Stormwater Sponge_Design Dissertation_2021-22

STORMWATER SPONGE By ALISHA ANIL ALKA MENEZES GUIDED BY Ar. SHRUTI BARVE A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for SEM-IX The Degree

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE MUMBAI UNIVERSITY MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA.

5TH YEAR, SEM-IX, BARD 911,NOV’2018

Conducted at: RACHANA SANSAD’S ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, UN-AIDED COURSE RACHANA SANSAD, 278, SHANKAR GHANEKAR MARG, PRABHADEVI, MUMBAI 400025.

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APPROVAL

CERTIFICATE

The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite and partial fulfillment of requirement to the 5th Year Sem IX of Bachelor Of Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted.

This is to certify that this student ALISHA ANIL ALKA MENNZES is a bonafide Final Year student of our institute and has completed this Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University & our Institute Thesis Committee.

It is understood that by this approval and certification the Institute and the Thesis Guide do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn therein; but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfied the requirements laid down by our Thesis Committee.

Name of the Student: Alisha Anil Alka Menezes Date: Tuesday 26th Oct’ 2021

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Stormwater Sponge” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references. No material other than that cited and listed has been used.I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission. This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student

Approved By

Principal

Name of the Student: Alisha Anil Alka Menezes

Ar. Prof. Rohit Shinkre College Seal

Exam Roll No: 2181UBARC020F

Date: 26th October’ 2021 Place: Mumbai

Certified By Thesis Guide

*The following defines plagiarism:

Ar. Prof. Certified Seal

“Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: • • • • •

Examined By

External Examiner-1

External Examiner-2

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the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

“Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources.

Acknowledgements Each and every project, though named under one person, becomes successful only with the help from several people. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the people due to whom this project has come together wholesomely.

Firstly,I would like to thank my thesis mentor Ar. Shruti Barve and express my sincerest gratitude towards her for guiding me and encouraging my ideas and views. Her guidance and efforts, along with patience and motivation, has helped me to conduct the research for this thesis and write it.

I would also like to thank my Parents, and friends, Ronak Shah and Rose Menezes for their constant support and motivation throughout the entire process of my thesis as well as my life.

Thank you all!

Alisha Menezes

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Table of Contents PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1| ABSTRACT 1.2| THE QUESTION A) RESEARCH QUESTIONS B) AIM C) OBJECTIVE

PART 2: BACKGROUND STUDY 2.1| COASTAL LANDSCAPE OF KONKAN 2.2| THE AREA OF STUDY - GASS VILLAGE – VASAI,INDIA 2.3| ASSOCIATED VALUES TO THE LANDSCAPE A) Economic Values B) Industrialisation C) Fishing D) Crops E) Vegetables F) Horticulture G) Ecological Values H) Scenic Value I) Weather Statistics a) About the Region b) Climate c) Rainfall d) Temperature e) Humidity f) Wind g) Tidal Data h) Wind Direction i) Currents j) Physical Changes in Landscape k) Weather Statistics and History 2.4| METHODOLOGY CHART PART 3: SITE STUDY: MAPPING AND IDENTIFICATION 3.1| Development Plan of Vasai 3.2| DEFINING THE STUDY REGION A) ELEVATION MAP B) LAND USE OF STUDY REGION 3.3| AROUND THE SITE A) Land properties, Road Network, Water canals B) Landmarks C) Ecology Waterstudy 6

D) Waterstudy E) Communities around the site 3.4| EVALUATING DIFFERENT VALUES PEOPLE HAVE ASSOCIATED WITH THE LANDSCAPE 3.5| STUDY OF POPULATION DENSITY DURING PANDEMIC 3.6| UNDERSTANDING USER GROUPS AND TARGET ACTIVITIES 3.7| SKY STUDY 3.8| UNDERSTANDING LAND CONDITIONS PART 4: SITE STUDY: ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUES

4.1| TIDAL CREEK AN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM 4.2| ECOTONES 4.3| IMBALANCE IN WATER ENTERING THE TIDAL CREEK INLET FROM THE SEA 4.4| IMBALANCE IN FRESH WATER ENTERING THE TIDAL CREEK DUE TO RUNOFF 4.5| FURTHER FOCUS AREAS FOR ANALYSIS 4.6| PROPOSALS ON AND AROUND THE SITE 4.7| OVERLOOKING WETLANDS OF VASAI A) COASTAL MUDFLATS B) LAND USE HISTORY 4.8| TO REDUCE LOSS OF MIGRATORY BIRD POPULATION 4.9| INSTABILITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES 4.10| SALINITY INGRESS A) Salinity Ingress B) Traditional Shallow Water wells (Bhowkals) C) Tube Wells, Reducing the function of Traditional Wells D) Conclusion E) Salinity and Plant Growth 4.11| ECOTONES 4.12| SALINITY AFFECTED AREAS 4.13| ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT ZONES 4.14| LAND SUITABILITY PART 5: CASE STUDY PART 6: PROGRAM PART 7: SITE SUITABILITY PART 8: ANNEXURE PART 9: BIBLIOGRAPHY PART 10: APPENDIX

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PART 1 : INTRODUCTION

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ABSTRACT The area of study is the Suncity Gass Road in Vasai, which is a 1km long stretch of straight road with open fields on either side. This road is used by many people for various activities along the stretch of road and in the adjoining fields, throughout the day. This area consists of diverse physical, biological, and cultural characteristics. Being one of the very few open lands in Vasai, it is under a threat of destruction in the form of different project proposals for this land.

The purpose of this research is to preserve the wetlands and the original biodiversity of the area while adding a new perspective to the future growth of the place. Saving the wetland gives rainwater its home, successively saving the abutting urban areas and established developments from flooding.

The goal is to develop a land capability map for Vasai based on its ecological feasibility and to derive land suitability for future buildable areas within the constraint of the semi-open hydrological network.

The study also looks at conserving the stability of the fragile ecosystem of water bodies and tidal flats and understanding modification in prevailing cultural systems and identifying issues related to the natural environment and sustainability of local communities.

Based on the observations and a comprehensive understanding of the land conditions of the area, this thesis aims to build a community and a skill development center that engages the general user groups sufficiently; providing a positive impact on their well-being through the qualities of the built environment. And in due course, enhance a sense of attachment between the people and the place that will assist with the conservation of the open fields around Suncity-Gass road in the future. Thus, making it difficult for any authority to vandalize it.

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1.2 A) Research Question 1) How can Architecture and the Environment in collaboration have the power to restore and promote solidarity, mental and physical health, and truly enhance human well-being?

2)How Can Architecture create a sense of engagement with the people and the place, and add a strong emotional value in peoples minds a) What are the design Considerations? b) Whom does it affect? c) What makes people visit this place?

1.2 B) Aim The thesis aims to develop a land capability map for vasai based on its ecological feasibility,to understand modification in prevailing cultural system and identify the concerns related to natural environment and sustainability of local communities, to create an intervention that builds a strong sense of attachment between the people and the place, which will help with the conservation of the open fields around Suncity Gass road in the Future.

1.2 C) Objectives - To examine the specific factors that influence people to visit the area.

- To analyse the relationship between PEOPLE and PLACE and their forms of interaction.

- To understand how the environment affects the emotional experience of its inhabitants.

- To identify what physical features contribute to the walkability of the environment - Studying the symbiotic relationship between different species and its benefits to the environment.

- Evaluating different values people have associated with the landscape.

- Understanding Natural evaluation of the Landscape.

- Studying Physical properties of the land, soil conditions, and it’s restrictions.

- Understanding the factors that make this wetland important.

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PART 2 : BACKGROUND STUDY

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PART 3: SITE STUDY: MAPPING AND IDENTIFICATION

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N Fig 3.6 Land Properties, Road Network, Water Canal SOURCE: author

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N Fig 3.7 LandMarks SOURCE: author

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N Fig 3.8 Ecology SOURCE: author

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N Fig 3.9: Water Study SOURCE: author

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Fig 3.10: Communities Around the site SOURCE: author

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Fig 3.11: Population density during pandemic SOURCE: author

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Fig 3.12: Target Activities SOURCE: author

Graph 3.13: Activity crowding throughout the day SOURCE: author

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Photograph 3.14: Sky Study SOURCE: author

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Fig 3.15: Understanding Land Conditions SOURCE: author

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Fig 3.16: Understanding Land Conditions SOURCE: author

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PART 4: SITE STUDY: ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUES

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PART 5: CASE STUDY

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PART 6: PROGRAM

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PART 7: SITE SUITABILITY

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PART 8: ANNEXURE

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PART 9: BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Documents and Maps: 1. Coastal wetland map, Maharashtra, Space Application Centre(ISRO)- Plate 6.8

2. Development Control regulations 2001 for Vasai - Virar sub region (sanctioned) Act, 1996.

3. Cultural landscape values of Rural Landscape-Perception of Outsiders and Tourists, 4. Kamarul Bahrain Shui, Faculty of Architecture, Planning, Malaysia -Academia.edu

5. Between the city and the salty sea - The wells of Bhuigaon, Thane, Greater Mumbai - Guest post

by MS Gopal- India Water Portal.

6. Coastal regulation zone- An India approach for Coastal Management by K.V Thomas, Scientist G & Head, Marine Sciences Division, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, India .

7. Coastal Land-use Change by Reclamation of Tidal Flats along the Western Coast of the Capital Region in Korea by Manik Hwang, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea .

8. Restoration work ruining Vasai fort, says activist 9. A History of the Mahrattas

10. Mumbai - The Cosmopolitan City 11. Chinmay Shidore - Thesis Book 12. Mihir Desai - Thesis Book

13. Aishwarya Balsekar, Harshvardhan Jhaveri, Pradyumna Viharkar- Case study 14. Jayesh Sharma, Sharayu Gawankar - Case study

References - http://www.fao.org/3/x5871e/x5871e04.htm - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22476492/

- https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/salinity/management - http://www.cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/salinity-report-hydrology-cwc.pdf

- https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/saltwater-intrusion?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

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- https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/salinity-management-handbook/resource/104ce9f925cd-4839-ade6-670d9d25a688 - https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/salinity/types

- https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/salinity/identified - https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/saltwater/salt.html

- https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/saltwater/gwflow.html

-http://vvcmc.in/vvmc/?page_id=523&lang=en

- https://web.archive.org/web/20180727035334oe - http://www.oocities.org/unitedit/Agriculture/Agriculture.htm - https://www.wetlands.org/wetlands/what-are-wetlands/ - Development plan of vasai-virar(http://vvcmc.in/vvmc/file/sanctioned_dp.pdf) - www.world66.com/asia/southasia/india/maharashtra/thane/lib/climate - http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/between-city-and-salty-sea-wells-bhuigaon-thanegreater-mumbaiguest-post-ms-gopal - https://www.travelindiadestinations.com/birds-vasai-virar-aquatic-vasai-birds - http://www.mrsac.gov.in/en/projects/high-resolution-data-base-mapping/coastal-zone-mapping-and-monitoring - https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/63000-locals-object-to-mmr-plan-to-develop-vasai-wetland/articleshow/62878079.cms - http://contourmapcreator.urgr8.ch/

Newspaper Artciles: 1. Concrete jungle threatens Vasai-By Nauzer Bharucha,HT

2. Vasai villages battle to keep sea away from their door-By Anil Singh,TOI 3. Where have the farms in Vasai gone?-By Priyanko Sarkar,TOI

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PART 10 : APPENDIX

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List Of Figures: Figure 2.1:West coastline of India Figure 2.2: Locational Value Figure 2.3: Ecological value Figure 2.4: Region Of Study Figure 2.5 : Vasai Scenic Photos Figure 2.6: Graph indicating distribution of rainfall Figure 2.7: Graph indicating annual temperature Figure 2.8:Weather Statistics and history Map 3.1 :Development plan of Vasai - Virar Figure 3.2: Percentage with sub region Map 3.3: Vasai Map Map 3.4 : Elevation Map Map 3.5 : Land Use study Figure 3.6 :Land Properties, Road network, Water Canal Figure 3.7 :Landmarks Figure 3.8: Ecology Figure 3.9 : Water Study Figure 3.10: Communities Around The site Figure 3.11 : Population density during pandemic Figure 3.12: Target Activities Figure 3.13: Activity Crowding throughout the day Photograph 3.14: Sky Study Figure 3.15: Understanding Land Conditions Figure 3.16: Understanding Land Conditions Figure 4.1: 7th century representative sketch showing dense forest around the creek Figure 4.2: 16th century representative sketch showing forest conversion to agriculture and slow process of siltation Figure 4.3: 19th century representative sketch showing mudflat reclaimed to salt pan and blocking of tidal flow in the estuary causing Figure 4.4: 21th century representative sketch showing forest conversion to agriculture and slow process of siltation Figure 4.5: Water logging around railway enbankment Figure 4.6: Network of uncovered drains in the city (Picture courtesy) : ET Reality Figure 4.7: Reclaimed ares blocked tidal networks Figure 4.8 : Google earth base map showing biodiversity the vasai-virar from 1984-2018 Figure 4.9 : Growth centre on wetlands of vasai

Figure 4.21:Waterlogged areas with saline water dows not support plant growth.

Figure 4.22: Elevated land and introduced embankments together bock the water leaving it stagnant Figure 4.23: Water entering inside the site during spring tide remains water logged in salt pan area.

Figure 4.24: Analysis of different Zones Figure 4.25: Land Suitability

Graph 4.1: Graph showing no.of Winter migratory ,Resident, Local migratory,Monsoon migratory and Post-monsoon migratory bird population of site as Per international journal of advance research Figure 4.13 : Photographs of spotted bird species as per the report of international journal of advance research Figure 4.14 : pie chart explaining the number of threatened, critical, vulnerable to extinction and least concerned speacies as per International Journal of Advance research.

Figure 4.15 : Ground Water recharge Potential Map Figure 4.16: Grological section of Aquifiers Figure 4.17: Schematic section of cone of depression Figure 4.18: Ecotones Figure 4.19: Salinity Affected Areas Figure 4.20: Water flowing down streams is trapped by the railway embankment.

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