to the bureaucracy. The democratic debates in such environments are activities fostered thus by the architectural design of the space.

The democratic imperative, defined as citizens, have the right to participate in political decisions that affect their daily live. Citizens have created some of the most highly respected, resonant and realized statuses in the form of bureaucrats. This in turn has given position and authority to such eminent buildings in the world of architecture. The supreme governing institutes like parliament building, secretariat, courts etc. act as a constant reminder of the aspirations of nations and their values.

But unfortunately, people have been kept out of these govt. buildings due to privacy and security issues of late. Through my thesis, I intend to introduce public and cultural amity to such kind of buildings, maximize public participation, and yet take care of the security concerns.

The project is the secretariat complex of the master plan done by Louis I Kahn in Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Since the master plan has been already dishonoured by govt., there is a need of a design which sits in harmony with the assembly complex and reunites the master plan.

This project is an attempt to develop an architectural design that symbolizes democracy against bureaucracy, is deeply rooted in its context and symbolizes the power entrusted with the citizens.

Hypothesis: The thesis is intended to achieve an architectural expression that symbolizes democracy as well as pays heed to a master piece of architecture in closer context.

6

1.2 THESIS PROPOSITION Why This Project: The project was chosen largely due to interest base. I have been strongly influenced by Louis I Kahn’s Capital Complex. This thesis topic gave me a chance to research on this aspect.

This project also involves to study the vernacular architecture and the capital city. This topic has an important part of reading the City Development Plan and Appraisal which would give me a vision of the city where I would like to base my work on in the future as a professional.

The project is based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The place where I was born and brought up and did my schooling. Almost spending one and a half decade of my life here, this gives me a first hand account of the scenario of the city and where my design would be.

The project is a Government based project for the establishment of their institutional work space area.

Objectives: The core search will be towards, •

To achieve an architectural vocabulary that symbolizes democracy by encouraging people’s participation in the democratic process.

•

To investigate the possibility of attaching a truly “public” image to the complex as opposed to the “closed” environment adopted in recent times.

•

Organization and the relation of the executive and the legislature.

• To search for a design solution accepting the presence of a master piece in architectural history and paying heed to something significant in closer context.

Thesis Proposition

7

1.3 The Project:

Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and located on the banks of the Buriganga River. It is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia.

The population here is growing by an estimated rate of 4.2% per year. In such a highly growing and populated city, the green lands are being encroached day by day for building purposes. Thus, the high-rise and quickly buildable construction processes have been followed overlooking the conventional/vernacular styles of the locality. The architecture of Dhaka is a confluence of many architectural styles. From the Sena temples built

by Ballal Sen, to the Mughal architecture of the Mughals, to the Indo-Saracenic style (pioneered in Madras) of the colonial era, to 20th century steel and chrome of skyscrapers.

Louis Kahn’s National Assembly Building of Bangladesh in Dhaka is an extraordinary example of modern architecture being transcribed as a part of Bangali vernacular architecture. Clear in form and composition, powerful in scale and sitting, the Assembly building complex is widely considered a masterpiece. The site dedicated for the secretariat was slowly encroached by some govt. projects overlooking Kahn’s master plan. Now, there is a need for secretariat, the government has decided to build a secretariat on the remaining land of 45.5 acres. Since the master plan has been already dishonoured, there is a need of a design which sits in a harmony with the assembly complex and binds the master plan again.

Fig 1:The Assembly Building, Designed By Louis I. Kahn

Fig 2: Verncular Architecture

Fig 3: Contemporary Architecture, designed by Ar. Nahas Khalil

Fig 4: Residence,by Ar.Uttam Saha Fig 5: Fine Art Institute, designed by Ar. Mazharul Islam

Thesis Proposition

8

1.4 Need of The Project:

• The need for a well-planned and balanced administrative network give rise to the concept of the Secretariat complex which will help to uplift the social, political and administrative standard of the country.

• The Secretariat building has its importance next to the Assembly building. One is the highest legislative body and the other is the highest administrative body.

• The site dedicated to the secretariat is being slowly encroached by other national/international functions.

• Congested and disorganized accommodation for the staffs.

Existing Secretariat and it’s condition: The National secretariat is now situated in Topkhana Road which was a

Fig 6: Plan of Existing Secretariat Complex

Girls college and later in 1947 turned as the Secretariat.

Problems of the existing secretariat: • The area is about 18 acres(4,75,499 sft), the floor area is 8,11,786 sft.

Whereas, almost 15,00,000 sft floor area is needed. It can’t accommodate all the ministries.

• Due to lack of areas, some ministries are operating in rented buildings outside the complex, which consuming a big amount of Govt. fund.

• The circulation inside the secretariat complex is complicated; it is very difficult for a person to make his way out without help of others.

• Car parking are not sufficient in numbers.

• Different departments of particular ministry are functioning from different buildings.

• Insufficient light and ventilation.

Fig 7: Existing Secretariat Complex from different views

Thesis Proposition

9

1.5 The Master Plan

The Project: National Secretariat Complex Of Bangladesh Name of the Project: National Secretariat of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

Client : The project is owned by Government of Bangladesh.

Related Ministry: Ministry of Housing & Public Works

Total Site Area: 45.46 acres (1,84,654 sq.m.)

Site Location: Sher-E- Banglanagar, Dhaka

Conference ctr.

Original site for secretariat

Mausoleum

Rest area

Conference ctr.

Mausoleum

Fig 9: Gradual encroachmont of the Site

Bye laws: Ground Coverage: 50% max Height Restrictions: 35m FAR: 1

Fig 8: Kahn’s Master Plan, Sher e Banglanagar, Dhaka

Thesis Proposition

10

1.6 Temporal: 1947: The present Secretariat building is situated at Topkhana Road. It was originally built as a ladies college by Lord Ashley Eden in 1927. After separation in 1947, the building is taken by the Goverment and transformed into the Secretariat .

1962-71: In June 1959 the central goverment of Pakistan headed by Field Marshall Ayub Khan, decided along with the committee headed by the Governor of East Pakistan, to established an executive capital at Islamabad and a second , legislative capital near Dacca in East Pakistan. The site selected for the legislative capital was the north-west of the city of Dacca near Tejgaon. In 1962 Louis Kahn was given the commission to design the national Capital. The designs were developed in Philadelphia and construction started during Kahn’s visits to Dacca in 1965. Kahn planned the whole complex including national assembly complex, the Supreme Court, The secretariat, the M.P. hostel. Work was interrupted during the civil war from 1971-73.

1973-79: After Bangladesh become independent there arose new needs for the adminstration of an independent country, Kahn was asked by the new Government of Bangladesh to design a Secretaiat. A new deal was signed. In 1947 when Kahn is alive the master plan and preliminary designs were submitted. Unfortunately he died on March, 1947. After his death his successor architect David Wisdom revised the drawings and sent copies to Bangladesh in 1979. A 54 acre land was defined for Secretariat. But the cost was so high, Government requested to revised the cost. But ultimately Wisdom Associates and the government of Bangladesh could not caome to a common point of agreement.

After partial pile casting of a block, the project was abandoned.

1989: In 1989, the project was revitalized. Government gave te responsibility to design Secretariat to the Architecture Department of Bangladesh. A new design was submitted to the Govt. prepared by the Achitecture Department. It contained 32 separate buildings, each ministry having a building of its own. But that design is not realized also.

1996: Again in 1996, the newly elected Govt. took firm steps to realize the project. But now there occurred some problems with the size of the site. The size was decreased as “Chandrima Uddyan” occupied 160’ land area from the south.

Decision was taken to realize Kahn’s design by revising. In this revise process, the assigned Architects of the Architecture Department prescribed to squeeze the whole design to fit the site. In the meantime, the political scenario changed again, new Govt.

Research 11

CHAPTER 2- Research And Case Studies Primary Issue: -Philosophy Of Louis I. Kahn Secondary Issue: -Architecture as an expression of political power -Symbolism in architecture and the role of architecture in the image of the city Fig 10: Yale Art gallery, New Haven, Connecticut

-Architecture and Democracy -Sustainable Architecture Tertiary Issues: -Bangladeshi Vernacular Architecture 2.1 Primary Research: Philosophy Of Louis I. Kahn Before designing a structure in Kahn’s master plan, a thorough study of his Architecture, his process of design is necessary.

Fig 11: Adath Jeshurun Synagogue, America

Louis I Kahn has some distinct, very obvious & thus very strong order & qualities in his designs. According to Romaldo Giurgola: “There are five constants which are repeated all through Kahn’s work: 1) The composition & the integrity of the building 2) Respect for the materials 3) The spatial module as basic element, the repetition of which determines the plan Fig 12: Jewish Community Center, New Jersey

4) Light as an element of the construction 5) The relationships between the different architectural elements.”

The following projects of Khan can be studied, -Yale Art gallery, New Haven, Connecticut -Adath Jeshurun Synagogue, America -Jewish Community Center, New Jersey -Richards Medical Center, Philadelphia -Tribune Printing Press, Greensburg, Pennsylvania -Salk Institute, La Jolla, California -Bryn Mawr Dormitory, Pennsylvania -Family Planning Center, Khatmandu, Nepal

Fig 13: National Assembly of Dhaka

Fig 14: Salk Institute, La Jolla, California

-National Assembly of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Research 12

Fig 15: Yale art gallery

Research 13

Fig 16: Richard Medical Centre

Research 14

Fig 18: Assembly Building Dhaka

Fig 17: Family Planning Centre Kathmandu

Research 15

Observation from own Dissertation : Louis I Kahn was influenced by Islamic Architecture. It shows in some of his important works. (Gast, 1998) Like, โ ข

Elevation Development:

Elevation, fenestrations and the faรงade treatments are derived from Islamic architecture. Specially, the innovation is modifying Islamic architec-

tural features in modern way to use it as a strong architectural character.

Division of stonework in panels- an Islamic idea

Division of exposed reinforce concrete in panels with marble strips

Fig 20: Assembly Building

Faรงade treatment being influenced by Islamic idea of using small panels

Elevational treatment of Begum Khaleda Jia Medical College influence by Islamic Arch

Fig 21: Eye Hospital, Dhaka

Fig 19: Indian Institutes of Management

Architectural features derived from Islamic arch

Fenestrations of Assembly building of Dhaka derived from Islamic architectural feature Fig 22: Assembly building, Dhaka

Research 16

•

Plan Development:

Shift of the Mosque: An Islamic idea

The mosque has been tilted from the main axis of the whole complex. This is an Islamic idea to highlight the identity of the

mosque and to show respect as well. An example had been executed by Mughal Emperor for Moti Masjid, Redfort complex, Delhi in 17th century.

Fig 23: PLan of assembly building

Fig 24: Redfort complex, Delhi

Research 17

Inferences: In both of the buildings, the noticeable architectural attributes are, •

Total design development process is based on Basic Geometry.

•

The predominance of geometric forms in both plan and elevation; simple platonic forms and composition.

•

Clear segregation of functions

•

Monumental forms

•

Use of locally available material

•

Climate and user friendly building

•

Spaces are mostly in regular shapes and forms as well

•

Intention to achieve a balance between modernism and tradition

•

Solidity

•

Plans of the buildings are derived from extremely regular geometric shapes

•

Natural light plays a vital role in arrangement of spaces and functions

•

Can be built with locally available workers

•

Kahn’s projects are found in monumental scale as well as in smaller scales

Research 18

2.1 Secondary Issue: Architecture as an expression of political power The political power takes many forms. In addition to the power displayed by a charismatic leader, an indomitable military presence, an entrenched bureaucracy, or the imposition of a network of laws and statutes, many political regimes make a symbolic use, especially powerful physical environment. Politics is a phenomenon found in and between all groups, institutions and societies. It is involved in all relationships, institutions and structures that are engaged in the activities of production and reproduction.

It is expressed in all activities of cooperation, negotiation and struggle for the use, production and distribution of resources. Condition of our whole political and social life is at the center of development. These are the resolutions of conflicts and an instrument of social change. Politics has always looked to the art of finding a means of expression.

Fig 25: Parliament House, Canberra

In the case of the pyramids, in which people were buried alive to help

the king in his life after death. A touch of immortality - a touch of their In the words of Lenin to the architect, N.D Vinogradov who was charged

ideology or down to earth urban realities of a political edifice of modern

with realizing the plan of monumental propaganda in Moscow, “just im-

times, these two buildings are in its sole something of the essence of their

agine; a statue to a revolutionary has just been put up. There is a solemn

ideology of the era that has moulded the volume to be occupied. The

ceremony… and imperceptible we are achieving our first goal: we have

question of patronage has also a vocation. A pattern necessarily mean

touched the soul of an illiterate person.”

a king / prince or today, the government of the country. Even religion has played a cheerful tone. Therefore, artists and architects may have to ex-

The story of architecture is the story of man. Each building has its

press their views. And in today’s world, the economy and corporate em-

own tale, expressing without speaking, depicting and creating a picture

pires may have replaced the kings and emperors. “In architecture as in

of the social, political and economic conditions of the times that have

life to separate spirit and matter is to destroy both, so the political devel-

helped to create it. “ In all building that man has built, out of the earth

opments of society must influence man as well. And man creates in the

and upon the earth, his spirit the pattern of him rose great or small.”

image of his thoughts.” (Guisepi, 2001)

Thus the history of architecture could never be considered in isolation from the history of man, because art is a part of life, not the whole and it can only exist as a part, never own its own.

Research 19

The spirit of the people and their leaders ideology takes shape in art and architecture that reflects the base and the superstructure of the political system. Thus, architecture is the backdrop, the setting on the stage of life where the actors in this drama must play its role. An effect similar to light and sound shows, staged to give life to the old monuments and the Greek theater the chorus in the background, to recreate the fragments of life.

The stage is set and enters the actors, be it the Mughal emperor Akbar strolling through the terrace of Fatehpur Sikri, the construction of Fatehpur Sikri was only an extension of the spirit that animated the Mughal emperor’s administration and politics, or the gardens of Versailles where a human absolutism rules the world. The principle of central composition was the king in the leading role, as the main actor.

Fig 27 : Versailles Palace Garden

The idea of human brotherhood are glorified as, the very principles of the French revolution. This revolution, the first of its kind was a forerunner to the ideals of a democratic society, to uphold the dignity of the individual. It paved the way for an equal society governed by the people. Yet the spirit of Versailles lives on, ironically in the capitals of the world’s greatest democracies. Washington D.C and New Delhi are both planned on the central axis concept of Versailles.

Fig 28 : Fatehpur Sikri

Fig 28: Humahun’s Tomb

Fig 29: India gate central axis

Research 20

Symbolism in architecture and the role of architecture in the image of the city

Architecture has always played a very significant and dominant role while symbolising the power of a

country. Take for example the Rashtapati Bhawan in Delhi, the Assembly Building of Dhaka, or then the Kremlin in Russia; they all have iconic dimensions that project the country’s strength- physically and metaphorically. Earlier, it was buildings directly related to the government that rose to such plutonic levels of representation. With the advent of time and with the process of liberalisation, there are other regional, national or international institutions/functionalities which are also looked upon to depict such imagery. In our contemporary built evolutions, National symbols are also those structures that reflect the spirit of growth and progress. The State’s beliefs and culture further get embodied in civic symbols such as a Supreme Court building, an airport, embassy complex, etc. They epitomise through architectural configurations, the dynamics of the region. Form, material, structure, landscape - are but some elements that robustly contribute to evolve a theme that postures the desired visual

Fig 30: Rashtapati Bhawan in Delhi

characteristics.

“There is a powerful need for symbolism, and that means the architecture must have something that appeals to the human heart.” ---- Kenzo Tange ‘Symbols of state give permanency and strength over time …’ Christopher Charles Benninger (Architecture +Design Symbols of State January 2009)

An image becomes a symbol when that image merges with ‘a meaning system’ indelibly in the public

mind.

Capital complex as beyond politics

When an architect is designing a building to serve the need and symbolize the aim of

political leaders, his or her protestation of political disinterest sound either hollow or insincere.

This does not mean, however, that architect must promote some unequivocal political message though their buildings or play an active role in ongoing political conflicts.

The architecture of government building is political architecture. It is often a matter of

putting the best possible face or whatever exits, a wide means to serve narrow ends. Secretariat design is inexorably a product of the political conditions prevailing at the time of the commission and construction.

Fig 31: The Kremlin in Russia

Research 21

In the form ranging from the amphitheatres of the classical civilizations to

Architecture and Democracy:

the assemblies of Viking outdoor parliament buildings symbolically sucAt least 2,500 years, people have gathered to observe and participate in

cessfully capture the spirit of the people we exist to serve them, personi-

democracy in action. The environments in which the democratic debate

fied by Charles Barry and the Gothic Palace AWN Pugin in Westminster

takes place can be seen as a physical expression of man’s relationship to

and the monumental dome of U.S. Capitol . Architectural vision in the ser-

the ideals of democracy. The democratic imperative, defined as citizens

vice of democratic ideals has created a wide range of structures, utopian

have the right to participate in political decisions that affect their daily

visions and bold in Brasilia, Chandigarh and Dhaka, the reconstitution of

lives - created some of the most highly charged, resonant and realized in

recent history.

the world of architecture. The Parliament buildings act as a constant reminder of the aspirations of nations and their values.

Field structures and interior spaces of these forums have been created since ancient times to embody the voice of democracy and to provide a platform for it. They try to represent the values of ​​ democracy and nationality.

Fig 34: National congress of Brazil

To varying degrees, the processes of government are influenced by the buildings in which are housed in buildings of the parliament and in turn reflects the political ideologies of governments. Within the bricks and mortar or concrete and steel buildings of parliament politicians speak to each other, agree and disagree with each other, occasionally coming to blows with each other, making and breaking the rules, and determines the framework of society through which defines the future. The design provides something of a staging for the theatre of political debate.

Fig 32: U.S. Capitol

Fig 33: Palace of Assembly,Chandigarh

Research 22

Winston Churchill opened the debate on the rebuilding of the House of Commons in October 1943, with the ringing declaration after severe

bomb damage. “We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us.� Churchill succeeded in his wish to rebuild the bombed charmer in its original form. The chamber, as the place where a legislative assembly meets, plays a central role in the democratic decision making process.

While Britain-and many of its former colonies have adopted the confrontational chamber of facing sets of benches - the result of a historical accident showing the origins of the British Parliament in the choir stalls of the former chapel of the Palace of Westminster -in Western democracy the favoured arrangement is the semi-circle. The amphitheatre model, derived from classical precedents, ensures that all those present can hear and see the person speaking at all times. Seating arrangements in semi-circular chambers vary according to national preference, the normal arrangement being for political parties to sit as groups in semicircular chambers. For example, in Germany all those present are allocated a specific seat, in Ireland members sit according to party block, and European parliamentarians sit in party blocks. Russia and other Eastern states preferred an alternative form, the Duma being laid out in a class-room like arrangement where the cabinet is seated behind the podium facing the elected representatives.

The architectural envelopes that enclose parliaments reflect national tradition and democratic as-

piration. Parliament buildings reflect the way countries see themselves, or more accurately, they are the three-dimensional realization of how countries would like themselves to be seen. New Parliaments are constructed to house new governments in new nation states, to replace buildings damaged by fire or bombs, old Parliaments are refurbished to mark reunification, extensions are added to accommodate increasingly full-time parliamentarians.

While the twentieth century saw the construction of more brand new parliaments than any other pre-

ceding period, parliaments are rarely fixed institutions. More often they are accommodated in buildings that are modified at regular intervals throughout their history showing political evolution and shifting national history. Scenes of order and disorder, drama and inertia, within these buildings reflect the political state of any country. The storming of the Reichstag on May Day 1945 was deemed so important it was re-enacted for Soviet cameras days later. And it remains a defining moment.

Fig 35: Reichtag, Berlin

Research 23

Evolution of Democratic Architecture: Ever since antiquity the classical ideal of a universal civilisation based on broadly democratic principles has dominated the practice of politics in the world. Classical democracy not only influenced the formation of later constitutions, it also created an architectural legacy which has dominated both the form and style of parliament buildings to the present day. An alternative precedent originated in the middle of the first century in Iceland. From the outdoor Viking assemblies a distinctive Scandinavian political tradition developed which may be considered as a root of a more specifically national approach to parliamentary architecture. The practical and symbolic precedent for democratic society began in Athens 2,500 years ago, democracy, derived from demokratia (demos - the people, or the citizenry, and kratos - rule), being a form of government in which the people rule themselves, either directly, as in the small city-states of ancient Greece, or through representatives, such as the elected members of Westminster.

The Ancient Greeks created an organised civilisation based upon the political ideal of equality among its citizens, liberty and respect for the law and justice. Almost all our political vocabulary from “political” on, is rooted in the ancient Greek city-state which worked as a designated politically independent community within a specified territory, usually with aspirations for the colonisation of neighbouring states.

Participation in the activities of the polis was a central part of

the definition of Greek citizenship. The Greeks were the first people to create societies based on the concept of citizenship. Belief in isonomia - equality of respect and treatment under the law - enabled the citizens of Athens to overthrow and resist tyranny, or oneman dictatorship, and to place political power “into the centre”, as the Greeks put it. Political power became the property, not of one man, but of all citizens. Athenians gathered on the semi-circular hillside of the Pnyx to the west of the Acropolis. In the fifth century the Pnyx was defined by semicircular masonry which formed the base of a retaining wall that rose to a considerable height, supporting a theatre-like structure capable of seating several thousand people.

Projecting from the upper platform at the centre of the chord of the semi-circular area stood a cube of rock, eleven feet square and five feet high, approached on either side by a flight of steps leading to the top. Its shape ensured that every participant could not see just the speaker, but all those present.

Fig 36: Athens

Research 24

With the growth of the states of the empire and nation in the classical world such narrow parochial democracy became uncontrollable. A rigid distinction between citizens and non citizens became increasingly difficult to maintain. Communities of a few thousand people living in close proximity to each other meant the population became too large and the distance too great for regular meetings of all qualified citizens. This problem has been solved in different ways in different countries in different historical periods. The essence of modern representative government is that people do not govern themselves, but periodically elect those who govern on their behalf. The city-states of ancient Greece, lost its dominant position after the death of Alexander the Great and the following experiment in the organization of society was held in Rome, an experiment whose impact spread throughout the Roman Empire. The political historian Kenneth Minogue noted, “We inherit our ideas from the Greeks, but our practices from the Romans”. All Europeans, however, have benefited from the inheritance of two quite distinct vocabularies with which to explore political life: the political vocabulary of the Greeks - police, politics itself - and the civic vocabulary of the Romans - civility, citizen, civilisation. Both the architecture and the terminology of American politics, for example, are notably Roman.” Like the Greeks the Romans held an assembly of adult males based on a hierarchical system. The oldest and most permanent element in the Roman constitution was the senate or Council of Elders.

Originally members were the heads of leading families who in general formed the upper council of the governmental system. The legendary origin of the ancient Roman senate goes back to Romulus, who selected 100 of his subjects to form an advisory body. By 509 BC the council already contained 300 members.

The Senatorial Assembly met regularly to discuss the political affairs of the day in the Curia or Senate House. Located to the west of the Forum Romanum, it is believed the original Senate House was built by the Etruscan king Tullus Hostilius. His Senate House was rebuilt several times on the same site. In 80 BC it was replaced by the Curia Julia.

Within forty years the Curia Julia was destroyed by fire. Julius Caesar rebuilt it in 44 BC and the task was completed by Augustus. The Curia was restored by Domitian and rebuilt by Diocletian and others to the original design, following a fire in 283. Today, that building survives as the church of Sant’ Adriano. At 21 metres high the building of fired brick faced in concrete and marble with an upper layer of decorated stucco had a significant presence in the city. Senators assembled on rows of wooden seats on steps. The most senior sat on the front benches nearest to the orator. By the time of Augustus the senate had nearly 1,000 members, so many in fact that if all senators attended there were too many to be seated.

Fig 37: Cicero and Catalina in the Roman Senate

Research 25

Modern democracy-classicism reborn

The political institutions established by the Athenian city-state and adopted and modified by the Republic of Rome have had an enduring impact

on modern political practice and thought. The Greek political legacy is still reflected in the abundance of government buildings which act as a physical reminder of the classical origins of parliamentary democracy.

The classical language of architecture has been used more than any other to create monumental parliamentary buildings that both inspire and

can also intimidate in their representation of the democratic ideal. As a showcase for political intention and the pre-eminent symbol of the state parliament buildings embody national identity and historical consciousness. Politicians and architects have used an architecture drawing on past associations to assert the status of existing and developing democracies. ,The rise of neo-classical architecture during the eighteenth century saw the establishment of the first purpose-built semi-circular chamDei in Western democracy, housed in the Palladian Irish parliament building. Characterized by the great ceremonial spaces of the chamber, central hall and monumental entrance enclosed in a classical structure. Semi-circular debating chambers, tracing their roots to the bowl shaped assembly at the Pnyx of Athens and the amphitheatres of Rome, have provided a physical structure for democratic debate in countries as culturally diverse as America, France, Finland, Germany and India.

Ancient Greece and Rome were both predominantly oral cultures, based on popular participation in the affairs of the state with little centralised

bureaucratic control. Classical practice was suppressed, but not extinguished by the Dark Ages from which it re-emerged, only slightly modified by subsequent religious influences. Christian institutions required occasional debating forums for church government and the election of bishops. The overriding tendency was for the clergy to distance themselves from secular debate and maintain an interest only in divine governance using their influence where felt necessary on those who held power whether democratically obtained or not.

In the Western world the classical democratic model was gradually revived to house the representatives of larger populations first for the bour-

geois parliaments of the eighteenth century such as Dublin and Washington and later for parliamentary systems based on universal suffrage. The architectural language of their Parliaments relied upon an established political tradition to reflect its authority. None, more so than the fledgling United States of America which looked back to Greece and Rome to legitimise its’own republic.

The predominant influence on British architectural ideas encapsulating democratic expression was classical. Despite the fact that the most fa-

mous parliamentary building, the “mother of parliaments”, is Gothic in its detail, it relies upon Grecian symmetry in its plan. Most British governments who wished to imply democratic consent for the imperial idea built classical parliamentary buildings throughout their empire. Sir Herbert Baker’s buildings at Pretoria and New Delhi for example are emphatically classicist in their derivation.

The idea that classical architecture could embody the democratic ideal continued well into the twentieth century. It was both a self-conscious claim on Athenian democracy as a legitimization for much younger states, and also an appeal to a cosmopolitan tradition, beyond any single national identity. The internationalism of the modern movement became a twentieth-century embodiment of the same pannational tendency. For example, the United Nations building, in New York, completed in 1952, was intended to symbolise the rational ideals of the member states. Aesthetically, it a tempted to supplant national traditions and prejudices with a universal, progressive design able to communicate the aspirations of the new world organization.

Research 26

Establishing new identities-the modern supplants the classical The emergence of the International Style around the 1920’s brought about the decline in classical representation of parliamentary complexes. Modernity’s desire for clean cut lines and efficiently produced building components was the reason for the sterility and homogeneity in architectural design of the period. E.g. being Chandigarh capitol complex and Dacca’s new parliamentary complex. Post-modernism saw ideas of symbolic imagery for the built having led to such expressions of “transparency of the proceedings and workings”, “public and cultural identity”, “representative of the democratic process and the environment”, “architectural monumentality that equates” with our democratic concept when describing new projects.

Added with this challenge of creating a symbolic architecture, architects have dealt with issues of security, programmatic requirements, site requirements and circulation. For e. g. new Scottish parliament, new Manchester civil justice centre, European court of human rights, No century has seen the construction of more parliamentary buildings than the twentieth century. The wars and revolutions, the constant shifts in the balance of global power, the life and death struggles of old and new nations are measured out in aseries of architectural monuments. The challenge for contemporary architects has been to find ways of putting the vocabulary of modernism to work in creating buildings that reflect national aspirations. Many of the major figures of twentieth century architecture worked on new parliaments intended to reflect national aspirations as well as the universal ideals of the modern movement.

Fig 38: UN Headquarter

Fig 39: Welsh Assembly, Cardiff

Fig 40: Assembly building Dhaka

Research 27

2.3 Tertiary Issues: Bangladeshi Vernacular Architecture Bangladesh has a long history of human settlement. The country’s location in the deltaic region with fertile land, huge vegetations and plenty sources of water were the main attractions to human for establishing settlements here. The evidences from Palaeolithic civilisation proved the existence of human settlement in Bengal region 10 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. It is generally accepted that the human settlements started in the west and the north of Bengal regions. The south was either marshy or deeply forested, and it was not suitable for habitation. But later on, due to siltation in the southern region, the marshy areas were raised and the settlements expanded there from the north. Some other ancient settlements were in the Lalmai region and in the south-western Chittagong (Sultana, 1993).

There are different types of diversities in the house forms. The patterns house forms are subject to vary, which depends on different fa tors. It

is justifiable to discuss about their variety and changes to understand properly the pattern of a Bengali house. The house forms can be changed or transformed by different modifying factors like climate, building materials, construction technology, land features etc.

According to local available materials use, the traditional houses in Bangladesh are grouped in two types.

KUTCHA HOUSE: Which are made of totally organic materials such as bamboo house, mud house, jute stick and catkin grass house, etc.

• Walls: Organic materials like jute stick, catkin grass, straw, bamboo mats, etc. Split are bamboo framing. In some areas wall are made by earth.

• Foundation: Earthen plinth with bamboo or timber posts.

• Roof: Thatch-rice or wheat or maize straw, catkin grass, etc with split bamboo framing SEMI-PUCCA HOUSE: Which are made of mixed with some organic and inorganic materials such as steel house, wooden house etc.

• Walls: Bamboo mats, CI sheet, Timber or bamboo framing. In some areas wall are made by earth. Sometimes part or full brick.

• Foundation: Earthen plinth; Brick perimeter wall with earth infill; Brick and concrete also use.

• Roof: CI sheet with timber or bamboo framing.

Description of different type of traditional houses MUD HOUSE • Earthen Plinth: The earthen plinth extremely vulnerable and get damaged even in low intensity flood, thus requiring frequent maintenance. In moerate to high intensity flood, especially if accompanied by currents, earthen plinths tend to get completely washed off and have to be rebuilt. Compact monolithic earthen plinth is not stabilized. So some time capping the plinth with cement stabilized earth. This is cheaper, easier to construct and maintain. Complete stabilized earth plinth is more expensive and harder to construct, but the results are more durable. Cement stabilization of the typical earthen plinth can be carried out with a mixture of earth and cement. The proportion of cement to be added depends on the nature of the soil.

Research 28

Earthen Wall: • Various types of wall construction according to region. In monolithic construction, floodwater can cause serious damage. Once the base gets affected, the entire structure is liable to collapse, often rapidly. Earthen walls with an internal framework are vulnerable. Even if the earth cover is washed away, the building remains standing and can be repaired. For areas with heavy rainfall and flood, it is essential for earthen houses to have an internal structural framework. Framework can be of bamboo or timber, which should be treated against decay. Mud to be used as plaster or daubing without serving as structural element. Adding cement to the mud plaster stabilizes it and allows resisting erosion.

Roof: • Usually use the thatch roof. Some times also using double C.I. sheet

Fig 41: Mud house in Bangladesh

roof with wooden framework. The roof is strong and well-built, in addition to use of durable, water-resistant Soil should be crushed and sieved through a screen. Deribs and organic matter should be removed 5 % cement by volume should be mixed with earth in dry state. After mixing thoroughly, water should be added to make a paste-like mixture Soil-cement mix to e placed and compacted by hand. To achieve smooth finish, trowel can be used Curing should be done for 2-3 weeks by wetting at frequent intervals.

Can be covered by jute sacks to keep wet After completion of casting, the finished plinth should be compacted with a hand-rammer materials and wind-resistant design. Fibrous thatching material, such as catkin grass, rice straw, palm fronds, wheat, maize or sugarcane leaves needs to be soaked in preservative solution for only 12 hours.

Fig 42: Vernacular architecture,Bangladesh

Research 29

Design Aspect of Mud house Foundation • Plinth must be higher then the flood level.

• Should build house on raised homestead with slightly sloping ground for drainage.

• Increase of cost because of cement stabilization is more than 150%, but its feasibility should not be seen only in apparent cost increase. It is still much less expensive than pucca construction (brick and concrete) and greatly increases flood resistance. Over the long term, cost savings would be realized due to reduced maintenance and labour for regular repair of earthen houses, especially after floods.

Roofing • Extended roof eaves should be used to protect earthen walls from rain.

• Rainwater gutters should be used to discharge water away from the

Fig 43: Vernacular architecture,Bangladesh

house. Added benefit is arsenic-free rainwater collection.

• Roof should be supported on posts instead of earthen walls.

Ventilation • Basic principles for good ventilation should be followed - exposed roof space, accessible loft space and adequate windows oriented to make use of prevailing wind flow direction.

• Adequate ventilation is essential for earthen houses, otherwise leads to dampness, which can weaken the structure.

Causes of Limitations • Water is the greatest enemy of earthen houses.

• Effect of Flood: Floodwater affects the typical earthen plinth, thus weakening the base of walls. Combined with capillary rise of water into the walls, this can result in collapse of the entire house.

• Effect of Rain: Driving rain, especially in houses without sufficiently extended roof eaves, can damage earthen walls severely.

Fig 44: Mud House, Vernacular architecture,Bangladesh

Research 30

BAMBOO HOUSE Plinth: Cement stabilized earthen plinth used in bamboo house. Some times use elevated bamboo framework and bamboo mat as plinth. In some floodprone areas, houses have a built-in wooden/ bamboo platform (machan) normally used as storage space, but during flood serves as a raised refuge area. This practice should be encouraged and promoted for wider replication.

Cement Stabilization • Stabilization of the typical earthen plinth can be carried out with a mixture of earth and cement.

• The proportion of cement to be added depends on the nature of the soil, which can easily be tested on site.

• Capping the plinth with cement-stabilized earth is cheaper, easier to construct and maintain.

Fig 45: Bamboo House, Vernacular architecture,Bangladesh

• Complete stabilized earth plinth is moreexpensive and harder to construct, but the results are more durable.

Wall Organic / Bamboo mat: Typically bamboo houses have bamboo mat walls with bamboo or timber posts. Also organic materials like jutestick, catkin grass are used. Flood with strong currents can destroy wall panels and wash them away, may be partial or complete loss, especially if the connections to posts are weak.

Chemical Treatment of Bamboo Mat Walls • Local treatment of the bamboo mat walls is done by bituminous, oil etc.

• Simple chemical preservative treatment methods for increasing the longevity of organic • Materials have been developed a long time ago.

• Increases cost by 20-25%, but can increase longevity by more than three or four times. If untreated, bamboo mat walls do not last more than 4-5 years in outdoor conditions, but after treatment lasts for 15-20 years.

Fig 46: Bamboo House, Vernacular architecture,Bangladesh

Research 31

Roof:

Roofing

Typically in bamboo house roof is made from catkin grass, rice wheat

• Upper ceiling is used as store, it should allow ventilation and should be

or maize straw with usually bamboo and sometimes reed stalk framing.

accessible for maintenance.

Thatching materials can get detached washed away. Secondary haz-

• Extended roof eaves to be used to prevent direct wetting of walls during

ard often connected to flood is heavy rainfall, which can cause damage.

rain.

Strong wind can also blow away thatching materials and damage frame.

• Rainwater gutters can be used to discharge water away from the

So in some region C.I. sheet are also used for roof.

house. Added benefit is arsenic-free rainwater collection.

• Should build house on raised homestead with slightly sloping ground for

Design Aspect

drainage.

Cross Bracing

Ventilation

• To increase stability and wind- resistance of the structural frame of

• Roof space should be left exposed to allow better airflow and ventila-

bamboo-framed houses, cross- bracing with split bamboo sections

tion.

should be done. a If a house become weakened at its base due to flood,

• Adequate number and size of windows should be built, oriented along

cross-bracing helps to keep the structure stable. a Split bamboo sections

the prevailing wind flow direction to allow cross ventilation.

used for cross-bracing should be treated with chemical preservatives so that they do not decay easily and lose their strength. a Instead of jute or

Protection from Insects and Vermin

coir rope, nylon rope or good quality galvanized wire should be used for tying the elements of the structural frame.

• Termite shield of galvanized MS sheet or cheaper polythene sheet should be used between bottom of bamboo post and its support, such as

Avoiding Ground Contact

concrete stump (kaatla) or masonry plinth.

• Open ends of bamboo posts should be plugged to protect from rodent

• Concrete stump (katla) or if affordable, brick plinth should should be

infestation.

used to support bamboo posts.

• Resting bamboo walls on the plinth should be avoided. Better to have a small gap (around 1 inch) between wall bottom and floor. Also allows prevention of termite infestation.

Research 32

TIMBER HOUSE Timber house:

Roofing:

• In southern regions close to the coast, bamboois less widely grown and

• Can also use MS flat bar clamp (similar as in kaatla) for screwing on to

timber is more in use in house construction.

roof structure

• Good quality timber, such as garjan, although in high demand, is gen-

• To prevent rust, the MS clamps can be painted with molten bitumen.

erally expensive and imported from hilly areas and does not grow in the

• Roof space should be left exposed to allow better airflow and ventilation

floodplains. Low-income villagers can seldom afford it.

with a good number of windows.

Plinth:

Concrete stump for plinth:

• In timber houses cement stabilized plinth is used as a base. In some

• Local method for protecting the base of bamboo/ timber posts by sup-

hilly region elevated bamboo or wooden floor are used. There is a cabin

porting on concrete stumps embedded into the plinth or ground and con-

under the floor in private area that is used as a store in dry seasons.

necting them by MS (mild steel) clamps locally known as kaatla or shiri.

Wall:

• Possible to reduce cost by 10% by making the kaatla partially hol-

• Timber planks of best wood with wooden frame are used for walls.

low. Space can be fill with sand/earth before placing in the ground and

Some traditional preservative such as gubbing, oil, paint, bituminous etc.

strength is not compromised.

are used for weather protection.

Design Aspect of Timber House Wall protection • Exposure to the direct rainfall should be avoided by using timber plank on the inside surface of the wall • Surface treatment such as painting with bitumen can serve as waterproofing.

• If timber posts are used, they should not be buried into the ground and instead should be supported on concrete stumps

Research 33

Inferences: • It is important to learn lessons from history because ‘old ruins, the debris of history beckon us, as do memories of the past, not because we can go and live there, but because we can get insight into the magic of the civilizations which built them.’

• Vernacular architecture refers to structures built of local materials in a functional style devised to meet the needs of common people in their time and place.

• Historically, worldwide, most buildings were built by people without benefit of plans by an architect. It is thought that up to 90% of all buildings have been vernacular---they were built for every day use by ordinary people .

Research 34

CHAPTER 3- Case Studies Since the selected project is in the urban context and already a part of the master plan by Louis I Kahn, all the cases have been selected, are in urban locations. Being in various locations, all the cases have different vernacular settings and different issues to deal with. Symbolism and metaphoric association was another aspect on the basis of which the following cases have been studied.

1. Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India • Organization pattern of the building blocks in a broad master plan level • Symbolism and it’s metaphoric association • Organization of the functions in a linear block 2. Assembly complex for Chennai, TN, India • Organization pattern of the building blocks in a broad master plan level • Designing out of basic geometry • Organization of the functions in a linear block 3. Paliament of Australia • Symbolism and image of the city • Master plan 4. Natonal Secretariat, Thimpu, Bhutan • How it has projected traditional Bhutanese architecture • How it has a good response to the local ecology • Use of local materials • The segregation, privacy and hierarchy of the office of the ministers is very well worked out .

5. . Parliament of Shrilanka • Organization pattern of the building blocks in a broad master plan level • Interpretation and use of vernacular style 6. Reichstag, Berlin 7. United Nations HQ

Case Study 35

Fig 47: Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh

Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh

Case Study 36

Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh Architect:

Le Corbusier

Location:

Chandigarh, India

map Date:

1953 to 1963 timeline

Building Type:

parliament house

Construction System:cast-inFig 48: World Map

Fig 49: Map of India

Fig 50: Map of Chandigarh

place concrete Climate: humid subtropical climate Context: urban, planned city Style:

Modern

Notes: Curved concrete roof form accents block massing (Boesiger, W.1965)

Fig 51: Satellite Image of Chandigarh

Fig 52: Secretariat Building

Case Study 37

Design Concepts: “The governing function in modem India represents, not an activity to be taken for granted, but a goal attained only through years of struggle. It might be wholly appropriate, therefore, that this centre be a place where state functions were not merely housed but celebrated and where architectural statement could be created strong enough to embody a sense of power and permanence, of seriousness and exaltation” Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh (the city) as analogous to a human body, with a clearly defined head (the Captiol Complex). The rest of the city is divided into 4 zones: political, industrial, commercial, and educational. Each one of the four buildings in the Capitol was meant to complement each other to form a whole. They are linked by footpaths, bridges, pools, and paved esplanades. le Corbusier acknowledged India’s spiritual and artistic traditions without lapsing into superficial imitation or ornamentalism. It was a question of probing Indian culture to its roots, its deeper pattern of myth and meaning, then transforming the substructures into modern symbolic forms.

Fig 53: Plan of Palace of assembly

ARCHITECT/PROJECT INTENTIONS The building was designed as a “horizontal rectilinear structure, square in plan- with a monumental front portico. On an urban level, the portico sets up a dialogue with the corresponding entrance to the Justice Palace on axis with the Assembly across the main plaza.

(Boesiger, W.1965)

Fig 54: Section

Fig 55: Section

Fig 56: Perspective

Case Study 38

Fig 58: Typical Floor Plan

Fig 57: Ground Floor Plan

Fig 59: Complex

Fig 60: Secretariat

Fig 61: Section through the complex

Case Study 39

Analysis:

Fig 62:

Orientation: Northwest-Southeast

Fig 64:

Common shared Facilities

Fig 65:

Office spaces

Fig 66:

Vertical and horizontal movement

Fig 67:

Double wall

Fig 63:

Geometry in Master Plan

Built-Open Ratio

Case Study 40

Fig 68:

The road leading to the secretariat

Fig 69: The road leading to the secretariat was excavated to

The road leading to the secretariat

a depth of 16’-6”

was excavated to a depth of 16’6” below the level of the park, thus providing an entrance for visitors and personnel, the excavated material was used to create artificial hillocks. (Boesiger, W.1965)

Fig 70:

Public entry has been restricted to a Certain Point.

Fig 71: Segregation of common facilities, high officials and supporting staffs

Fig 72: Elevation

Case Study 41

Inferences: • The Orientation of the building is Northwest-Southeast.

• Basic geometric principles have been used in locating the building block in the complex.

• Maximization of open area and minimization of built area • Linear horizontal movement and the cores are located on the edges of the linear block.

• Double wall has been used in the external facade of the building.

• Vertical segregation of the common facilities, high officials and the supporting staffs’ office spaces.

Fig 73: View of secretariat building from the assembly building side

Case Study 42

Assembly Complex for Chennai TN India

Fig 74:

View of the complex.

Case Study 43

Assembly Complex for Chennai TN India Basic Statistics • Project Architects:[GMP Germany] Volkwin Marg and Hubert Nienhoff with Kristian Uthe-Spencker • Client: Public Works Department Buildings (Maintenance) Circle • Project manager: Kristian Uthe-Spencker, Margret Böthig • Year of competition 2007 • Year of commissioning 2008 • Year of completion 2010 • Total floor area 170,000 m² • Estimated Cost 200 crores

Fig 75: Satellite image of the campus

The design of the parliament building takes account of the state’s cultural traditions as well as the urban context of the city of Chennai. With its highly visible dome, the design echoes the structural features of Dravidian temple complexes in south India. The geometry of the complex’s structure is derived from the traditional, round chakra or mandala motif, consisting of circles of various sizes inscribed in 36 isosceles triangles. These basic shapes make up the geometrical structure of the entire design in both ground plan and elevation. The internal plan features courtyard architecture with five round interior courts that are functionally differentiated, creating public, semi-public and also secure internal areas. The spacious Citizens’ Forum on the south side of the building is created by the largest circle in the mandala. It is both the opening towards the city and the entrance area, with public functional areas. The three other round courtyards in the interior of the building house the Assembly Hall, the Legislative Assembly Chamber and the Convention Hall. The state parliament rests on a battered plinth and is landscaped all round. The glass dome over the Assembly Hall marks the seat of the Tamil parliament.

Fig 76: Built project

Case Study 44

Concept:

The circle is the most natural and obvious geometric shape for any conference and assembly building. Inspired by the Hindu philosophy of the chakra wheels, the floor-plan design for the new parliament building in Chennai, the capital of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, envisages a five-part figure, formed by circles of different sizes inscribed into 30 segments of a larger, imaginary, circle.

The large parliament building fills one segment of the underlying imaginary circular geometry, whose centre lies beyond the river Kuvam, which runs along the northern site border and flows into the Bay of Bengal quite close to it.

The building structure derived from the chakra vortex column is reserved for the actual parliament building, the seat of the legislative assembly. However, the first circle is a public urban plaza (Civic Forum) at the beginning of the enfilade of architectural structures and landscaped open areas (including administration building, auditorium and guest house) east of the legislative assembly. The Civic Forum circle determines the widths and longitudinal axis of these subordinate bracketing structures und thus forms the ‘hinge’ between the population and the government it elected.

Fig 77: Concept Sketch

Case Study 45

Fig 78:

Vehicular entry VVIP Entry

Tamil Nadu in India

Fig 79:

Cennai

CMs office

Library and Auditorium

Assembly Hall Metro station

Public entry

Secretariat

Convention hall

Fig 80: Precinct location plan.

Case Study 46

Fig 81:

Layout of the secretariat block.

Fig 82:

Parliament Building

Layout of the complex.

Apart from the philosophical foundations of the project, the courtyard motif was an essential design factor, used in various forms: as a central plaza, a central access and distribution area and not least as an open water tank – a traditional element of Tamil Nadu architecture. The designers also used the courtyard motif in other sections of the complex, and filled them with different functions.

Four circular ‘holes’, or negative forms (courtyards), were cut into the building mass and filled with different contents. The first and largest negative form has been left open, whilst the three following ones accommodate special functional cylinders (assembly hall, library, conference rooms, etc.). The airspace between the large, curving peripheral building mass and the cylinders ensures natural lighting for the rooms even down to the ground floor. The cylinder buildings are connected to the peripheral structure by bridges arranged like the spokes of a wheel. The fifth, and smallest, cylinder to the northeast is shaded by a mighty old banyan tree, which stands on the longitudinal axis of the complex.

Fig 83:

Site Plan

Case Study 47

Analysis:

Fig 84:

Horizontal and vertical circulation system

Fig 85:

High officials and supporting staff’s office spaces

Fig 86:

Common shared facilities

Fig 87:

Location of wash rooms

Fig 88:

Built-open ratio in the campus

Fig 89:

Orientation: Northeast-Southwest

Case Study 48

Inferences Due to the lack of area for the Assembly complex and being situated in the heart of the city , the building lacks any major axis to view its monumentality . This is also a classical example where the local government went over expectant of a foreign firm to deliver on to their project missing out on the local architecture. The building lacks local vernacular architecture influence except for the vague representation of the mandala in the plan form and the various patterns on the façade put post construction of the actual building. The site constrains of being small dictates the building to open in to itself and an introvert design rather than to open out on to a major large landscape or green area and inviting the people stating its gregarious image. With such a rich architectural tradition in south India in terms of temple complexes the assembly complex fails to match he splendor and grandeur of the temple complexes of that era in any dimension.

• Linear horizontal circulation pattern • All the common facilities are in one block among 6 blocks • Clear segregation of high officials and supporting staff’s office spaces • Common shared cores with some partially shared cores • Maximum open area, minimum built-ups • Orientation Northeast-Southwest

Fig 90:

View of the entry

Case Study 49

Fig 91:

Parliament of Assembly

Parliament Of Australia Case Study 50

Parliament House, Canberra Architect:

Romaldo Guirgola

Location:

Canberra, Australia

Date:

1978 to 1988 timeline

Building Type:

Parliament house

Climate: dry continental climate Context: urban, planned city Style:

Modern

Cost A$1.1 billion Floor area250,000 m²

Fig 93:

View of the entry

Canberra designed to house the national government of a newly federated Australia, emerged in a situation of relative homogeneity and political continuity, yet it is hardly a place without tension. With a dwindling aboriginal population pushed aside, the issue of contention among the settlers centred on economic and political matters rather than racial and ethnic strife. Australia’s imperial/commonwealth status even after federation implied divided loyalties and yielded a more tempered nationalism: Canberra’s choice as federal capital required not only the approval of the Australian parliament, but also royal assent from overseas.

Even so, it was located in an area so remote that, when selected, the capital district’s horses, sheep, and cattle each outnumbered its humans. Some of the site’s appeal also seems rooted in a desire foe a capital with “cold climate”, a preference rooted not just in a wish to escape the harshest aspects of an AusFig 92:

Parliament of Australia

tralian summer but also in a radicalized sense that Australia’s Anglo-Saxon roots might best be developed to full advantage in cool conditions.

Case Study 51

Site (Master Plan) The master plan for the new capital, designed chiefly by Walter Burley Griffin and rendered by his wife and business partner, Marion Mahomy Griffin, was selected after an international competition that pre-dated the naming of the city. The Griffin plan sought to make maximum use of the rolling topography of what many believed to have once been the most beautiful sheep station in Australia. Griffin sited the main ceremonial axis of the city to align visually with distant mountain peaks and envisioned a cross-axis formed by water. The most important government building, intended to symbolize the center of the nation, were to be symmetrically about the land axis and contained in a triangle set off by the water axis and the two grand, converging diagonal avenues that bridge it. This, Griffin felt, would enable the activities of government to take place in an “accessible but still quite area�.

At its heart, the major avenues of Griffin’s official plan demarcated not just the presence of government but a grand triangle of functions, with three nodes -- Government Center (centered on the Capitol), Market Center (centered on the main railway station), and Municipal Center (centered on a City Hall) with a manufacturing section located a safe distance to the northwest, in proper Garden City spirit. North of the water axis he proposed public garden and a variety of

Fig 94:

Parliament of Australia

The master plan for the new capital, de-

civic institutions. Griffin initially referred to this street as capital Terrace, suggesting his belief

signed chiefly by Walter Burley Griffin and

in the primary of the view up the land axis to the place that become know as Capital Hill. Grif-

rendered by his wife and business part-

fin stressed the need for a public transit system and a diversity of house sizes and prices within

ner, Marion Mahomy Griffin, was selected

each residential community in order to avoid social segregation, yet subsequent planners aban-

after an international competition that

doned these goals.

pre-dated the naming of the city. The

Griffin plan sought to make maximum use of the rolling topography of what many believed to have once been the most beautiful sheep station in Australia.

Griffin sited the main ceremonial axis of the city to align visually with distant mountain peaks and envisioned a cross-

Fig 95:

Parliament of Australia

axis formed by water.

Case Study 52

The most important government building, intended to symbolize the center of the nation, were to be symmetrically about the land axis and contained in a triangle set off by the water axis and the two grand, converging diagonal avenues that bridge it. This, Griffin felt, would enable the activities of government to take place in an “accessible but still quite area”.

At its heart, the major avenues of Griffin’s official plan demarcated not just the presence of government but a grand triangle of functions, with three nodes ---- Government Center (centered on the Capitol), Market Center (centered on the main railway station), and Municipal Center (centered on a City Hall) with a manufacturing section located a safe distance to the northwest, in proper Garden City spirit. North of the water axis he proposed public garden and a variety of civic institutions.

Fig 96:

Plan

Fig 97:

View

Fig 98:

The axis

Case Study 53

Analysis:

Fig 99:

Functional Segregation within the Complex

Fig 101:

Horizontal circulation system

Fig 100:

Fig 102:

Open-built ratio

Segregation of different types of office spaces

Case Study 54

Inferences: • It has been observed that the shape of the building reflects the unique location of site, with a form that is “readable” from many different vantage points.

• The traditional and mythological beliefs of the state have been reflected in the architecture of the capitol complex.

• The monumentality of the site has in general been handled by a careful integration of landscape with built volumes.

• The assembly hall has been sited across one end of the axis. Further, other related buildings have been sited symmetrically across on either side of the axis leading up to the assembly hall.

• Topography of the site has been consistently used to emphasize the monumental nature of the most impotant building on site – the assembly hall.

Case Study 55

Fig 103:

Bhutan Secretariat

National Secretariat at Thimpu Bhutan

Case Study 56

Fig 104:

Map of Bhutan

Fig 105:

Precinct Boundary

Fig 106:

Plan of the Precinct

National Secretariat at Thimpu Bhutan Architect:

Christopher Charles Benninger

Architects.

Location:

Thimpu, Bhutan

Building Type:

parliament house

Construction System: cast-in-place concrete Climate: a warm, temperate climate Context: urban Client: Royal Government of Bhutan Built Up Area: 26750 Sft. Cost: Rs/ Nu. 13.68 crores Construction Duration: 13 months Completion Year: April 2008

Fig 107:

Plan of the Precinct

Case Study 57

Fig 108:

Land use

Fig 111:

Land use Precinct Potentials

Fig 109:Circulation

Systems

Fig 110:

Existing Public Transportation

Fig 113:

Fig 112:

Symbolism of Tripartite Nature of Democracy

Study of Symbolic Relationships in the Dzong Precinct

Case Study 58

Urban Design of the Trashi Chhoe Dzong Precinct The one and half square kilometer zone surrounding the Trashi Chhoe Dzong was declared as special precinct in the new capital city plan. The urban design was prepared to reflect: 1) the symbolic checks and balances between executive, legislative and judiciary branches of governance; 2) the role of the state as represented by his majesty and the Je Kenpo, or spiritual leader of Bhutan; 3) the place of the people within the symbolic geometry of the complex; 4) the integration of the numerous heritage structures, Wang Chhu river, surrounding hill and mountain profiles and vast open spaces.

The design uses continuous directional references to the apex of the sacred Utse temple as a unifying factor; symbolic placement of the branches of governance around the icon of the state; inclusion of the people in a vast public domain in the form of a memorial plaza to his late majesty, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. The vista of eight fold path connects the judiciary to the Dzong, and various symbolic gardens link the complex using an auspicious one hundred and eight Chortens, auspiciously located within sacred energy zones. Except for VVIP movement, essential maintenance, security and physically challenged access, no vehicles can enter the precinct, which is pedestrianized.

Fig 114:

Urban Precincts in Thimphu of the Trashi Chhoe Dzong

Case Study 59

Fig 115:

Site Section across Chhophel Lam extending to Dechhen Lam

Fig 116:

Site Section across Chhophel Lam extending to Dzong

Fig 117:

Site Elevation from the Trashi Chhoe Dzong

Case Study 60

Fig 118:

Fig 119:

Diagram showing the proposed Accesses and Circulation Patterns

Fig 120:

View of the Dharma Sthal showing alignment with Utse

Parliamentary Complex

The National Secretariat Complex The mountain Kingdom of Bhutan boasts of the world’s most pristine environment, ancient Buddhist and Bon customs, and a unique architectural tradition. His majesty has formed a Constitutional Commission, which will bring democracy to the country.

To accommodate a democratic form of governance CCBA was engaged to prepare the new capital city plan, and then the Capitol Complex within that framework. The Royal Secretariat Complex houses ten ministries, with provisions for expansion. It includes the Prime Minister’s Office and the Royal Civil Service Commission. Covering about one million square feet of built up area, the campus includes underground parking; high-tech security facilities; a banquet hall and staff dining; an auditorium; media center, dispatch office; and stationary shops. The campus adjoins and is part of the Trashi Chhoe Dzong Precinct in which the iconic fortress monastery sits. A study of traditional Bhutanese architecture resulted in a campus which blends with the heritage setting, which offering contemporary work places with the latest office spaces and facilities.

Case Study 61

Fig 121:

View of the Dharma Sthal showing alignment with Utse

Case Study 62

Fig 122:

Fig 123:

Three dimensional view

Section

Diagrammatic Representation of the Typical Arrangement of Spaces within a Ministry

Case Study 63

Prime Minister’s Office

Fig 124:

Plan 1

Fig 125:

Plan 2

Fig 126:

Plan 3

Fig 127:

Plan 4

Fig 128:

View

Fig 129:

Sections

Fig 130:

Key Plan

Case Study 64

Fig 131:

Fig 132:

Roof Plan

Fig 135:

View of the Tshechu Ground

Fig 136:

Section through the Tshechu Ground

Section

Fig 133:

Elevation

Fig 134:

Elevation

Case Study 65

Inferences: The National Secretariat Complex symbolizes Bhutan’s economic, social and technological progress. It is not only a functional campus creating efficient and utilitarian work space; it is also a reflection of Bhutan’s culture and traditions.

• It projects the design, that speaks the features of traditional Bhutanese architecture and a high-performance building complex.

• One of the best manifestation of local architecture in urban context as well as the building typology.

• Good response to the local ecology and a sustainable design proposal.

• Use of local materials and employment of the local craftsman.

• Anything other than the design would have ruined the whole landscape of Thimpu.

• Good recognition of traditional ceremonies and religious activities with minimum architectural intervention to facilitate a particular activity as in the case of Tshechu ground.

• The scale and proportions used are very humane and they merge very well with the surroundings landscape.

• The segregation, privacy and hierarchy of the office of the ministers is very well worked out .

Case Study 66

Summing Up:

Analysis of Case studies

Sl. No.

Project name

Compl ition Project Architect date Type

Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, Lee 1 India Corbusier

Assembly complex for Chennai, [GMP 2 TN, India Germany]

Paliament Romaldo 3 of Australia Guirgola Christoph er Charles National Benninger Secretariat, Architects.

Thimpu, 4 Bhutan

Context

Climate

Vertical / Horizontal Circulation Form/Architectura system/Corridor l Expression Orientation

State Urban, Parliame Planned 1963 nt house City

•Cores located on the Humid edges subtropical •Linear circulation climate Pattern/Corridor

Modern, Linear Block

State Parliame 2007 nt house Urban

Semi arid •Common &partially hot and sub shared cores temperate •Linear circulation cold Pattern/Corridor

Modern, Linear Block

Parliame 1988 nt house Urban

Dry continental climate

Modern

Parliame nt house

Urban

Warm, temperate climate

Vernacular contemporary

Project Type

NorthwestSoutheast

State Parliamen t house

NortheastSouthwest

State Parliamen t house

NorthwestSoutheast

Parliamen t house

North-South Parliamen t house

Case Study 67

Architectural Pragram:

Programming and design have a reciprocal relationship, each necessarily informs the other. Methods of drafting a program are unique, depend-

ing on a number of issues, type of project, scale of project, client, etc. In the present scenario, broad outlines of the program has been derived from the proposed distribution of functions and their respective volumes by the project architect. This is from an abstract of the officially released data for the project by the Bangladesh government.

Further, detailed breakdown of the program has been worked out after a careful analysis of the functional requirements and the maximum user

capacity of the building.

Program Sl. No. 1 2 3 4

Name of Ministries Chief Adviser Office Cabinet Division Ministry Of Establishment

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Finance Ministry Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Food And Disaster Management Ministry of Post and Tele Ministry of Information Ministry of Religious Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Planning Ministry of Environment and Forest Ministry of Defense Ministry of Labour and Employment

16 17

Ministry of Textile and Jute Ministry of Housing and Public Works

18 19

Ministry of Power, Energy and Resources Division Ministry Commerce Total

5 6

Area Required(sq.m) Sl. No. Name Of the Ministries 1434 20 Ministry of Chittagong Hills Tracts 3100 21 Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism 9148 22 Ministry of Land Ministry of Women and Children 10269 23 Affairs 4766 3583

Area Required(sq.m) Grand Total 1574 2133 2271 1935

24 Ministry of Youth and Sports 25 Ministry of Communications

1980 3816

3839 2023 2804 2129 5616 12139 2275 2610 2555

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

3496 3664 2239 2728 2111 2519 1984 4261 4566

2349 2980

35 36

3032 3796 80447

37 38

Ministry of Industries Ministry of Education Ministry of Primary and Mass Ministry of Science and ICT Ministry of Social Welfares Ministry of Water Resources Ministry of Cultural Affairs Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperative Ministry of Liberation War Affairs Ministry of Expatriates Welfare and Overseas Division Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock

4432 2350 1619 2399 52077

132524

Program 68

National Secretariat Complex, Dhaka, Bangladesh Sl. No. Name of the Post 1 Minister/State Minister/Deputy Minister

Personnel Minister's Room MLSS PRO+MLSS PS+APS MLSS Waiting Room

Activity

Quantitative Occupa No. Of ncy Post 1 2 2 2 3

Office Hr, Day

min 1, max 3

Manpower Per Unit

Secretary

Secretary's Room+toi PS+Comp.

Op.+LDA MLSS Waiting Zone

1 3 2

Office Hr, Day

Total

min 1, max 2

9

Total 6 3

Room Additional secretary MLSS PRO

1 2 1

Office Hr, Day

min 0, max 4

3

min 1, max 9

min 3, max 33(Food & Disaster Management)

Room Joint Secretary/Chief MLSS PRO

1 1 1

Office Hr, Day

5

Deputy Secretary/ PS/ Chief

Room MLSS PRO

6

Assistant Secretary/

Room MLSS

22.7+4.7 5.5+5.5+4.7 9.3

16.2+4.7 5.5 9.3

Total

min 1, 1 max 99

Provision for AC

500

200 Natural

Low

Medium

32.5 Artificial/N Required atural 29.6 Required 15.7 Required 14.8 Natural Prefered

Private Semi Semi Public

Provision for AC

500

200 Natural

Low Medium

27.4 Required 15.7 Artificial/N Required atural 9.3 Required

Private Semi Semi

500

Provision for AC

Low

Min 25, Max 31

20.9 Required Artificial/N 5.5 Required atural 9.3 Required

Private Semi Semi

500

Provision for AC

Low

500

Provision for AC

Low

500

Provision for AC

Low

500

Provision for AC

Low

35.7 14.8 5.5 9.3

1

Office Hr, Day

Private Semi Semi Semi Semi Public

52.4

min 3, max 63(Food & Disaster Management)

Total 3 Sr. Assistant Secretary/

32.5 Required 15.7 Artificial/N Required atural 14.8 Required 23.3 Required 16.5 Required 18.5 Natural Prefered

Associative

Air Condition/ Noise natural vent. Generated

92.6

Total

1 min 1, 1 max 26 1

Office Hr, Day

27.8+4.7 13.9+5.5+5.5+4.7 5.5x2+4.7 14.8

Total

Total 3

View

Quantitative Lighting lvl Privacy (lux)

121.5

Total

Total 4 4

27.8+4.7 5.5x2+4.7 9.3+5.5 13.9+9.3 5.5+5.5+5.5 18.5

10

Total

2

Unit Area Required Total (sq.m) Area(sq.m) Lighting

14.8 Required Artificial/N 5.5 Required atural 9.3 Required

Pricate Semi Semi

29.6 9.3

9.3

5.5

5.5

Required

Private

Required

Semi

Artificial/N Required atural Required

Semi Semi

Artificial/N atural

Chief Total 2

7

Administrative/accou nts officer/Class II officer Room MLSS

Total

min 1, 1 max 11 1

Office Hr, Day

Min13,Max45

Total 2

14.8

9.3 5.5 Total

9.3 5.5 14.8

Quantitative

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Name of the Post Personnel Library Conference Hall Min. Conference Hall Secretary Conference Computer Room Prayer Room photocopy room Store & Record Room CCTV & Guard Room Visitors Waiting

Quantitative

Common Facilities Occupa No. Of Manpower Per ncy Post Unit

Activity Office Hr, Day 12Hours 12 Hours 12 Hours 12 Hours 12 Hours Office Hour,Day Office Hour, Day 24 Hours Office Hour,Day

100 50 100 60 30

40

Unit Area Required Total (sq.m) Area(sq.m) 225 110 60 110 90 28 14 75 28 28 Sub Total 30% Circulation Grand Total

PS:

PRIVATE SECRETARY

Direct

Lighting Art/Nat Artificial Artificial Artificial Artificial Natural Art/Nat Art/Nat Art/Nat Natural

View Privacy Prefered Public Prefered Semi Prefered Semi Prefered Semi Not Required Semi Not Required Public Not Required Public Not Required Private Not Required Private Prefered Public

Lighting lvl (lux) 500 300 300 300 100 100 200 100 100 200

Associative Air Condition/ Special natural vent. Attributes Provision for AC Low AC Medium AC Medium AC Medium AC Low Natural Medium Natural High Natural Low AC Medium Natural Medium

768 230 998

Program 69

Total 2

Total

14.8

Common Facilities in Each Department:

Quantitative

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Name of the Post Personnel Library Conference Hall Min. Conference Hall Secretary Conference Computer Room Prayer Room photocopy room Store & Record Room CCTV & Guard Room Visitors Waiting

Quantitative

Common Facilities Occupa No. Of Manpower Per ncy Post Unit

Activity Office Hr, Day 12Hours 12 Hours 12 Hours 12 Hours 12 Hours Office Hour,Day Office Hour, Day 24 Hours Office Hour,Day

100 50 100 60 30

40

Unit Area Required Total (sq.m) Area(sq.m) 225 110 60 110 90 28 14 75 28 28 Sub Total 30% Circulation Grand Total

PS:

PRIVATE SECRETARY

Common Facilities in General

Lighting Art/Nat Artificial Artificial Artificial Artificial Natural Art/Nat Art/Nat Art/Nat Natural

View Privacy Prefered Public Prefered Semi Prefered Semi Prefered Semi Not Required Semi Not Required Public Not Required Public Not Required Private Not Required Private Prefered Public

Lighting lvl (lux) 500 300 300 300 100 100 200 100 100 200

Associative Air Condition/ Special natural vent. Attributes Provision for AC Low AC Medium AC Medium AC Medium AC Low Natural Medium Natural High Natural Low AC Medium Natural Medium

768 230 998

Direct

Sub Total 15,046 sqm Circulation 4,513 sqm Total 19,559 sqm

Program 70

Program 71

Program 72

Program 73

Organograms

Program 74

Inferences: • The program developed for this project is very diverse in nature. The critical task would be to zone out the functions in relation to the existing master plan carefully and hierarchically. An over all massing which merge to the existing buildings are expected out of the organization of the functions.

• To interweave the functions in such a way that the space created is not monotonous for the user. At the same time it is able to segregate all conflicting uses such as:

-Pedestrian and Vehicular

-Public, Officials

-Emergency Services

-Catering Services

• Each and every space has a unique combination of light, ventilation, height, area, orientation, finishes, security level, noise level, and views. Such criteria should be considered while detailing out each space.

• The program when observed carefully, incorporates a very high circulation area. It is of utmost importance to be able to respond to this with the greatest of caution.

• Such a large program, can be reinterpreted as an urban design development. It is important to be able to respond boldly to such area distributions and not get caught with small gestures that do not contribute to anything in the bigger sense.

• The program developed indicates large amounts of open area as opposed to the built mass. This presents a unique opportunity to integrate large scale landscape development with the proposed constructs in an attempt to emphasize an architecture of permanence.

Program 75

Bangladesh: Overview Area: • 147, 570 sq. km. (55,813 sq. mi.)

Geography: • It is Bounded by India from the north, east and west and by the Bay of Bengal and Myanmar from the south.

Capital: Dhaka Government type:

Parliamentary democracy branches: executive(chief of state and head of government),

legislative and judicial

Chief of State: President Zillur RAHMAN (since Feb 2009) Head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wajed (since Jan 2009)

Fig 137:

Boat-ride tradition

Fig 138:

Nakshikantha tradition

Fig 139:

Jamdani Saree

The chief of state acts as the president but the real power is held by the head of the

government Economy: Currency: Taka • Bangladesh is devoted mostly on agriculture-Principal crops include Rice, Jute,Tobacco, Sugarcane,Oilseeds,Spices,Potatoes,Tea and Wheat.

• They also focus on exports of readymade garments,Jute and Jute products,Tea, Leather and Frozen food • Healthcare Practices- Pluralistic health care system includes healers such as physicians, nonprofessionally trained doctors, Aryuvedic practitioners, homeopaths, fakirs, and naturopaths Tradition: • They held their traditional boat race during rainy season • Nakshikantha - the embroidered quilt, treated as a piece of folk artistry for its rare beauty, colour and design • Jamdani saree: Traditional hand-made saree.

Site Analysis

76

People And Culture Bangladesh has a rich, diverse culture. Its deeply rooted heritage is thoroughly reflected in its architecture, dance, literature, music, painting and clothing. Annual celebrations for Independence Day (26 March), Language Martyrs’ Day (21 February) and Victory Day (16 December) are prominently celebrated across the city. Dhaka’s people congregate at the Shaheed Minar and the Jatiyo Smriti Soudho to remember the national heroes of the liberation war. Pohela Baishakh, the Bengali New Year, falls annually on April 14 and is popularly celebrated across the city.Large crowds of people gather on the streets of Shahbag, Ramna Park and the campus of the University of Dhaka for celebrations.

Clothing: The most popular dressing style for women are sarees or salwar kameez, while men usually prefer western clothing to the traditional lungi.

Music: Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands, traditional folk music remains widely popular.The works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and national anthem writer Rabindranath Tagore

Fig 141:

Language Martyrs’ Day

have a widespread following across Dhaka.The Baily Road area is known as Natak Para (Theatre Neighbourhood) which is the centre of Dhaka’s thriving theatre movement.

Fig 142:

Fig 143:

Victory Day Celebration

Fig 144:

Bengali New Year Celebration

Traditional Food

Religion:

Fig 140:

Independence Day

Site Analysis

77

Flora and Fauna Bird: Abundance of Bangladesh’s bird life makes it an ornithologist’s paradise. Of the 525 recorded species, 350 are resident. Among them are bulbul, magpie, robin, common game birds, cuckoos, hawks, ducks, fish eagle,sowls, crows, kingfishers, woodpeckers, parrots and moyna.

Mammals: Of the 200 species of mammals, the pride of place goes to the Royal Bengal Tiger of the Sunderbans. Six types of deer are found in the hill tracts and the Sunderbans. Clouded leopard, leopard cat, mongoose, jackal and rhesus monkey are also found.

Bovine animals: three species- buffalo, ox and gayal- are found.

Reptiles: sea turtle, river tortoise, mud turtle, crocodiles, gavial, python, krait and cobra. About 200 species of marine and freshwater fish are also found. Prawns and lobsters are available in plenty for local consumption and export.

Fig 145:

Flora

In the shallow water of the floodplains, ponds and swamps of the country various hydrophytes and floating ferns grow in abundance. Around 60% of the Gangetic plain is under rice paddy and jute cultivation. The village homes are usually concealed by the lush green foliage of a wide variety of trees, thickets of bamboo and banana plants. A characteristic feature of the landscape is the presence of a variety of palm,teak and fruit trees.

Banyan Tree, Cactus, DevDaru, Orchid, Papaya Trees are also found.

Flowers: Each season produces its special variety of flowers in Bangladesh; among them, the prolific Water Hyacinth flourishes. Other decorative plants, which are widely spread are Jasmine, Water Lily, Rose, Hibiscus, Bougainvillea, Magnolia, and an incredible diversity of wild orchids in the forested areas.

Fig 146:Fauna

Site Analysis

78

Climate : Tropical with heavy rain and bright sunshine in the monsoon and warm for the greater part of the year. The winter months, form November to March are however, most likeable, cool and pleasant.

Hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

Fig 147:

Solar energy and surface meteorology

Temperature :

Fig 148:

Sunrise, sunset, dawn and dusk times, table

Summer:

max.6.7 c, min 3 21.1 c

Winter: max 31.7

c,min 10.5 c Rainfall : 2540 mm annually Humidity : 80 per cent (approx) Type of Clothing : Tropical in summer and light woolen in winter.

Latutute : 23 Degree N

Fig 149:

Extreme Weather Events:

Hydrology &River System • River networks surrounded by Dhaka city, East side Balu river, west

Sun path diagram

The extreme weather events include tropical cyclones, tornado, cloudburst

side Turag & Buriganga, North sideTongi Khal and South side Shital-

and flash floods.

akhya.

• In 1970, a Category-3 tropical cyclone killed 500,000 people

• These rivers belong mainly to Brahmaputra.

• In 1989, a deadly tornado killed 1,300 people in Dhaka Division.

• Meghna River System has also influence on water level in the rivers.

• In 1991, a Category-5 tropical cyclone killed 138,866 people

• Internal drainage system consisting of narrow to medium khals con-

• In 2010, about 333 millimetres (13.1 in) of rain was recorded in Dhaka.

nected to river system

Site Analysis

79

Impact Of Climate Change on Architecture: Climate change has forced many people of Bangladesh living in rural areas to migrate to cities that has caused a sharp rise in the slum population of Dhaka.

Fig 150:

Picture of Slum in Dhaka Fig 151:

Threats for Dhaka Mega city : Existing and Future

Slums in Dhaka

Dhaka Mega City: Key Concern

• Temperature variation

• Energy consumption

• Erratic rainfall

• Solid Waste Management

• Flood and water logging

• Sewage and Drainage Management

• Cyclone

• Surface and ground water problems

• Climate induced health outbreak

• Traffic congestion

• Sea Level Rise: 2m -13

• Climate Change and climate variability

Fig 152:

Distribution of Open Spaces in Dhaka City

Site Analysis

80

Topography • Ground elevation 0.5 m to 12 m (Pwd) • 60% - 70% of the City area .5m to 5 m (pwd) . These areas are low laying and also used as detention basin during flood • Low lands are continuously filled up to build new settlements.

• Natural open drainage system is continuously encroached upon or sometimes destroyed Forest of Bangladesh:

Site

The forest cover of Bangladesh is only about 9 percent. The thickest forests are in the coastal Sunderbans and the hill tracts in the northeast.

Fig 154:

Digital Elevation Map of Dhaka City

Water Level Of Bangladesh: As Bangladesh is already less than 20 feet above sea level, thus there are fears that by the end of the 21st century, more than a quarter of the country will be inundated and 15 million people will be displaced.Dhaka which has a population of 13 million people, its population is projected to increase to 20 million by the year 2025 raising the fears of water-borne diseases and outbreak of several other diseases.While a UN and WWF report warned that Dhaka tops the risk of climate change in Asia. The highest point is the Keokradong 1,230 m (4,035 ft) - the Fig 153:

Forest Areas Of Bangladesh

lowest point is the Indian Ocean (0 m.)

Fig 155:

Languages of Bangladesh

Site Analysis

81

Fig 157:

Fig 158:

Dhaka

Fig 159:

Bangladesh

Fig 156:

Asia

Sher-e-Bangla Nagar

Site Analysis

82

Landuse And Drainage The present type of land uses of the greater Dhaka city include residential 32%, commercial 4%, agricultural 57%, water bodies 5%, and open fields 2% (Hafiz et al., 1997). However, in the metropolitan city area, the percentage of the agricultural land is much lower.

Fig 160:

Land-use Pattern of Dhaka City

Fig 161:

Drainage Pattern of Dhaka City

Fig 162:

Flood water diagram of 1988

History of Floods: • Two kinds flood, one due to water level rising, i.e. river flooding and another is rainfall flooding due to Heavy rainfall & drainage congestion.

• ¾Highest hourly recorded rainfall 162 mm and recorded daily rainfall 300 mm.

• ¾ During monsoon every year large portion of Dhaka city inundated due to low topography • Three large rivers of the country have a total catchments of 1.7 million sq km lying in Bhutan, China, Nepal outside of Bangladesh. When excessive rainfall occurs in three catchments, huge run off generated; the rise of water level synchronize, then floods as of disasterous nature occur.

• ¾ The floods of 1954, 1955, 1968, 1971, 1974, 1987, 1988, 1998 & 2004 are disastrous.

• In 1998

56% of the city was inundated for about 69 days including most of the eastern part

Site Analysis

83

Transportation

Fig 163:

Transport System

Fig 164:

Road congestion point Dhaka City

Fig 165:

Proposed MRT and BRT routes in Dhaka

Mode of Transport: • Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport • Public buses are operated by the state-run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) and by private companies and operators.

• Scooters, taxis and privately owned automobiles are increasingly becoming popular with the city’s growing middle class.

• The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine taxis with “Green taxis” locally called CNG, which run on compressed natural gas.

• The Kamalapur Railway Station, Airport (Biman Bandar) Railway Station and the Cantonment Railway Station are the main railway stations providing trains on suburban & national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway • The Shahjalal International Airport, located 15 km north of Dhaka city centre, is the largest and busiest airport in the nation.It handles 52% of the country’s international and domestic arrivals and departures

Site Analysis

84

Geography: Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at 23°42’0”N 90°22’30”E, on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. The city lies on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and covers a total area of 360 square kilometres (140 sq mi).Dhaka district has an area of 1463.60 square kilometres (565 sq mi); and is bounded by the districts of Gazipur, Tangail, Munshiganj, Rajbari, Narayanganj, Manikganj.Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterize the land, which is flat and close to sea level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the monsoon seasons owing to heavy rainfall and cyclones.

• Area Fig 166:

Indigenous pattern of old Dhaka

Land 360 km2, Water 48.56 km2

• Density 23,029/km2

Fig 167:

Planned layout of New City

Built-up Area: All residential, commercial and industrial areas, villages, settlements and transportation infrastructure

Fig 168:

Land cover map of Dhaka

Water body: River, permanent open water, lakes, ponds, canals and reservoir Vegetation: Trees, shrub lands and semi natural vegetation: deciduous and coniferous and mixed forest palms, orchard, herbs, climbers, gardens, inner-ciy recreational areas, parks and playgrounds,grassland and vegetable lands Low land: permanent and seasonal wetlands, low-lying areas, marshy land, rills and gully, swamps, mud fields, all cultivated areas including urban agriculture: crop fields and rice-paddies.

Fallow land: Fallow land, earth and sand land in-fillings, construction sites, developed land, excavation sites, solid waste landfills.

Fig 169:

Gradual Growth of Dhaka city

Site Analysis

85

Population Area : Metropolitan City - 360 sq. km Population : 9.3 million - Metropolitan Area.

6.0 million - Dhaka City Corpora-

tion.

Growth of Population : 6% per year.

Working force : 50% of the population aged 10 year and above are in gain full employment Informal Activities : 21% Household Work : 28% Other Service : 25% Unemployed : 23% Garment Workers and Household Work (Women) 0.8% million.

Per Capita Income : US$ 550 Literacy Rate : 63.2%

Dhaka, a mega city stretching around an area of 590 sq. mile, is now a city of about 10 million people growing in an annual rate of 6 percent (Islam (ed.), 2000). Metropolitan Dhaka has two connotations, first is that of central city i.e. Dhaka City Corporation covers an area of 200 sq. mile and the population is about 8 million, or Dhaka city as it is popularly known and the other one is the Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area (DSMA) covers an area of 550 sq. mile (Islam, (ed.), 2000).

Ethnic groups: Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims 2% Nationality: Bangladeshi Languages: Bengali (official, also known as Bangla), English

Fig 170:

Population Growth

Site Analysis

86

Fig 171:

Master plan

Sher e Bangla Nagar

Site Analysis

87

Site Analysis 88 Fig 172:

Image of the Precinct

Landuse:

Serveces Available on Site: Electricity: Electricity supplied by P.B.D. is available here.

It has a supply voltage of about 220 and 440 volts at 50 cycle.

Gas:

Fig 174:

Figure Ground

Gas is supplied by Titas Gas. Gas pipe line network covers northern & western side of the site.

Sewer: Sewer pipe line runs all along the peripheral roads of the site. On the new proposed road on the south side, a sewer line is needed.

Telephone & Telex: Telephone and Telex connection is available in the site.

Drainage: The site is well connected to the greater Dhaka under ground drainage sysFig 173:

Landuse Pattern

tem. So, the site is not facing the problem of stagnant

Site Analysis

89

Fig 175:

Site amenities

Site Analysis

90

Traffic Study:

Fig 176:

Traffic Study

Lakes:

Fig 177:

Water bodies around the site

Fig 178:

Water bodies around the site

Site Analysis

91

Site Sections Housing

Hospital Fig 179:

Convention

Site

Road

Lake

SECTION AA

Mousoleum

Assembly Building

Road

Lake Fig 180:

SECTION BB

Two way road Only one side of the site has access to the road

Pedestrian Movement around site B

A

A

Fig 182: Fig 181:

Site Plan

Key Plan

B

Site Analysis

92

SITE AND SURROUNDINGS

Fig 183:

Site Definition

9M

16M

12M 30M

6M

Site

16M 12M

Fig 184:

6M 12M

9M

Heights of the buildings around the site

Site Analysis

93

VIEW B

VIEW C Fig 186:

Key Plan

ADJACENT FUNCTION: North: Govt. Office, Agricultural University South: Zia Udyan, Assembly Building West: Housing of govt. Officer East: Old Airport

VIEW A

Fig 185:

Images of the site

VIEW D

Site Analysis

94

Inferences:

• The proposed construct is a part of the master plan done by Louis I Kahn, and without the secretariat all the others buildings have been constructed. Later, the plot dedicated for the secretariat has been encroached by other Govt. buildings, dishonouring the original master plan. Hence, the upcoming design has to merge the original master plan with the rest built later on.

• The Mausoleum,adjacent to the site acts as a city park; situated in between the assembly building and the site. A careful introduction of landscape elements like, greens/ water body from the existing park into the site will help render the ‘Secretariat Complex’ a public character by connecting it to the public visually, if not physically for the security concerns.

• The site is in a core urban context; situated at the heart of the city.

• The topography of the site is fairly flat.

• Primary access to the site is from the 32 m road along the longer side of the site in East-West direction.

• The master plan has a central axis followed through the site; perpendicular to the longer side of the site. This indicates a probable North-south axis on site along which the secretariat complex could be oriented.

• There is a height restriction of 30m, directed in the master plan; buildings have to be lower than the starting point of the crown of the assembly building.

Site Analysis

95

CHAPTER 5- Summing Up 5.1 Conclusion and inferences:

After going through a large database few important points were noticed. They are presented here for a Flash Back. The thesis as a culmination

of five years of learning is more than just a project. The search being to identify ways in which the Architectural Expression can be taken beyond the limits of plan, section, and elevation. As an architect, my job will be to manifest the hopes and aspirations of the people of the country and give them a piece of architecture, which represent their identity to the world. An architecture which is dynamic, alive and talks to the user. This is a task to explore the possibility of attaching a truly “public” image to the complex as opposed to the “closed” environment adopted in recent times and achieve an architectural vocabulary that encourage people’s participation in the democratic process.

As an Architect a lot of input can be given to the client regarding the program. The architect can not only comment on Aesthetics and function

but also on Project Uses, Life Cycle cost, Marketability, Schedule, Cost Control, Technology, Project Scope, etc. The program of a secretariat complex is very diverse in nature and the critical task is to allocate areas in a judicious way. The area program will strengthen the philosophy of ‘Proximity and Intensity’, the key principle in zoning. The issues in the designing of the secretariat complex will be the value addition in terms of public related activities, which in turn will make the complex people’s place.

Each Architectural project is unique because it is a result of a creative process. Also the special geographical and social setting in which it is sit-

ed also adds to the uniqueness. The particular project is in a very strong context of historical importance of architecture. The challenge of the project lies with a design solution accepting the presence of a master piece and paying heed to something significant in closer context. Moreover, achieve an architectural vocabulary out of the organization of the functions and also act as a part of the existing master plan.

96

5.2 SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH: • The site is situated right in the centre of the city giving it a strong context to relate to.

• Also the whole area has a very strong historical background.

• All the ministries have same structure of spatial requirements • The site is linear along north-south direction Weakness: • Only one side of the site is accessible to the road.

• The height is restricted to 30m.

• Since the secretariat building has security issues, public can be allowed to a certain point.

• The original site dedicated to the secretariat in the master plan has been encroached to a great extent, but the functional requirements have been increased.

OPPORTUNITIES: • An possibility to create a city focal point.

• A chance to create urban plazas and meeting places • Giving an architectural piece of unique identity to the city to be proud of.

• Chance to look into and experiment with the form and zoning of the functions.

97

CHAPTER 6- Conceptual Framework The basic conceptual framework is drawn on three levels: Master plan level, Site plan level and macro/module level; adhering to the needs, guidelines and utilizing the opportunities provided by the site and context on the above mentioned levels. louis i kahn’s master plan:

MASTER PLAN

solidity robust monumentality symbolism balance regular geometry natural light served & servant mascular

PEOPLE AND BUREAUCRACY

Democratic tower PUBLIC ROOF TERRACE Fom the podium public elevator brings to the roof cafe, where the citizen can enjoy the 360 degree panaroma of the whole area

Fig 187:

Assembly bldg.

Source: Author 98

Conceptual Framework that Formed The Basis Of The Design CONCEPT NARRATIVE: The whole design has been evolved on basis of two narratives. 1. The people and 2. Bureaucracy. ‘Bureaucracy’ has been expressed through the order and the symmetry of the mass, and on the other hand, ‘People’ by the asymmetry in design, showing the true power of people in democratic system to break the order of bureaucrats.

MASTER PLAN: • Bridge the gap between the original master plan and the executed master plan.

• To provide a public platform/vantage point to allow the citizen a view of the whole master plan.

• Visual connection of the assembly complex and the secretariat complex.

SITE LEVEL: • Maximize the public, yet take care of the security issues.

• To have a strong control of the overall site.

• To have proper shading device for sun and rain.

• Single entry/exit to the site • T 1325-1645-9021-5723-2545-7968 o design the masses such that it creats visual corridors in north-south direction.

• To apply basic geometry in planning the site plan.

• To have a simple structural system with expansion joint and enough fire exit.

1325-1645-9021-5723-2545-7968 MODULE LEVEL: • The modules are designed in regular shapes.

• Allows suffcient natural lights • Doble screen to have the masses shaded from sun and rain.

• The grammer of Deep Porch has been derived from the main assembly building.

Source: Author 99

Democratic VIEW from the top of the tower citizen can view the whole MASTER PLAN

The volumes are elevated creating a public place under the building FORM

GEOMETRY 1

2

1

2

3

4

3

4

MODULE

SCALE

COMPOSITION OF LINEs AND SEMICIRCLE

ELEVATION Source: Author 100

JOURNEY

ministry organisation

Stage 1

Stage 2

Final Stage HIERARCHY : SERVED AND SERVANT IN PRIMARY LEVEL

SYMMETRY HIERARCHY : SERVED AND SERVANT IN SECONDARY LEVEL

LINEAR CONTROLED ORGANISATION

The grammar of deep protective porch has been followed through out.

Source: Author 101

Extent Of Success And Or Failure In The Translation I think I have been successful in translating what the concept had to offer. The building is true to the spirit of democracy and as a whole the design has been able to reunite the master plan. At the same time enough public spaces of varied natures have been provided.

The final translation lacks in resolution at the micro level. The minor details of the masses may enrich the spatial quality and experience.

The public deck on top of the building could be evolved more to merge with the master plan and could serve better as a public place.

The design of the elevations could evolve to a further level, which could be a marriage of Kahn’s vocabulary and the vocabulary of present times.

102

CHAPTER 7- Thesis: From Search to Translation The search gave direction to design and lead to a more holistic approach towards design. The search gave valuable inputs while designing. Due to the comprehensive search done it was easier to analyze the project and it gave the opportunity for value additions making the thesis more than just a project.

Steps Taken to translate the Search into the Final Design The design process began with simultaneous planning of the surroundings and the designing of the Master plan. Following was the direction of the search.

• Achieving an architectural vocabulary which symbolizes democracy by encouraging people’s participation in the democratic process.ie the building should symbolizes transparency.

• To develop an appropriate state architecture that ‘meets’ the people, and further explore the democratic language of a Secretariat and public spaces.

• The built engages with, and is open to its surroundings. Further makes way to enhance and conserve micro environment around it • A flexible concept that can accommodate change and assumes symbolic significance when people occupy it.

103

Stage 1 Weakness • The curved line was not being able to establish in massing, it was just a line on ground.

• The FAR was not being able to achieved

Strength: • Robust • Evolved from solid geometry • The central axis was being maintained.

• Symetry

Stage 2 Weakness • The curved line was not being able to establish in massing, it was just a line on ground.

• The FAR was not being able to achieved • the whole building as introverted.

Strength: • Robust • Evolved from solid geometry • The central axis was being maintained.

• Symetry • Had a interactive central space

Source: Author 104

Stage 4 Weakness • The FAR was not being able to achieved Strength: • The curved line was properply established massing wise • Robust • Evolved from solid geometry • The central axis was being maintained.

• Symetry • Had a interactive central space

Stage 3 Weakness • A public platform was needed to view the whole master plan • Totally symetrical may apear boring sometimes Strength: • The curved line was properply established massing wise • Robust • Evolved from solid geometry • The central axis was being maintained.

• Symetry • Several public space of different nature has been created.

Source: Author 105

FINAL STAGE:

Weakness

Total Area Achieved:

• A public platform could be resoled to a next level of detailing

• Total Site Area: 1,84,523.21 Sq.m • Ground coverage allowed 50%: 81524.105 Sq.m

Strength: • The curved lineis properply established massing wise

• Total Built Up: All Ministry (1,59,065 sqm)+ Common Function(15,210 )=174275 sq.m.

• Robust

area highlights:

• Evolved from solid geometry

• Total Built-up: 1,74,275 sq.m

• The central axis is being maintained.

• Total Circulation: 54,010 sqm 30%

• Symmetry, the public deck/platform breacks the symmetry to some

• F.A.R: 0.94

extent.

• Area under Podium: 1,10,950 sqm 60% of the site

• Several public space of different nature has been created.

• Built on top of the podium, covers 24,910 sqm, 13% of the site

• Clear translation of the concept had to offer.

PARKING : • 1 ECS PER 100 SQM, 1700 CARS 800 SQM

600 SQM

800 SQM

2200 SQM

• IN AN OPEN OFFICE PLAN AREA NEEDED 8 SQM PER PERSON • IN ONE MODULE (2200/8) = 275 PERSONS • TOTAL NUMBER OF MODULE 9 • TOTAL FLOOR 5 • SO, TOTAL CAPACITY 275X9X5= 12375 PRS, NEEDED 11,000 prs Source: Author 106

CHAPTER 8

design drawings

107

MASTER PLAN

VIEW OF THE WHOLE MASTER PLAN

MASTER PLAN

VIEW OF THE WHOLE MASTER PLAN

SECTION

Source: Author 108

SITE PLAN

G H

F C B A

E D

A

ENTRANCE

B

GRAND ATTRIUM

C

CORRIDOR

D

OFFICES

E

CAFE & COMMON FUNCTIONS

F

MOSQUE

G

AUDITORIUM

H

WATER EDGE PLAZA

COURT YARDS Source: Author 109

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

north elevation

south elevation

Source: Author 110

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

DECK(+35500) LVL EIGHTH FL (+33500) LVL SEVENTH FL (+30000) LVL SIXTH FL (+26500) LVL FIFTH FL (+23000) LVL FORTH FL (+19500) LVL THIRD FL (+16000) LVL SECOND FL (+12500) LVL FIRST FL (+9000) LVL PODIUM (+5500) LVL SERVICE FL. (+3000) LVL GROUND (0) LVL

SECTION AA

SECTION YY

SECTION ZZ Source: Author 111

system of elevational treatment

natural lighting system

ELEVATION WITH DEEP PROTECTING PORCH BLOCK A

BLOCK B

BLOCK A

MODULE PLAN BLOCK A

BLOCK B

ELEVATION OF THE CORRIDOR SIDE

cURVED BLOCK, SKYLIGHTS

Source: Author 112

module details

module DETAIL

module section

SKYLIGHT DETAIL Source: Author 113

structural plan

basement plan

model Source: Author 114

SOUTH PLAZA

CENTRAL COURT

PODIUM Source: Author 115

GRAND ATRIUM

DECK FROM THE COURT YARD

GRAND ATRIUM

VIEW FROM THE CORRIDOR

Source: Author 116

picture of the model

Source: Author 117

Comments of the JUry 1. Vasant Kamath (External Jury Member) • Excelent job done 2. uday Kapre (External Jury Member) • Good work • Seems like a matured work.

3. aruna ramani grover (Internal Jury Member) • I really like the idea of keeping the people on the top (mentioned about the public deck/roof) • This should be the standard of work in an architectural thesis. Your entire thesis work, including the sheets shall be kept in library for the student to refer to.

4. Sambudha sen (Internal Jury Member) • Wonderful work, (clapped with the audience) • But I din’t like the idea of public deck.

• And, to me the public wall actually doesn’t seem like welcoming to the public, it will stop the public in reality.

• This kind of project should be taken as thesis. It is been long to have such kind of good thesis in our school. People don’t do such kind of works anymore.

118

References: Books •

Boesiger, W.1965: Le Corbusier et son atelier rue de servres 35, by Thames and Hudson,London

•

Gast Klaus Peter, 1998, Louis I. Kahn, The Idea Of Order, Messedruck Leipzing GmbH. ISBN: 3-7643-5860-2.

•

Scully, Vincent., 1962, Louis I Kahn,by George Braziller, Inc.Librry of congress catalog card number: 62-16265

•

Wiseman, Carter, 2007: Louis I kahn beyond time and style, ISBN: 978-0-393-73165-1

Unpublished Dissertation • ‘Two Architects Two Paradigm; Investigating Contemporary Classicism and Free Form Architecture’ by Anupama Saha, 2010.

119

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Books • Braun Verlagshaus, 2008, Best of Office Design Work!, ISBN: 978-3-938780-55-8 •

Somol R.E. Peter,1999 ,Eisenman Diagram Diaries by Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1814 High Holborn, London WC1V7Qx Universe Publishing. ISBN:

0-500-28128-9.

•

Wiebenson, D. (ed.), 1982: Architectural theory and practice from Alberti to Ledoux. Chicago.

•

Corbusier Le, 1950, The Modulor A Harmonious Measure to the Human Scale Universally Applicable to Architecture and Mechanics, Harvard

University Press, Cambridge. Translated by Peter De Francia And Anna Bostock.

•

Ching Francis D. K. June 2007, Architecture: Form, Space, & Order, 3rd Edition, ISBN: 978-0-471-75216-5.

•

Gast Klaus Peter, 1998, Louis I. Kahn, The Idea Of Order, Messedruck Leipzing GmbH. ISBN: 3-7643-5860-2.

•

Roger H Clark and Michael Pause, 1996, Precedents in Architecture, published by John Wiley & sons. Inc. New York in. Third Edition. ISBN:

0-471-28703-2 •

Baker Geofirey H. 1984, Le Corbusier An Analysis Of Form, published in by Van Nostrand Reinhold International Co Ltd. Third Edition ISBN:

0-419-1620-1 •

Wiebenson, D. (ed.), 1982: Architectural theory and practice from Alberti to Ledoux. Chicago.

•

Moyer, A.M., 1992: Musica Scientia. Musical Scholarship in the Italian Renaissance. New York: Cornell University.

•

Eves Howard (1963). A Survey of Geometry. Allyn and Bacon.

•

Husserl Edmund, 1962, Origins of Geometry, Introduction by Jacques Derrida, ISBN 0-8101-1030-X

•

Boyer, Carl B. (1991). “The Age of Plato and Aristotle”. A History of Mathematics (Second Edition ed.). John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0471543977.

•

Braun, Hugh, An Introduction to English Mediaeval Architecture, London: Faber and Faber, 1951.

•

Francis Ching, Mark Jarzombek, Vikram Prakash, A Global History of Architecture, Wiley, 2006.

•

Copplestone, Trewin. (ed). (1963). World architecture - An illustrated history. Hamlyn, London.

•

Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, The Pelican History of Art: Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century’s, Penguin Books, 1958.

•

Nuttgens, Patrick (1983), The Story of Architecture, Prentice Hall, ISBN

•

Watkin, David (Sep 2005), A History of Western Architecture, Hali Publications

•

Fletcher Sir Banister, a History of Architecture Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996. ISBN 0750622679

•

Donada Julien, 2002, un film de, Lee Musee Guggenheim De Bilbao

•

Gossel Peter and Leuthauser Gabriele. Architecture in the Twentieth Century. Germany: Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 1991. ISBN 3-8228-0550-5.

120

WEB SITES/ UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL): •

www.archnet .com

•

www.google.co.in

•

www.wikiarquitectura.com

•

www.greatbuildings.com

•

www.wikipedia.org

•

www.wikipedia.org

•

www.wikimapia.org

•

www.flickr.com

•

www.archnet.org

•

picasaweb.google.com

•

(http://britton.disted.camosun.bc.ca/goldslide/jbgoldslide.htm), Date accessed: 3.1. 2012

• • • •

(http://www.rochesterunitarian.org/Kahn) , Date accessed: 13.1. 2012 (http://www.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Archivo:Oser_2.jpg) , Date accessed: 24.1. 2012 (http://www.notablebiographies.com/news/Ca-Ge/Gehry-Frank.html) , Date accessed: 24.1. 2012 (http://factoidz.com/blade-runner) Date accessed: 4.10. 2010

•

(http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=23.7625661&lon=90.3785133&z=17&l=0&m=s) Date accessed: 5.1. 2012

•

(http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Bangladesh), Date accessed: 24.1. 2012

•

(http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/k9XFAL3Xu46kqsPqLbIQCw) , Date accessed: 24.1. 2012

•

(http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1525&image_id=13726) , Date accessed: 5.1. 2012

UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATIONS •

Ray, Mainak, Form of the circle it’s entity in Architecture,1997

•

Chatterjee, M., In search of the Lost Grid, 1998

•

Alex, Aneesha, Interactive Architecture, 2007

UNPUBLISHED THESIS •

Architectural Design Thesis 2009-10, Greater Ranchi Master Plan Vision and Capitol Complex; Discovering the New Image for the State Capital

by Aman Xaxa •

Capitol Complex, Naya Raypur, BY Karthik Jajula, 2008-09

•

State Assembly Complex, Delhi, by Praveen K Shehrawat, 2009

121

LIST OF FIGUREs Fig 1:The Assembly Building, Designed By Louis I. Kahn

(http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

8

Fig 2: Verncular Architecture

(Author)

8

(Author)

8

Fig 4: Residence,by Ar.Uttam Saha (Author)

8

Fig 5: Fine Art Institute, designed by Ar. Mazharul Islam

(Author)

8

Fig 6: Plan of Existing Secretariat Complex

Public works dept. Dhaka

9

Fig 7: Existing Secretariat Complex from different views

(Author)

9

Fig 8: Kahn’s Master Plan, Sher e Banglanagar, Dhaka

Public works dept. Dhaka

Fig 3: Contemporary Architecture, designed by Ar. Nahas Khalil

10

Fig 9: Gradual encroachmont of the Site (Author)

11

Fig 10: Yale Art gallery, New Haven, Connecticut

(http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

12

Fig 11: Adath Jeshurun Synagogue, America (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

12

Fig 12: Jewish Community Center, New Jersey

(http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

12

Fig 13: National Assembly of Dhaka (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

12

Fig 14: Salk Institute, La Jolla, California (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

12

Fig 15: Yale art gallery (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

13

Fig 16: Richard Medical Centre (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

14

Fig 17: Family Planning Centre Kathmandu (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

15

Fig 19: Indian Institutes of Management (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

16

Fig 20: Assembly Building (Author)

16

Fig 21: Eye Hospital, Dhaka (Author)

16

Fig 22: Assembly building, Dhaka (Author)

16

Fig 23: PLan of assembly building (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

17

Fig 24: Redfort complex, Delhi (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

17

Fig 25: Parliament House, Canberra (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

19

Fig 27 : Versailles Palace Garden (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

20

Fig 28 : Fatehpur Sikri (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

20

Fig 28: Humahun’s Tomb (Author)

20

Fig 29: India gate central axis (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

20

Fig 30: Rashtapati Bhawan in Delhi (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

21

Fig 31: The Kremlin in Russia (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

21

Fig 32: U.S. Capitol (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

22 122

Fig 33: Palace of Assembly,Chandigarh (Author)

22

Fig 34: National congress of Brazil (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

22

Fig 35: Reichtag, Berlin (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

23

Fig 36: Athens (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

24

Fig 37: Cicero and Catalina in the Roman Senate

(http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

25

Fig 38: UN Headquarter (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

27

Fig 39: Welsh Assembly, Cardiff (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

27

Fig 40: Assembly building Dhaka (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

27

Fig 41: Mud house in Bangladesh (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

29

Fig 42: Vernacular architecture,Bangladesh (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

29

Fig 43: Vernacular architecture,Bangladesh (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

30

Fig 44: Mud House, Vernacular architecture,Bangladesh

(http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

30

Fig 45: Bamboo House, Vernacular architecture,Bangladesh

(http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

31

Fig 46: Bamboo House, Vernacular architecture,Bangladesh

(http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

31

Fig 47: Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh

(Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

36

Fig 48: World Map (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

37

Fig 49: Map of India (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

37

Fig 50: Map of Chandigarh (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

37

Fig 51: Satellite Image of Chandigarh (http://www.googleearth.com)

37

Fig 52: Secretariat Building (Author)

37

Fig 53: Plan of Palace of assembly

38

(Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

Fig 54: Section (Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

38

Fig 55: Section (Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

38

Fig 56: Perspective (Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

38

Fig 57: Ground Floor Plan (Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

39

Fig 58: Typical Floor Plan (Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

39

Fig 59: Complex (http://www.googleearth.com)

39

Fig 60: Secretariat (Author)

39

Fig 61: Section through the complex

39

(Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

Fig 62: Orientation: Northwest-Southeast (http://www.googleearth.com)

40

Fig 63: Geometry in Master Plan

(Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

40

Fig 64: Common shared Facilities (Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

40

123

Fig 65: Office spaces (Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

40

Fig 66: Vertical and horizontal movement

(Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

40

Fig 67: Double wall (Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

40

Fig 68: The road leading to the secretariat

(Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

41

Fig 69: The road leading to the secretariat was excavated to a depth of 16’-6”

(Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

41

Fig 70: Public entry has been restricted to a Certain Point.

(Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

41

Fig 71: Segregation of common facilities, high officials and supporting staffs

(Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

41

Fig 72: Elevation (Boesiger W. 1965,Le Corbusier 1957-1965)

41

Fig 73: View of secretariat building from the assembly building side

(Author)

42

Fig 74: View of the complex.

Architectural Design Thesis 2009-10 by Aman Xaxa

43

Fig 75: Satellite image of the campus (http://www.googleearth.com)

44

Fig 76: Built project (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

44

Fig 77: Concept Sketch Architectural Design Thesis 2009-10 by Aman Xaxa

45

Fig 77: Concept Sketch Architectural Design Thesis 2009-10 by Aman Xaxa

46

Fig 79: Cennai (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

46

Fig 80: Precinct location plan Architectural Design Thesis 2009-10 by Aman Xaxa

46

Fig 81: Layout of the secretariat block.

Architectural Design Thesis 2009-10 by Aman Xaxa

47

Fig 82: Layout of the complex.

Architectural Design Thesis 2009-10 by Aman Xaxa

47

Fig 83: Site Plan Architectural Design Thesis 2009-10 by Aman Xaxa

47

Fig 84: Horizontal and vertical circulation system

(Author)

48

Fig 85: High officials and supporting staff’s office spaces

(Author)

48

Fig 86: Common shared facilities (Author)

48

Fig 87: Location of wash rooms (Author)

48

Fig 88: Built-open ratio in the campus (Author)

48

Fig 89: Orientation: Northeast-Southwest (Author)

48

Fig 90: View of the entry (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

49

Fig 91: Parliament of Assembly (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

50

Fig 92: Parliament of Australia (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

51

Fig 93: View of the entry (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

51

Fig 94: Parliament of Australia (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

52

Fig 95: Parliament of Australia (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

52

Fig 96: Plan (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

53

124

Fig 97: View (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

53

Fig 98: The axis (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

53

Fig 99: Functional Segregation within the Complex

(Author)

54

Fig 100: Open-built ratio (Author)

54

Fig 101: Horizontal circulation system (Author)

54

Fig 102: Segregation of different types of office spaces

54

(Author)

Fig 103: Bhutan Secretariat (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

56

Fig 104: Map of Bhutan (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

57

Fig 105: Precinct Boundary (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

57

Fig 106: Plan of the Precinct (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

57

Fig 107: Plan of the Precinct (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

57

Fig 108: Land use (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

58

Fig 109:Circulation Systems (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

58

Fig 110: Existing Public Transportation (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

58

Fig 111: Land use Precinct Potentials (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

58

Fig 112: Study of Symbolic Relationships in the Dzong Precinct

(http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

58

Fig 113: Symbolism of Tripartite Nature of Democracy

(http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

58

Fig 114: Urban Precincts in Thimphu of the Trashi Chhoe Dzong

(http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

59

Fig 115: Site Section across Chhophel Lam extending to Dechhen Lam

(http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

60

Fig 116: Site Section across Chhophel Lam extending to Dzong

(http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

60

Fig 117: Site Elevation from the Trashi Chhoe Dzong

(http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

60

Fig 118: Parliamentary Complex (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

61

Fig 119: Diagram showing the proposed Accesses and Circulation Patterns

(http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

61

Fig 120: View of the Dharma Sthal showing alignment with Utse

(http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

61

Fig 121: View of the Dharma Sthal showing alignment with Utse

(http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

62

Fig 122: Section (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

63

Fig 123: Three dimensional view (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

63

Fig 124: Plan 1 (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

64

Fig 125: Plan 2 (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

64

Fig 126: Plan 3 (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

64

Fig 127: Plan 4 (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

64

Fig 128: View (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

64

125

Fig 129: Sections (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

64

Fig 130: Key Plan (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

64

Fig 131: Roof Plan (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

65

Fig 132: Section (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

65

Fig 133: Elevation (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

65

Fig 134: Elevation (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

65

Fig 135: View of the Tshechu Ground (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

65

Fig 136: Section through the Tshechu Ground (http://www.ccba.in/tshechu.htm)

65

Fig 137: Boat-ride tradition (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

76

Fig 138: Nakshikantha tradition (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

76

Fig 139: Jamdani Saree (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

76

Fig 140: Independence Day (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

77

Fig 141: Language Martyrs’ Day (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

77

Fig 142: Traditional Food (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

77

Fig 143: Victory Day Celebration (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

77

Fig 144: Bengali New Year Celebration (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

77

Fig 145: Flora (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

78

Fig 146:Fauna (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

78

Fig 147: Solar energy and surface meteorology (http://www.gaisma.com)

79

Fig 148: Sunrise, sunset, dawn and dusk times, table

(http://www.gaisma.com)

79

Fig 149: Sun path diagram (http://www.gaisma.com)

79

Fig 150: Picture of Slum in Dhaka (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

80

Fig 151: Slums in Dhaka (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

80

Fig 152: Distribution of Open Spaces in Dhaka City

(http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

80

Fig 153: Forest Areas Of Bangladesh (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

81

Fig 154: Digital Elevation Map of Dhaka City

(http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

81

Fig 155: Languages of Bangladesh (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

81

Fig 157: Bangladesh (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

82

Fig 156: Asia (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

82

Fig 158: Dhaka (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

82

Fig 159: Sher-e-Bangla Nagar (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

82

126

Fig 160: Land-use Pattern of Dhaka City

(Architectural Design Thesis 2008 by Mahfuzul Mannan)

83

Fig 161: Drainage Pattern of Dhaka City

(Architectural Design Thesis 2008 by Mahfuzul Mannan)

83

Fig 162: Flood water diagram of 1988 (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

83

Fig 163: Transport System (Architectural Design Thesis 2008 by Mahfuzul Mannan)

84

Fig 164: Road congestion point Dhaka City

(Architectural Design Thesis 2008 by Mahfuzul Mannan)

84

Fig 165: Proposed MRT and BRT routes in Dhaka

(Architectural Design Thesis 2008 by Mahfuzul Mannan)

84

Fig 166: Indigenous pattern of old Dhaka

(Architectural Design Thesis 2008 by Mahfuzul Mannan)

85

Fig 167: Planned layout of New City

(Architectural Design Thesis 2008 by Mahfuzul Mannan)

85

Fig 168: Land cover map of Dhaka (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

85

Fig 169: Gradual Growth of Dhaka city (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

85

Fig 170: Population Growth (http://www.google.co.in/imgres)

86

Fig 171: Master plan (Public works dept, Dhaka)

87

Fig 172: Image of the Precinct (Author)

88

Fig 173: Landuse Pattern (Author)

89

Fig 174: Figure Ground (Author)

89

Fig 175: Site amenities (Wikimapia.com)

90

Fig 176: Traffic Study (Author)

91

Fig 177: Water bodies around the site

(Architectural Design Thesis 2008 by Mahfuzul Mannan)

91

Fig 178: Water bodies around the site

(Architectural Design Thesis 2008 by Mahfuzul Mannan)

91

Fig 179: SECTION AA (Author)

92

Fig 180: SECTION BB (Author)

92

Fig 181: Site Plan (Author)

92

Fig 182: Key Plan (Author)

92

Fig 183: Site Definition (Author)

93

Fig 184: Heights of the buildings around the site

(Author)

93

Fig 185: Images of the site (Author)

94

Fig 186: Key Plan (Author)

94 94

127