Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood_Design Dissertation_2021-22 by aoa_confluence_2022

R eviving C ommunit y I nteractions & A ctivities in the N eighborhood By

Mansi Dinesh Sangeeta Parocha Guided by

Swati Chokshi A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for SEM-IX The Degree

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE Mumbai University Mumbai, Maharashtra. 5TH Year, Semester IX,BARD 911, November 2021

Conducted at: RACHANA SANSAD’S ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE Rachana Sandsad, 278, Shankar Ghanekar Marg, Prabhadevi, Mumbai 400025

DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Reviving Community Interactions & Activities in the Neighborhood” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where other’s ideas or words have been included. I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references. No material other than that cited and listed has been used. I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission. This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study. Signature of the Student:

Name of the Student: Mansi Dinesh Parocha Exam Roll No: 37

Date: 22/11/2021

Place: Mumbai

*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: · the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; · the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; · unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; · the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own. · “Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources.

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite and partial fulfillment of requirement to the 5th Year Sem IX of Bachelor Of Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted. This is to certify that this student Mansi Dinesh Parocha is a bonafide Final Year student of our institute and has completed this Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University & our Institute Thesis Committee. It is understood that by this approval and certification the Institute and the Thesis Guide do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn therein; but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfied the requirements laid down by our Thesis Committee.

Name of the Student: Mansi Dinesh Parocha

Date:

Monday 22nd Nov' 2021

College Seal

Approved by

Principal Ar. Prof. Suresh Singh

Certified Seal

Certified By

Thesis Guide Ar. Prof. Swati Chokshi

External Examiner - 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As I present this dissertation, I am extremely grateful to a number of people who have helped me at different stages of the completion of the project. Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Swati Chokshi for her constant motivation and critical guidance throughout the process of this dissertation. She helped me with a direction each time I was lost in the process. I would like to express my gratitude to Ar. Suresh Singh, Principal,for the academic support and the facilities provided to carry out the research work . I’m grateful to the college Administration for all the facilities in the form of online learning. I would like to thank my friends Poonam Mohape, Deepika Gavit and my seniors Serah Yatin and Vinay Yapuram for their advices and consolation. Some of my friends who are not from an architectural feild but still have given me moral support and helped to cope up with a lot of things. Neeraj Sashiprasad for his constant support and help to put things together. Ar. Prof. Kanak Kashyap, Ar. Prof. Geetesh Varte and Ar. Prof. Prachi Gadkari for their constant help and guidance. A special thanks to the residents of Kadri wadi, Mahim for their opinions and interactive nature for the research process. Finally and most importantly, I shall remain eternally thankful to my parents Sangeeta Parocha and Dinesh Parocha for all the love, encouragement and support. Special thanks to my grandmother for her encouraging words and care.

ABSTRACT The urban cities have constantly been exposed to a change in ability to socialize, build form, space and environment. The cities have fairly adapted to these changes in every aspect due to the over growing population, change in housing typology and the economical changes. There are noticeable changes in the housing typology as well which can be visually noticed even though not experienced. There are various housing typologies observed in the cities depending on various demographics such as number of occupants in the family, types of user groups, age groups,etc. Making it a subjective topic. Due to rapid urbanization, cities are growing day by day and also there is a demand for the residential sector because of migration and also the cities are getting denser and highly populated. Present day need for shelter is increasing due to an increase in population. Hence, housing and redevelopment is a subject of curiosity among the working class of the city. The construction of high density low-rise housing apartments was an attractive option for lower and middle-income buyers as the cost of construction is less for such developments making the purchase affordable for them. In such dense living environments, it is important to know whether the social and psychological needs of people are fulfilled in order to achieve a healthy physical environment. Housing is a composite commodity that fulfills various needs. It is not just a dwelling unit because it is required to fulfill various human needs of socializing, security, engagement with the neighborhood, etc.The needs of humans are vast apart from just a basis need for shelter it is important to be well informed about the social spaces in a community living and how it moulds the social lifestyle of a person. The relationship between humans and the built environment is diverse and also it helps use to understand their idea of socialising and adaptive measures of be taken while proposing a redevelopment project in such scenarios The study tries to find out many ways of establishing social well being in redeveloped structures and how to engage people in socialising and community based interactions. It also studies the life in chawls in urban context and the use of space or their adaptive activities in order to live in chawls.

Keywords: Social well being, community spaces, built environment, communal spaces, interactive neighbourhood.

TABLE OF

CONTENT

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

a.Approval Certificate b. Declaration c. Acknowledgement d. Abstract

THE BACKGROUND

LITERATURE REVIEW EMPIRICAL STUDIES

1.1. Housing as a dimension of poverty

CONCEPTUAL STUDIES

2.1. Socializing as an agent for better lifestyle

THE CONTENT

3.1. City and unknown infrastructure and people 10

1.1. Quality of social life in urban cities

THE UNDERSTANDING

2.1. The relationship of social engagement and social support 2.2. Housing as an agent for social well being

THE CONTENT

3.1. City and unknown infrastructure and people

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Step by step procedure followed for research

SITE SELECTION

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Criteria for site selection Site study zone options

SITE STUDIES

1.1. Contextual studies 1.2. By lawsw 1.3. Connectivity map 1.4. Kevin Lynch map 1.5. Amenities map 1.6. Building heights map

PLOT DETAILS

DESIGN PROPOSAL DESIGN PROPOSAL

1.1. Design propsal 1.2. Intent of the projectr 1.3. The design particulars 1.4. The design proposal 1.5. Design goals 1.6. Area calculations

1.7. Building typology mapping of the plot 1.8. Photo documentation of the houses and typology 1.9. Nature of Kadri wadi 1.10. Outdoor activities 1.11. Features of Kadri wadi

USER STUDIES

1.12. Family structures 1.13. Existing built up area summary 1.14. Socio economic profiling 1.15. Interviews

CASE STUDIES

REFERENCES Bibliography List of figures

1. THE BACKGROUND 1.1. Housing as a dimension of poverty A. Built enviornment and Human relations B. Sense of belonging in relation to the place C. Social life and urban realm

2. THE UNDERSTANDING 2.1. The relationship of social engagement and social support with sense of community D. Chinese culture of collectivism E. Social and economic factors F. Social engagement and phychological well being in other adults G. Impact of social connectednees on mind according to the global council of brain health 2.2. Housing as an agent for social well being H. History and evolution of chawls I. Emergence of chawls J. Types of chawls

3. THE CONTEXT

3.1. City and unknown infrastructure K. Neighborhood of Mahim L. History of chawls in Mahim

4. THE TOPIC OF RESEARCH 4.1. Scope and limitations 4.2. Research question 4.3. Aims and objectives

INTRODUCTION 13

1.The background 1.1 Quality of social life in urban cities

Figure 1: Condition of slums in Mumbai

With the nature of city canvas changing due to rapid urbanism and growth, the lives of the people are constantly neglected and leading to directionless scenarios. Although cities are growing and the infrastructure is developing, the social well being of individuals is getting affected. Housing being a bare minimum need of the people in cities has gained a lot of importance in the economical sector but the sense of affordability is lost due to which a haphazard development of slums and chawls is noticed. This has led to lack of open spaces within chawls or even highrises for that matter, because more people have to be accommodated in a small area leading to space crunch in cities. This leads to lack of social engagement opportunities among people as 14

well as the neighbourhood giving rise to a sedentary lifestyle. The typology of housing too is determined by a number of factors, especially the size of the family. Cities are a hub of facilities hence no matter what people are forced to live in cities to avail a better lifestyle or better facilities. The urban sprawl is increasing around the business hubs of the city because the opportunities of jon are available but the housing facilities are still in a very declining conditions.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

A. Built enviornment and Human relations The interaction between humans and the built environment has a significant importance for environmental design disciplines. Knowledge derived from human responses to the built environment have been utilised to design structures which create improved and further harmonious relationships between human and built environment. Research on human and built environment interactions has further become influential since the decline of modernism in the 1960s. At that time behavioral studies were concerned with the mutual interaction of people with the built environment. In many cases human behavior is affected by the built environment and vice versa. There are studies which show that substandard house quality, high noise, lack of natural light in houses, poorer physical quality of urban neighbourhoods, living in a low-income neighbourhood, etc. are linked to elevated physiological and psychological Figure 2: Crowded or over populated streets of Mumbai

stress. Still there are gaps observed between the users and the building designers. This has led to dissatisfaction among people regarding the built environment that surrounds the city at large.

The room is there for the human being - not the human being for the room-El Lissitzky We many times misunderstand the idea behind a housing unit as just a shelter providing unit. There are beliefs which say a house needs an inhabitant, but due to the scenarios changing we have been facing a crisis and it has become that we need a human being for a house. Thai is due to many factors, one of them is the real estate industry. They are ready to keep the houses vacant but are not ready to provide better facilities to everyone living in the city.

B. Sense of belonging in relation to the place

Shared feeling of belonging and attachment held by people living in

particular

space

and

the

Figure 3: Socialization as a key to well being

collective identities such as feelings and emotions should be taken into consideration while understanding the socio-ecological systems. The degree of interconnection of people with society and other aspects is changing with the growing urbanism. The social and interactive spaces play a very important role in evoking self belonging in an individual. This culture is fading day by day and the idea of being a part of a community and social life is breaking down.

Figure 4: Homogeniety of a city

People often try to engage with the social environment in order to harness the behavioral, emotional, security and self esteem needs helping them to feel secure in times of crises. Due to an increase in influx and outflux of people there is a noticeable growth of disintegration and declining value of personal life. The nature of cities as a whole is always moving be it in terms of population or infrastructure. There is a lack of binding environment due to lack of space and time as well.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

Sense of attachment or belonging is just not a privilege of happiness or well being. It is sometimes only in memories. Moments created in a space help an individual to develop a sense of belonging. It helps an individual to develop a sense of belonging. It helps an individual to be a part of a larger macro setting. The cities, streets, theaters, open spaces, etc. help an individual to create a strong response to the built environment, it also creates attachment that everyone can relate to. The nature of self belonging helps improve a person’s physical as well as mental well being.

The sense of home or the feeling of being into a self belonging space is difficult in a city like mumbai. Since the city is always under the pressure of urbanism and rapid growing population, only sharing a common living space is not enough for an individual. A human needs to engage with different kinds of people in different ways. Mumbai is being reproduced in an urban landscape with different kinds of user from different backgrounds. The rapid changes are constantine uprooting the idea of self belonging in cities.

Figure 5: Elements of a city and their corelation with each other Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

Figure 6: Mumbai and its Changing nature due to urbanisation

Figure 7: Mumbai as a welcoming agent for migrants

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

C. Social life and urban realm The cities which used to welcome a large number of migrants with open arms have been handed over to the real estate industries. The expanse in infrastructure and population is proportional to the effect on the quality of life a particular city offers. Considering Mumbai

surroundings which they have been living in. It is also observed that there are particular spots of the cities which have developed haphazardly. It is because the people are ready to stay in unhygienic conditions but are not ready for being deprived of any facility that

as a city that senses the needs of all and feeds a large number of people a new report says it is the least homogeneous urban space in the country. There is a very thin gap between the cost of living and the income of the people in cities. Hence, most of the families are forced to live by the basic fulfilling of the needs of the individuals in a family and left with no option rather than just upgrading their existing

a city offers apart from housing.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

2.The Understanding 2.1. The relationship of social engagement and social support with sense of community The concept of sense of community (SOC) is derived from an individual's relationship with the social structures. With four proposed elements membership, influences, needs of fulfillment and emotional connection. Describing an individual’s experience of community life, sense of community focuses on understanding the relationship of members with each other as well as the community itself. A community provides a sense of affection, interdependence and mutual support. Community has a positive effect on an individual's life. Shared spaces in a community or communal spaces help a person to feelmentallyhealthy, psychologically well, satisfied and positive. Studies suggest that (SOC) sense of community is affected by a number of social dimensions such as community connections and support, neighboring behaviors and social networks, neighborhood cohesion and satisfaction and participation in community organisations. There is a reciprocal relationship between an individual's participation and the sense of community. The activities can be influenced by different types of domains including social, leisure, productive, physical, cognitive, services and solitary. According to some theories, Figure 8: Nature of self belonging high levels of participation are associated with increased well-being; this might include a sense of community and enhanced collective well-being of a large number of individuals. Informal social activities like meeting a friend, family based activities help nurture an individual’s mental and physical well-being. Bringing people together and helping them understand a feeling of community or collectivism help engage mind and body to produce positive vibrations towards life 20

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

D. Chinese culture of collectivism

The principle of shared responsibility and how it has resulted in the level of collectivism found within today's Chinese society has attracted many countries to adapt to this culture. There is interdependence and social cohesiveness in the community. They focus on a need of community rather than fulfilling an individual need. Many Chinese organisations focus on the principle of collectivism. The Chinese have a cultural history which dates back far more than 4 thousand years. The cultural values have still been seen in the behavior of today’s chinese

Figure 9: Chinese culture of collectivism

They are bound by four elements which are respect for age and hierarchical position, group orientation, concept of face and importance of relationships. Tan (1990) had also identified some significant values in Chinese culture, including importance of family or kinship groups, respect for elders, obligation towards friends and relatives, avoidance of conflicts and need for harmony. In a Chinese society, relationships begin with the immediate family as an in-group and then are radiated to the extended family and village.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

E. Social and economic factors

Figure 10: Factors affecting social and economical well

Factors such as income, education, community safety and social supports can significantly affect how well and how long a person can live. These factors affect a person’s ability to make choices, avail medical facilities and housing and manage stress. Social and economical factors such as good jobs, strong social networks are foundational for a healthy life.

Figure 11: Factors affecting social and economical well being

Figure 12: Structure of activities with respect to its type and nature Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

F. Social engagement and phychological well being in older adults Social engagement refers to making emotional and social relations with people in community is a very important component influencing the health and psychology of a person. Social engagement is typically achieved by social interaction with people in person. Such engagement has a beneficial effect on the human brain. The opposite end of social engagement is social engagement is social isolation or loneliness. This can occur in both institutional and community settings.

G. Impact of social connectedness on mind according to the GCBH

Figure 13: Comparison between social engagement and social isolation

1. Social engagement is interacting with others, feeling connected to other people, doing purposeful activities with others and maintaining meaningful social relationships. 2. Social connections vary by their structure, function and quality and these differences affect the extremes of social engagement on brain health. 3. The weight of evidence suggests that social engagement helps maintain thinking skills and slows cognitive decline in later life. a. Evidence from observational studies shows that people who are socially engaged have a lower risk of cognitive decline and dementia. b.There is promising evidence from a randomised controlled trial showing that individuals who are more socially engaged have a lower risk of cognitive decline. 4.In spite of the observed link between social engagement and cognitive health, there is not yet sufficient scientific evidence to conclude that social engagement can reduce the risk of brain diseases that cause dementia. a. There is some evidence from observational studies that increased social engagement can lower the risk of certain diseases characterised by cognitive decline, however, such evidence is limited. b. The GCBH is unaware of any randomised controlled study designed to investigate whether increased social engagement can lower the risk of dementia

Figure 14: Relation between structural components, functional components and quality components Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

2.2 Housing as an agent for social well being

The role of housing as a social determinant is fairly understood, but the effects of poor conditions of housing on a person’s social well being is neglected. For lower income groups the vulnerable households have a bad effect on a person’s health and well being, hence it is challenging for people to create a sense of house in the conditions of changing tenancy. Housing is often cited as an important social determinant of health. It is not only a major defence against ill health but also is said to have positive effects on a person’s health. More than half of the people in the world do not enjoy a level of health that allows productivity and satisfying life. In contrast to developing countries, diseases related to

basic deficiencies in infrastructure, such as lack of clean water and basic housing, or to malnutrition, are much less common. However, there are a host of diseases and disorders, of infections, allergies, genetics or psycho-social aetiology, in which environmental conditions and especially housing play an important role.

Figure 15: Housing in France, RIBA mentioned 24

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

H. History and evolution of chawls

Figure 16: Changing nature of housing over decades

The typology of chawls is a mixture of certain buildings from around the world. The vernacular architecture of India inspires the typology of chawls in india. The palaces and wadas were built for the royals from around the 1100s, and were later adapted to reside the common people in the emerging towns of india. The ‘wadas’ are agrarian houselike residences for the ruling classes from each town, in Maharashtra. The main architectural elements and planning are like chawls. The fundamental concept is the rooms with verandahs facing the internal courtyard. The courtyard was used for social and cultural activities by the residents. The small windows from the courtyard kept the privacy, enabling the ventilation in the rooms and maintaining the visual connection of the courtyard. Later, an East India company by the British government built military barracks in Bombay, which can be considered as a precedent of the chawls. These were the residences for the military men, with single rooms in a row connected by a corridor. It was a simple gothic construction fused with traditional Indian architecture and locally used materials, like many British built structures in Bombay. Tong Lau tenements from Hongkong has a similar approach. These are mixed use buildings typology with commercial spaces on the ground floor and tenant’s rooms on higher floors. Tong Lau is an urban shophouse which is influenced by Hongkong’s urban policies, public policies and adapted with it’s local conditions and circumstances. (Yin & Distefano, 2016) The density and characterisation of Tong Lau evolved to urbanisation throughout the time. Hongkong’s culture of living together in subdivided flats and sharing the washing areas, common balconies are incorporated in Tong Lau. It’s an urban housing where shops, residences and storage areas are stacked vertically. With time, chawls were built with commercial areas like shops or markets on lower floors. These vernacular architectural examples from the world contain characteristics and principles that are functional and substantial, which should be brought back to today’s modern society. In terms of urban housing, it resembles the high density urban typology from Brazil known as Corticos,i.e, tenements. The earliest urban form from Sao Paulo, Brazil appears in the large cities of Brazil housing poor workingclass people, as a result of rapid urbanisation. (KestlerD’Amours, 2014) It accommodates multiple families which share the toilet and other facilities. However, the corticos have undesirable living conditions, unhealthy sanitary conditions and lack of facilities. (Kestler-D’Amours, 2014) Many families accommodate these tenements and other informal housing due to its proximity to the city centre and other resources. 25

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

I. Emergence of chawls

Figure 17: Delapidated facades of chawls in Mumbai

Urbanisation of Mumbai started with the industrialisation during the British era. Many migrants, merchants, millworkers were accommodated in the city for emerging employment opportunities. This initiated low cost housing like chawls built by private trusts and government. While comparing the major mass housing movements in the world, Florian Urban States “The chawls were the architectural response to the rapid industrial growth and the Indian equivalent to the Glasgow tenement or the Berlin backyard building.” (Urban, 2012) Locals or the private trusts of Mumbai built the houses in a natural approach in the city in the early 1800s, called wadis. Wadis are agrarian houses, comparatively low-densified, a low-rise example of chawls. It’s a complex 26

of few bungalows similar together, housing people from the same cultural and ethnic background. The wadis were named after the cast or family keeping the culture alive. Khotachi wadi is a heritage housing village in Mumbai, accommodating many families of diverse communities. These houses are 1-3 storied timber frame structures with the vernacular detailed elements like a sloping roof with tiles, projecting balconies, ornate facade elements,etc. This village is sustained well due to its high cultural and architectural significance. Chawls can be termed as an elaborated version of wadis by densifying with comparatively higher floors.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

J. Types of chawls

Figure 18: Baithi chawls, Source: Gupte, 2011

Figure 19: Bar chawls, Source: Gupte, 2011

Figure 20: Courtyard chawls, Source: Gupte, 2011

The chawls in Mumbai vary in terms of its forms and characteristics. Some basic types of chawls are baithi (rowhouse)chawls, bar chawl and courtyard chawl. Baithi chawl can be referred to as a beginning of the chawl, having rooms at ground floor with front and back courtyard. The front courtyard is used as a social space for the residents. Bar chawls are linearly parallel buildings with a courtyard in between. It has a veranda on the inner side, and in some cases on both sides of the room. The courtyard chawl has an open courtyard in front of the building, which is usually C-shaped looking into the courtyard. For a detailed understanding, four different chawls from Mumbai have been examined in various aspects. Numerically, it looks into population density, no of floors, the ground coverage area, floor to area ratio (FAR) and standard room sizes. The height to width ratio of the courtyard is mentioned in the sections. Bhatia chawl is located in the prime crowded market place, with one facade facing the main road. The entrance from the internal street leads to a narrow gate towards the courtyard. The private verandas look into small 4m courtyards. These chawls have verandas or balconies facing the road, which acts as a solaar shade as well. Swadeshi chawl has unique design and building occupancy, with the crowded market at lower floor and residential blocks at the upper level. The chawls have one wider social courtyard and narrow courtyard as a service area in between other blocks as seen in section. Tarabaug estate, on the other hand, is a complex of tall chawl buildings. It has a typical chawl form, which shows a compact densified typology. The British government developed BDD chawl for worker’s housing. It is a massive complex in city and suburban areas which is concrete construction. The internal roads between the buildings act as a courtyard providing open space. Verandas or corridors are internally planned so this represents an earlier concrete block housing typology.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

3. The Context 3.1. City and unknown infrastructure and people

Anonymous buildings rise from anonymous ground planes, all looking different from each other creating a disconnect even though placed so close in an urban fabric, the idea of community housing changed with the change in typology of housing, from horizontal settlement growth to a vertical highrise. It is very common to be strangers with our neighbors whilst living in high rise buildings, the idea of social and cultural well being has been declining in the chawl systems as well due to lack of space and congestion. Streets have been a combining element between cultures and social activities. Hence a housing project is said to be successful when it can blend with the streets and the urban fabric around it. A city has to be designed to fit an individual’s social, biological and personal sense, it needs to foster human expressions, not only provide amenities. A city is a community, not just a collection of people, structures and infrastructures. A city has to promote social relationships.

Figure 21: Skyline of Mumbai

Figure 22: Infrastructure of a city

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

K. Neighborhood of Mahim

The site is located in mahim and in the past 50 years the selected site has seen no redevelopment proposals or initiatives, the conditions of the houses in this plot is very bad, also there are already three redevelopment projects (one of them is already completed), recently there is one highrise which has come up right in front of the plot on the east side across the Lady Jamshedji Road. All public facilities are close to the site making it favourable for any kind of housing project to be successful. There are hospitals, schools, publicly accessible open areas which can cater to a good lifestyle for a family to stay. The site faces the Lady Jamshedji Road on the east side, the road connects the suburbs and south mumbai directly, there is a market across the plot hence making all facilities available easily. On the west is the Mahim bay and other open public areas. Hence there are builders proposing high rises with sea facing apartments, also the property rate is high.

Figure 23: Hinduja hospital, Mahim

Figure 24: Mahim Bay

Figure 25: Scottish school, Mahim

Figure 26: Shivaji park, Dadar Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

L. History of the chawls in Mahim The Original land of these four Chawls namely Kadri wadi, Lucky niwas, Diamond court, Fernandes chawl is owned by four different owners, initially the buildings came up and the internal area was left as open space, the owner purchased the internal land from the government and started building smaller settlements which are the haphazard chawls today with encroachments or extensions. The Kadri mansion was a G+2 building which later became a G+4, rest buildings remained the same. The residents have been paying rent for years, which made them permanent residents of this area. The people staying here have houses belonging to a single owner as well and got sold later, In Kadri wadi there were only 80 houses which have now increased to 100 because of encroachments and extensions. In Fernandes chawl the land which had to be used as a 6m clearance for the building there has some illegal settlements. Hence, the plot has become congested, and also has disputes related to redevelopment. Initially, there were small scale industries e.g., bottle washing, assembling carrom boards, hosiery industry, etc. Some residents staying here sold alcohol illegally and opened two doors in two different chawls. There are people who have been claiming extra houses which are illegal, also

Figure 28: Kadri wadi, Mahim Figure 27: Kadri wadi, Mahim

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

people have encroached and increased the area of the houses and hence are not happy about the carpet areas proposed by the builders. The most congested area is Lucky chawl where people have built on the inspection chamber which existed behind the houses and also in front of the houses, leading to difficulty in accessing the chambers and causing sanitation problems. In Diamond court there is no encroachment as such only they have made a G+1 structure which was initially only a ground structure. In Kadri wadi the buildings and internal chawls came up together, internally there were G+1 chawls on the boundaries and within it were ground floor settlements which started increasing in area as well. Before, the residents were just paying house rents to the landlord and later even the illegal residents got legalised since they had a receipt and also gave extra money as a bribe for getting the ownership of the house.

Figure 30: Kadri wadi, Mahim Figure 29: Kadri wadi, Mahim

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

4. THE TOPIC OF RESEARCH 4.1. Scope and Limitations

Scope:

People or the human factor makes a city functional, a city is termed as successfully functioning when it is able to provide the people with the bare minimum basic necessities one of which is housing facilities, there is a significant growth of urban sprawl due to highrises coming up which are not even affordable for people staying in cities, hence creating a better environment for people staying and serving the growth of the cities it is our duty of providing this working class with hygienic, interactive and socially functional environment, there are various ways to do so and one of them is by providing a better lifestyle and housing facilities. Also the plot selected is situated in a residential zone, which has seen no development since more than 50 years now, and the people too have been craving certain development and better environment to live in.

Limitations: The project looks at different aspects of social gathering in its architectural form and not emotional quality, there can be a possibility of the space not being able to produce that kind of social gathering because it's a subjective concept according to a person's feeling of belonging. The fact that there are people from various walks of life staying together belonging to different cultures too hence everyone's idea of openness or gathering for social activities can be different. The project can be as generalised as possible and made user friendly by providing the bare minimum spatial qualities which is suitable for a better living environment.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

4.2. Research question

The social nature in the city of Mumbai is constantly under transformation because of rapid urbanization. Are the conditions of housing or settlement in cities favorable, engaging people from various backgrounds in social interaction, allowing interactions in the neighborhood and are the migrants able to adapt to the environment?

4.3. Aims and objectives Aim: Creating opportunities for interactions, social gatherings and communicative space within a residential structure. Understanding the typology of housing and trying to create a better lifestyle for people living here. Objectives: To provide a hygienic, breathable place which has a combination of private and public or open and semi open spaces , user friendly and interactive housing facility. To connect it to the street in terms of the openness and accessibility keeping its privacy and security intact. To utilise the ground plane as efficiently as possible to have a balance between positive and negative spaces (building masses and open areas and voids between the structure) To create spaces which have a feeling of enclosure and encourage social activities by its architectural nature. To create customised user specific layouts for types of families to suit their needs and expectations. To create sales opportunities which suit the needs of every individual.7. To give benefits to the right owner of the house and understanding the ownership details. To map the surroundings and the and understand the typology of the existing Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 1

1. EMPIRICAL STUDIES 1.1. Housing as a dimension of poverty 1.2. Welfare system as housing system

2. CONCEPTUAL STUDIES 2.1. Socializing as an agent for better lifestyle 2.2. Community interactions and its importance in urban fabric

3. CONDITIONAL STUDIES 3.1. Family culture in chawls 3.2. Space crunch promoting vertical growth cities

THE UNDERSTANDING 35

1. Empirical studies 1.1. Housing as a dimension of poverty The relationship between housing and poverty is evident, but complicated. European conceptualizations define poverty as multidimensional (pertaining to different life domains), social and relative. Poverty arises when individuals and households due to lacking materials, social and cultural resources are denied the opportunity to fully participate, without shame, in Figure 31: Slum conditions in Bandra, Mumbai the society in which they live. Ever Notwithstanding positive association since the first housing policies were between different dimensions established, the area for welfare state associated with poverty, different policy. Housing related deprivation can indicators tend to identify different therefore be considered a dimension population groups as poor. People are of poverty. ‘at risk of poverty and social exclusion’ when they live in a household with low work intensity (leading to a lack of resources), or when their household falls below the 60% of median population income-threshold, or when they suffer from severe material deprivation (resulting from a stated lack of resources). Thus we can argue for a broader concept of ‘Living conditiondeprivation’ that is not so narrowly focused on income/ resources, but also takes account of several trade-off and related household strategies (e.g. co-residences, credit/ dept, moving Figure 32: Slum dwellers and their adaptability to the changing life into lower-quality housing) arising from higher housing cost burdens associated with less redistributive housing policies/ regulation and more intense market financialization. 36

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 2

1.2. Welfare system as Housing system

Figure 33: Comic showing Human need for shelter

The interplay between welfare and housing has since long been recognized as central to welfare outcomes and its modern day translation into the debate on asset/ propertybased welfare for life-course risks. The concept of welfare regimes is commonly used to refer to different social policy strategies modifying the distributional outcomes of markets. Inequality and poverty are lowest in the Nordic socialdemocratic welfare regime, followed by the continental-Europen conservation-corporatist countries, and then the Anglo-Saxon liberal welfare, the Southern-European welfare state tends to perform worse. The post-communist countries countries countries do not form a homogeneous cluster. While the Baltics have followed a liberal trajectory upon the implosion of communism, other countries combine a variegated mix of conservative-corporatist and liberal traits. Though relative income poverty and inequality are seemingly low in some postcommunist countries, economic influences are lower compared with Western-Europe and living conditions remain more disadvantaged. Similar to welfare regimes, so-called housing regimes have been identified.Likewise, such regimes historically originate from ideologically rooted and evolving organised interests defining

qualitatively different arrangements between state, market and the informal sector. The social production of ‘housing welfare’ is however hard to grasp and quantify. Complexity arises mainly from the commodity nature of housing-which in turn explains both why losing systems do not necessarily align with welfare systems, and why housing has been ‘easy’ to recommodify. While other social services are mainly provided by the state, the market is the basic mechanism of distribution in housing where houses are sold and bought on the property market, while rental housing is mostly allocated by means of market contracts between landlords and tenants.

Figure 34: Comic showing Human need for shelter

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 2

2.CONCEPTUAL STUDIES 2.1. Socializing as an agent for better lifestyle

Figure 35: Socializing as an important factor

Humans are born into social groups and live their entire lives as a part of a society, so the social element can’t easily be removed from the evolution of an individual. As humans we dream, we grow, we learn and we earn. The society in which we are born shapes our lives and our personalities. We are so keen to communicate beyond our geographical boundaries hence we use telegraphs, phones, internet, etc. We enjoy shared experiences and some healthy activities when motivated by a friend or family. Even the most introverted people can feel the need to interact once surrounded by the active surrounding. Humans thrive in a society and social interaction impacts our mental and physical well-being. Interactions can actually train our brain. Social motivation and social contact can help improve memory and also it protects against neurodegenerative diseases.

Figure 36: Illustration of human brain as a mechanism Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 2

2.2. Community interactions and its importance in urban fabric

Community interactions can help develop a sense of community pride and ownership. Especially if they’ve worked together to build or improve spaces where people can come together, the people who use them can start to see them as centers of their community and as belonging to them. It helps to build a true sense of community among people of diverse origins, backgrounds and points of view. By getting to know one another, people with different histories and assumptions can establish relationships and begin to value their differences as well as their similarities. It can expand children’s horizons through interactions with people who have different assumptions and expectations. Through contact with friends with different worldviews, children can broaden their own thoughts and realise there are different ways of looking at and experiencing life, and different paths that people can take. These interactions may also increase the number of positive adult role models in children's lives. It also helps increase safety and security. When people in the neighborhood know one another from meeting regularly, they are more likely to look out for another as well. That means eyes on the street, a feeling of ownership of the neighborhood, and less tolerance of both crime and unsafe situations.

Figure 37: Koli community of Mumbai

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 2

3.CONDITIONAL STUDIES 3.1. Family culture in chawls

Chawls were multi storied structures which were divided into smaller one room tenements without any private toilets. These houses were largely owned by private landlords like merchants, bankers, building contractors, etc. High rents forced the workers to share rooms with relatives, friends or caste fellow. Filthy atmosphere and scarcity of water were very common. Homes are small so streets and neighborhoods are used for cooking, washing and sleeping. Chawls are simple but effective steps to make people see, talk, interact, play, work together and bring life to any project. Our ancestors were intelligent enough to understand that social gatherings are important to keep us all together.

Figure 38: Chawl system and space usability 40

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 2

3.2. Space crunch promoting vertical growth of cities

An aerial view of Mumbai is enough to provide us a glimpse of the unconventional growth of the city. Mumbai is the third densest city in the world. The city has technically run out of space and yet it's more accommodating due to the vertical growth. Vertical growth is the emergence of high rises and skyscrapers that outline the horizon of the city providing additional living space to the thousands who migrate here everyday. Highrises integrate various facilities like gyms, clubs and departmental stores within their Figure 39: Vertical growth of Mumbai building space instead of occupying more land surrounding the highrise. This is indicative of the fact that vertical growth inspires sustainable ideas. Redevelopment is a concept that uses vertical growth as a driving force to provide good living space for people in a crowded city like mumbai. A versatile concept that can incorporate sustainable development, vertical growth helps us to make the best of the very real space-crunch situation we find ourselves in.

Figure 40: Highrises of Mumbai

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 43

3.1. Research process

The set of variables were decided based on the evaluation of the site. Different urban scenarios were taken into consideration. Literature based on issues found in the urban setting of housing was analysed. Effects of socializing and community interactions on life were identified. Different factors of urban fabric affecting housing conditions and how the conditions of housing can be improved are identified. The chosen plot has been a part of a macro setting of four chawls and has been mapped. A comparative study of typologies in the plot are studied to understand the area occupied on the plot and the conditions of the housing typologies. Amenities were identified. The activities and community based 44

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 3

Figure 41: Research methodology

interaction were observed. People from various age groups and different backgrounds were interviewed. These observations and data collection was used to understand the housing and life conditions on site and most likely or problem solving solutions with respect to housing and open space or activity or interaction based spaces were studied. The beneficiaries of the land were identified and extensions or encroachments too were observed.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 3

1. SITE SELECTION 1.1. Variables for site selection A. Criteria for study zone

STUDY ZONE 01 MAHIM STUDY ZONE 02 MAHIM STUDY ZONE 03 MAHIM STUDY ZONE 04 MAHIM Comparative analysis between site options Conclusions and final site preference

SITE SELECTION 47

1. SITE SELECTION 1.1. Variables for site selection The entire study of site selection is based on the existing social fabric of Mumbai. Social engagement and community culture of chawls. The study of typology and use of open spaces led to identification of variables of study. Family structures of these chawls were studied, which lead to a study of various layouts of typology and problem solving for the appropriate zone selected.

A. Criteria for study zone 01. The zone should be located in the city of Mumbai, since the scope of the study is limited to Mumbai. 02. The zone should have some open space qualities or activities binding everyone together. 03. Prevalence of some religious or cultural common areas that provide potential for human engagement. 04. There should be various user groups so that the intervention proposed thrives on being user friendly and creating self belonging. 05. There should be various housing typologies based on family structures. 06. The selected site should not be disputed or should have less encroachments for redevelopment purposes.

Figure 43: Images of Kadri wadi, Mahim, Mumbai

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 4

Figure 42: Google map image of Mahim

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 4

STUDY ZONE

01- MAHIM

Figure 44: Satellite image of Mahim

Figure 45: Mahim DP plan 2034

SITE AMENITIES: Unorganised and unplanned. SANITATION: Public toilets and private toilets within houses. WASTE DISPOSAL: Within houses there are dustbins, outside the chawls waste is disposed of and taken by the clean up van.

Figure 46: PR card of Kadri wadi Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 4

PUBLIC AMENITIES: LACKING • The quality of open spaces available is underutilized or not used properly. There is one temple the place around it is used by people to site. There is no proper shade hence cannot be used during monsoon season.

Cultural aspect: People come together during Hanuman Jayenti since the temple inside the wadi is a Hanuman temple. • Majority of the people are from Maharashtrian community, some are christ`ians. • Community practices, faiths, beliefs and celebrations.

INFERENCES: a .Community dominance C. Lack of public spaces or gathering spaces

b. Unused potential of the street d. Majority of people utilize the

house are unplanned

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

angan or verandah for interactions

Great sense of community housing with dominance of religious space. Housing conditions are fairly good in terms of spaces. Extensions are made to occupy the growing family. There are loft spaces in every house. Personal green spaces are created in front of the house. Water containers are kept outside the house since washing works of the household are done in the verandah.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 4

STUDY ZONE

Figure 47: Satellite image of Mahim

Figure 49: Satellite image of Mahim

02- MAHIM

Figure 48: DP plan of Lucky Nivas part A 2034

Figure 50: DP plan of Lucky Nivas part B 2034

Figure 51: PR card of Lucky Niwas Mhim, Mumbai Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 4

INFERENCES:

a .Community dominance c. Lack of public spaces or gathering spaces house are unplanned 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

b. Unused potential of the street d. Majority of people utilize the angan or verandah for interactions

Strong community bonding. People gather at night for aarti in the temple area. Narrow access to the houses. Encroachments are observed. Sanitation problems during monsoon. Degrading community activities due to space crunch.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 4

STUDY ZONE

03- MAHIM

Figure 52: Satellite image of Mahim

Figure 53: DP plan of Diamond court chawl 2034

Figure 54: PR card of Diamond Court chawl Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 4

INFERENCES: a. Community dominance b. Unused potential of the street c. Lack of public spaces or gathering spaces are unplanned d. Majority of people utilize the house angan or verandah for interactions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 4

STUDY ZONE

Figure 55: DP plan of Fernandes chawl 2034

04 - MAHIM

Figure 56: Satellite image of Mahim

Figure 57: PR card of Fernandes chawl Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 4

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 4

1. SITE SELECTION 1.1. Contextual studies of Kadri wadi, Mahim, Mumbai A. Location map B. Land use map C. DP plan 2034 D. Figure and ground map E. Residential density map 1.2. By laws A. Section 33 (7) DCPR 2034 B. Plot area calculations and mandatory open areas marked 1.3. Connectivity map 1.4. Kevin Lynch map 1.5. Amenities map 1.6. Building heights map

2. PLOT DETAILS

1.7. Building typology mapping of the plot 1.8. Photo documentation of the houses and typology 1.9. Nature of Kadri wadi 1.10. Outdoor activities 1.11. Features of Kadri wadi

3. USER STUDIES

1.12. Family structures 1.13. Existing built up area summary 1.14. Socio economic profiling 1.15. Interviews

4. CASE STUDIES

A. Pink brick clads Baigorria housing project in Argentina by BBOA B. Emergency housing block in Washington DC has four "uniquely different" facades C. Merge architects builds dark corrugated steel housing facing Boston Harbour D. Zara habitats horizon, Mahim

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 59

1. SITE STUDIES 1.1. Contextual studies Kadri wadi, Mahim, Mumbai

Figure 58: Location map of Mahim, Mumbai

A. Location Map

The Kadri wadi is a more than 60 years old settlement housing more than 100 people with families having seen more than 2 generations growing in the same wadi. There is a sense of community bonding among people living here and also many hindu festivals are celebrated here marking their existence. The majority of the community staying here is the maharashtrian community. Various types of settlement co-exist here. There are smaller open spaces. At the entrance there is a temple giving a sense of enclosure.

Figure 59: Land use map of Mahim

B. Land use map

The majority of land is utilised as housing areas. There are mixed use buildings too with housing on the upper floors. This makes the footpaths or entrances of the housing plots busy and active throughout the day. There are amenities around the plot making it suitable for housing projects and also allowing better lifestyle and socializing opportunities. There are open public spaces too available towards the mahim bay allowing easy access from internal roads. The outer side towards the main road has

mixed use buildings and internally there are solely housing structures that provide a sense of security and enclosure. There are restaurants, bookstalls and other amenities easily accessible.Easy adaptability to the context is possible.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

Figure 60: Land use map of Mahim

C. DP plan 2034 Individual housing plots are marked with distinct boundaries. No future streets or main road proposal are marked since the traffic control and mobility of the area is intact. A main primary road passes from the front of the plot and then bifurcated into other secondary and tertiary roads for access to plots. Some road widening proposals are likely to come up in future. Major land is under the housing zone with the amenities like fire brigade and hospitals marked.

Figure 61: Satellite image of Mahim

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

D. Figure and Ground Map

Figure 61: Figure and ground map of Mahim

The concentration of built is equal to the open spaces outside the buildings which is utilised by parking and also as open space within the structures. There are G+4 to G+12 buildings with various uses. The street widths are comparatively good which does not cause congestion of vehicles and no traffic in these areas. Also there is considerable width difference between primary, secondary and tertiary roads.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

E. Residential Density Map

Figure 62: Residential density of the ward wise division

The residential density in G north ward is highest as compared to other higher density zones of mumbai. It is more likely to increase further in future and the demand for housing too will increase leading to a demand for the real estate industry of mumbai. Also their majority of population is a working population with mixed income groups.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

1.2. By laws

A. Section 33 (7) DCPR 2034 Development of reservation in Reconstruction or redevelopment of cessed buildings in the Island City by Co-operative Housing Societies or of old buildings belonging to the Corporation under Regulation No. 33(7). a. Redevelopment/reconstruction in any zone shall be allowed on site without going through the process of change of zone. For the Industrial user, the existing segregating distance shall be maintained from the existing industrial unit. b. Notwithstanding anything contained in these regulations, in case of redevelopment of plot/ (s) having cessed structures/s and having reservation in the DP, the land component of the said cessed structure as per Zonal (basic) FSI shall be deemed to have been automatically deleted from reservation. The reservation area beyond the land component of cessed structures/s may be developed as per provision of Regulation 17(1) under the principle ‘Accommodation Reservation’ for the intended purposes. c. In case of reconstruction/redevelopment of building of Corporation, for the area of plot having no reservation or having designation of Municipal Housing, then the BUA equal to 25% of such plot area as per Zonal (basic) FSI in the form of tenements or premium as may be decided by the Municipal Commissioner in lieu of said tenaments shall be made available to MCGM and the developer shall be entitled to BUA in lieu of cost of construction against handing over of built up amenity as per Note (d) of Regulation 17(1). d. Notwithstanding anything contained in any of these Regulations reconstruction/ redevelopment of buildings of Corporation existing prior to 30.09.1969, falling under reservation in Development Plan shall be permitted as under (i) Any plot/layout having area under non-buildable/open space reservations admeasuring up to 500 sq. m shall be cleared by shifting the existing tenants from that site. (ii) Where the area of site having non-buildable/open space reservation/Cemetery, is more than 500 sq. m & if the land component of existing structures is more than or equal to 65% such sites may be allowed for the redevelopment subject to condition that the ground area of the land so used shall not be more than 65% of the reservation and leaving 35% rendered clear thereafter for the reservation. If the land component of existing structures is less than 65% such sites may be allowed for the redevelopment subject to the condition that the ground area of the land so used shall not be more than land component of existing structures and leaving balanced reservation land rendered clear thereafter for the reservation.

Figure 63: PR card of Kadri wadi Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

B. Plot area calculations and mandatory open area marked

Figure 64: Mandatory open space marked on the plot

• • • •

LOS requirement for plot area from 2501 to 10000 20% of plot area Total Plot area 2890 sq.m. Recreational ground area 578 sq.m. Plot area for development 2312 sq.m.

Figure 65: Key plan showing the chawls marked

Figure 66: Key plan showing the adjacent main road Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

Figure 67: Connectivity map of Mahim

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

1.3. Connectivity Map

The site is located near S Haralayya Chowk which branches out to various city locations hence it is the best location to buy a house. It has a good road network on all sides. Towards the north the new metro station coming up the site is near to the western railway station i.e. Matunga road railway station. It has a strong bus route network for travelling towards Dadar and Bandra as well since it is located at the L.J road edge. Following are the various transport terminal distances from the selected plot: Matunga Railway Station: 1000m (15 minutes walk). Shitaladevi Bus stop: 650m (10 minutes walk). Citylight Bus stop: 400m (5 minutes walk). Shitaladevi Metro Station: 950m (12 minutes walk). Besides all the above mentioned public transport, Cadel road on the west side is another road which connects bandra and Prabhadevi and runs parallel to the mahim bay adjacent to it (10 minutes walk). With such great connectivity, this entire locality holds great potential to become a walkable neighborhood.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

Figure 68: Kevin Lynch map of Mahim

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

1.4. Kevin Lynch Map Kevin Lynch mapping was done to form association with the site before starting with the actual process of documentation. Different places on site were identified under the following categories:

E dges : Western Railway line, the flyover connecting to the Matunga Labour map area also leading towards Matunga Road railway station. The highrises coming up along L.J road, the Zara Habitats just in front of the plot. The Balaji Heights at the start of Matunga flyover. It is a residential zone hence most of the edges consist of highrises.

Pathways : The entire neighborhood has commercial and retail shops along the streets. Thus these streets have become pedestrian pathways and a part of their day to day routine.

D istricts : Almost all the districts here are defined by the pedestrian pathways. All the districts are residential except for the post office and health care centers or restaurants on the edges. Newly formed districts are less dense and have high rises.

N odes : The nodes marked are traffic junctions or signals which are pedestrian ruled due to the retail shops and amenities. Most of the junctions have petrol pumps or religious buildings. Hence, nodes are highly busy.

L andmarks : The landmarks on the site are few but along the main road. Some newly come up highrises are also a landmark. The junctions like the S Haralayya chowk and Shitaladevi temple junction are the main landmarks since they house some restaurants, hospitals, petrol pumps and retail shops which have been there for more than fifty years. It can be concluded that the pathways on the site are the major chunck of activity support and house a number of aspects which lead to human engagement . Also help the dynamics nature of bustling vehicles and pedestrians throughout the day. Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

Figure 69: Amenities map of Mahim

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

1.5. Amenities Map

Figure 70: Shobha hotel, Mahim

Figure 71: Shitaladevi petrol pump, Mahim

Figure 72: Canossa high school, Mahim

Figure 73: Wadia hospital, Mahim

It is clearly evident through site mapping that all different amenities needed for the day to day life. from religious to recreational to educational, all of them are situated in close vicinity. Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

Figure 74: Building heights map of Mahim

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

1.6. Building Heights Map Mahim has mixed use typology housing and different types of elevations and heights when observed. There is a lot of redevelopment happening around the selected plot making it infrastructurally rich. There are mostly housing and smaller commercial or retail mixed use buildings. Hence, it is a suitable location for buying a new house. With such great instructural development with respect to residential aspects the location has been more density populated and property rates are high.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

2. PLOT DETAILS

1.7. Building typology mapping of the plot

Figure 75: Key plan of typology mapping of Kadri wadi

Figure 76: Detail plans of the typologies Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

In order to understand the existing housing typology of the site few houses were documented on site to understand the characteristics of the space division within units. The observations are as follows: The units have a varied carpet area between 25 to 150 sq.m. (including shop units). Most of the space was occupied by furniture without any space left to move around. The living space did not have enough ventilation. There was hardly any gathering space within the units. Most of the space had multiple uses. The unit sizes were big enough but due to the increased number of family members there was a space crunch. Some units had toilets attached, some used the common toilets. The circulation space had bikes parked and very less space was left for accessing the houses.

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

1.8. Photo Documentation of the houses and typology

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

Figure 77: Typology mapping and photo documentation Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

1.9. Nature of Kadri wadi

Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

Figure 78: Nature of Kadri wadi, Mahim Reviving Community Interactions and Activities in the Neighborhood. Section: 5

1.10. Outdoor Activities

Dry of clothes in the passages and open areas Kids playing around the circulation space and smaller open areas

People walking in the interiors of the chawls due to no open space around the house

Washing of clothes outside the house

Dry of clothes in the passages and open areas Elderly people site outside the temple area after dinner

People walking in the interiors of the chawls due to no open space around the house

Figure 79: Outdoor activity mapping of Kadri wadi, Mahim 83

1.11. Features of Kadri wadi

Figure 80: Mapping features of Kadri wadi 85

Figure 81: Mapping features of Kadri wadi 87

3. USER STUDIES 1.12. Family Structures

Figure 82: Family structure of Kadri wadi, Mahim

1.13. Existing built up area summary Figure 83: Existing BUA summary table

Figure 84: Pie chart of existing BUA summary

1.14. Socio Economic profiling Figure 85: Socio economic profiling table

Figure 86: Pie chart of socio economic profiling

1.15. Interviews

1. Poonam Venk ar , A ge 45 I am a housewife. I spend most of my time at home doing the household chores. I was born and brought up here in this chawl and ever since then there has been no redevelopment proposal as such. I spent most of my childhood playing and running through these narrow gullies of the chawls. After marriage even though I have not been stepping out as much as I did before, I do interact with neighbours,we sit in the passages and have a chit chat, these smaller open spaces have been a part of our lives for a very long time. We have not seen anyone extending the houses since there are open spaces available. These open spaces have helped me keep an eye on my kids while I am busy inside the house. I have an aged mother in law who needs to be taken care of hence these horizontal houses have catered to that because even though I am busy

there are neighbours who interact and be with her and take care of her. There are possibilities that this community culture will go away once we shift to high rise due to redevelopment. We have bigger houses as compared to the highrises and also have our own personal verandahs for gathering. But since change is the nature of life we would like a redevelopment that would keep in mind the social well being that exists in these houses and the community interactions tooa are promoted through the intervention. We would like to have a creche area for small kids since it is difficult for mothers to multitask all the time. There are possibilities that the existence of the community culture will still stay if more thought is given to open spaces and community promoting activities.

2. I shita Venk ar , A ge 11 I am a school going girl. I love my chawl space because it gives me the benefit of hiding when my mother is trying to catch me and make me sit and do my homework. Me and my friend come out mostly in the evening. We play different games and we have enough open spaces to run, play and have fun. I want to go and stay in a tall building and view the city from above but my friends who stay in a building don't have enough space like i have in front of my house, after thinking about these drawbacks i feel that a chawl is good. If the chawl goes into redevelopment and they propose a roof top open space for kids or even terrace gardens or places where me and my friends can play and study together we all will be very happy to go and stay in the highrise and enjoy the benefits. We have open spaces but that too gets taken up

by parking and during celebrations these open spaces get too busy and we kids cannot gather anywhere or play games. We use the temple space more for playing because it's big and we get our friends too and play outdoor games there. We want a redevelopment because we need clean and hygienic places to play and stay.

3. P rashant M ahale , A ge 60

I am a government servant, I have spent my whole life in this chawl from a kid to an oldie. I have seen how the chawl developed and is what you see today. Of course people have made their lifestyle better by creating better spaces inside the house but we are glad nobody tried to take up the extra space horizontally. I too have changed my house alot i have two doors to my house one is the front door the other is the back door. There are three people in the house: me, my wife and my son. As compared to the people staying and the area of the house. We have enough and more space. My house is longitudinal. I have been using the passage in front of the temple area and the footpath outside for interacting with people. We have enough space near the temple but during celebrations it gets congested because outsiders too engage

into it. For a migrant or an outsider a chawl with no gate and id directly accessible from the main road is a matter of concern but for us who have been staying here since years it never was a harm but was a good thing. It was like just one step and you can engage with the urban fabric outside the settlement. We all would like to see a redevelopment because the newer generation coming up doesn't really want to stay in a chawl. We all believe growth is important so a redevelopment that keeps this community and self belonging factor intact we will give our full support to it.

4. Vishwanath Panchal , A ge 70

I am a retired carpenter, I used to do furnishing works for the people in the chawl and also the outsiders. The chawl has been beneficial for everything be it earning a livelihood or giving shelter to me and my family. I came here 45 years ago. I was a migrant from Ratnagiri. Initially it got difficult for me to adapt to the surroundings and people but the community factor here was something that never held me back and helped me grow. Later I brought my family here and started staying as a permanent resident in the chawl. We were welcomed and taken into all the community gatherings. It was the social habitat which made it easier for us to live here. We had a smaller house as compared to the other houses since I was a migrant. Later I made a G+1 house to adapt to the growing family and needs. We have enough space in the chawl which can be

used for work as well so i started using these open spaces for carpentry. Redevelopment is a matter of growth hence we would be grateful if there are open areas which can cater to the needs of the community and some migrant units which can help migrants like me to come to cities and work. With the growing population and dieing humanity we need better facilities and independent housing facilities for migrants.

5. C hinmay M ayek ar , 21

I was born and brought up in this chawl and there has been a lot of progress in the typology of housing in this chawl. Of course the nature of the chawl in terms of open spaces has changed but there are some bits and corners today also which are active and serve the purpose for the smaller kids and encourage them to play outdoor games as they did for us. As there are many changes made to the temple area of the chawl it became the only open space available for kids to play which was bigger and better, it was a small little brick work that was placed under the tree which today became a structure. Me and my friends came up with these celebration ideas and started celebrating festivals which encouraged people to come together and this also helped them develop a sense of belonging. We as the youth of this chawl would like to have a

combination of open and semi open spaces that can help us get enough space for the discussions we have during arrangements for festivals or just a hangout space or smaller terraces that can serve as a step out in this closed environment. We also want some co-working spaces or just cubicles that can help us sit together and work. Many times we are forced to sit in unhygienic outdoors to discuss the arrangements and this creates inconvenience in many types. We believe that after the high rise comes up we might not have this same interaction sbut creating room for these activities will be a great help.

6. B havik Parocha , 14

I enjoy staying in a chawl because this has helped us with a lot of things in this pandemic, we couldn’t go outdoors but these small lanes and a couple of open spaces helped us meet our friends and hangout in the interiors. We mostly sit in the passage and interact with the neighbors, during monsoon we usually sit in the passages only and these smaller open spaces are taken up by the vehicles for parking. We as a youth need an experience of staying in high rises since that is how we will adapt to the increasing urbanisation. We have enough places to play but we are lacking space for interaction or reading or studying together. When there are festivals these open spaces are taken up and also now people have started rebuilding their houses which is creating space loss and crampedness into the chawl. A redevelopment can help us

cut down on this and bring uniformity in houses. We also need a dedicated place of storage or parking since in a chawl it is very haphazard and is causing inconvenience even though its not noticed. Many times it is also blocking the house entrances. It is only the circulation path which is left open and is used by us. The temple area is the most helpful space in terms of openness and also serves a number of activities throughout the day but mostly evening.

4. CASE STUDIES A. Pink brick clads Baigorria housing project in Argentina by BBOA Seen through the lens of urban engagement. Project Details: L ocation : Granadero Baigorria, Argentina. P rogram: Social housing, commercial spaces/ buildings C lient : Citizens with lower income group of Argentina. Total area : 136702 sq.ft. Year: 2015 A rchitects : BBOA-Balparda Brunel oficina de Arquitectura

This project is a part of a government subsidization of credit to offer an opportunity for citizens to own a house of their own. This low-cost development is built on the land that belongs to the National-Railway system. The linear property is bordered by rail tracks on one side and surrounded by trees and urban development on the other side. The goal was to design a multifamily housing design which was different from the housing norms of the country, and tends to be different from the housing norms of the country and homogeneous. The project focuses on an impersonal style of housing to oppose the idea of individuality. It is a flat site, the firm decided to have buildings varying between to have buildings varying between three, four and eight levels. The. development houses 105 residences and

eight business spaces. The building is made of reinforced concrete and pink-hued brick which is the traditional material. The site also identifies itself as the old railway station with the predominance of the stonework. In the three and four level building, stairs are located within open volumes. At the ground level the openings enable the flow of the urban landscape within the residence. To highlight the voids, the staircases are painted white and also the whole void stands out due to the contrast created with the use of hued bricks. The taller buildings (3 in total) are planned in the end in the middle of the complex. To cut down on the bulkiness of the taller towers. This massing strategy strengthens the relationship between the buildings and streets, also providing better views for tents.

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I nferences : Social relationships are the binding factors of the structures. There is allowance of access by the citizens to cross the residential zones from the ground floor where there is a void for the staircase block. There are bigger openings to allow air flow. Also a visual connection with the surrounding urban fabric. Linearity in the plan helps ease accessibility and access friendly residences for any residences or even outsiders coming to the commercial buildings. There is a sense of homogeneity because of the material used. The layouts are linear and varied in terms of typology based on the number of occupants and typology of family. Central voids keep the staircase block lit throughout the day, cutting down on electricity.

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B. Emergency housing block in Washington DC has four “uniquely different” facades Seen through structural point of view and form developement. Project Details: Location: Washington DC, US Program: Emergency shelter, health care Client: Homeless people in the US Total area: 125723 sq.ft. (approx.) Year: 2021 Architects: Studio Twenty Seven Architecture and Leo A daly.

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The seven storeyed building is commissioned by the District of Columbia Department of General Services, it contains homes for upto fifty families who need emergency shelter in the US capital. It provides services like apartments, a dining room and health care center. The building has an animated facade with no concept of back or front elevation. The facade design responds to the internal layouts and also maximises the sunlight with the structure. It prevents dead zones and also preserves trees and green spaces. Each facade detail is uniquely designed and the concept of the building gives a ziggurat kind of view from the tree canopies preserved on the site.

Such kind of emergency shelters in Washington DC to prevent homelessness in the city. The footprint of the building sits on the dilapidated health care center that previously existed. There are around ten apartments on every level. Community spaces, laundry facilities and private as well as family bathrooms. A dining area, computer room, admin facility occupy the room, admin facility occupy the ground floor. There is a health care center in the basement replacing the one that previously existed.

On the west the apartments are staggered to give a stepped facade. This maximises light on the insides. The apartment also has a small green roof. On the east the brick facade has large windows for outdoor play space on each floor. Hence the kids have a feel of being outdoors. The glass lined entrance to the clinic is the vantage point of the south facade. The entrance is purposely different from the housing to create a daily activity around the site

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INFERENCES: The structure has a social cause but when viewed from the exterior you cannot feel that it is a shelter home for the homeless. The structural design of a ziggurat is a vantage element which creates an awe inspiring feel when walking in the locality. There is a thought process involved in designing each facade. There are communal spaces as well as private housing spaces for the citizens in need. The most attractive feature is the health care center in the basement which marks the existence of the health care center which existed previously on the site. Also the vegetation on site is well maintained and utilised around the site.

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C. Merge Architects builds dark corrugated steel housing facing Boston harbour Seen through the Structural point of view and form development.

Project Details: Location: Boston harbour Program: Luxury housing Client: Citizens of Boston Total area: 102305 sq.ft. (approx.) Year: 2019 Architects: Merge Architects

The housing complex contains seven units, two duplexes facing the street, two flats in the middle and three townhouses on the rear of the plot. They used geometric shapes which are located next to the harbour’s shipyard.

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The shapes, textures and materials are inspired by the materials and shapes used in the shipyards. The residential building facades are claded with corrugated steel. The fluted metal covers the triangular balconies that protrude from the duplexes

The cedar slab from a base-like feature on which the steel structure sits. It also surrounds the windows, doors, and decks. The front of the block has two duplexes, the flats occupy the middle of each floor and the rear side has three townhouses. Each unit has an exterior space providing a view of the nearby boatyard. The duplexes are oriented slightly angled to create privacy. Each townhouse has a large parking garage.

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INFERENCES: The design of the building is inspired by the materials and shapes used in ship building. There are various layouts and typologies inspired by the needs of urban development and increasing family sizes. It also serves as a holiday home for the citizens. The staggering element in the building gives a view of the harbour to every unit hence allowing the same benefits to every client. The curvature of the protruding balconies is an element derived from the curves used in shipbuilding.

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D. ZARA HABITAT’S HORIZON, MAHIM Seen through the lens redevelopment project

live

Project Details: Location: L.J road, Mahim Program: Residential Client: Existing tenants and interested buyers Total area: 123305 sq.ft. (approx.) Year: 2016 Architects: Raj Gala Shah and Zaheer Majeed Memon

The building is situated right adjacent to L.J road, and is a vantage point for the area. It is a sleek design with running chajjas all around the building as a design element, it has larger openings to cut down on the bulkiness of the building since it is situated on the edge of the main road and is noticeable to all the passers of L.J road. From the front it looks like a tall tower standing alone. But when observed from the sides it is a longitudinal building. This is because of the longitudinal size of the plot. On the ground floor it has retail shops and the residents are stacked above.

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Internally the building has a main lobby entrance, the building has a single entrance and one narrow emergency exit or entrance from the footpath side. The one and two bhks are placed on the same floor that form the typical floor plans of the building. The building has stacked parking on the rear end which goes up till 5 floors of the building. There is one emergency staircase which is in proximity to all the flats on the floor. There is incorporation of services too from this staircase itself. The french windows have extended overhangs and are chamfered on the corner sides to enable broader views even to the units on the side.

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Inferences: The architect has focused more on the functionality of the building. The sales part too is added into the same block hence equal importance is given to everyone. The entrance is placed on the side which is a secondary road and has a sense of security and privacy. The sleek chajjas add a feel of floating to the floors and are the element of vantage for the building design.

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E. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

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Figure 87: Comparative analysis of the case studies

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1. DESIGN PROPOSAL

1.1. Design proposal A. SWOT analysis 1.2. Intent of the project 1.3. The design particulars 1.4. The design proposal 1.5. Design goals

DESIGN PROPOSAL 117

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1.1. Design Preamble The author hereby, after a thorough understanding of the site on field as well as off field has attempted to put forth a re-development proposal by understanding the current situations and needs of the tenants residing on the plot selected. It is a design proposal for an inclusive and social housing development opposite Zara Habitats Horizon apartments, Mahim, Mumbai. The Design proposal is based on the core idea of housing as a socially interaction unit which allows for an individual to socialize and engage in recreational activities. By the conditional studies and study of user groups existing on site. The programme has been formulated. The design proposal helps to develop a feeling of self belonging and adapt to the change in lifestyle by keeping the bond among the people intact and allowing opportunities for interacting with the outdoors and existing neighborhood. The project mainly focuses on keeping the community bonding alive even during the times of urbanisation and growing space crunch. It thrives to create multiple typology housing opportunities based on various family sizes and user groups.

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1. There ia a strong community bonding within the residents 2. Women engage in small sacle businesses 3. There are people from various age groups 4. Types of family structures

1. Apart from the open area in front of the temple there are no open areas for kids or elderly to sit 2. There is a haphazard development on site with not enough accessible space 3. No proper waste disposing facilities hence waste is dumped just outside the entrance

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O 1. An underlying social and cultural network is already present on site and can be enhanced 2. Most of the residents belong to the same cultural background hence it gets easier to bond everyone together through architecture 3. There is an existing temple on site hence it can be reconstructed and made a focal point for socializing

T 1. The increasing and changing family structure can still lead to space crunch on site 2. The idea of socializing and interaction differs from person to person

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Figure 88: Design intent graphic

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1.2. Intent of the project

The project will consist of an ideal mix of residential, commercial amenities and public spaces for the selected site and the users belonging to different age groups and socio economic backgrounds. The project intends to become a culturally and socially rich, self-sustained and economically viable housing complex for the users in the city, while blending with the existing urban fabric of the city. The intents of the project can be further simplified and explained as follows: 1. Development • To develop a porous residential block allowing socially interactive spaces within the residential spaces. • To create public amenities which are user friendly and are viable for all age groups on site. • To transform the high density horizontal housing settlements into an efficient vertical housing structure which has various housing typologies. • • •

To develop the area considering it faces the main road directly hence the block should be engaging with the openness as well as keeping privacy of the residents intact. To create a feeling of self belonging among the residents. To create scope for people to engage more with the built environment and be able to adapt to the change in lifestyle.

2. Conserve • The existing living conditions and work balance of the users. • To conserve the existing direct contact with the streets in terms of accessibility. • To conserve the social life of people and the outdoor space life in the corridors of the houses. • To conserve the existing religious space i.e. the hanuman temple on site. 3. Enhance • To enhance the existing lifestyle of the users. • To enhance the social well being and interactions among the users. • To give an identity to the site by enhancing the site conditions. • To enhance the connection between the site and the main road in terms of visuality and accessibility. 4. Proposition • To propose an architectural intervention for improvising the conditions on site and allowing more spaces for interaction. • To propose an extension for the temple area and make it a space for housing the open space interaction and social space for users. 123

Figure 89: Design particulars graphic

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1.3. The Design Particulars The design programme is framed to understand and execute the ideas at different scales in order to create a difference in the lives of plot users, people living in the neighborhood, the city population and tourists at the global level. The design programme can be broken down into primary, secondary and tertiary functions as follows: PRIMARY: The primary functions focus majorly on the development of a mixed use neighborhood for growth of the city. R edevelopment

housing :

To provide residential facilities for the original inhabitants of the site selected. Sale component ie. affordable housing: This is to address the shortage of housing facilities in the city. R etail and commercial facilities :This is to provide a base to the small scale mixed typology shops on the front facing the footpath directly. Recreational facilities: It is for users to get an opportunity to engage with the built environment and the existing neighborhood. Also it adds on to the spatial quality of a space. SECONDARY: The secondary functions are framed to allow the growth and provide an identity to the neighborhood and its users. C ommunity creche : This will provide a space for kids to come and play and interact with each other. It will also be helpful for the housewives as well as the working women population on site, since they do not have to keep looking out for the kids every time. R eading cum hangout spaces : This will allow for the teenage group to have a dedicated area for studying or have discussions on the community activities and spend time outdoors. C ommunity kitchen / preparation hall : This can give an identity for the small scale business of the women it will cater to activities like papad making, pickle preparation, etc. Parks / open terraces : This will cater to generate recreational spaces for elderly people and middle age groups to interact with each other and revive the community traditions. H ealth care center : There is a large number of elderly and retirees on site which marks a need for a health care center which is nearby and within the residential zone.

TERTIARY: The tertiary programme is proposed for the long term growth of the city and the people as well. A rchitectural character : The selected plot has been seen as it is since more than 50 years and is located right on the edge of L.J road. Hence, it is important to add a spatial architectural identity as well as experience to it. E xtension of the temple area : The temple exists on site since the chawls came up and it is the original community identity on site. It acts as a place of gathering of the residents. Hence, it can be extended to create a community space 125

1.4. The Design Program

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Figure 90: Design program graphic

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1.5. Design Goals

The ultimate goal of the project is to create a healthy lifestyle for the tenants and allow social interaction and keeping the community intact. The project shall strive to achieve the following qualities:

H eterogeneity The quality or state of being diverse in terms of content and character.

P orosity Equal positive and negative spaces and balance of mass and void to allow social spaces.

I nclusivity To include users of all age groups and economical backgrounds.

A ffordability That can be afforded and believed to be within a person’s budget.

H igh

density

Having higher concentration of people and benefitting to maximum people.

F lexibility The ability to be easily modified in terms of usage and fast adaptability.

I dentity The fact of being who or what the person or thing is.

S ustainability Avoidance of excessive use of natural resources and finding ways to reuse or save natural resources.

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1.6. Area Calculations Area Calculations Area of plot = 2890sq.m. Total tenant rehab= 100 residents + 10 commercials Residential Calculation. 20 houses of type 1 (40 sq.m.)= 20x40= 800 sq.m. 20 houses of type 2 (25 sq.m.)= 20x25= 500 sq.m. 20 houses of type 3 (45 sq.m.)=20x45= 900 sq.m. 20 houses of type 4 (60 sq.m.)=20x60= 1200 sq.m. 20 houses of type 5 (75 sq.m.)=20x75=1500 sq.m. Non residential calculation= 10x150= 1500 sq.m. (The carpet area of each shop unit is 150 approx.) Total residential area= 800+500+900+1200+1500 = 4900 sq.m. Existing rehab area= (residential+non residential) = 4900+1500 = 6400 sq.m. BUA for incentive on existing is 5% extra on existing carpet area Existing total carpet area for residential= 4900+5% = 4900+245 = 5145 sq.m. BUA for incentive is 5 % on existing carpet area= 1500+5% = 1500+5% = 1575 sq.m. Total rehab for incentive= 5145+1575 = 6720 sq.m. Incentive as per 33(7) table 5a 78% rehabilitation area= 6720x78/100 = 5241.6 sq.m. Total= (5241.6+6720) = 11961.6 sq.m. + 35% fungible Rehab fungible (35% of 6720)= 2352 sq.m. Sale fungible (35% of 5241.6)= 1834.56 sq.m. 2% of (Total rehab area+Fungible on rehab+78% of incentive area+35% on sale area) = 2% (6720+2352+5241.6+1834.56) = 2% (16148.16) = 322.96 sq.m. Total parking requirements 20 parking spaces for 45 sq.m. 20 parking spaces for 60 sq.m. 20 parking spaces for 75 sq.m. Total parking requirement = 60 vehicles Hence, Total Rehab= 5145 sq.m. Total Commercial rehab= 1575 sq.m. Amenities area= 322.96 sq.m. Sale area= 1834.56 sq.m. 131

List of figures: Figure 1: Condition of slums in Mumbai Figure 2: Crowded or over populated streets of Mumbai Figure 3: Socialization as a key to well being Figure 4: Homogeniety of a city Figure 5: Elements of a city and their corelation with each other Figure 6: Mumbai and its Changing nature due to urbanisation Figure 7: Mumbai as a welcoming agent for migrants Figure 8: Nature of self belonging Figure 9: Chinese culture of collectivism Figure 10: Factors affecting social and economical well Figure 11: Factors affecting social and economical well being Figure 12: Structure of activities with respect to its type and nature Figure 13: Comparison between social engagement and social isolation Figure 14: Relation between structural components, functional components and quality components Figure 15: Housing in France, RIBA mentioned Figure 16: Changing nature of housing over decades Figure 17: Delapidated facades of chawls in Mumbai Figure 18: Baithi chawls Figure 19: Bar chawls Figure 20: Courtyard chawls Figure 21: Skyline of Mumbai Figure 22: Infrastructure of a city Figure 23: Hinduja hospital, Mahim Figure 24: Mahim Bay Figure 25: Scottish school, Mahim Figure 26: Shivaji park, Dadar Figure 27: Kadri wadi, Mahim Figure 28: Kadri wadi, Mahim Figure 29: Kadri wadi, Mahim Figure 30: Kadri wadi, Mahim Figure 31: Slum conditions in Bandra, Mumbai Figure 32: Slum dwellers and their adaptability to the changing life Figure 33: Comic showing Human need for shelter Figure 34: Comic showing Human need for shelter Figure 35: Socializing as an important factor Figure 36: Illustration of human brain as a mechanism Figure 37: Koli community of Mumbai Figure 38: Chawl system and space usability Figure 39: Vertical growth of Mumbai Figure 40: Highrises of Mumbai Figure 41: Research methodology Figure 42: Google map image of Mahim Figure 43: Images of Kadri wadi, Mahim, Mumbai Figure 44: Satellite image of Mahim Figure 45: Mahim DP plan 2034 Figure 46: PR card of Kadri wadi

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Figure 47: Satellite image of Mahim Figure 48: DP plan of Lucky Nivas part A 2034 Figure 49: Satellite image of Mahim Figure 50: DP plan of Lucky Nivas part B 2034 Figure 51: PR card of Lucky Niwas Mhim, Mumbai Figure 52: Satellite image of Mahim Figure 53: DP plan of Diamond court chawl 2034 Figure 54: PR card of Diamond Court chawl Figure 55: DP plan of Fernandes chawl 2034 Figure 56: Satellite image of Mahim Figure 57: PR card of Fernandes chawl Figure 58: Location map of Mahim, Mumbai Figure 59: Land use map of Mahim Figure 60: Land use map of Mahim Figure 61: Figure and ground map of Mahim Figure 62: Residential density of the ward wise division Figure 63: PR card of Kadri wadi Figure 64: Mandatory open space marked on the plot Figure 65: Key plan showing the chawls marked Figure 66: Key plan showing the adjacent main road Figure 67: Connectivity map of Mahim Figure 68: Kevin Lynch map of Mahim Figure 69: Amenities map of Mahim Figure 70: Shobha hotel, Mahim Figure 71: Shitaladevi petrol pump, Mahim Figure 72: Canossa high school, Mahim Figure 73: Wadia hospital, Mahim Figure 74: Building heights map of Mahim Figure 75: Key plan of typology mapping of Kadri wadi Figure 76: Detail plans of the typologies Figure 77: Typology mapping and photo documentation Figure 78: Nature of Kadri wadi, Mahim Figure 79: Outdoor activity mapping of Kadri wadi, Mahim Figure 80: Mapping features of Kadri wadi Figure 81: Mapping features of Kadri wadi Figure 82: Family structure of Kadri wadi, Mahim Figure 83: Existing BUA summary table Figure 84: Pie chart of existing BUA summary Figure 85: Socio economic profiling table Figure 86: Pie chart of socio economic profiling Figure 87: Comparative analysis of the case studies Figure 88: Design intent graphic Figure 89: Design particulars graphic Figure 90: Design program graphic

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