Waste: As Material of Construction_Design Dissertation_2021-22

Waste: As Material of Construction By Prajwal Kasturi Shekhar Satvidkar

GUIDED BY Ar.Harshada Bapat Shintre

A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for SEM-IX The Degree

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE MUMBAI UNIVERSITY MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA.

5TH YEAR, SEM-IX, BARD 911, DEC’2020

Conducted at: RACHANA SANSAD’S ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, UN-AIDED COURSE RACHANA SANSAD, 278, SHANKAR GHANEKAR MARG,W PRABHADEVI, MUMBAI 400025.

APPROVAL

CERTIFICATE

The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite and partial fulfillment of requirement to the 5th Year Sem IX of Bachelor Of Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted.

This is to certify that this student (Prajwal Kasturi Shekhar Satvidkar) is a bonafide Final Year student of our institute and has completed this Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University & our Institute Thesis Committee.

It is understood that by this approval and certification the Institute and the Thesis Guide do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn therein; but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfied the requirements laid down by our Thesis Committee.

Name of the Student:

Prajwal Kasturi Shekhar Satvidkar

Date:

Approved By

Principal

Ar. Prof. Rohit Shinkre College Seal

Certified By Thesis Guide Ar.Harshada Bapat Shintre

Examined By

External Examiner-1

Certified Seal

External Examiner-2

DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Waste: As Material of Construction” Represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references.

No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student

Name of the Student: Prajwal Kasturi Shekhar Satvidkar Exam Roll No:

Date: Place: Mumbai *The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: •

the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement;

•

the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement;

•

unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work;

•

the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

•

“Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources.

Acknowledgment

With the compilation of this dissertation I am glad to get this opportunity to present my immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude for the kind help and support of many individuals.

First and foremost I am extremely grateful for God for always showering me with blessings to successfully completing my research.

I am highly thankful to my thesis coordinator Ar. Prof. Harshada Bapat Shintre for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for directing my thought process and constant support in completing the dissertation.

Not just for being a guide but for being a partner during the whole journey.

I am thankful to the following professionals who interacted with me and shared information and their experties with me.

Ar. Omkar Nandalaskar (Manger to the waste management plant at Mahalakshmi) I am thankful to all the mentors who helped me during the journey, always pushing me forward to progress. Ar. Juhi Prasad for her constant involvement in the thesis as a co-guide, Ar. Prerna Thacker for her knowledge regarding sustainability and environment friendliness.

I shall remain eternally thankful to my friends Parinita Padge, Chintan Shah, Adish Rathod and Vinay Yapuram for all the help and constant support and love.

Lastly I must thank my entire family and the parents for all their love care and patience.

A final thanks to all the people who I have missed out , who were a part of this journey with me in some way large or small.

Abstract Building Materials are considered a very important part of the construction sector in today’s time. The building and any building related activity are the ones, which consume the most amount of resources whether it is materials, capital or energy.

There is a major concern about resource consumption and the evergrowing environmental impacts of the built structure. The world at this moment is consuming resources for building construction more than it can produce for which eventually will result in a total depletion of these resources and one would have to continue looking for alternative building materials in order to continue constructing.

Urban materials of construction have dominated the construction industry and have provided for an imagery of stability and permanence over time in the minds of people. These materials are much more powerful in terms of systematic, mass and vertical construction. But now as the concern for alternative sources of material has raised and as technology has evolved over the time. It is essential to explore alternative sources of materials, which will provide solution to the construction industries.

On the other hand world faces an issue of waste generation over the years. India being 18% of world’s human population account for nearly 27% of world’s municipal solid waste generated every year.

The curiosity arises if this waste can be used as an alternative building material.

In addition, it is necessary to study if these newly generated materials can be adopted in terms of strength, compression and stability and if these materials can cope up with the existing building materials in terms of usage, cost and work efficiency. Hence, the necessity to back up the data and study arrives. The research talks about the viability impact of these materials in comparison to different material.

Thesis Diagram Concern

Waste Generation Re-use, Re-cycle Urban Materials of Construction State of current building Construction Sector Impact of Building Materials Need for Alternate Building Material of Construction Proposal for Alternative Materials Study of new material Comparison between Existing and New Proposals

Waste : As Material for Construction

Theory Future Solutions Viability Study Hypothesis

Thesis Statement

Content Acknowlegment Abstract

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6

Waste an Issue Why Waste is Harmful?

Waste Management History of Waste Management Need for Waste Management Modern Waste Management Techniques Alternatives for Waste Management

Page No.

5 7 11 13 15 17 21

|Concern|

Chapter 1 Introduction

2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3

Urban materials of Construction History of Materials of Building State of Building Construction in World Depletion of Resources

27 28 33 35

|Theory ‘i’|

Chapter 2 Building Materials

3.1 3.2

Outlook - Need for Alternate Building Materials Why prefer Re-cycle and not Re-use?

41 45

Understanding the working of Waste Management Plant Identification of Waste Conclusion

50 54 55

|Analysis|

4.1 4.2 4.3

59 60 61

|Analysis|

Chapter 4 Site Visit

Chapter 5 Studying Materials 5.1 5.2 5.3

Base Research Identification of Potentials and Limitations Categorzation

|Outlook|

Chapter 3 Outlook

Content

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7.6

Material 1: Analysis Material 2: Analysis Material 3: Analysis Material 3: Analysis Case Study 1 Case Study 2

67 71 73 75 79 81

|Analysis|

Chapter 6 : Alternative Building Materials

7.1 7.2 7.3

Issues in Construction with Recycled Waste 1 Issues in Construction with Recycled Waste 2 Common solutions to the Issues

85 87 89

|Analysis|

Chapter 7 : Inferencing 1

Technical Viability Environmental Viability Economic Viability Social Viability

94 94 95 95

|Analysis|

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4

98 110 118 129

|Solutions|

Chapter 8 : Viability Study

Chapter 9 : Joineries and Construction Methodologies 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4

Methodology 1 Methodology 2 Methodology 3 Conclusion: Waste as a Substitutive Material of Construction

Chapter 10 : Program

133

Chapter 11 : Site Identification

147

Chapter 12 : End Note

155

1.0 | Introduction

Fig.1: A boy running in Deonar Dumping Ground as it burns (Source image: Indian Express)

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Waste an Issue

1 | Waste an issue

City and it’s waste: Contemporary cities are facing a global waste crisis today. Various statistics will show us with the rate of population in cities today, waste generated is going to increase drastically. Contemporary cities are an interwoven system of systems depending on environmental factors, socio-economic factors, governance, population consumerism, geographical area covered etc. A small element of change in any of these factors affects the cities in many ways. Historically, cities have evolved due to changes in these factors and as cities evolved, the way they dealt with their waste also started being affected by these factors.

Hence cities throughout history kept evolving and the crisis of waste kept deterioating resulting in the contemporary unsustainable way of managing waste.

Contemporary cities started deteriorating post industrialization, cities started growing in size, population and they started getting more urbanized. They started getting more complicated as the complexity of the interwoven systems increased. As industrialization took over cities, complex waste started getting generated in cities along with the organic waste and people slowly stopped realising the amount of goods that were being consumed, which started generating huge amounts of waste.

The city had never dealt with this amount of waste but the idea of keeping the inner city clean was important as the dumpyard was never welcome in the city. This slowly led to the linear flow of waste to the dumpyard resulting in a centralized process. All the waste started getting piled up in the outskirts of the city. The governance of these cities also complied with out of sight and out of mind which resulted in the waste started piling up in these landfills.

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Fig.2: The New Landscapes of Yao Lu: The shapes resembling oriental landscape paintings of waterfalls, cliffs and mountains are in fact landfills and mounds of derelict rubble

The landfill also started releasing methane and other harmful pollutants since organic matter in the dump started decaying. This started affecting the surrounding creeks, houses, and all the other spaces. As population kept increasing the central areas of the cities started getting saturated and this began urban sprawl, slowly the people started settling on the outskirts of the city which included spaces near these dumps. Spaces near these landfills were affected with respect to the land prices. The significant part of cities started having a high land price whereas the land price near these landfills started going down as the space was unhealthy, toxic because of the leachate from the landfill. Eventually as a part of the sprawl, many neighbourhoods started coming up near these dumps.

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Waste an Issue

1 | Waste an issue

Waste Generation Why waste is harmful?

The waste humans generate waste has been detrimental to our environment for quite some time now. Humans are generating too much trash and cannot deal with it in a sustainable way. Waste that is not biodegradable and cannot be properly be recycled is filling our oceans and landfills. Let’s take plastic waste as an example. A recent study found that of the 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic waste that has been produced, only 9% of that plastic waste had been recycled.

Fig.3: Waste dumped in open lands with the help of bullock carts (Source image: https://247wasteremoval.co.uk/blog/a-brief-history-ofwaste-management/) (Edited on Photoshop)

Waste Materials

High income countries such as China, Australia, Japan, Hongkong, Republic of Korea and Singapore generate between 1.1 and 5.0 kg/ capita/day of solid waste. Middle income countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand generate between 0.52 and 1.0 kg/capita/day of solid waste while low income countries such as Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and Myanmar generate between 0.45 and 0.89 kg/capita/day.

The US is the #1 trash producing country in the world at 1,609 pounds per person per year which means that 5% of the people in the world generate 40% of the world’s waste. India accounting for nearly 18% of human population generates 68.8 million tons per year of MSW which is 27% of the total MSW generated in the world.

All together, the amount of waste generated affects the environment in multiple ways: its contribution to the worsening climate crisis, its negative impact on wildlife and the natural environment, and its detriment to our very own public health.

Amount of waste generation in India?

Being the second largest populated country, India faces various hindrances when it comes to solid waste management which is of critical concern and needs desperate attention.

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Fig.4: Traditional agricultural waste management technique used in India (Source image: https://www.the-compost-gardener.com/compost-pit. html) (Edited on Photoshop)

70% of the total municipal waste generated is dumped in landfill sites in India. More than 1400 sq. km of land which is the size of city of Delhi would be required to dispose solid waste by year 2047. India spends Rs. 5,475 crore in transportation, treatment and disposal of 36.5 million tons of solid waste generated annually which is equal to alloted budget of Nation Housing Board in Union budget of India 2013-13. Only 5% of the total municipal solid waste generated in India is recycled, the rest 95% is dumped in landfill sites.

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What happens if we continue neglecting waste?

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Fig.5:Speculating edges of cities in 2050 Edited using photoshop, Base photo Source: Snapshot from Youtube video, “For those who like to fly - airplane window view flying from Brazil to Miami over Bahamas sea” (1:05)

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What is Waste Management?

1 | Waste an issue

“Solid waste management is everyone’s business. Ensuring effective and proper solid waste management is critical to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.”

-Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez Senior Director of the Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice of the World Bank “Waste management or Waste disposal is all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling etc.”

“In simple terms the process of waste management involves treating solid and liquid waste. During the treatment, it also offers a variety of solutions for recycling items that aren’t categorized as trash”

Fig.6: Waste dumped in open lands with the help of bullock carts (Source image: https://247wasteremoval.co.uk/blog/a-brief-history-ofwaste-management/)

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each. Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for nonhazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.

There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widelyused concepts include: · Prevention · minimisation · reuse · recycling · energy recovery · disposal Many cities and countries have put new laws into place to heavily tax companies that produce excess amounts of waste or create potentially harmful effects on the air and ecosystem. The extra taxes help to offset the environment damage by going toward environmental restoration, protection and spreading information to increase knowledge on these issues.

Fig.7: Waste Disposal (Source image: DBE book By Ar. Yateen Pandya)

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11 Source: https://c40-production-images.s3.amazonaws.com/good_practice_briefings/images/11_C40_GPG_W2R.original.pdf?1456789200

History of Waste Management

1 | Waste an issue

From time immemorial, protecting the environment has always been a priority and legal protocols were implemented wherever necessary. Ancient Indian civilization always believed to live in harmony with nature and traditionally toned hygienic environment as described in Vedas, Upanishads, Smiritis and Dharmashastras. Worshipping nature as deity and recognizing earth as mother as they are the basic necessities of human kind to exist on the earth shows a kind of conservation ethics that comes through history, culture, religion and Vedic philosophy. From our ancient literatures and Kautilya”s Arthshastra, it was mentioned that maintaining sanitation of habitat was essential and inevitable. In the Vedic period, India was rural and pastoral and even in Rig Veda there is no mention of urban life.

Fig.8: Waste dumped in open lands with the help of bullock carts (Source image: https://247wasteremoval.co.uk/blog/a-brief-history-ofwaste-management/)

Fig.9: Traditional agricultural waste management technique used in India (Source image: https://www.the-compost-gardener.com/compost-pit. html)

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However gradually the concept of urban areas started coming into picture and some examples are seen in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The sanitization and waste management techniques spread through trade route around India.

Drainage systems are considered as a corner stone of urbanism development in the history of India. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that drainage and sanitation are some of the major characteristics of the settlements of the Indus. Recent excavations at Harappa have shown to have flushed toilets in almost every house and were linked to the respective city’s central drainage network and the solid waste was discharged into a rectangular jar soak-pit for collection. The Waste Management Techniques used in Ancient India were successful enough to recycle the household wastage. Burning of wood or coal was used for cooking purpose and the carbon was decomposed underground.

People used to consume freshly prepared food, so no packaging was done to pollute the environment. Villagers followed easy techniques and dug a small hole in the backyard to collect daily household waste and covered it with mud/sand till the pit got leveled. After a few months, this land was used in the farms as compost. In another method big holes were made near big tree and the waste was collected in it. The waste contents were mixed with the mud during watering of the tree and were slowly converted into compost.

Returning of food waste to soil was a common practice since Vedic times, sustainably recycling nutrients and micronutrients and in present day we are experimenting this technique as phytoremediation.

The real problem of Waste started through the invention of the plastic in the name of modernization. At the same time we are not following the grandeur and brevity of the Vedas in the disciplines of modern era. It is time that we need to understand the legacy of art and science of our ancient traditions with precisely focusing on sustainable consumption and production patterns of solid waste to promote concepts like ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recycle’, ‘Zero Waste’ and ‘Circular Economy’. We should not forget our ancient legacy of waste management and need to take corrective measures which will surely make our future generations proud.

Source: http://scienceindia.in/home/view_article/372 www.harappa.com

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Need for Waste Management

1 | Waste an issue

Technological factors:

The development of plastic processing machinery is growing over time. As time goes on, technology will become more sophisticated to the point where it can process plastic waste optimally. Few industries in Indonesia apply plastic waste management systems because the technology needed is expensive. The use of technology will be an important factor in determining the application of a plastic waste management system.

Environmental factors:

The application of plastic waste management processes has an impact on the environment. One of the impacts is the smoke from burned plastic waste. The management of waste is intended to reduce the impacts on the environment.

Therefore, environmental factors become one of the considerations in determining the application of a plastic waste management system.

Regulatory factors:

Regulations stipulated by the government such as legislation related to policies in managing waste will be a limitation in implementing a plastic waste management system. Regulations regarding the obligation to apply the plastic waste recycling process can support industries in implementing sustainable plastic waste management systems. The regulation related to the scope of waste management, community participation, and other regulations as stated in UU RI No. 18 About Waste Management needs to be considered before implementing a plastic waste management system.

Economic factors:

The price of waste processing machines will be one of the industry’s concerns in terms of the economy. But on the other hand, the application of plastic waste recycling processes can improve the industry’s economy indirectly. Not only for the industry but can the application of plastic waste management also improves the economy for scavengers and recyclers. The industry can get additional income through sales of processed plastic waste products. Likewise, scavengers and recyclers can increase their income by participating in the implementation of a sustainable waste management system. Therefore, this can be a consideration for the industry in implementing a plastic waste management system.

Social factors:

Community participation influences the process of plastic waste management in Indonesia. Public awareness incollecting plastic waste will be a success factor for the application of plastic waste management. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the behavior of the community towards plastic waste to find out what process is feasible to be applied in carrying out the processing of plastic waste

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15 Source: https://www.biome.com.au/blog/5-rs-zero-waste/

Modern waste management techniques

1 | Waste an issue

Recycling According to the deposition and type of waste, different techniques are used for waste management. They may vary from person to person, place to place, time to time and nation to nation. They are:

How the landfill is prepared depends primarily upon the topography and dimensions of the site. Typically the landfill is organised as a series of cells arranged either using the trench method or the area method. A master plan for the site is prepared dividing the site into cells starting at the lowest elevation and the point furthest from the entrance. On sloped land the cells should follow the contour of the land.

Landfilling

Composting

During operation, wastes are tipped into the receiving pit and are scooped and bulldozed onto the landfill working face in successive layers. The slope of the working face is maintained at approximately 1:3 (greater slopes result in an undesirably large working face). As the earthmoving equipment moves backwards and forward the waste is compacted to over twice its original density.

16 Fig.10: Trench Method of Landfilling (Brittainica 2013) Fig.12: Area Method of Landfilling (Brittainica 2013)

Fig.11: Primary Waste Collection Vehicles (Source image: https://www. the-compost-gardener.com/compost-pit.html) (Edited on Photoshop)

Collecting the wastes from different places and segregating them according to the nature of products and used for recycling process.

Robots are used in America for collecting the wastes in Baltimore river. In Malaysia and Hong Kong, recycling process is practiced for controlling the construction wastes (Wahi, et.al., 2016). Recycled the municipal and construction solid waste and used it for manufacturing highly environmentally friendly geopolymer composite (Tang, Tam & Xue, 2020).

Recycling

Dumping the wastes in the soil is called as Landfilling. Proper procedure should be adopted for landfilling such as lining the base with protective layer, selecting low groundwater level area, etc. Skilled manpower is needed for this process. In China, construction of horizontal wells reduces leachate level in landfills containing municipal solid waste (Hu, et. al., 2020).

Landfilling

Organic wastes are separated from the wastes and allow to decomposed by microbes for a long period of time in a pit. Then this becomes nutrient rich compost and used as a manure for the plants. Soil fertility is enriched by these manures. Composting through biological technique progresses the fertility of the soil. Vermicomposting method reduces environmental impact and enhances the nutrient content of the soil (Bhat, et. al., 2020). Vermicomposting is the effective process for sustainable organic agriculture and for also to maintain a balanced ecosystem (Kaur, 2020).

For high level of organic waste reduction and rapid composting time, Black Soldier Fly (Larvae) was used. Then the residues were further treated with E. Eugeniae which results in the production of best quality of vermicompost (Bagastyo & Soesanto, 2020). Vermicomposting of onion waste with cow dump produces a valuable agricultural enriched nutrient circle (Pallejero, et.al., 2020).

Composting

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Modern waste management techniques

1 | Waste an issue

Remote sensing and GIS

Bioremediation

Remote sensing is the art of obtaining information about objects or areas Remote sensing and from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. In Coimbatore landfill GIS sites, 75% of municipal solid waste were dumped without treatment and it was found out by using vector data and remote sensing (RS) (Gautam, Brema & Dhasarathan, 2020). Remote sensing is an avenue to quantify process-level emissions from waste management facilities (Cusworth, et al., 2020). Use of remote sensing and GIS for distinguishable proof of the sensible objectives of solid waste dumped depends on the overlaying of datasets and spots that fulfil the site suitability criteria. The datasets and spots join the spatial examination devices given by GIS to arrange and survey in order to choose possible waste areas (Vishnuvardhan & Elangovan, 2020).

Process of using microbes and bacteria for removing the impurities, Bioremediation pollutants and poisons from soil, water and other environments is called as bioremediation. Energy power generation plants emit radioactive wastes which is the major threat to the human population. To reduce these wastes, bioremediation strategy is used. Bioremediation technologies rectifies the heavy metal pollution problem and helps to regain the natural condition of soil (Saini & Dhania, 2020). Bioremediation is an eco-friendly, inexpensive, and effective technology which is encouraged for the safe discharge of water from industrial activities (Coelho, 2020).

Incineration

Waste Transfer Operations: Once analysis of the waste composition analysis has been completed, a plan should be established for each waste constituent. In general there are four options available including.. · Landfill · Sort, recycle, compost, reuse · Incineration · Do nothing A cost-benefit analysis should be used for each waste constituent to identify the technical requirements, cost, public health impacts, environmental impacts, and social impacts of the options available.

The wastes should also be prioritized into those that are a risk to public 18 health or the environment and need addressing immediately and those that are relatively inert and need a longer term approach.

Fig.13:http://www.ben-harvey.org/UNHCR/WASH-Manual/Wiki/index.php/

Burning the wastes at high temperature is called as Incineration. To Incineration avoid air pollution (caused during burning of wastes), proper filters are used. For handling sludge, direct incineration method without anaerobic digestion was found to be more preferred sustainable approach (Hao, et. al., 2020). For fossil fuel conservation and waste disposal, the technology of coal power plant along with waste incineration method was considered as a promising technology (Ye, et. al., 2020). Degradation technologies such as plasma, mechanochemistry, hydrothermal, photocatalytic and biodegradation had proved that they have good purification effect and are considered as the best resource of MSWI fly ash (Zhang, Zhang & Liu, 2020).

19 Fig.14: Primary Waste Collection Vehicles (Source image: https://www. the-compost-gardener.com/compost-pit.html) (Edited on Photoshop)

Alternatives for waste management:

Rethink

Rot

There are a million ways to rethink your daily practices. By simply reexamining the choices you make day-to-day, you have the power to affect change and work toward a sustainable future: from shopping (“Could I borrow this from someone instead? Can I reuse something I already have in my home?”) to your daily routine to how you dispose of products and materials that you just can’t use any more (think: recycling and composting!)

Composting your food scraps and organic waste not only provides you with nutrient rich fertiliser for your garden, it also helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions produced by landfill. Instead of discarding food scraps in the general waste bin, add them to a compost heap, Bokashi bin or worm farm.

Even though the alternatives of waste management prove to be effective in day to day life, some of them also come along with few merits and demerits.

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RETHINK

Rethinking to reprocess a material or product and make something else

ROT

Composting the organic waste that can be composeted

REFUSE

Refusing to use materials that can create harmful and undiposable waste and finding alternatives to it

REDUCE

Cut down the amount of material and energy you use as much as you can and reduce the waste

REUSE

Reusing the material for various other purposed when the initial purpose becomes invalid

RECYCLE

Use the product to make something else with all or parts of it.

1 | Waste an issue

The waste cannot be managed completely by waste management techniques for collection and organising it becomes necessary to use other alternatives.

Avoiding the purchase of plastics in day-to-day lives. Plastic is everywhere.

It is strong, light, cheap and very versatile. The majority of plastic waste does not get reused or recycled and experts believe that 50% of plastic is single-use, meaning it is used once before being discarded. Single-use plastic includes plastic water bottles, plastic packaging, plastic grocery bags etc.

Refuse

Most types of plastic are in fact recyclable, but most municipal governments do not have the infrastructure in place to carry out this energy-intensive process. Recycling plastic not only requires large amounts of energy but also uses large quantities of water.

The first step in the waste hierarchy, which is to prevent waste getting into the waste stream in the first place.It can involve both producers/ suppliers and consumers reducing their waste. Produces/suppliers might work together to find ways to reduce or use packaging plastic more sustainably/efficiently as an example.

Reduce

A key part of the circular economy is to re-use resources instead of disposing of them and having to source and use virgin/new materials.

Reuse continues to provide an excellent way in which to get people the food, clothing, building materials, business equipment, medical supplies and other items that they desperately need. There are other ways, however, that reuse benefits the community.

Reuse

Recycling is breaking materials and resources down to re-use them again in recycled products. Some materials and products are recyclable, while some aren’t. Metals like aluminum are an example of a highly recyclable material, whilst glass is usually not. Plastics and paper can also only usually be recycled a certain number of times before the fibres that make them up begin to weaken and shorten leading to a lesser quality recycled product.

Recycle

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Fig.15:Infographic: The 6 R’s to reduce the waste

Source: https://www.biome.com.au/blog/5-rs-zero-waste/

Fig.16:Image: Garbage mountains created on empty lands

Source: https://www.e-mc2.gr/el/news/greenpeace-africaeven-darker-side-plastics-africa (Edited on Photoshop)

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2.0 | Building Materials

Urban Materials of Construction

2 | Urban Materials

“ Construction in concrete as conceived in the 3rd world produces cavernous spaces. A cave has a stone floor, stone walls and a stone roof. We donot come from caves, we are dwellers, we come from the trees and we are men of the treetops, even if we do now live in caves. Current Architecture follows an exaggerated and unhealthy regimen. It is totally carnivorous. The state of nature demands that we come back to a more balanced, more Vegetarian state ” -Simon Velez

Urban Material “ Materials which have contributed to the construction industry to create an ideology of permanence and stability amongst other materials in the construction industry. ” Permanence is a notion of fixity, a confirmatory notice of the existence of livelihood. Without an assurance of permanence there is a fear of loss of social, cultural and economic identity in this world. These materials express the idea of stability within society. The materials also give an essence of hard, tough and rigid as adjectives. People have grown to this day believing that it’s important to be stable and consume a permanent space. India pre British influence considered vegetative materials such as mud, stone, grass and wood to be the Building material for any kind of structures. Post Industrial revolution, there was a change in the type of building material in the construction industry. Steel and concrete were majorly used as a structural material all over India in an attempt to “Urbanize” with these materials. “Urban” Towns and cities emerged with concrete and steel buildings as a confirmatory stamp of the definition of Urban. Today as we look back at our past at the eruption of the idea of urban cities, we notice that the built fabric was generalized to concrete and steel to be the major driving materials of construction which were a product of western culture pasted to Indian context.

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A major reason was also about creating functional programs and determining a material of Construction for building multiple structures.

Concrete and steel were viable because they could be handled and more over a systematic building code allowed for building of these structures.

Even if these structures were not sustainable but their viability was much more powerful in terms of systematic and mass construction. People could not opt for stone as a building material of construction as the workability would highly matter for structures to be created in a particular time frame. Current scenario of earth is pretty alarming as Construction industry has a major contribution in the Global climate change all around the world.

Source: Bamboo: An Urban Material of Construction (By Chintan Dinesh Mansi Shah)

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History of Materials of Construction Timeline1

Wooden Huts were one of the oldest to survive dating to 8500 BCE unearthed in England

It was around 650 BCE that the Ancient Greeks began to build their temples in stone rather than timber. For them, marble was simply the locally available choice.

However, it has gained an aura of majesty after the Romans, and later Renaissance builders, went to great lengths to acquire marble to emulate the beauty of Greek temples

With the 1st settlements appearing in the Middle East, the 1st construction materials were likely to have been sun baked clay bricks. Bricks are still one of the worlds most common construction materials.

The Ancient Egyptians were among the 1st civilizations to build their monumental structures in stone, primarly using available granite and limestone

Glass windows were another Roman invention, with their first appearance in Roman era Egypt. These windows, made by simply flattening blown glass, had poor optical qualities. New methods of manufacturing in the 12th and 13th centuries would produce glasses of higher quality (Broad Sheet and Crown glasses)

Though some may associate concrete with modern buildings, it has been in use since Roman times, with Vitruvius outlining a recipe of sorts in his 10 books on architecture.

The Famous dome of the Pantheon was constructed in concrete and remains the world’s largest unreinforced concrete dome

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2 | Urban Materials

The first use of engineered timber was in the Church of St Luke in Formby, England, which used something resembling modem Glulam beams, However, invention of a range of engineered timber products can be credited to Otto Hetzer, who patented a series of designs beginning in 1892.

Though iron had been used in buildings for centuries (iron ties stabilized Roman arches, for example), the first known use of iron as a primary structural material was in late 7th century China, when the Tang Dynasty constructed a number of cast-iron pagodas. After the Tang Dynasty’s demise, iron was largely forgotten as a construction material for almost 1000 years.

29 Source: Bamboo: An Urban Material of Construction (By Chintan Dinesh Mansi Shah)

Fig.1:1. INFOGRAPHIC: Materials in Architecture (A History)

History of Materials of Construction

2 | Urban Materials

Humans have started constructing since a long time. The basis of construction was to have a program based functional space under a controlled environment to be able to make a user comfortable over changing contextual climate. For humans to be able to become a global species from local species it was important for construction to be able to adapt to vast variety of climates.

Henry Bessemer invented his modem steel-making process in 1855, but it wasn’t until around 1890 that the process was refined enough for construction, The first steel constructions on both sides of the Atlantic were the Rand McNally Building in Chicago and the Forth Bridge in Edinburgh. ver the ensuing years, steel began to replace iron throughout the construction industry.

Though Asbestos had been used for millennia, it wasn’t until 1866 that it was first used as an insulating material in a building. Over the next century it began to be incorporated in a huge variety of construction materials thanks to its fire resistant and insulating qualities.

However its use has dwindled, since it was shown to cause a range of health problems, it is now outlawed in many countries.

Reinforced concrete was invented by Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867. By combining concrete with iron (and later steel), Monier added tensile strength to concrete, which made It possible to use for structural beams.

The 20th Century saw a huge boom in the discovery and production of various plastics. One of the more important in architecture is PVC, which has come to be used in a huge range of building finishes

Shelters created by humans were very basic in nature initially and only lasted for only a fraction of the time period. These temporary structures eventually evolved into more refined structures such as igloo. Agro based economy started to flourish which resulted in structures which were much more durable in nature, which was a resultant of need for accommodation at a particular place for longer periods. The very first structures were constructed for dwelling, but as humans evolved their needs were multiplied and different programs such as food storage and ceremony needed different structures. A surge of structures started to show up which gave a symbolic and a functional value which in turn resulted in separation of Building and Architecture.The history of structures is denoted by number of trends. One is the increasing durability of the materials in use. Early building materials were perishable in nature, such as leaves, branches, and animal hides.

Next more durable yet Natural materials were used such as timber clay and mud as we further progressed, synthesized materials such as brick, metal and concrete. Earlier when important buildings were built in stone and bricks, wood was the commonly used material of construction as households all around. This gave us the ideology of how construction was commonly in a vegetative state. Another attempt was to vertically consume space rather than horizontal consumption, this resulted in a surge of a new building material innovation- Concrete and Steel.

In this ever changing complex state of Construction there are wide range of systems which serve a market specific ideation of building. The design process for all buildings is highly systematized and draws upon research establishments that study material properties and performance, code officials who adopt and enforce safety standards, and design professionals who determine user needs and design a building to meet those needs. The construction process is also highly organized; it includes the manufacturers of building products and systems, the craftsmen who assemble them on the building site, the contractors who employ and coordinate the work of the craftsmen, and consultants who specialize in such aspects as construction management, quality control, and insurance.

30 Source: Bamboo: An Urban Material of Construction (By Chintan Dinesh Mansi Shah)

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State of Urban Building Construction of the World

2 | Urban Materials

The world is in a middle of a rapid flux which is way faster than ever before.

Considering the most obvious global megatrends shaking up the construction industry : the population of the world’s urban areas is increasing by 2,00,0001 people per day, all of them require housing as an affordable commodity as well as utility, social and transportation infrastructure. In the middle of such challenge, the industry is almost under a moral obligation to transform.

Concrete

Wood

The evolution will have multiple transformative effects; on the society, by making construction affordable; on the environment, by improving the use of scarce materials or by producing structures which are more eco- efficient over time; and finally on the economy, by narrowing the infrastructure gap globally and a generalized boost in economic development in the coming years.

While most other industries have undergone tremendous changes over the last few decades, and have reaped the benefits of process and product innovations, the Engineering & Construction sector has been hesitant about fully embracing the latest technological opportunities, and its labor productivity has stagnated accordingly. This unimpressive track record can be attributed to various internal and external challenges: the persistent fragmentation of the industry, inadequate collaboration with suppliers and contractors, the difficulties in recruiting a talented workforce, and insufficient knowledge transfer from project to project, to name just a few.

Bricks

Stone

Steel

Glass

The Engineering & Construction industry strongly affects the economy, the environment and society as a whole. It touches the daily lives of everyone, as quality of life is heavily influenced by the built environment surrounding people.

The construction industry serves almost all other industries, as all economic value creation occurs within or by means of buildings or other “constructed assets”. As an industry, moreover, it accounts for 6%2 of global GDP. Second, the population of the world’s urban areas is increasing by 2,00,000 people per day, all of whom need affordable housing as well as social, transportation and utility infrastructure. Such trends pose challenges but also offer opportunities; either way, they require an adequate response from the industry as a whole.

Fig.17:Majorly used materials in todays contruction industry(By Author)

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33 1 Urban Population increase (Source: www.un.org) 2 Global GDP (Source: www2.deloitte.com)

Impacts of Building Materials on Sustainability

Global Material Extraction : Material Extraction v/s Year

Fig.18:Global Material Extraction ( Source: Booming Bamboo)

Years Left?: Raw Materials v/s Years Left

2 | Urban Materials

Depletion of Resources Any material usage always contributes to the depletion of resources which involves the extraction of renewable vegetal (Bamboo, Timber), Finite abiotic (Minerals, oil) raw materials, as well as through the consumption of nonrenewable resources (fossil fuels). It is quite clear that resource depletion is becoming an upcoming issue of the society which needs to be solved.

Industrialised developed and developing countries have a high raw material consumption per capita. It lies in the range of 45- 85 tons per year and is expected to get a further boost due to transition of emerging economies.

Humans are constantly extracting material resources more than Earth can reproduce. Ecological Footprint which can be defined as “ a measure of how much biological productive land and water an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates using prevailing technology and resource management practices”1.

In 2003 the Ecological Footprint was 14.1 billion global hectares, whereas the productive area was 11.2 billion global hectares, which means man is currently consuming more than 1.25 times the amount of resources the earth can produce. With the earlier mentioned population and consumption growth projections, the Ecological Footprint is set to double by 20502 . For some time the earth can cover this global “ecological deficit” or “overshoot” by consuming earlier produced stocks. However, when these stocks run out, various resources will become scarce which may result in resource based disasters and conflicts. To bring the Ecological Footprint to a sustainable level, measures should be taken on both the demand and supply side. On the demand side the global population, the consumption per capita and the average footprint capacity per unit of consumption (i.e. amount of resources used in the production of goods and services) determine the total demand of resources. At the supply side the amount of biologically productive area, and the productivity of that area, determine the amount of resources that can be produced globally to meet this demand.

Conclusion From the above it becomes clear that directly or indirectly, materials have a large influence on the environmental impact of products, now and in the future. It is important to understand that many raw materials are extracted in developing countries and emerging economies and – in the case of local value addition through processing and product development - yields many opportunities for socioeconomic development locally, potentially contributing to sustainable development. However, most value addition to materials still takes place in developed countries.

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Fig.19:Material Depletion Time (Source: Booming Bamboo)

1 Material Availability (Source: WWF International 2006) 2 Ecological Footprint (Source: WWF International 2006)

Image: Child playing in garbage Source:https://www.businessinsider.com/images-ofchildren-playing-in-garbage-2014-10 (Edited on Photoshop)

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3.0 | Outlook

Outlook - Need for Alternate Building Materials

3 | Outlook

The journey of building material production has slowly and steadily moved from highly decentralized and major labour- intensive methodology to a much more centralized, engineered, machine-dependent industrialized mode of construction. Centralized module of production makes it mandotary for hauling of raw materials and distribution of finished materials over large distances. These activities and methods additionally require expenditure of fossil fuels for transportation. Transportation of raw and finished building materials is another key issue that can contribute to cost of materials, increased energy requirements and environmental issues. Sustainability of the present mode of production, consumption and distribution of building materials and currently adopted construction practices is questionable.

Steel, cement, glass, aluminum, plastics, bricks, etc. are energyintensive materials, commonly used for building construction. Generally these materials are transported over great distances. Extensive use of these materials can drain the energy resources and adversely affect the environment. On the other hand, it is difficult to meet the ever-growing demand for buildings by adopting only energy efficient traditional materials (like mud, thatch, timber, etc.) and construction methods.

Hence, there is a need producing materials energy efficient, environment friendly and sustainable building alternatives and techniques to satisfy the increasing demand for buildings. Some of the guiding principles in developing the alternative building technologies can be summarized as follows: Energy conservation; Minimize the use of high energy materials; Concern for environment, environment-friendly technologies and cost friendly; Minimize transportation and maximize the use of local materials and resources; Decentralized production and maximum use of local skills; Utilization of industrial and mine wastes for the production of building materials; Recycling of building wastes, and Use of renewable energy sources.

Building technologies manufactured by meeting these principles could become sustainable and facilitate sharing the resources especially energy resources more efficiently, causing minimum damage to the environment.

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What if we recycle the waste into building materials?

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Why prefer Re-cycle and not Re-use in case of building materials?

3 | Outlook

Recycling - An Important Part Of The Solution The more we recycle, the less garbage winds up in our landfills and incineration plants. By reusing aluminum, paper, glass, plastics, and other materials, we can save production and energy costs, and reduce the negative impacts that the extraction and processing of virgin materials has on the environment.

It all comes back to you. Recycling gets down to one person taking action. New products can be made from your recyclable waste material.

Recycling is good for our environment, our communities, and our economy. Recycling also means going through various process to make the product better, sustainable for long period and to develope it’s properties for using again.

In a broad sense, recycling is part of an ethic of resource efficiency – of using products to their fullest potential. When a recycled material, rather than a raw material, is used to make a new product, natural resources and energy are conserved. This is because recycled materials have already been refined and processed once; manufacturing the second time is much cleaner and less energy-intensive than the first.

It conserves energy, reduces air and water pollution, reduces greenhouse gases, and conserves natural resources. Producing products using recovered rather than raw materials uses significantly less energy which results in less burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Everyone knows recycling means less trash going to our landfills but the greatest environmental benefit of recycling is the conservation of energy and natural resources and the prevention of pollution that is generated when a raw material is used to make a new product.

Re-using on the other hand means using the product as it is without any further treatment. This loses it’s advantage to gain strength and other effecient properties which can be done with the help of recycling.

Reused products are oftenly of lesser quality and and won’t be at greater advantage if we’re looking at using it as building materials.

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4.0 | Site Visit

Site Visit Location: Gate no.5, Mahalakshmi, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400034

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Understanding the working of Waste Management Plant

Location: Mahalakshmi race course, opp gate no. 4

The garbage is delivered to the centre by various The garbage is first seggrergated by labourers and from different areas by tempo owners and emptied thn put into big plastic bags. down in front of gate

The garbage is then stocked in a corner located The entry is been made by plant manager in of the 50 just aside the entrance gate of the centred in large amount of garbaged bags filled and other details plastic bags. about delivery of the garbaged.

The waste is thn compressed in a machine called compressor for further output.

Also the waste is compressed into this cuboid stocks according to various colours so that ink does’nt get mixed.

The cuboid stocks are then weighed so that it can be sent further to the next recycling plant. The waste is not completely recycled in this plant.

The waste is recycled into various products in the plant located at Navi Mumbai. Above is an example51 of the bench made out of plastic.

Fig.20: Understanding the workflow (by Author)

4 | Site Study

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Fig.21: Chart explaining the hierarchy of workflow (by Author)

Site Study Identification of waste

Conclusion

4 | Site Study

Site Visit was helpful for the research conducted in ways that helped understand the basics of waste management and recycling in the context of a site in Mumbai. The plant was located at Mahalakshmi, Mumbai and collects waste from around the neighboring areas of the region. The plant doesn’t actually do the complete process up till recycling the waste into products but it manages to create product till first step of recycling which helps other plants to easy the process.

The existing plant collects waste from the neighborhood areas and involves itself in the process of collection, segregation and recycling it up to the first step. The waste is converted into compressed cuboids, which are further sent to other recycling plants that convert the cuboids into the required products with the help of machineries.

Various class of people contribute together to effecient working of the management plant from garbage collectors, tempo drivers to higher authorities managing the plant.

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Fig.22: Identification of waste (by Author)

5.0 | Studying Materials

Studying Materials Base Research

5 | Studying Materials

To further understand and study the materials it is important to study the basics of these materials to its full potential, it is required to have a detailed study of its constituent basic elements and terminologies for the same. By studying the conditions and properties of these materials, it will be easier to define the character and understand the materials.

Table explaining the potentials of recycling of specific materials:

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Table1:Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4HR0bLBbkghttps://www.designindaba.com/videos/creative-work/social-housingcolombia-made-plastic-waste

5 | Studying Materials

5 | Studying Materials

Table explaining the potentials of recycling of specific materials:

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Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4HR0bLBbkg https://www.designindaba.com/videos/creative-work/social-housing-colombia-made-plastic-waste

6.0 | Alternative Building Materials

Literature Review

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M. Vijayalakshmi (Modern waste management techniques-A critical review) Due to rapid growth in population, urbanization and industrialization, that results in increased waste in terms of domestic, industrial and commercial waste along with the other types of wastes, 21st century faces the biggest problems related to waste management.

The main motive of waste management is to save the environment from detrimental effects. Modern methods are adopted worldwide to manage waste effectively. They are biological reprocessing, recover through recycling, dumping in sanitary landfill, composting, waste to energy, bioremediation, incineration, pyrolysis, plasma gasification etc. Finding and adopting the best waste management technique is the need of the hour and also necessary for the welfare of the people in the world. This paper describes different types of wastes generated, modern waste management techniques and recommends the best one amongst them.

Yatin Pandya (Sustainable built form-An Indian perspective book) The rapid growth of energy consumption has raised issues of increased pressure on natural resources and various environmental impacts. The increase in population, demand of building materials, comfort levels etc. have raised the question of availability and the fate of our resources. These issues emphasize the need to conserve and optimize our resource use.

Architecture bears the responsibility to maintain the equilibrium between the built and the natural environment. Sustainability is understood as self-reliance and ability to absorb environmental and other impacts of developmental action in the present times, without degrading or depriving the development opportunities for the times to come. Every decision pertaining to efficiency of design, appropriateness of technology and optimization. of energy, land, water and vegetation become critical for sustainable architecture.

Plastic waste management (Issues, solutions & case studies) Plastic products being an integral part of our daily life result in production of polymer at a massive scale worldwide. On an average, production of plastic globally crosses 150 Million tons per year. Approximately 9.4 million TPA plastic waste is generated in the country, which amounts to 26,000 TPD2 (sq.). Of this, about 60% is recycled, most of it by the informal sector. While the recycling rate in India is considerably higher than the global average of 20%3, there is still over 9,400 tons of plastic waste which is either landfilled or ends up polluting streams. While some kinds of plastic do not decompose at all, others could take up to 450 years to break down. Plastics are not inherently bad, and they have many redeeming ecological features. Their durability and low maintenance reduce material replacement, their light weight reduces shipping energy, their formulation into glue products allows for the creation of engineered lumber and sheet products from recycled wood, and their formulation into superior insulation and sealant products improves the energy performance of our structures. Recycling plastic takes 88% less energy than making plastic from raw materials.

Neha Gupta, Krishna Kumar Yadav, Vinit Kumar (A review on current status of solid waste management in India) Municipal solid waste management is a major environmental issue in India. Due to rapid increase in urbanization, industrialization and population, the generation rate of municipal solid waste in Indian cities and towns is also increased. Mismanagement of municipal solid waste can cause adverse environmental impacts, public health risk and other socio-economic problem. This paper presents an overview of current status of solid waste management in India which can help the competent authorities responsible for municipal solid waste management and researchers to prepare more efficient plans.

KIM Ibrahim (Recycled waste glass [WG] in concrete) Concrete comprises three boss constituents (aggregate, cement, and water).

The waste disposal problem was caused by non-decomposing waste materials, thus contributing to the environmental crisis. Glass has been indispensable to man’s life due to its properties such as flexibility, to take any shape with ease, polished surface, resistance to abrasion, safety, and durability. Utilizing WG in concrete has obtained far more attention in parallel to environmental awareness. This investigation tried to explore the WG utilizing impact in concrete.

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6 | Alternative Building Materials Research Questions Methodology Primary Research Question How can the waste material be used as a building material or as a material in architectural sector in various forms?

Secondary Research Question 1.

How can the material be used as a substitute material for the already existing materials?

2.

In what method/type the material can be used?

3.

Advantages over other materials.

4.

Methods of making/ recycling this material.

5.

What are the shortcomings of the material and how can they be improved on?

6 | Alternative Building Materials 3. Development in newer technologies and how it can be useful in making or implementation on these materials.

4. There are multiple developers, researchers and organizations constantly working on more such materials. The research do not aim to fixate or limit any scope of such explorations.

Expected Outcome 1.

Use 2.

Properties 3.

Limitations Conclusion The end result concluding whether the Material can be used for a Architectural purpose or not.

Aim The primary aim is to understand the material from multiple lenses and to evaluate it with respect to being a Building Material or a material that can be used in architectural sector and decode the reasons of its advantages and shortcomings. The purpose of this study is to understand material to its fullest and discover if the building can be made completely or majorly with the waste or not.

Objectives The objective of this dissertation is to finally intervene with the help of technology if this can be the solution for increasing waste generation and for the depletion of already existing materials.

Methodology 1.

Research 2.

Properties 3.

Methods 4.

Shortcomings 5.

Conclusion

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Scope and Limitation 1. The report prepared does not count for a detailed analysis of the load taking capacity of the materials as it yet needs to be researched and developed on as a material of construction.

2. Any Design issues to be preplanned before fabrication as on site disparities are challenging to perform and also very costly to execute the change.

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01.

Recycling Waste Debris Procedure

6 | Alternative Building Materials

Material 01 Methodology

6 | Alternative Building Materials

Waste Plastic into Bricks Primary Research Plastic waste is easily one of the biggest problems in 21st century. The most hazardous type of plastic wastes are HDPE and PTE along with the plastic below 50 micron. These plastics, when mixed in the soil directly affect fertility of the soil and when disposed in the sea, directly affect the marine life. Trying to find efficient ways of disposing/reusing this plastic is essential and hence it is proposed that waste plastic will be a component for manufacturing bricks and used as a building material for architectural purposes. Since bricks are a fundamental component used in the construction industries especially in residential projects, they can be produced using various types of plastics with a number of compositions. The research conducted by various organizations prove that the properties of this newly developed bricks are more efficient in terms of strength, stability and weight. The most important objective of replacing traditional bricks is to minimize the waste disposal and to produce eco-friendly material for construction.

Fig.23:Source: DBE book By Ar. Yateen Pandya

Recycling Waste Debris Procedure

Scope and limitations · There is less awareness regarding availability of this kind of technology. · The cost for developing this kind of bricks is tremendous currently due to lack of mass production. However, once people adapt to it these bricks will cost much lesser than the traditional one. · Plastic sand bricks provide a good alternative to traditional bricks in terms of environmental hazards as well as affordability to customers. · Water absorption of plastic bricks is zero as compared to traditional bricks. · If the material can be used in structural elements (columns, beams) is still to be studied. Maybe if partially other aggregates are added it can be used in structural elements as well.

Inference The material can be used instead of traditional bricks or concrete blocks as a filler but cannot be used in structural elements directly due to lack of strength in comparison to concrete.

68 Fig.24:Source: Recycling plastic and glass waste into bricks https://youtu.be/5JY7qNR4uOk

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Process of recycling waste Plastic into Bricks Fig.25:Process of recycling waste Plastic into Bricks

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02 Recycling Waste Debris Procedure

Fig.27:Process of making https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/283338603 Fig. Waste concrete recycling process.

Ingredients in Demolition waste

6 | Alternative Building Materials

Material 02 Methodology

6 | Alternative Building Materials

Demolition waste as Material Primary Research Recycling as part of environmental considerations has become a common feature in the construction industry. Construction and demolition (C&D) debris is the waste material that results from the construction, renovation, or demolition of any structure, including buildings, roads, and bridges.

Typical waste components include Portland cement concrete, asphalt concrete, wood, drywall, asphalt shingles, metal, cardboard, plastic and soil. This waste material has recently gained attention regarding concerns about its environmental impacts. Researches and experiments are being done to discover new ways on how to find solution considering where else to put these debris and what can be done to lessen its disposal to landfills. Millions of tons of waste concrete are generated every year around the world due to Demolition of old structure, destruction of buildings and structures during earthquakes and other calamities.

Removal of useless concrete from structures, buildings, road pavements etc. Recycling of waste concrete is done to reuse the concrete rubble as aggregates in Concrete.

Scope and limitations · The end product developed is weaker in strength than the initial material unless it’s mixed with other aggregates to increase its strength. · The recycled aggregate have less crushing strength, impact resistance, specific gravity and has more absorption value as compared to fresh aggregates. · However, various aggregates liked crushed glass can be added to increase its strength.

Inference The material cannot be used again with same stronger properties as earlier as recycling weakens it unless it is mixed with other stronger aggregates to increase its strength.

72 Fig.26:Different demolition wastes https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/40493

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03 Figures supporting the research

6 | Alternative Building Materials

Material 03 Methodology

6 | Alternative Building Materials

Recycled waste glass [WG] in concrete Primary research Concrete comprises of three main constituents namely aggregate, cement, and water. The proportion and type of ingredients change the properties of concrete. The problem of waste disposal was caused by non-decomposing waste materials, thus contributing to the environmental crisis. Glass has been indispensable due to its properties such as flexibility, to take any shape with ease, polished surface, and resistance to abrasion, safety, and durability.

The compressive strength Increasing and decreasing ratios.

Increasing and decreasing ratios in the tensile strength.

Methodology · Crushing · Mixture proportioning: · Two type of mixtures can be created: · The first is the control concrete mix consisted of sand (594 kg/ m3), basalt (1188 kg/m3), cement (400 kg/m3), and water (200 kg/ m3). The second concrete mixes were produced from WG coarse aggregates of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% ratios as partial substitution of coarse aggregate and with the equal masses of sand, cement, and water of the control mix. · The stronger mixture can be chosen specific to the site or conditions. · Mixing with other ingredients( sand and other aggregates) · Final output Scope and limitations: · The material is not completely recycled material but rather a mixture of crushed glass used instead on aggregates, cement and water. · When used as direct material it lacks the strength to compete with concrete.

Inference The material can be used as a partial substitute to the concrete and can be used in structural elements as well since utilizing WG in concrete as aggregate enhances some of the concrete characteristics.

74 Fig.28:Diagrams supporting the inferencing https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349695018

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04 Furniture made out of fabric, plastic and electronic waste

6 | Alternative Building Materials

Material 04 Methodology

6 | Alternative Building Materials

Waste fabric, electronic waste and glass into products Primary research Reforming old clothing and mixed waste glass into various highquality building products represents a new way to convert low-value waste into high-value products and materials. This technology which can recover and reform materials from electronic waste. The earth’s resources need to be preserved and re-used rather than put in landfill or incinerated. While the textiles materials tested exceptional well in labs to mechanical performance properties including strength, flexibility and resistance, further lab testing is required to explore these properties ahead of consideration of applying for any formal assessment against construction regulations. Green micro factories can not only produce high performance materials and products, they eliminate the necessity of expensive machinery, save on the extraction from the environment of yet more natural materials, and reduce the waste burden.

Fig.30:Interior furniture made out waste Snaps from Youtube Video https:// youtu.be/4fkbQynfSyY

Tiles made out of fabric, plastic and electronic waste

Fig.29:Tiles made out of wasteSnaps from Youtube Video https://youtu.be/4fkbQynfSyY

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Methodology · Waste collection. · Segregation according to the requirements. · Segregating according to colors and conditions. · Converting/ crushing into granules · Mixing with each other or other ingredients for additional strength · Compressing · Moulding into required final outputs.

Scope and limitations: · The material is stronger and more durable in terms of wood, which is majorly used in the interior design industry. · Due to mixing of materials with other ingredients, it enhances the properties.

Inference The material can be used in developing indoor as well as outdoor furniture and also for building other products like tiles, pavements etc.

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Fig.31:Waste wave (by Author)

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House Built of Recycled Materials Case Study - Social housing in Colombia

6 | Case Study 1

Location: Colombia Program: Social Housing Duration: 10 days Year: 2017 Architect: Oscar Andres Mendez Materials: Electronic waste, plastic and tyres Company: Conceptos Plásticos By recycling plastic from electronic waste, packaging and tyres, Conceptos Plásticos has developed a building material called Bloqueplas.

The waste collected is melted down, poured into a mould and turned into plastic blocks with a joining design that enables a block to slot into another like Lego pieces.

Aside from being fire and earthquake resistant, the alternative building material provides a durable shelter that requires no maintenance and that is 30 per cent cheaper than traditional housing systems in Colombia’s low-income communities. In addition to this, Conceptos Plásticos reduces water and energy consumption, as well as CO2 emissions by recycling waste that would otherwise end up in landfills.

Fig.32: making of house Source: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=t4HR0bLBbkg

Parameters Fabrication Technique Climate Sensitive Application Cost Effective Value Degree Of Permanence Light Weight Production Value Construction Value Strength Fire Resistance Aesthetics

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Multi Storey

Rating (Out of 5)

**** **** ***** ***** **** **** **** *** *** **** **** *

Classifications Insant

Skilled labour were not required to build with the plastic bricks. After initial training on how to use the blocks, as little as four community members were able to build a whole house in just five days, or a shelter to temporarily house many families in only ten days. The building blocks are easy to dismantle making them also ideal for temporary or mobile shelter solutions.

Good for Climate Effective High Partially Permanent

To date, Conceptos Plásticos has worked with the Colombian government, various NGOs and private organisations to build homes, temporary shelters, classrooms and community halls using its signature building material.

Good Good Good Medium Good Good Only one storey

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Table2: Analytical understanding of case study 1 (by Author) Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4HR0bLBbkg https://www.designindaba.com/videos/creative-work/social-housing-colombia-made-plastic-waste

House Built of Recycled Plastic Blocks Case Study - House in Ghana

6 | Case Study 2

Location: Ghana Program: Personal Residence Duration: 42 days Architect: Nelson Boateng Materials: Plastic Company: Nelplast Ghana Limited The main motivation to the CEO that venture into plastic waste recycling was his passion to help Ghana to solve its plastic waste problems by using plastic waste as a solution to the shortage of housing units, schools under trees, and unemployment in the country.

By crashing, washing and semi-drying the plastic waste and mixing it with the sand at the proportion of 70 percent of sand and 30 percent of plastic, then feed them into an extruder to make pastes, then feed the paste into molds to produce paving blocks or interlocking bricks under hydraulic pressure.

In the prototype plastic house built contains 13,400 kilos of plastic waste, retrieved from our gutters and beaches. With 11,000 U. S. dollars you can afford a one-bedroom house like this, which is more durable but more affordable than building with cement blocks erection to achieve the appropriate quality and accuracy.

Fig.33:Making of houseSource: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPmZmUBFryY&list=PLJ3lI_ WxeASiu44NzfGlbUiAzBAZCWXXg&index=8

Parameters Fabrication Technique Climate Sensitive Application Cost Effective Value Degree Of Permanence Light Weight Production Value Construction Value Strength Fire Resistance

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Aesthetics Multi Storey

Rating (Out of 5)

**** **** ***** ***** **** **** **** *** *** **** **** ***

Table3: Analytical understanding of case study 2 (by Author)

Classifications Insant Good for Climate Effective High Partially Permanent Good Good Good Medium Good Good Possible

The base and the columns of the one-bedroom apartment are made of the normal mortar concreting. But the walls are built with dark-brown bricks made from sand with plastic waste acting as the binding material.

The bricks are interlocked horizontally and vertically by the plugs and sockets designed at their edges, eliminating the use of mortar as the binding material in erecting the walls. The compound is also tiled with colorful pavement blocks made from sand and plastic waste.

When there is an earthquake or shakes and cracks on the earth, these bricks can expand, and contract when the earth becomes stable, unlike concrete blocks that either crack or collapse.

In addition to the cost-efficiency, Boateng said the sand-plastic brick houses are also energy-efficient as the rooms cool naturally due to the hollows in the bricks to prevent heat transfer from outside into the rooms, reducing the cost of power consumption.

Looking at the increasing cost of cement and other building materials in Ghana and a housing deficit of two million housing units, having affordable houses becomes a dream come true.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPmZmUBFryY&list=PLJ3lI_WxeASiu44NzfGlbUiAzBAZCWXXg&index=8 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/09/c_139998728.htm

83

7.0 | Inferencing 1

Issues in Construction with Recycled Waste

Research and Development Issues:

86

7 | Inferencing 1

Material Issues: Though these materials can be recycled easily, they lose their value every time they are recycled. They cannot be recycled with same potential each time unless other aggregates are added to them that can enhance their properties.

Hence, creating a amalgam of these materials can be a solution. Like using already used aggregates like sand and cement in specific percentages.

Recyclability

Architectural Value

The research done until now has been conducted by private sectors majorly as part of testing and research with minimum to almost negligible attention to aesthetics and finish. These structures being unappealing, fail to attract the attention of public and hence there is a requirement of construction of aesthetically designed prototypes in prominent locations for active promotions and display, to attract those willing to construct with waste as building material.

There has to be a preparatory phase which includes Skill development and training programs before the actual construction boom for waste materials in order to provide skilled manpower for high quality construction practices.

Fire rating and susceptibility to fire is another factor in the use of these materials in a structure. There are techniques and methodology through which fire retarding is possible, yet it further needs to be developed and studied.

Fire Susceptibility

If these materials lack the strength to be used in any structure which is higher than g+1, they need to be studied and tested for mechanical and structural properties. Currently, crushed glass recycled and used in concrete as substitute to other aggregates is the only material that has the strength to be used in structural components.

Structural Compability

With the current status of materials studied, a G+1 structure can be easily built. But if these materials are to be used for higher structures, they are to be evaluated, tested and technology needs to be developed.

Joinery

Lack of Data

Research and innovations in alternative materials and building technologies hardly see the light of day. There could be many reasons for these experiments, though successfully conducted in laboratories, to never reach the field of applications. One major reason is the cumbersome and elaborate precautions that have to be taken for design and during construction of the structural elements. This makes them non user-friendly. Most of the time they are not practically possible, are time consuming and very expensive. There has to be an equally robust implementation strategy through timely precipitation and dissemination of the research data in usable format along with awareness building for a widespread market penetration. We need to simplify the treatment methods and eliminate operational problems in making a mainstream building material.

Evolution of Standards

Initially when steel and concrete were unconventional and not produced to be the urban materials of the building industry, it took decades to achieve acceptance through research and development, testing and experience to evolve into standard practice. Even today they are being refined further with upcoming technologies. Now being the high time to switch into environmental friendly techniques and recycling getting the desired light, it will be best to turn the waste that is already difficult to manage and dispose into building materials as it will continue to be generated and the gradually growing population that will require housing facilities. Standardization of waste as construction materials will require acceptance and technology development to serve as a conventional building material. This will give a more reliable understanding of the material’s properties which can lead to refinement and confidence in design values, leading to acceptance of the material in the design community. Such acceptance, coupled with advocacy, can lead to broader social acceptance of previously marginalized vernacular construction material and technologies like waste.

Once these problems are countered, waste materials will become a highly appropriate building material in building sector. Due to its main source as waste, costs also can be saved while tackling two problems at ones.

87

Issues in Construction with Recycled Waste

Execution Issues:

88

Quality Availability

Availability of quality and quantity of waste of suitable type for building sector is a major issue hindering the usage of this material. If managed, treated and standardized, recycled material can be made available readily in building sector with increased manifold within no time. Therefore, more waste management and recycling plants need to be set up by government and private agencies in across the country to make the material available to clients, architects, designers and engineers.

Prefabrication

Building components, partially replaced with waste materials, if made available to create permutations and combinations, for creating a variety of architectural designs, will provide choices for selection for design and budget, and also enhance the speed of construction on site thereby making it economical. Processed waste can provide more options for increasing speed of construction. Elaborate procedures of treatment are also a major issue in usage for waste products by contactors. Quality treated waste and right procedure of manufacturing is a mandatory requirement for structurally safe, economical and long-lasting buildings. Governments need to set up waste management and recycling plants near cities and other areas to make the availability of quality treated waste and production easy.

Skill Set

India, waste recycled material hasn’t been well-established as a building material. But this is because the technique of using waste as building component is still under experimentation. Currently we lack skill set and knowledge to achieve such strructure. Concrete and steel buildings are typically difficult to construct, requiring skilled workers and quality materials for a successful result but over the period we have adapted to modern methods. Similarly, we need to form superior guidelines and frameworks for building waste recycled structures. A multipurpose kit for constructing waste recycled structures that includes prefabricated connections, tools and instructions etc. can be made available. In this way, we will empower the execution team with basic building skills to become more confident and execute buildings with recycled waste bricks.

Testing Problems

The testing procedures for building with recycled waste as building components are complex, expensive, inaccurate and unavailable most of the time. This makes it very uneconomical and difficult for the contractor/architects and engineers to adhere to standards and timelines. Standard field tests for nonconventional materials will also provide communities greater equity in terms of safe, adequate, and reliable housing and sustainable development using one of the major problem around, resulting in an improved standard of living and will serve both technical and social purposes.

7 | Inferencing 1

Social Issues: Cost value and affordability can be looked as the major reasons for people to go for a more compatible and permanent solution. In concurrence a substandard structure can be very demanding in terms of time, energy and money consumed for its maintenance. waste being one of the cheaper and largely available materials can play an important role in providing an economic and ecofriendly alternative in combination with other materials. Until the material is adapted to and widely accepted, the cost will be much higher. Once enough awareness is spread and mass production begins, the cost will be relatively cheaper than traditionally existing materials.

Affordability

Cement, steel, bricks and timber could be switched with recycled waste partially if not completely for constructing either structural or non-structural elements of a structure ranging from walls to roof. These buildings can be designed for a longer life, improved quality and low maintenance. Waste with other materials can give a cost reduction in future.

Life Cycle

Recycled may have failed to live up to the social urban image. This can be changed by introducing modern waste recycled construction solutions which are much more practical and aesthetical with respect to the construction. Cost reduction by mass production, using prefabricated components, increasing the speed of construction, availability of finance and insurance facilities will go a long way in social acceptance of these materials. The next step will be aiming for engineered product of construction with waste recycling.

Lack of Acceptance/ awareness

Some of the important housing terminologies needs to be redefined, so that the benefits of all the research reaches the general public. Translating them into a series of standard thumb rules will make it easy for waste material to be used for construction in rural and tribal areas without the involvement of professionals further reducing the cost. This will tap a vast market segment of buildings in the rural and tribal sector thereby generating livelihood options as well and solving the housing and infrastructure problems.

Evolution of Standards

89

Effective Management

Out of the total amount of waste that is generated, only a small amount in well seggregated and reach the management centres properly. The waste that is well segregated can be used for recyling as a building material directly. Almost half the amount of waste becomes unusable because of mixing with the undesired type of waste. This links directly to poor management at personal household levels. This is when, precise management comes into play. If mis management is avoided, all the waste can be correctly segregated, treated and made available to be recycled without compromising it’s quality. Waste has to managed in the very beginning steps that is from households itself to the manageent centres and hence it can be utilized for desired purposes.

Identify the Types of Waste

Identify the Sources of Waste Determine the potential hazards from waste

Common solutions to the Issues

7 | Inferencing 1

As we find out ways to sustainable architectural practices, cost of the technologies used to achieve the goal can become a major setback. In order to make the end product cheap and affordable so that it can be widely used, the cost of processing has to be reduced so has to reduce the overall cost of the product.

Treating and recycling waste can require a number of processes and machinery as well as power consumption. Alternatives such a solar energy powered technology or hybrid technology can prove efficient in cost cutting and sustaining the end quality result.

Cutting down cost through Technology

Awareness is an important factor when it comes to promoting a newly researched or composed product which in our case is the waste induced building material. Substituting traditionally used building materials with new hybrids and making them available widely for use can be a challenging pace.

Until the material gains sufficient popularity, it has to be promoted. And hence, spreading awareness is a crucial step towards eco-friendly material use. This can be done by setting up waste treating plants around cities and using other platforms such as workshops, seminars etc. so that the idea reaches large number or people.

Creating awareness

The cost of the product’s processing and machining can be cut low if it is produced in bulk. Currently, the practices being low and carried out on a very small scale, the cost incurred in transporting the raw materials machinery are relatively high. This results in increment of cost of the end product.

Mass production

Hybrid system can be used such as to tackle the strength and multi storey building issues. When structural systems are made up of already existing urban materials and the walls and partitions are made up of recycled bricks this can be one of the solution to tackle the multi storey building problem. Currently the completely recycled materials lack the strength to be used in structural systems for multi storey buildings.

Hybrid System

Determine the volume of Waste Generation

Identify waste collection methods

Identify safe transportation methods

Identify safe disposal methods

90

Research and Testing

Out of the total amount of waste that is generated, only a small amount in well seggregated and reach the management centres properly. The waste that is well segregated can be used for recyling as a building material directly. Almost half the amount of waste becomes unusable because of mixing with the undesired type of waste. This links directly to poor management at personal household levels. This is when, precise management comes into play. If mis management is avoided, all the waste can be correctly segregated, treated and made available to be recycled without compromising it’s quality. Waste has to managed in the very beginning steps that is from households itself to the manageent centres and hence it can be utilized for desired purposes.

91

8.0 | Viability Study (Inferencing 2)

Viability Study1 Introduction Floor Slab

Column Material

8|| Viability Study

The primary aim of this segment of Research was to correlate and understand waste recycled materials as materials for contruction in comparision to other prevalent materials under non structural and structural aspects of the same with parameters to construct any stucture possible.

This study showcases the strength and the weakness of a system adopted/ proposed and evaluates the opportunity and threats as presented by the nature of the system. It finally helps to carryout the system effectively and prospects for its success.

Beam Material

The criterias for evaluating the viability of the material are divided into 4 parts 1. Practical Viability 2. Economical Viability 3. Environmental Viability 4. Social Viability

Roof

The first step was to understand different materials used for different elements of the building and hence a systematic list was made of the commonly used materials in the construction industry. These materials were compared to different criterias by collection of data via reports, articles, interviews and books talking about the materials.

Wall

Highly Used Materials 94

Table4: Material Usage for different elements of a building

NonStructural

Structural

Partition

Application of material under specific elements of a stucture to evaluate effectively with respect to other materials.

Application

Materials

1

Beam

Concrete (Recycled Glass In concrete)A, Steel B

2

Beam

Recycled Plastic with reinforcement

3 4

Floor Slab Roof

Concrete (Recycled Glass In concrete)A, Steel B Concrete (Recycled Glass In concrete)A, Steel B

5 6

Column Column

Recycled Plastic with reinforcement Concrete (Recycled Glass In concrete)A, Steel B

7

Wall

Recycled Plastic Blocks

8

Partition

Recycled Plastic, Fabric, Electronic Waste Partitions

9

Furniture

Recycled Plastic, Fabric, Electronic Waste Partitions

Table5: Material Selection for different elements of a building (by Author)

95

8|| Viability Study

8|| Viability Study

Practical Viability

Economical Viability

The Practical viability has been divided into Structural and Workability properties so as to determine if the Material can actually be used as a construction material.

Economical Viability has been studied by calculating the materials cost as per market rate, transportation and labour charges. Including water bottles and disposable bags. The detritus is then cleaned, shredded and pressed into blocks manually. Each Plastiqube brick costs 5 - 6 rupees (about 8 cents) to make, while the average clay brick sells for about 10 rupees (14 cents).

What’s more, unlike traditional bricks, Plastiqubes don’t use any mortar.

To Understand a material suitable to a structural system, It is important to evaluate the material with respect to its Strength, Stability and Stiffness factors. These if correctly evaluated, they can determine if a structural system made of a particular material is able to withstand loads which include dead loads and live loads for it to sustain. The structural properties have been studied for materials shortlisted for structural applications only. Parameters – Durability and Consistence & workability for these materials has been derived from interviews and reports. Fire resistance is based on information derived from reports and articles.

Economical Parameters

Recycled Glass In concrete

Recycled Plastic Blocks

Recycled Fabric, electronic waste

Total Cost (Rs.)

-

4-6 Rs/ Block

-

Table9: Economical Parameters of elements of a building (by Author)

Social Viability Technical Parameters

Recycled Glass In concrete

Recycled Plastic Blocks

Recycled Fabric, electronic waste

Rating System

Durability

Excellent

Good

Very Good

Excellent

Fire Resistance

Good

Very Good

Moderate

Very Good

Consistency and Workability (1 to 10)

8

9

7

Good Moderate Weak

Table6:Technical Parameters of elements of a building (by Author)

Poor Technical Parameters

Recycled Glass In concrete

Recycled Plastic Blocks

Recycled Fabric, electronic waste

Tensile Strength

Moderate

Good

Not Applicable

Compressive Strength

Very Good

Good

Not Applicable

Table7: Structural properties of elements of a building (by Author)

The pieces of the system are produced by extrusion which does not have any harmful environmental effect. The system consist of structural pieces that consist of both beams and columns. They are tied by metal joints which generate structural framework that supports the load. This material has several benefits compared to the conventional building material. The assembly is quite easy, fast and efficient which is why a house can be built in 2 weeks. The system is also resistant to environmental conditions like humidity and salinity.

Additionally, it is fire resistant because of the amount of flame retardant present in the material. Another positive characteristic of the material is that it is anti seismic. Having a system so easy to assemble reduces labour cost and does not require a specialized workplace. Plastic is a very good thermal as well as acoustic insulator which is an important property. It is possible to apply this system to all types of housing as it only requires adapting to the design and model them with system.

Environmental Viability Environmental Viability has been studied by studying the embodied energy of the systems shortlisted for the applications.

96

Environmental Parameters

Recycled Glass In concrete

Recycled Plastic Blocks

Recycled Fabric, electronic waste

Embodied Energy (MJ) (1 to 10)

7

5

5

Degradable

No

No

No

Renewable

No

Yes

Yes

Recyclable

No

Yes

Yes

Table8: Environmental Parameters of elements of a building (by Author)

97

9.0 | Joineries and Construction Methodologies (Inferencing 3)

Methodology 1: Construction from recycled waste bricks, columns & beams

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

9 | Methodolgy 1

This chapter describes the construction methodology and equipment planning for construction of the main components of the project. The construction methodology for each type of structure has been described under the relevant sub sections of this chapter. The type and sizes used have also been indicated while describing the construction methodology.

Main project components: Concrete for foundation base Recycled waste Columns Recycled waste Beams Recycled waste Blocks (All recycled components are made up of: plastic, electronic waste, fabric waste) Methodology 1 majorly consists of recycled materials (structural as well as non-structural) and is not a hybrid of any methodology. This methodology benefits the purpose of thesis being 90% use waste recycled materials. The methodology also has more of social impact due to it’s easy to install methods.

Stage 1 Concrete foundation or foundation using convention methods to give a rigid base.

Stage 2 The system consits structural pieces tha consists of both beams and columns .

100

101

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

102

9 | Methodolgy 1

Stage 3

Stage 5

The columns are layed with supports next to the beams.

The main non-structural pieces are the blocks, those are attached to each other by using dovetail assembly system.

Stage 4

Stage 6

These columns and beams are tied by metal joints which generate the structural framework that supports the load.

The main complimentary pieces consists of window/door edges and generate the frames of the windows.

103

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

104

9 | Methodolgy 1

Stage 7

Stage 9

Next comes blocks above the lintel level, once the window/door frames are placed.

These are again tied by metal joints which generate the structural framework that supports the load.

Stage 8

Stage 10

Next comes the beams which can be used for the roof structure.

The roof structure is placed and can be changed according to the design requirements and different roofing systems.

105

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials Joinery 1: Column to Beam At the corner of the structure

Joinery 2: Column to Beam At the centre of the edge of the structure

9 | Joineries

Joinery 4: Brick block Recycled waste block detail

Side Elevation

Plan

Section

Side Elevation

Isonometric View

Joinery 5: Interlocking system The blocks are attached to each other by using dovetail assembly system.

Joinery 3: Column to Beam To the central connections

106

107

Inference Charts

9 | Methodolgy 1 Table10: Table explaining area usage of the structure (By Author)

Areas used for the House No. of Floors Built Up Area Carpet Area

G+0 360sq.ft 326sq.ft

Table11: Table explaining calculation of waste percentage in the structure (By Author)

108

Components

Amount No. of of waste components used in one used component (a) (b)

Recycled Columns Recycled Beams Recycled Blocks Total

40% 40% 60%

15 38 4558

Volumetric area covered by components in the structure.

0.12 cu.mts 0.096cu.mts 0.005cu.mts

Total number of waste used in components in the house (in %)

0.72 1.44 13.67 15.83= 56.33%

Waste used

Other Ingredients

Waste Recycled material used (Approx)

Other materials (Approx)

109

Inference for the construction methodology

9 | Methodolgy 1

Advantages: · Time taken: 3-7 days to build · The methodology is majorly based on using waste recycled materials in all the components structural and non structural such as columns, beams, bricks. · The conctruction technique is very easy to use and install and can be used by common people as well. The methodology uses the lego bricks concept and hence is very known can easily understable to the users. · It uses only 40% of recycled materials and the rest consists of sand and fire retardants making it better at fire resistance than already existing materials. · Due to initial qualities of plastic it enhances the strength and other properties of the outcome product. · The without mortar joineries make the methodology anti siesmic.

Drawbacks: · The methodology can only be used for one storey houses. The Houses can still be built with a combination of tradtional and waste materials to go for multi storey houses. Such as ground floor and first floor will consist of concrete and the third floor will be made up of waste recycled materials.

Satisfactory Results from methodology

110

Unsatisfactory Results from methodology

111

Methodology 2: Construction using Hybrid of Conventional Materials and Waste Recycled Materials

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

9 | Methodolgy 2

This chapter describes the construction methodology and equipment planning for construction of the main components of the project. The construction methodology for each type of structure has been described under the relevant sub sections of this chapter. The type and sizes used have also been indicated while describing the construction methodology.

Main project components: Concrete for foundation base Concrete Columns Concrete Beams Recycled waste Blocks (All recycled components are made up of: plastic, electronic waste, fabric waste) Methodology 2 consists of concrete used for structural components such as columns and beams and recycled waste material for non structural component.The methodology is hybrid of concrete and waste recycled materialds. This methodology benefits the purpose since with this hybrid system we can go for multi storey buildings. The methodology also has very less social impact since it involves use of concrete and heavy machiney for building.

Stage 1 Concrete foundation or foundation using conventional methods to give a rigid base.

Stage 2 Concrete columns are layed with reinforcement.

112

113

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

114

9 | Methodolgy 2

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

9 | Methodolgy 2

Stage 3

Stage 5

Similarly, concrete beams are layed over columns with reinforcement.

Similarly, structure system is established for all the floors. Columns, beams & slabs are layed for G+20 floors.

Stage 4

Stage 6

Slabs are constructed giving complete set of structural members on ground floor.

Next comes the non structural members.

Waste recycled blocks are layed till lintel level.

115

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

9 | Methodolgy 2

Inference Charts

9 | Methodolgy 2

Table12: Table explaining area usage of the structure (By Author)

Areas used for the House No. of Floors Built Up Area Carpet Area

G+20 7200sq.ft 6520sq.ft

Table13: Table explaining calculation of waste percentage in the structure (By Author)

Components

Stage 7 Frames for door and windows are placed.

No. of components used

Recycled Columns Recycled Beams

Amount of waste used in one component (a) 0 0

Recycled Blocks

60%

91160

(b) 300 380

Total

Volumetric Total number of area waste used in covered by components in the house (in %) 36 cu.mts 36.48 cu.mts 455.8 cu.mts

0 0 273.4 273.4= 51.7%

Waste used

Other Ingredients

Waste Recycled material used (Approx)

Concrete

Stage 8 The blocks above lintel level are layed and interior walls are built.

116

117

Inference for the construction methodology

9 | Methodolgy 2

Advantages: · Time taken: 20-30 days to build (varies depending on size) · The conctruction technique includes involvement of concrete and machinery which covers the structural part of the methodology. while non structural members are made of recycled waste materials. · The non structural material consists of only 40% of recycled materials and the rest consists of sand and fire retardants making it better at fire resistance than already existing materials. · Though methodology uses concrete it can be useful to reduce the amount of waste generation in some amount.

Drawbacks: · The methodology uses concrete which was to be eliminated from the usage. · The methodology consists very less amount of recycled materials which partially outrules the main motive of the thesis.

Satisfactory Results from methodology

118

Unsatisfactory Results from methodology

119

Methodology 3: Construction using Hybrid of Sustainable Materials and Waste Recycled Materials

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

9 | Methodolgy 3

This chapter describes the construction methodology and equipment planning for construction of the main components of the project. The construction methodology for each type of structure has been described under the relevant sub sections of this chapter. The type and sizes used have also been indicated while describing the construction methodology.

Main project components: Concrete for foundation base Gulam Columns Gulam Beams Recycled waste Blocks (All recycled components are made up of: plastic, electronic waste, fabric waste) Methodology 3 consists of engineered bamboo used for structural components such as columns and beams and slabs and recycled waste materials for non structural component. The methodology is hybrid of sustainable materials and waste recycled materials. This methodology benefits the purpose since with this hybrid system we can go for multi storey buildings. The methodology also has very high social impact since it involves use sustainable materials instead of concrete.

Stage 1 Concrete foundation or foundation using conventional methods to give a rigid base.

Stage 2 Engineered bamboo columns are layed.

120

121

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

122

9 | Methodolgy 3

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

9 | Methodolgy 3

Stage 3

Stage 5

Engineered beams are layed over columns with joineries made up of metal plates.

Similarly, structure system is established for all the floors. Columns, beams & slabs are layed for G+20 floors.

Stage 4

Stage 6

Engineered bamboo Slab panels are placed giving complete set of structural members on ground floor.

Next comes the non structural members.

Waste recycled panels are layed till lintel level.

123

Construction with Recycled Waste Materials

9 | Methodolgy 3

Joineries

9 | Methodolgy 3

Joinery 1: Slab Details Slab made of engineered bamboo

Stage 7 Frames for door and windows are placed.

Joinery 2: Beam Details Beams made of engineered bamboo

Stage 8 The panels above lintel level are layed and interior walls are built.

124

125 Joineries Source: Bamboo: An Urban Material of Construction (By Chintan Dinesh Mansi Shah)

Joineries

9 | Methodolgy 3

Joinery 3: Column Details Columns made of engineered bamboo

Inference Charts

9 | Methodolgy 3

Table14: Table explaining area usage of the structure (By Author)

Areas used for the House No. of Floors Built Up Area Carpet Area

G+20 7200sq.ft 6520sq.ft

Table15: Table explaining calculation of waste percentage in the structure (By Author)

Components

No. of components used

Recycled Columns Recycled Beams

Amount of waste used in one component (a) 0 0

Recycled Blocks

60%

91160

(b) 300 380

Total

Volumetric Total number of area waste used in covered by components in the house (in %) 36 cu.mts 36.48 cu.mts 455.8 cu.mts

0 0 273.4 273.4= 51.7%

Source: Bamboo: An Urban Material of Construction (By Chintan Dinesh Mansi Shah)

Joinery 4: Brick block Recycled waste block detail Waste used

Sustainable Materials (Engineered bamboo)

Waste Recycled material used (Approx)

Sustainable Materials (Engineered bamboo)

Side Elevation

126

127

Inference for the construction methodology

9 | Methodolgy 3

Advantages: · Time taken: 10-20 days to build · The conctruction technique includes involvement of another sustainable material engineered bamboo for it’s structural components. · The non structural components consists of only 40% of recycled materials and the rest consists of sand and fire retardants making it better at fire resistance than already existing materials. · The methodology consists less amount of recycled materials but doesn’t use any urban materials. Instead another sustainaible material helps the methodology become stronger and prove the point of thesis. · Unlike the usage of concrete the methodology becomes completely made up of alternative sustainable materials.

Drawbacks: · The methodology can be only used till G+20 storey buildings.

Satisfactory Results from methodology

128

Unsatisfactory Results from methodology

129

Waste as a Substitutive Material of Construction Conclusion

9 | Future Solutions

The use of waste in construction of buildings is not very popular in many of the regions in the world and hasn’t been practiced commonly but the awareness has began and people are trying out new methods to solve the problems.

Waste can be viable solution to the problem of depleting urban materials.

The need to replace the urban construction Material with a more sustainable alternative for an attempt to save this planet in the long run. A material which serves the purpose of the “Urban Materials of Construction” in terms of their properties yet be a vegetative construction element which can be easily consumed by environment. It is really difficult to replace an urban material since it has been best suited and worked upon to create a standard of structural stability and aesthetics but yet necessary to be able to match sustainability as the major factor of concern in today’s time. Alternative Building material at par with the urban materials need to Challenge these materials in all factors in order to be able to express itself as a fit sustainable construction material of today.

By studying the basic properties of the materials and properties of the recycled materials and methodologies it can be concluded that waste can successfully be partially used in buildings. There are many challenges to overcome like public awareness, cost cutting in transportation and building up the machineries, tests that need to be conducted to study it’s strengths to be able to use as structural components in multi storey buildings.

However, the existing solution to the challenges is using hybrid methodologies like methodology 2 and methodology 3.

130

131

10.0 | Program

Program

10|| Program Identification

Basic criterias for Program Selection: The material should be introduced in a program in such a way that people from all user groups should be able to visit the building. It should stand out in a way that it will inspire the people around and coming generations to look at the technology in a different perspective.

OR The program can be a research facility or waste management plant where the more efficient management and research can be carried out in terms of design of the building.

OR It can be completely different program which is not necessarily residential and the technology can be introduced as a completely diiferent way to look at the structure. In this case the function can be anything varying from commercial office building to a retail space.

134

135

Option 1: School as a program

10|| Program Identification

“Education is not just about going to school and getting a degree. It’s about widening your knowledge and absorbing the truth about life.”

-Shakuntala Devi “We don’t stop going to school when we graduate.”

-Carol Burnett “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.”

-Albert Einstein

Education has an important place in teaching people to understand, control and change their environment. Ward argues that the education system in many societies could not meet this need adequately. According to Ward, due to failure of education with regard to human-environment relation and communication, the children nowadays could not understand the outside world and could not establish healthy relations with the physical environment.

Sustainability education has an important mission to fill this gap. Due the necessity of sustainability education and the necessity for originality of the method to be used in this education, school buildings are significant materials in education. The use of school buildings as concrete course materials by the teachers increases the responsibility of the architects.

The architects should design the school building in compliance with the sustainability criteria and should not ignore the fact that their product is not only a place where education takes place, but also it is, per se, an environment for learning.

The building is the most sustainable school in the region with its material use, recycling and efficient design understanding. The main construction element of the building is wood, which is a sustainable material. With this property, the building can be presented to the students of a concrete example of the importance of the use of natural and sustainable resources.

136

137 Fig.34:fig 16_ School children visiting school Base photo Source: http://havanajournal.com Fig.35:

Manav Sadhna Case Study 1 - Sustainable school design in Ahmedabad

10|| Program Identification

Location: Ahmedabad Program: School Year: 2005 Contractor: Yatin Pandya Material: Waste re-use General Information: Institutional campus is built using components prepared through recycling municipal/ domestic waste. As the recycled building components are cheaper and of higher quality than the conventional materials, they provide affordable and superior quality building alternatives for the urban poor.

Pallet of waste recycled as building components (Fly ash brick, plastic bottle wall, crate partition, oil tin container panelling, rag reinforced FRP etc) are used. Outdoor spaces double up as activity areas well suited climatically andculturally.

Residents around the centre were employed during its construction.

Manually pressed blocks for walls and floors were used. Plastic bottles collected from the slum are filled with fly ash or waste residue. Wall built with these bottles were laid in series with cement mortar optimises waste by exploiting form engineering as well. Glass bottles and waste filled plastic bottles used in filler slab to optimise concrete volume in below neutral zone.

Parameters Sustainability Climate Sensitive User Friendly Contemporary materials Sustainable materials Aesthetic Social Impact

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Construction Value Awareness Impact

Rating (Out of 5)

**** **** ***** * **** ***** **** *** ****

Table16:Analytical understanding of case study 1 Source:(by Author)

Classifications High Good for Climate

At a glance: · Re-using waste materials in building architecture like waste glass bottles, plastic bottles, wooden crates, cycle remains, etc. · Making user-friendly spaces · Involving environment with the design · Using Sustainable Materials like fly ash bricks

Very friendly Very less usage Yes Very Good Very Good Skills Needed High

139 Source: https://woodforgood.com/case-studies/kingsmead-primary-school/

Kingsmead Primary School Case Study 2 - Sustainable school design in UK

10|| Program Identification

Location: UK Program: School Year: 2004 Contractor: Willmott Dixon Material: Engineered Timber General Information: Completed in July 2004 for Cheshire County Council, Kingsmead was the practice’s first primary school commission, which has since become a model for environmental school design in other parts of the UK. Created as an exemplar of sustainable design and construction, from its orientation on site, to the selection of natural materials, use of natural ventilation and daylight, and renewable heating.

The visible timber structure creates a strong practical and symbolic aesthetic inside and out, and allows pupils contact with this natural material. Winter gardens create pleasant spaces for study or rest.

Every classroom has uninterrupted views of green space. Rainwater is harvested for toilet flushing.

Parameters Sustainability Climate Sensitive User Friendly Contemporary materials Sustainable materials Aesthetic Social Impact

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Construction Value Awareness Impact

Rating (Out of 5)

**** **** ***** * **** ***** **** *** ****

Table17:Analytical understanding of case study 2 Source:(by Author)

Classifications

The use of timber glulam beams has enabled continuous structural members to extend from exterior to interior without the need for a thermal break. High thermal insulation in roof and walls, photovoltaics, solar hot water panels,a biomass boiler and an automated natural ventilation system combine to reduce energy consumption to 40-60% below that of conventional new buildings – enough to pay for an extra teacher every year.

High Good for Climate Very friendly Very less usage Yes Very Good

At a glance: · Glulam portal frames, split into two equal halves and erected backto-back to form a sequence of M shapes which cantilever upwards and outwards · Boiler fuelled by local timber fellings and offcuts · Western red cedar cladding · European maple veneered plywood panelling (internal)

Very Good Skills Needed High

141 https://woodforgood.com/case-studies/kingsmead-primary-school/

Option 2: Co-living as a program

10|| Program Identification

“… a collaborative way of living that fosters connectedness, increases social capital for their residents, and creates opportunities for more conscious use of social, natural and man-made resources. A more sustainable way of living.”

-Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez Senior Director of the Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice of the World Bank “… the future of living in harmony with others for a sustainable life!” “… a challenging task, with pitfalls (and perseverance), with laughter and hugs (or nods and drawing into oneself), with food and nurturing (or caution and health concerns), with a good measure of comfort and, especially, community.”

At Common, coliving is “city living made better” and “communal living made easier.”

Coliving is popular in major cities as a means of affordable living for students, workers, digital nomads, or individuals relocating. Unlike traditional apartments, coliving is attractive to tenants due to affordability, flexibility, included amenities, and a sense of community.

In the context of the urban housing crisis and developers in the real estate market, coliving is one of the best and most direct means to achieve optimal density, affordable housing, and an urban community in areas such as Mumbai and Pune.

In today’s sharing economy, young people — millennials, especially — have embraced the concept of sharing rides, experiences, and homes.

Coliving simply makes this more accessible and convenient in major cities.

Coliving can be a beneficial program as various groups of users/ communities will get the chance to come and live and experience the building and it’s pros and will create direct influence on variety of user groups.

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143 Fig.36: Co-Living Source: https://www.pozzoni.co.uk/news/intergenerational

Mabuhay Court Case Study 1 - Affordable housing for seniors

10|| Program Identification

Location: San Jose, California Program: Senior Housing Year: 2002 Area: 110,722sq.ft Architects: David Baker Architects General Information: This senior housing development – serving low-income and extremely low-income seniors 55 years and above – is an example of smart growth, and is located on an urban, brownfield site. It replaced a municipal maintenance yard and a small outdated community building in a historic neighborhood. Mabuhay was developed in tandem with the adjacent Northside Community Center and has a variety of apartments that allows for a mix of tenants, creating a diverse population.

Materials + Assemblies: · Recycled wood for common area furnishing · Use of renewable resources such as bamboo in the building finishes · Recycled content carpet; carpet tiles to allow for small replacements as needed · Concrete flooring · Rough-hewn wood stoops and trellises · Tile roofs · Use of long-term/long lasting building materials including concrete and stucco Context + Community: Parameters Sustainability Climate Sensitive User Friendly Contemporary materials Sustainable materials Aesthetic Social Impact

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Construction Value Awareness Impact

Rating (Out of 5)

*** **** ***** *** **** ***** **** *** ****

Table18:Analytical understanding of case study 1 Source:(by Author)

Classifications Medium Good for Climate Very friendly Medium Moderate usage Good Good Skills Needed Medium

Community spaces: 16,000 sf adjacent community center containing multi-purpose room, commercial kitchen, library, classroom and medical offi ces.

Open space: Public park which connects the site to the larger context, and an internal semi-public terraced courtyard wrapped by the living units.

Connections: The location of the community center nearby downtown San Jose and close to the Japan Town neighborhood, minimizes car use, as seniors from the adjacent housing and the greater community can easily access the center from their homes or by public transportation.

Public transportation: The site is within 1000 feet of public transportation and everyday shopping and/or medical services. https://woodforgood.com/case-studies/kingsmead-primary-school/

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11.0 | Site Identification

Site Selection

11|| Site Identification

Important factors for Site: 1. Urban Context : The site needs to have an Urban context with structures built with concrete and steel in an attempt to substitute the material as an intervention 2. Connectivity : The site needs to have good connectivity to the Ancillary road due to which the materials can be easily recycled in the plant and brought to the site.

3. Urban Setting: The site needs to be in a dense network of an urban setting with a diverse group of communities and programs around.

4. Scale: The scale of the project should be relatable to its surroundings and context in an attempt to have a comparative analysis.

Basic criteria for Site Selection: The material should be introduced as an alternative to the current construction material due to problems in construction by main stream materials at a particular site.

OR The material needs to stand out and produce a bold statement in an area where construction is largely driven by the material currently in use.

OR An area where predominently vegetal materials were used for construction initially but they turned to construction with more permanent solution (concrete construction) and hence the idea of introducing Waste as an engineered material of construction.

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Site Selection Major educational Institutes in Panvel

11|| Site Identification

Panvel as Site: 1. Panvel is a immediate neighborhood to a densely populated city of Mumbai and also a destination connecting other regions like Navi Mumbai, rasayni, pen, alibagh.

2. Renting a house in Mumbai is not affordable for all classes of people and the availability of such houses is very low. Hence people prefer to live in the neighborhood of Mumbai.

3. Panvel acts as a most affordable site for low costs and availability of housing, while panvel also connects most of the neighborhood areas through railways or Bus Connections.

4. Lot of waste recycling plants are setting up in nearby areas of panvel most of which are located in Navi Mumbai.

5. Panvel is under development stage and can set a right example to justify the construction methodology

Major educational Institutes around Panvel

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11|| Site Identification

20 mins

Location: Panvel

10 mins

5 mins

Bus Stand Railway Station

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12.0 | End Note

End Note

The building industry today is the most stagnant with respect to the material selection. It is as per a thumb rule that we consider Concrete and Steel to be the best suited and the only materials of construction to be used to develop to an “urbanised area”.There is a need to explore different building materials of construction and have a wider perspective to construction industry with respect to the impacts of materials and material processes to the economy, society and the environment.

The idea of this dissertation was to understand how waste seen as a useless and major problem in the existing world could be used as a substitute to the Urban materials of Construction and be able to fullfil the viability parameters of any structure to be constructed. The current scenario of building with concrete and steel may be viable but in the long run is not sustainable for the future of construction industry and hence there is a need to provide for an alternative.

The dissertation evolved from initially understanding waste as raw materials to a building material of construction and then catergorisation of the same into structural, non structural and indoor/outdoor furniture.

The dissertation began with a desire to explore the technology to the fullest but it formulated into an attempt to understand the issues regarding construction with waste recycled materials and to find possible future solutions to be able to itervene with in an urban context.

The thesis would be inclined towards showcasing recycled waste materials as the material of construction in and around an Urban area to be able to strike a contrast with the existing Concrete and Steel construction for people to witness it and be able to acknowlege and clear the imagery of construction with Waste.

Thesis Statement “The intervention of showcasing Waste used as a Substitutive Material of Construction in the context of Urbanised imagery of a city governed by the Urban Materials of Construction ”

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Bibiliography

Research Papers • Recycled Waste Glass [WG] in Concrete (July 2020) https://www.researchgate. net/publication/349695018 • Recycling Concrete Debris from Construction and Demolition Waste(2002). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283338603 • The Use of Waste Materials in the Construction Industry, RyszardDachowski,PaulinaKostrzewa • Katleen De Flander (2005), The role of Bamboo in Global Modernity: from Traditional to Innovative Construction Material, M.arch thesis

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Weblinks • https://c40-production-images.s3.amazonaws.com/good_practice_briefings/ images/11_C40_GPG_W2R.original.pdf?1456789200 • http://scienceindia.in/home/view_article/372 • www.harappa.com • https://www.biome.com.au/blog/5-rs-zero-waste/ • Bamboo: An Urban Material of Construction book • www.un.org • www2.deloitte.com • WWF International 2006 • https://www.designindaba.com/videos/creative-work/social-housing-colombiamade-plastic-waste • http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/09/c_139998728.html • https://woodforgood.com/case-studies/kingsmead-primary-school/ • http://www.intbau.org/archive/india/Downloads indiantraditions/ • http://raddblog.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/handmade-school-banglades byanna-heringer-eike-roswag • http://www.romanconcrete.com/docs/bamboo 1966/Bamboo ReinforcedConcrete Feb 1966.htm ) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strength • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_steel • http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/03/01/id/NIndia-55231520110301 • http://www.purebamboo.com • http://articles timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-21/ • http://www.arti-india.org/ • www.blog.civilengineergroup.com • http://www.cibart.org/ • http://www.brick-india.com • http://www.costford.com/architecture technology_8.htm • http://www.ecowho.com/tools/r_value_calculator.

• php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Tulou • http://estruturasdemadeira.blogspot.com/2009/05/estruturas-de • bambu.html • http://www.gilacountyaz.gov/community development/buildingsafety/ typesgreenbuilding.html • http://www.greenschool.org • http://www.guaduabamboo.com/bamboo-construction.html • http://homedesignsinterior.com/modern-architecture-school-buildinggreen-

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Appendix : (List of Figures and Tables)

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List of Figures Fig.1 A boy running in Deonar Dumping Ground as it burns (Source image: Indian Express) 3 Fig.2 The New Landscapes of Yao Lu: The shapes resembling oriental landscape paintings of waterfalls, cliffs and mountains are in fact landfills and mounds of derelict rubble 4 Fig.3 Waste dumped in open lands with the help of bullock carts (Source image: https://247wasteremoval. co.uk/blog/a-brief-history-of-waste-management/) (Edited on Photoshop) 6 Fig.4 Traditional agricultural waste management technique used in India (Source image: https:// www.the-compost-gardener.com/compost-pit.html) (Edited on Photoshop) 6 Fig.5 Speculating edges of cities in 2050 9 Fig.6 Waste dumped in open lands with the help of bullock carts (Source image: https://247wasteremoval.co.uk/blog/a-brief-history-of-waste-management/) 10 Fig.7 Waste Disposal (Source image: DBE book By Ar. Yateen Pandya) 10 Fig.8 Waste dumped in open lands with the help of bullock carts (Source image: https://247wasteremoval.co.uk/blog/a-brief-history-of-waste-management/) 12 Fig.9 Traditional agricultural waste management technique used in India (Source image: https:// www.the-compost-gardener.com/compost-pit.html) 12 Fig.10 Trench Method of Landfilling (Brittainica 2013) 16 Fig.11 Area Method of Landfilling (Brittainica 2013) 16 Fig.12 Primary Waste Collection Vehicles (Source image: https://www.the-compost-gardener.com/ compost-pit.html) (Edited on Photoshop) 16 Fig.13 http://www.ben-harvey.org/UNHCR/WASH-Manual/Wiki/index.php/Chapter_6?TheOrder=1 18 Fig.14 Primary Waste Collection Vehicles (Source image: https://www.the-compost-gardener.com/ compost-pit.html) (Edited on Photoshop) 18 Fig.15 Infographic: The 6 R’s to reduce the waste 20 Fig.16 Image: Garbage mountains created on empty lands 23 Fig.17 . INFOGRAPHIC: Materials in Architecture (A History) 29 Fig.18 Majorly used materials in todays contruction industry(By Author) 32 Fig.19 Global Material Extraction ( Source: Booming Bamboo) 34 Fig.20 Material Depletion Time (Source: Booming Bamboo) 34 Fig.21 Understanding the workflow (by Author) 51 Fig.22 Chart explaining the hierarchy of workflow (by Author) 53 Fig.23 Identification of waste (by Author) 54 Fig.24 Source: DBE book By Ar. Yateen Pandya 68 Fig.25 Source: Recycling plastic and glass waste into bricks https://youtu.be/5JY7qNR4uOk 68 Fig.26 Process of recycling waste Plastic into Bricks 71 Fig.27 Process of making https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283338603 Fig. Waste concrete recycling process.

72 Fig.28 Different demolition wastes https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/40493 72 Fig.29 Diagrams supporting the inferencing https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349695018 74 Fig.30 Interior furniture made out waste Snaps from Youtube Video https://youtu.be/4fkbQynfSyY 76 Fig.31 Tiles made out of wasteSnaps from Youtube Video https://youtu.be/4fkbQynfSyY 76 Fig.32 Waste wave (by Author) 79 Fig.33 making of house Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4HR0bLBbkg 80 Fig.34 Making of houseSource: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPmZmUBFryY&list=PLJ3lI_ WxeASiu44NzfGlbUiAzBAZCWXXg&index=8 82 Fig.35 fig 16_ School children visiting school Base photo Source: http://havanajournal.com 136 Fig.36 Co-Living Source: https://www.pozzoni.co.uk/news/intergenerational 142

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