The SPHINX | Winter 1969 | Volume 55 | Number 8 196905508

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DECEMBER 1969

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Vol. 55, No. 8

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ALPHA PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY. INC.

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ALPHA PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY, INC. National Headquarters / 4432 Dr. Martin Luther King Drive / Chicago, Illinois A L H Jewe, H e n!y A Jewel

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3 L A L P H A FRATERNITY, INC. DIRECTORY FOR 1969-1970

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Washington, D.C.

Officers ienlral TrS!fu»r ~ f ?»„' r w^"" Comptroller - I s d ^ T M * " T S General Counse MnrHf M £ ' , J K . ; Edrto •The I n h i ™ f u ' £"". c h 1 ? t t Executive Secrata™ T a u ^ ^ ' v * ' " 9 t x e c u t i v e Secretary — Laurence T. Young.

1821 0 r l e a n s Avenue ' N e w ° r l e a n s ' La4676 West Outer Drive, Detroit, Michigan 1407 University Avenue, Marshall, Texsa 1456 E - Adelaide, St. Louis, Missouri ; ^ V . / - 4 7 2 8 D r e x e l Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois .4432 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive, Chicago, Illinois

Vice M a dweste7n ^ G u f V Southern "Rpnn?»l u 9 ' SouhwesteTn I m.rH r " I ' M WesteTr""p» i t n S h ' e y ' Western — C. Paul Johnson

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70116 48235 75670 63107 60615 60653

. . . 6 6 Dry Hill Road, Norwalk, Conn. 06851 H a r b o r Drive . Frankfort, Kentucky 40601 Terrace, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37411 P 0 - B o x 2A1- Boley, Oklahoma 74829 98011 1 7 8 2 3 8 8 t h > N E . , Bothell, Washington

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Assistant Vice Presidents

Contributing Editors Malvin R. Goode, Martin L. Harvey, L. W. Jeffries, Eddie L. Madison, Frank L. Stanley, Sr., Art Sears, Jr., L. H. Stanton, Charles Wesley, Randolph White, O. Wilson Winters, Laurence T. Young, George M. Daniels.

Editorial Advisory Committee Frank Ellis, Malvin R. Goode, Marshall Harris, John H. Johnson, Moss H. Kendrix, Belford V. Lawson, Samuel A. Madden, J. E. Martin, Lionel H. Newsom, Gus T Ridgel.

Staff Photographer Henry Crawford The Sphinx is the official magazine of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc., 4432 Dr. Martin Luther King Dr., Chicago, III., with editorial offices at 4728 Drexel Blvd., Chicago, III. 60615. Published four times a year: February, May, October and December. Address all editorial mail to 4728 Drexel Blvd., Chicago, III. 60615. Change of Address: Send both addresses to Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, 4432 Dr. Martin Luther King Drive, Chicago, III. Manuscripts or art submitted to The Sphinx should be accompanied by addressed envelopes and return postage. Editor assumes no responsibility for return of unsolicited manuscripts of art.

Opinions expressed in columns and articles do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc., and use of any person's name in fiction, semi-fiction articles or humorous features is to be regarded as a coincidence and not as the responsibility of The Sphinx. It is never done knowinqly. Copyright 1968 by The Sphinx, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. Reproduction or use, without written permission, of the editorial or pictorial content in any manner is prohibited.

The Sphinx has been published continuously since 1914. Organizing Editor: Bro. Raymond W. Cannon. Organizing General President: Bro. Henry Lake Dickason.

Second class postage paid at Chicago, III. Postmaster: Send form 3579 and all correspondence, 4728 Drexel Blvd., Chicaqo III. 60615.

Mfriw«te7n B ° b r y . r ° i ! l e S « > ' s™,r»,n " 7 . i w - McCoy tt,.".

S r ^ i " * B s t e r n — William Holden western — Fritzic Allen

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Station ' N e w H a v e " . Connecticut . P e r r y Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Knoxville College, Knoxville, Tennessee Box 4598, Arkansas A & M College, Pine Bluff, Arkansas 6 1 3 Johnson Drive, Richmond, California 7313

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06520 60621 3792 71601 94806

Committee Chairmen Committee on Standards & Extension — Wayne C. Chandler 2913 N.E. 18th, ~„ ... . _ __ _ Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73111 committee on Housing & Building Foundation William M. Alexander, 4272 Washington Blvd., . , • . - , ~ . . „ St. Louis, Missocri 63108 Historical Commission — Charles H. Wesley 1824 Taylor Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20018 Committee on Publications — Moses General Miles Florida A & M University, „, . . . . ., Tallahassee, Florida 32307 Committee on Awards & Achievement — Arnold W. Wright, Sr 311 Cold Harbor Drive, „ , Frankfort, Kentucky 30601 n J „ Committee on Rules and Credentials — Andrew J . Lewis, II 2861 Engle Road, N.W., „. ,_ . .. _ Atlanta, Georgia 30318 Director-Education Foundation — Thomas D. Pawley, I I I 1014 Lafayette Street, Jefferson City, Missouri 65101

REGIONAL Eastern DIRECTORS Region Massachusetts — Bro. James Howard 105 Greenwood St., Boston Mass.

Rhode Island — B r o . Ralph Allen 179 Doyle Ave., Providence R. I. Connecticut — Bro. W. Decker Clark Road, Norwalk, Conn.

6 6 Dry Hill New York, Northern New Jersey — Bro. Albert Holland 31 Hickory Hill Rd., Tappan N. Y. Pennsylvania, Delaware, Southern N. J . — Bro. Frank Devine 6202 Washington Ave., Phil Pa. Maryland-Washington — Bro. Thomas Hunt 911 Spa Dd., Annapolis M d Virginia — B r o . Talmage Tabb Greenbriar Ave., Hampton, Va. 324 M i d w e s t e r n Region Northern Indiana — Bro. William J . Bolden 3157 West 19th Avenue, Gary, Indiana Northwest Ohio — Bro. Robert Stubbleford 1340 West Woodruff, Toledo Ohio Northeastern Ohio — Bro. Curtis Washington 889 Hartford, Akron, Ohio Central Ohio — Bro. Oliver Sumlin 2427 Hoover Avenue, Dayton, Ohio West Missouri-Kansas — Bro. Jimmie L. Buford 2645 Lorkridge Avenue, Kansas Ciity Mo Eastern Missouri — Bro. Clifton Bailey 3338A Aubert Avenue, St. Louis 15,' M o ' Northern Michigan — Bro. W. Wilberforce P l u m m e r . . . .654 Wealthy Street, N. E., Grand Rapids, M i c h ' West Michigan — Bro. William Boards. Jr 680 W. Van Buren Street, Battle Creek, M i c h ' Southern Michigan — Bro. Robert J. Chillison, I I 16155 Normandy, Detroit, Michigan Southwest Ohio — Bro. Holloway Sells 699 N. Crescent Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio Iowa _ Bro. Everett A. Mays 701 Hull Avenue, Des Moines, Iowa 50316 Southern Illinois — Bro. Harold Thomas 1731 Gaty Avenue, East St. Louis. Illinois Northern Illinois — Bro. J . Herbert King 4728 Drexel Blvd., Chicago, Illinois 60615 Kentucky — Bro. Waverly B. Johnson 1306 Cecil Avenue, Louisville, Kentucky Wisconsin — Bro. Hoyt Harper 5344 N . 6 4 t h , Milwaukee, Wis Central Missouri — Bro. Nathaniel R. Goldston, I I I Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Mo. 65101 West Virginia — Bro. J . A. Shelton Post Office Box, 314 Welch, West Va Southern Indiana — Bro. Theodore Randall 3810 Rockwood Avenue. Indianapolis, Indiana Nebraska — Bro. Thomas A. Phillips 3116 North 16th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68110 Regional Secretary — Bro. Cramon Myers 404 West 44th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana Regional Counsel — Bro. James R. Williams 978 Dover, Akron, Ohio 44320 Southwestern Region Oklahoma — B r o . Vernon L. Foshee L o u i s i a n a — Bro. Elliot J . Keyes Arkansas — Bro. T. E. Patterson Texas — B r o . Reby Cary Texas — Bro^ Victor Smith Arkansas — Bro. M L. Fridla Arkansas — Bro. George Howard At-Large — Bro. Paul Smith

725 Terrace Blvd.. Muskogee. Oklahoma 7462 Benjamin St., New Orleans, Louisiana 1624 W. 21st St., Little Rock, Arkansas 1804 Bunche Dr.. Ft. Worth, Texas 2004 N. Adams, Amarillo. Texas 1200 Pulaski, Little Rock, Ark. 60 Watson Blvd., Pine Bluff, Ark. Ark. A and M College, Pine Bluff, Ark. Southern Region

Alabama — Bro. Kirkwood Balton Florida — B r o . Oral A. Allen Georgia — B r o . Henry Collier, M D Mississippi — B r o . T. J . Ranee North Carolina Bro. Leonard R. Balloc South Carolina Bro. W. J . Davis Tennessee Bro. Charles Tarpley

1303 Main St., Birmingham, Ala. 1471 N.W. 179th St., Miami, Fla. 33169 1527 Mills B. Lane Ave., Savannah. Ga. 407 Washington Street, Brookhaven, Miss P.O. Box 10 - State College, Elizabeth City, N.C. 27909 4509 Williamsburg Drive, Columbia, S. C 1429 s . Parkway East', Memphis, Tenn.'

W e s t e r n Region Northwest District Director — Bro. Clifford E. Donley Southwest District Director — Bro. Floyd P l y m o u t h . . .

Central District Director — Bro. Clifford W. Basfield Southern District Director — Bro. Clyde C. Osborne

347 29th 1940 Leona St 2245 E. 11th 5467 Bradna,

Seattle. Washington Las Vegas, Nevada St., Stockton, Calif.

Los Angeles, Calif!

Official

Organ

ALPHA PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY, INC. THERE GOES AN ALPHA MAN There goes a man of high impulse Of princely mien and grace There goes a man of humble faith A credit to his race There goes a man of conscience vast with will to reach his goal There goes a man of lordly rank Of heroes' stock and soul— There goes a man of noble caste Whom hardship cannot break There goes a man in merit clad Whom duty won't forsake There goes a man in cultured verse Who holds a sportsman's creed There goes a man too vigilant To bow to lust or greed There goes a man whose life is spent in service not in scorn There goes a man whose majesty Shines like a May time

There goes a man who is a friend To love and duty truth There goes a man to help uplift The lives of wholesome youth There goes a man with industry and faith at his command.

There goes the best man in and out For he is an Alpha Man.

Volume 55

Number 8

December 1969

J. HERBERT KING Editor-in-Chief 4728 DREXEL BOULEVARD CHICAGO,

ILLINOIS

60615

CONTENTS The President Speaks Sons of Liberty Ideals Of The Founders Mother Singleton First Graduate Chapter Alpha Expands Overseas Past General Presidents Free At Last, Free At Last Orchids To An AKA Soror Alpha Wives Blacks Out Of U.S. History A Talk To Harlem Teachers You And The Draft Chapter Activities Alphas On The Move Tribute To A Black Beauty Poet Laureate Alpha Work-Shop Educational Reports Omega Chapter

2 3 9 11 12 13 15 16 19 20 23 25 28 29 30 32 34 35 36 39

COVER: — Jewels Henry A. Callis, George B. Kelly and Nathaniel A. Murray, the then three living founders at the 50th Anniversary Convention, Buffalo, N. Y. (1956). Back Cover — "The Washington Proposal." Brothers W. Decker Clarke, Harold Sims, A. Maceo Smith, Craig C. Foster, Morris Hatchett and Lionel H. Newsom, were appointed by the General President to study the proposal and report their findings to the Board of Directors.

RESIGNS POST...

THE GENERAL ]PRESIDENT 4 SPEAKS • • • General President Ernest N. Morial

Columbia University

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64th ANNIVERSARY CONVENTION: The Director of General Conventions, Brother Kermit J. Hall, is working on the 1970 Convention, which will be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania — August 2nd - 5th, 1970 with headquarters at the SHERATON HOTEL. Pre-Convention and Post-Convention activities will be announced later. The Host chapters are: PSI, RHO and ZETA OM1CRON. 1970 REGIONAL CONFERENCES: Again we are met with conflicting dates for Regional Conferences. This situation does not make possible the attendance of General Officers at all of them, necessitating an unfair choice as to the length of time to be spent at any of them: EASTERN REGION Norfolk, Virginia, April 10, 11, 12 SOUTHERN REGION Jackson, Mississippi, March 27, 28, 29 SOUTHWESTERN REGION Oklahoma City, Okla., March 27, 28, 29 WESTERN REGION Los Angeles, Cal., March 27, 28, 29 MIDWESTERN REGION Cleveland, Ohio, April 3, 4 A o A HISTORY: The 10th Edition of the History of Alpha Phi Alpha is exhausted.

A new edition (11th Ed.) is "on the press" as the press" as we are informed by our Historian — Brother Charles H. Wesley. We expect them to be "off the press" within the next few weeks. The back log of orders awaiting their release from the printer, will be filled immediately thereafter.

ONE SOLITARY LIFE He was born in an obscure village.

He worked in a carpenter shop until he was thirty.

He then became an itenerant preacher.

He never held office.

He never had a family, or owned a house.

He didn't go to college.

He had no credentials but himself.

He was only thirty-three when the public turned against Him. His friends ran away.

He was turned over to His enemies and went thru the mockery of a trial He was nailed to a cross between two thieves.

While he was dying — His executioners gambled for His clothing.

The only property He had on earth.

He was laid in a borrowed grave.

Nineteen centuries have come and gone, And today, He is the central figure of the human race.

All the armies that ever marched, all the navies that ever sailed, All the parliaments that ever sat And all the kings that ever reigned have not affected the life of MAN on this earth as much as that The BOARD OF DIRECTORS of ALPHA PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY extends to every Brother and every Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha greetings of the season. It is our hope that the many Brothers throughout the Country, in the midst of gayety, will reflect on ONE SOLITARY LIFE: General President Ernest N. Morial 2

Brother Franklin H. Williams

Brother Franklin H. Williams, director of Columbia University's Urban Center, has submitted his resignation to President Andrew Cordier.

He told Dr. Cordier: "In my view, the assignment which I undertook in June 1968 has been fulfilled." He said that "my charge, in the words of Dr. Kirk, was to "turn the university around, so that the university might sharpen its sensitivity, deepen its involvement and broaden its competence in the areas of urban and minority affairs."

Brother Williams resigned as Ambassador to Ghana to assume the post of director on June 1, 1968 His letter highlighted some of his accomplishments.

Among them was a 700-page "final draft of the most extensive review of urban and ethnic curriculum ever undertaken by any university." It is understood that Dr. Cordier will make the draft public before Christmas.

Sought Faculty Other changes brought about by him included "a faculty talent search" which has resulted in the employment of minority group professors, and positive effort by Columbia personnel office to recruit and train Blacks and Puerto Ricans.

(Continued on page 30)

SONS OF LIBERTY Alpha Phi Alpha First Black Fraternity THE EARLY HISTORY AND IDEALS OF THE FOUNDERS

By Fay Lebowitz

SIX OF THE MEMBERS OF ALPHA CHAPTER, 1907 Jewel Vertner W. Tandy, Jewel Robert H. Ogle, Jewel Nathaniel A.Murray, Jewel E. K. Jones, Bro. J. H. Morton and Bro. Gordon Jones.

HOUSE OF ALPHA GOODWILL is the monarch of this house. Men, unacquainted, enter, shake hands, exchanging greetings, and depart friends. Cordially exists among all who abide within.

I am the eminent expression of friendship. Character and temperament change under my dominant power. Lives once touched by me become tuned and thereafter amiable, kindly, fraternal. I inspire the musician to play noble sentiments and assist the chemist to convert ungenerous personalities into individuals of great worth. I destroy all ignoble impulses. I constantly invoke principles which make for common brotherhood and the echo resounds in all communities and princely men are thereby recognized. Education, health, music, encouragement, sympathy, laughter—all these are species of interest given on self-invested capital. Tired moments find me a delightful treat, hours of sorrow, a shrine of understanding— at all times, I am faithful to the creed of companionship.

To a few, I am the castle of dreams—ambitious, successful, hopeful dreams. To many, I am the poetic palace where human feeling is rhymed to celestial motives; to the great majority, I am the treasury of good fellowship.

In fact, I am the college of friendship; the university of brotherly love; the school for the better making of men.

I AM ALPHA PHI ALPHA! INTRODUCTION The Negro needs defense everywhere but nowhere as in the United States. The sentiment in France and England is more just than here. While slavery (segregation) lasts, and long after, there will constantly arise occasions for defense and vindication. Ignorance, prejudice, pride of race and the selfishness of power will continue to evolve disparaging questions which none can answer so well as the black man himself . . .

Frederick Douglass, January 18631

Though black institutions to assist the black man in answering "disparaging questions" have been in existence for more than half a century the vast majority of white America is unaware that these long-standing institutions exist. One such institution which is widely known in the black community but relatively unheard of in the white community is Alpha Phi Alpha, the first Negro fraternity.

Charles S. Johnson, in his book The Negro College Graduate, finds that "the trends observed in Negro higher education are not wholly different from those noted in American education generally."2 However, one trend which is notably different is the dissimilarity in development and ideals between the Negro fraternity and the white fraternity, with the credit for accomplished goals going mostly to the Negro fraternity. For as it was noted much earlier in the saga of the Negro fraternity, "although they are Greek letter societies, they do not, strangely enough, follow the patterns of mere social snobbishness set by their prototypes. Each has definite, social value interests and a program of attack upon the problems which beset their race and society in general."3 The author goes on to state examples of such "programs of attack," and prominent among these was the Alpha "Go to High School, Go to College" movement. Alpha programs have been warmly endorsed by American Presidents from Calvin Cooldige to Lyndon Johnson. Alpha, throughout its long history, has never given up attacking the disparaging problems and today is continuing to play the active role prescribed by its history and tradition.

An introduction should introduce the reader to what is to follow. At the same time it should, in my opinion, make the reader aware of some of the author's biases. My major one is that at the inception of this paper I was decidedly antiGreek. Now I am more selective—I am anti-white-Greek fraternities, and decidedly pro-black fraternities. I am also a respectful admirer of Alpha Phi Alpha.

(Continued on page 4)

SONS OF LIBERTY (Continued from page 3) This introduction would not be complete without noting the people who helped make it possible. First of all, I would like to thank Mr. Michael Gordon, my professor, for his assistance and sympathetic ear. Next comes Professor J. Saunders Redding who sent me to Mr. Harold Sims. Executive Secretary of the Office of Economic Opportunity. Mr. Sims' assistance was both material and moral, and his invaluuable materials and help aided me immeasurably.

Because of the limitations of time and space, this "history" of Alpha Phi Alpha is very limited. If the reader should develop a hunger for more knowledge about Alpha Phi Alpha, I heartily recommend Brother Charlss H. Wesley's book, The History of Alpha Phi Alpha, A Development in College Life, and issues of the Sphinx, the organ or publication of Alpha Phi Alpha.

I

Historical Background "As a natural outgrowth of the social instinct of man, as a result of the bird-of-a-feather-flock-together tendency, the Greek Letter Fraternity has found its way into our colleges and universities. . . . The fraternity affords our students a wholesome environment, a group of congenial associates—a group much larger and more various than the family, but much smaller and less various than the whole community." 4 Though this definition of a fraternity via the needs it meets is good, it gives no criterion for measuring the value or "success" of a fraternity. Is "success" to be measured by service to its members and the community; by the "success" of its members; by its goals and ideals; or by the value of the programs it espouses?

In the case at hand, Alpha Phi Alpha meets any one or all of the criteria for "success." The seven original founders or "Jewels" of the fraternity were seven young undergraduate students at Cornell University in Ithica. New York during the academic year 1906-1907. These men, Brother George B. Kelley; Brother Henry A. Cailis, Brother Charles H. Chapman; Brother Nathaniel A. Murray. Brother Vertner W. Tandy; Brother Robert H. Ogle; and Brother Eugene Kinckle Jones, all became successful, influential men among members of their race and in the community as a whole. Brothers Charles Chapman and Nathaniel A. Murray became teachers in the field of Agriculture. Brother Robert Ogle became a politician and worked for a western United States Senator for many years. Brother Vertner Tandy became a successful architect and erected many structures in and around New York City. Jewel Henry Cailis, M.D., is now a very successful and well known heart specialist in Washington, D. C. Jewel Kinckle Jones, after receiving his Masters Degree, became a teacher. He joined the Urban League at its inception and helped it to attain the influence that it has today. Jewel Kelly entered into the contracting business after graduation and finally came to work for the New York State Engineering Department. In this position, he helped to construct the Barge Canal. In 1920 he became associated with the New York State Tax Department, where he served until 1952. After this, he became a private tax consultant. If Alpha is to be judged on its founders, then it has indeed been successful in turning out valuable citizens.

In trying to decide whether Alpha Phi Alpha meets the 4

other criteria for "success," a survey of its historical development might be a valuable undertaking.

If sheer numbers are any indication of "success" then Alpha Phi Alpha is very successful became it has grown from the Seven Jewels and their friends to 32,030 members. However, this standard is not a valid one because membership in the fraternity has always been limited along the lines of achievement and only colleges and universities with good academic ratings were authorized to have Alpha chapters.

The first milestone in the development of the Fraternity came during the academic year of 1905-1906 when The Social Study Club was organized, with its emphasis on education, social action, and social welfare. The following year, Alpha Phi Alpha was born on December 4, 1906. The Fraternity was incorporated under the laws of New York State in 1907, and under the laws of the District of Columbia in 1912. The Beta chapter at Howard University was established in December, 1907. This chapter has been very active in the annals of Fraternity affairs. The organ of Alpha Phi Alpha, the Sphinx, was first published in February, 1914. while 1916 saw the inception of the slogan "Alpha Phi Alpha for Life."

The first graduate chapter was Alpha Lambda, organized in Louisville, Kentucky in 1911. 1917 crowned the efforts of Alpha brothers with success; Alpha brothers were very active in developing public opinion which led to the establishment o fthe first training camp for officers who were Negroes.

The decade of 1920 began the "Go-to-High-School-Goto-ColIege" movement, the theme of which is still being emphasized today by the Alphas. Awards of merit, scholarships and fellowships were begun at this time and these programs, too, have continued down to the present day. In 1923, approval was given for the establishment of a chapter in Liberia and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was given a substantial gift to aid in the implementation of its programs. In 1929, the first edition of The History of Alpha Phi Alpha was published.

The decade of the 1930's is best summed up by the Fraternity historian, Charles H. Wesley: . . . 1931 to 1941 witness(ed) the launching of the program which built upon the pattern of education of previous decades with the addition of vocational guidance, and culminating in the award of scholarships, the establishment of the Educational Foundation, and the adoption of "Education for Citizenship." This was also the period of the Depression, and the leaders of the Fraternity decided that there would have to be "Advancement in spite of the Depression." There was clustered about this idea the total group of life activities relating themselves to citizenship. 5 Other developments occured during this period. The first European chapter was established in London, England. Much interest in and contributions to the Scottsboro Case; the establishment of a Committee on Public Policy to make pronouncements on issues in national life; an expanding social action program; the approval of life membership for the Fraternity in the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History; and continuing annual contributions to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in which there was also established a life membership, were all part of "Advancement in spite of Depression." In 1940, the word "Negro" was eliminated from the membership clause of the Constitu(Continued on page 5)

SONS OF LIBERTY (Continued from page 4) tion, thereby opening legally and officially the Fraternity membership to all qualified persons irrespective of race, color or national origin. This action made Alpha Phi Alpha the first intercollegiate fraternity to become interracial. During the early 1940's, the Fraternity was also quite active in attempts to integrate southern universities.

Beginning also a this time was a program concerned with the theme "The Negro in the New World Order." This program, fed by currents flowing from World War II, the establishment of the United Nations and the studies of scientists who were showing the concept of race to be a myth, was given much support by individual chapters and by the Fraternity as a whole. It should be noted, however, that the Fraternity has always had an interest in black culture and history.

In 1907 when the fraternity ritual was being evolved "Brother Roscoe C. Giles was engaged . . . in historical research in the background of Ethiopia."6 Early in the Fraternity's history (1911) a recommendation was made and adopted that a committee be appointed "whose duty shall be to do research work, especially as to the relation of the Ethiopian of ancient times to the Negro race of modern times."7 Alpha Phi Alpha has always ben proud of the fact that it "pioneered in the study of Negro American and African History." It symbol, the Sphinx, testifies to the kinship Alphas feel with Africa, and to the importance attached to the historical past.

Although most formal fraternal activities were suspended during the war years, Alpha membership continued to be an immediate and enduring bond between men in all branches of the armed services. Programs begun before the war were continued, but on a smaller scale than originally intended because of the war effort. The slogan "A Voteless People is a Hopeless People" was adopted. The Foundation Publishers were incorporated as a publishing agency for the Fraternity, during this period. An important development was the establishment of a Committee on Employment Opportunities, along with a Committee on National Housing.

During the 1950's, the Fraternity was busy fighting court cases, all involving the cause of civil rights. A Student Loan Fund was also established during the mid-1950's, which simply formalized a process that had been occuring ever since the Fraternity's inception. In 1955, Suggested Next Steps in Integration was published which reflected the trend of the Fraternity's endeavors during most of the decade of the 1950's.

The period of the 1960's has been one of growing concern with anti-segregation activities, both North and South. Much work has been done in the areas of education, citizenship and public service. Alpha Phi Alpha has published position papers from time to time, and generally managed to be in the front lines during most fights for the cause of civil rights. Some of the current programs of the Fraternity will be discussed later on in this paper.

After studying Alpha's history, her record does indeed seem to be very impressive. No less impressive is a listing of her "sons" and the positions they have attained. In naming only a few of the more widely known brothers, one would have to include Brother Edward Brooke, United States Senator from Georgia; Brother Edward Brooke, United States Senator from Massachusetts; Brother W. E. B. DuBois, Scholar, Author, NAACP Co-Founder; Brother Duke Ellington, Orchestra

Leader, Composer; Brother John Hope Franklin, Historian, Professor, University of Chicago; Brother Martin Luther King, Jr., Founder S.C.L.C, Nobel Prize Winner; Brother John H. Johnson, Founder and Publisher, Ebony Magazine; Brother Thurgood Marshall, Associate Justice, United State Supreme Court; Brother Adam Clayton Powell, U.S. Representative from New York; Brother J. Saunders Redding, Author, Professor, George Washington University; Brother Paul Robeson, Concert and Dramatic Star; Brother Ramon C. Scruggs, Personnel Director, AT&T; Brother Harold Sims. Executive Secretary, Office of Economic Opportunity; and Brother Whitney Young, Executive Secretary, National Urban League.

If the whole is the sum of its parts, once again Alpha Phi Alpha's claim to a successful whole is very strong indeed.

Alpha Phi Alpha's historical background and the careers of its members make a strong case so far for the "success" of the Fraternity. However, now the philosophy and programs of the Fraternity must be examined to see in what manner they add to or detract from the definition of "success."

II Philosophical Components "A principal raison d'etre of the college fraternity is to teach and to provide the opportunity for the practice of brotherhood . . . The early leaders of Alpha were aware of the fact that universities and colleges are important social institutions in developing and perpetuating the ideals of brotherhood . . . Brotherhood and human relations—man's relationship to man—constitute the central problem of our time.

Social fraternities, because they may represent microcisms of the democratic society in which cross sections of the students on a campus may obtain experiences in brotherhood and democratic living, might contribute positively toward instilling the principles of brotherhood not only in their membership but into the college and other communities."8 Two qualities, usually associated with youth, have contributed to the establishment of Greek Letter Societies—the comradship of youth and the spirit of high idealism usually manifested by youth.9 Added to these two youthful qualities, the Negro youths at Cornell in 1906 felt the social restrictions of race common to American institutions of that era.

Their reasons for wanting to organize a fraternity were not very dissimilar from those of their white counterparts: the desire for a social and literary organization and the desire to organize an association with the same standing and prestige as the fraternities frequented by their white counterparts.

The concern Alpha Phi Alpha was to place on scholarship and social problems is portended even in the earliest meetings of the fraternity. By 1905, the social club had a flourishing examination file. On December 4, 1906, the first actual meeting of the fraternity, this concern with social problems was manifested by the discussion of the future of the group. Several programs were suggested which would benefit the society, but also suggested was a fund for needy colored students which would be organized and sponsored by the Fraternity.

This theme has permeated deep into the philosophy of the Fraternity and can be seen today in any one of the many educational programs that Alpha Phi Alpha sponsors.

However, for all the high idealism proclaimed officially by the fraternity, a distinct dichotomy of purposes existed, at least in the early years of development. On one hand, there was the sentiment of self-sacrifice, of service to the brotherhood: (Continued on page 6) 5

SONS OF LIBERTY (Continued from page 5) Alpha Phi Alpha was not simply a 'good time' group of college men. It was a brotherhood, existing for the improvement of its members. The Alpha chapter was also concerned with the conduct of its members; it helped them stay in school and acted as a mediator in their quarrels.

The purposes of Alpha Phi Alpha were not only to provide for social occasions but also for mutual and cooperative endeavors; scholarship was to be advanced, character was to be built and no brother was to be allowed to fall by the way if his fraternity brothers could help him. Alpha members were frequently challenged to engage in larger tasks and to seek new opportunities for their fraternal labors.10 On the other hand, there existed the members who felt that there should be more emphasis on purely social activities, such as dances and picnics. As is apparent, the more noble concept of service to the community won out.

Another early problem was that of expansion. Early in its life, Alpha received many requests from various groups asking permission to start a chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha at their respective colleges and schools. Very early the decision was made to allow chapters only at those colleges with high scholarship ratings. In 1909, General President R. C. Giles commented, "We do not believe in unlimited expansion. Only Negro college men who come up to our standard (will be admitted)."11 During this early period the question of admitting graduate students to membership was debated. This debate, however, quickly resolved itself, and graduate chapters were soon formed. It is fortunate for the Fraternity that the debate was resolved in this manner since most of the present day leadership (especially for nation-wide attacks on social problems) comes from the ranks of the graduate chapters.

Two other components of Alpha philosophy which are very much evident today are godliness and optimism. The spirit of godliness manifests itself in the prayers and hymns which are very much a part of any Alpha gathering. Some might attribute this characteristic to the influential role the Negro church has always played in the lives of its congregation. The optimism can be seen in statements similar to the following one: "The college fraternity can be one of the effective agencies for the dissemination of the ideals of brotherhood."12 The amazing thing, however, is not the optimism, but the constancy of almost all components of the Alpha Philosophy during the past 60 odd years.

Service to the community, especially the black community, can be noted in any of the programs currently sponsored by Alpha Phi Alpha. Today, although many dances and conventions are held, a substantial part of the Fraternity's time, money, and efforts is directed toward programs of social betterment and community service. An examination of public policy statements of the Fraternity confirms this: On "Black Power"—"Black People of America are absolutely DETERMINED to establish unequivocally the human dignity, respect, honor, prerequisites and rights of Black People of America as fully equal members of the American Society,—by the use of any and all means—, —and do determine this as being the Age 6

of Black Determination rather than the Age of Black Power."

On "Green Power"—"Since the ghetto itself is a major factor in the cause of human unrest, the challenge then is that Alpha Phi Alpha join hands with American Businessmen to bring these 15 million Negroes fully into the mainstream of the economic, educational, social and cultural life of our country; the Green Power of American businessmen can eradicate and rebuild the ghetto area.

Alpha will support efforts for the passage of legislation providing for guaranteed minimum family income; it will develop and promote Self-Help type programs on a national basis; it will urge enforcement of Executive Order No. 11246, which prohibits job discrimination by Federal contractors; it will urge the passage of state legislation to provide for Interstate Certification of all teachers and other educational personnel.13 "Negritude is a new name for a very complex of attitudes and a very old grouping of factors from which the attitudes arise: the rediscovery of Africa; the reassessment of American history; the insistence on revealing the (Negro) self; and protest as propaganda."14 It is interesting to note that this definition of "Negritude" has been espoused by Alpha Phi Alpha throughout its 63 year history. Today, Alpha Phi Alpha is well aware, and quite concerned over, the "Black Revolution." We realize that the contemporary use of the words "Black People," and AfroAmerican" is the healthy outcome of a new awareness of our history, dignity, culture, and ability to define ourselves as we should. We are determined to demand the beenfit of our cultural background (history), consumer, political and economic power.15 It is apparent that Alpha Phi Alpha has lost none of the high idealism of her youth. She is still being true to her goals and ideals and their essence has not changed.

Ill Programs To do justice to all the programs Alpha Phi Alpha has initiated, aided and/or financed, a full length book is needed.

Since, however, it is difficult to evaluate an institution without examining its endeavors, an attempt must be made to examine at least some of the Fraternity's programs. Many of these programs have been mentioned briefly throughout this paper; however, the following discussion will probe their depths.

The Go-to-High-School-Go-to-College movement, the first wide-scale educational program undertaken by the Fraternity, has continued to be a focal point for Fraternity educational programs right down to the present day. The nucleous of this movement can be found in a request of the Alpha chapter in 1911. At this time it ordered its Committee on Student Affairs to consider plans for "inducing students to come to higher institutions of learning especially Cornell University"16 The first thrust of the program came during the week of June 6-12, 1920. The purpose of this nation-wide educational campaign was to touch every high school possible by personal contact or literature. The program was continued for the next few years on a local level by the individual chapters with no unifying directives from the national leadership.

During the 1930's, the movement widened into its "Education for Citizenship" phase, and throughout the 1940's and (Continued on page 7)

SONS OF LIBERTY (Continued from page 6) 1950's its spirit was kept alive via awards of fellowships for research by the Alpha Phi Alpha Educational Foundation.

In 1968, "the theme 'Stay-in-High-Schoo!-Go-to-College' was approved for Education for Citizenship Week. It was also agreed . . . (to) develop a film strip to be professionally produced, emphasizing 'black pride' (which would) be presented as a part of the national observance."17 Other present day programs connected with this theme include the Alpha Phi Alpha Memorial Scholarship, the Alpha Merit Group Program, and the utilization by Alpha chapters of the College Placement Services film "Do They Really Want Me?" As early as 1929, "it was recommended that the General Organization should . . . make provision for the raising of a $5,000 fund from which loans on approved security could be made (for financing chapter houses).18 Since that time, Alpha Phi Alpha has continued to finance chapter houses through its Building Foundation. This Building Foundation, moreover, has branched out into the field of moderate income housing with its "Alpha Gardens" project. Recognizing the need for more moderate income housing, "Alpha Phi Alpha has met the challenge by participating as a non-profit sponsor/developer in its pilot program of 145 townhouse and garden type units for moderate-incomed families in St. Louis, Missouri."19 "Through the expertise of the Consultant, all of the 'seed money' for fees, initial planning, etc., will be returned to Alpha Phi Alpha . . . so that another project may be initiated with the same capital on a revolving basis."20 The Alphas have engaged in many activities during their long history. Almost any project could be picked at random, examined, and then evaluated and the odds are quite good that the program would be considered extremely worthwhile.

The projects mentioned above and throughout the rest of this paper are only representatives for the many other equally worthy and viable programs which the limitations of time and space do not permit me to mention. It is easy to see that Alpha Phi Alpha also meets the criterion of "success" which calls for valuable and viable programs which meet the needs of the community.

IV

Critiques No organizations or institution is 100% pure goodness no matter how noble or idealistic its aims. This is why constructive criticism plays a vital role in shaping and molding the course of an organization. Realizing this, the brothers of Alpha Phi Alpha have never been inhibited about bestowing constructive criticism and suggestions for fraternal improvements. During a period of self-examination in 1941 it was noted on several occasions that Alphh Phi Alpha "was composed of a group of men who regarded themselves as much better than the masses merely because they belonged to a fraternity."21 In 1968 the Aassistant Vice-President of the Southern Region found that "many undergraduates are becoming increasingly dissatisfied with our lack of identification with the black community. The brothers of my region are disturbed because many brothers have turned their backs on the black man in the ghetto."22 The need for relevancy seems to be a constant concern among the brothers of Alpha Phi Alpha.

The soundness of Alpha's program must be judged not

only by its past long-range record nor by the effectiveness of present programs, "but rather an evaluation of soundness comprehends the past, present, and the forseeable future."23 To Past General President Howard Long, a pertinent question seems to be whether changes were forced upon the Fraternity or whether they were envisaged and planned for. Because of the slowness with which changes within the organization have taken place, he wonders If we have relied too heavily upon fortune, as seems the case with the change from "Go To High School, Go To College" to the "Citizenship Program."2* If this is the case, he warns "we may count ours a followership instead of a leadership. Successes in this circumstance may be neither ground for self-satisfaction nor assurance for the future.""

Suggestions concerning improved means for accomplishing the avowed purposes of Alpha Phi Alpha have always been forthcoming. Each issue of the Sphinx, nearly every report contains such suggestions. However, the basic philosophy seems to remain unquestioned. Perhaps because the basic philosophy is sound and because the most pertinent suggestions are followed, always? the organization is able to retain its relevance and evolve in a manner acceptable to most of its members. Flexibility in the means used to accomplish goals, coupled with constancy of purpose has led to an institution which is relevant to the needs of today.

V Conclusion "Justice William O. Douglas (while riding a taxi cab passed the Archives building in Washington, D. C.) asked the driver if he had noticed the inscription on the front of the building. "Yes," was the reply. The driver was then asked if he knew the meaning of the phrase, which is the preface or introduction to the inscription: "THE PAST IS PROLOGUE." "Yes," the driver hastily replied, "they mean, YOU AIN'T SEEN NOTHING YET."" It is very conceivable that the motto of Alpha Phi Alpha may yet be changed to "You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet." However, to date the record of the Fraternity is a very impressive one: —First intercollegiate fraternity organized internally for social purposes to effect externally social action for social service.

—First intercollegiate fraternity organized for and by Negro men.

—First intercollegiate fraternity to become interracial.

—First intercollegiate fraternity to outlaw brutality.

—First intercollegiate fraternity to eliminate the blackball for new membership.

—First intercollegiate fraternity to pioneer in educational development.

—Only intercollegiate fraternity to finance (successfully) major civil rights litigation before local and federal courts. Examples: Sweath vs. Texas, Murray vs. University of Maryland, Gaines vs. Mo., Henderson vs.

Southern Railway System, the Scottsboro Case.

—First organization to develop and publish a history of Negro college life.

—First intercollegiate fraternity to play a major role in the founding, financing and development of the NAACP, United Negro College Fund, National Urban League, and the S.C.L.C. (Continued on page 8) 7

SONS OF LIBERTY (Continued from page 7) —Pioneered in the development of social programs for disadvantaged Americans in small business, voter registration, universal education, legal rights, urban reconstruction, tenant farm organization, ROTC expansion, community action, etc.

—Pioneered in the study of Negro American and African history.

—Leads all organizations world-wide in the number of members engaged in social justice and human resource development.27 Few areas remain for innovative programs which will validate the truthfulness of my proposed "new motto" for the Fraternity. But it should be recognized that some arenas for innovative programs do remain.

One of the gravest faults of current poverty programs and other projects aimed at helping the black man in the ghetto is the failure of politicians, designers, technicians and the other architects of the programs to utilize the services and ideas of long-established black institutions such as Alpha Phi Alpha. This ignominious slighting of black middle-class institutions undermines their credibility for the black man in the ghetto and at the same time results in wasted talent which could have been constructively utilized .

One man concerned about this problem is Harold Sims, Executive Secretary of the Office of Economic Opportunity and a member of Alpha Phi Alpha. Feeling that the goals of Alpha Phi Alpha and the OEO are inseparably merged, he urges that . . . you (APA) join us, as an organization, in a way that thousands of individual brothers work with us throughout these United States. Help us continue to reconstruct and revitalize the meaning and the role of the community, in partnership with all its needed resources, as a self-helping force in American life . . .

We ask you to become the first interracial fraternity to launch a program whose major aims are (1) the economic development of urban and rural economic potential and (2) the maximazation of communications between the suburban defense ghettos around our cities.

In short, to provide training and technical leadership for the needy and to educate the unwilling or unexposed white about the unreality of blind fear in the same manner that the insecure and trapped non-white is being educated about the evils of self-hate and selfdestruction.28 Since, as Kenneth Clark notes in Dark Ghetto, "the poetic irony of race relations is that the rejected Negro must somehow find the strength to free the privileged white," white America cannot afford to ignore or waste the talent inherent in black middle-class institutions such as the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity.

"The chaotic condition of the world during the past few years makes it certain that the very best judgement and thought of our racial group should be brought into play to aid in moulding our future."29 The chaotic condition of the world has not changed since 1939 when this statement was written. Neither has the steadfast course of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity.

8

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY —Adams, Numa P. G., "The Development and Significance of Fraternities among Negroes in the United States," Sphinx, III (2), April, 1917.

Any and all issues of the Sphinx were valuable for the insight they gave to fraternal philosophy, ideals, programs and other fraternal matters. This article by Brother Adams contained helpful assistance on the philosophy of the black fraternity. Brother Adams held many offices in the Fraternity, progressing from General Treasurer to General Secretary.

—Alpha Phi Alpha, "Statement on Public Policy," Sphinx, October, 1968.

This statement was invaluable to anyone who is interested in seeing the programs and policy of the Fraternity today.

—Davis, C. Anderson, "Alpha—Endless Procession of Splendor," Sphinx, L/2, June, 1964.

This article was good background information.

—Edmonds, "Fraternities at the Crossroads," Crisis, 40 (10), October, 1939.

This paper was interesting and aided in the discovery of how little problems have changed since 1939.

—"Greek Letter Societies," Opportunity, Journal of Negro Life, III (26), February, 1925.

This article provided insight into the way Negro fraternities were perceived by the larger Negro community.

—Johnson, Charles S., The Negro College Graduate, Chapel Hill, 1938.

The author of this book has written many books on different facets of Negro life. Although this book was not as helpful as I had expected it to be, the picture it portrayed was helpful and pertinent to some material in this paper.

—Long, Howard, "How Sound is the Alpha Phi Alpha Program?", Sphinx, XLII (3), August, 1956.

The criticism of Past General President Long proved to be pertinent and relevant to this paper, especially in aiding this author in her evaluation of some of the Fraternity's programs.

—Madden, Samuel A., "Alpha Phi Alpha and Brotherhood," Sphinx, L/2, June, 1964.

This article was useful in evaluating the role of the concept of "brotherhood" in the fraternal philosophy.

—Pawley, Thomas D., Annual Report of the Director of Educational Activities for APA Educational Foundation, Inc., August 3-8, 1968.

This report was helpful in assessing the current Alpha educational program.

—Position Paper by the Eastern Region Committee for Resolutions and Recommendations, April 7, 1968.

This paper helped supply needed information for many parts of my paper.

—Press Release of Alpha Gardens of St. Louis, Mo., May 15, 1968. Cited in the Report of the Building Foundaion, APA, August 3-8, 1968.

This press release provided up-to-date information on current Alpha projects.

—Sims, Harold, "Free at Last! Free at Last!" Speech, December 8, 1968.

Mr. Sims, who is very active in the Fraternity, gave me invaluable and immeasurable assistance. Both his speeches contained valuable concepts which were germane to this paper.

The Early History and Ideals of the Founders OMEGA CHAPTER, DECEMBER 6, 1959

By Jewel N. A. Murray In the fall of 1905, your humble servant matriculated into Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, as a student in College of Agriculture. Associated with him at that time were eleven other Negro students, boys and girls, who were distributed in various other Colleges of the University. Our activities as students being very isolated did not bring us into actual contact or give us an opportunity to get acquainted with each other. This was due to the fact that a goodly number of the Colored student were working their way through college, by working at the various frat houses of the wealthy white students, who seemed to have been banded together for a mutual help of their several brother.

It was while working and observing under the above influences that the desire for a similar organization of fraternity brotherhood among the colored boys was bom, and nourished by a determination to have one for ourselves if such a thing was possible. We often talked about it in small groups, despite our poverty for we all felt it would require a great deal of money to be able to enjoy such fraternity privileges as as those for whom we worked. W'thout experienced minds and without any capital to draw upon we did not know which way to turn.

Just about this time a graduate student in the University, Mr. C. C. Poindexter, employed as a private secretary by one of the Profs, in my department, hit upon the idea of calling all the Colored boys and girls in the University together for a general get-together meeting, at a house party at his residence in the city of Ithaca, N. Y. Accordingly, he sent out notices and every boy and girl who received one responded.

Mr. Newton, at whose home our friend resided, also contributed much to make this initial meeting a howling success.

When the meeting was opened and the purpose for which notices were sent out explained in full detail, every one present joined in wishing that such affairs be given as often as those present wanted them.

After a general good time that lasted until the small morning hours, all returned to their respective rooming places eager for the next meeting, which was to be two weeks hence.

For the time being our thought i.e. the small group forgot all about their fraternal ideas, so carried away were they with the sudden change which provided for the time, wholesome recreation and amusement twice a month.

These meetings were well attended and continued to prosper until the early part of December, 1905, when the fraternity idea again began to buzz in the ears of the small group namely, Brothers Kelly, Callis, Ogle, Murray and Phillips. Furthermore, the feed features which were a part of each meeting as a chance to dance with the girls were additional incentives toward bringing those for whom we worked. Without the fellows out. At these meetings various types of programs were given, among which was the advantages and disadvantages under which colored students labored in order to make good in the various colleges of the University.

To that end each boy and girl was to get and preserve copies of all the examinations both preliminary and final, and turn them over to Mr. Poindexter for filing, so that they could be used by any one so desiring.

When the suggestion was made by Brother R. H. Ogle, and seconded by Brother N. A. Murray, that we ought to try and band ourselves into a fraternal organization the same as the white boys on the hill, it was received with much enthusiasm by a few fellows. They reasoned that since we had proven our interest in meeting by our willingness to appear on the various types of programs presented, the present organization would form a good nucleus for the students who knew others and were apparently interested in each others welfare.

This idea was opposed by our friend Mr. Poindexter who saw as he termed the suggestion nothing but a complete failure. He was much older in years than any of us, but somehow the idea of having a Negro fraternity seemed to stick and grow until it has grown into the big brotherhood of College men that we are proud of today. He told us that

as a Greek student he knew of no significance Greek letters that we could call ourselves like the white boys because we had no historical background to prove our selection. But Brother Callis proved his idea later on to be entirely without foundation. Such was the beginning with which the small group named previously had to work with.

Brothers, we were not lacking in perseverance, but began at once to formulate and lay plans looking forward to accomplishing our goal. Five in number at that time we were joined by three others namely Vertner Tandy, a student in the College of Mechanical Engineering and James Morton, a student in the College of Architecture and also a Greek Student. Talks with the colored residents of the town especially those who had worked or were working in the white fraternity houses at this time were more encouraging. They gave us the necessary moral support, by telling us that the colored boys should have similar organizations like the white boys.

They even offered us financial aid and stated that we could use their homes whenever we wanted them for our meetings. The idea that the Negro boys of Cornell University were going to organize a fraternity spread like a prairie fire, and many offers of financial and other aid were offered us. We thanked them and told them that we would not turn down their assistance but would hold them in abeyance until some future date because we wanted to be sure of our name, and until such time we should work in secret.

Further talks with Professors of Ancient History in the University were most encouraging. They were loud in their praises of our idea, and added zest and vigor to our already pulsating determination to have a Negro Fraternity—in fact every inquiry made at this time kindled and fanned our brightly shining project.

A few significant facts right here will give you, my brothers an insight. The discovery of the art of making sharp edge tools as swords, knives, axes, the guillotine knife used by the French, and razors were credited to the Egyptians.

(Continued on page 10) 9

IDEALS OF THE FOUNDERS (Continued from page 9) Wendell Phillips speaks of the art of tempering the steel by the early African in his lecture on Lost Arts. Men knew how to shave their hair from their faces long before the Christian era. The earlyAfrican knew how to extract the metals from the ores. The early Ethiopians invented the banjo, harp, violin, drum, horn, week, month and 365 days and the art of embalming.

Accordingly, when the 1905 Xmas vacation came on, Geo. B. Kelley, a resident of Troy, New York, and a student in the College of Civil Engineering was instructed to make a visit to Albany, N. Y., and ascertain from the Secretary of State, the cost and other details necessary to granting us a charter, for a Negro fraternity.

If there ever was a group of hungry and thirsty, and expectant colored boys to be found, anywhere at that time, that bunch, previously mentioned, Callis, Ogle, Tandy, Murray, Jones, Morton and Phillips, certainly typified it to the extreme for upon the anticipated answer which Brother Kelley might bring to us would be sounded the death knell or victory for our cherished ambition.

When he told us that only six members were necessary to grant the Charter, and that $25.00 together with notarial fees and a few other incidentals was the only financial expense necessary, we wept for joy and began at once to raise the necessary funds to put the deal through.

Each member contributed his per capita quota of the necessary expense, and then work began in earnest to find the historical facts upon which we could base our name and existence, and how well we succeeded is attested by this group of college men from all sections of the United States, and at the same time to be inspired by the reports which the various delegates bring to us. These are most encouraging, for they serve as a means of effectively stimulating and stirring up the dying fires of Alpha Phi Alpha, in those chapters whose delegates are apparently not aware of the wonderful work which the fraternity with which they are associated is doing today.

I repeat the names and the initials of the founders of this great and glorious fraternity, Alpha Phi Alpha: 10

Henry A. Callis, Chicago, 111.: Nathaniel A. Murray, Dunbar High School, Washington, D. C ; George B. Kelley, Troy, N. Y.; Robert H. Ogle, Washington, D. C ; Vertner Tandy, New York City, N. Y.; Gordon H. Jones, New York City, N. Y., and James Morton.

In woiking on our ritual and preamble we spent many long hours in order to perfect a constitution and bylaws which would provide for, and insure a smooth working basis for our future efforts. Ideas were borrowed from the white fraternities and modified to suit our own initiatory ceremonies, but the last great impression was original with your seven founders, and should not be abolished and not abused as some of us are wanting to do when we are called on to take part in the initiation ceremonies.

Again at this time the name of C. C. Poindexter was suggested as on of those who name should have been added to the list of the founders since he had given birth to the idea which brought the boys and the girls together at his residence. But when the idea of organizing a colored fraternity was suggested, he immediately did all he could do to discourage the idea and the majority of the founders agreed that for the reason his name should never be linked with the early history of Alpha Phi Alpha.

When asked for financial aid he turned a deaf ear to our pleas. In the early days when his advice and experience would have been a great help to us he was very antagonistic.

Our first initiation wah held in a hall on State Street, Ithaca, N. Y. We used robes at that time borrowed from the people fro mwhom we rented the hall.

Your humble servant N. A. Murray played the organ. We used as some of our initiation material tobasco sauce, also the culprit was bared to the back with arms behind, tied and his face was blindfolded. He was told to kneel and a red hot paper was passed over and in contact with a large piece of ice as a brand.aw Care was taken to see that no harm (physically) befell the candidate.

Next two boards were used to hit him lightly on the head and at the same time a blank pistol was fired. Finally, the last great impression, also a number of other stunts were indulged in that I don't recall at this time.

Brother R. G. Ogle was at that time our secretary and had heard that there existed at Ohio State University, a

Negro fraternity with the name of Pi Gamma Omicron. He was therefore instructed to write to the registrar of the above mentioned school and ascertain if the facts were true. He received a negative reply to his letter but that did not prevent the enthusiasm from making up our minds to still carry on. The committee that function at that time was Arthur Callis, Chairman, Kelly, Ogle and Murray. This committee was ordered to devise a proper premise as a base for our ritual work. The name Alpha Phi Alpha was devised by Henry Arthur Callis.

George B. Kelley was Vice President, Robert H .Ogle was Secretary and N. A. Murray was Treasurer. The pin was designed by Vertner Tandy. The first permanent meeting place was at 411 East State Street, the home of Mrs. Archie Singleton, which we rented at a nominal figure.

The ideals of your founders were for a fraternal organization built squarely upon the solid foundation of quality rather than quanity. This was attested at the time soon after our fraternity was charted and the news of its formation given out to the world at large. Men were not taken into our fraternity simply because they were colored students in the same university as we were. What we wanted and placed special emphasis upon, was men of character, good fellowship, good scholarship, unselfish devotion to our cause, and men who would work and cooperate in unity for the good of Alpha Phi Alpha. The seven men who finally bound themselves together and gave to the world the first organization of Negro college men were actuated by and represented these ideals.

Other ideas bespeak our doctrine and creed are to be found written in the preamble of the ritual.

Whether we liked certain brothers or not or whether we liked methods of procedure would not influence us one way or the other. Our only aim was to show to the world that we possessed the necessary essentials of good christian brotherhood, and an unselfish devotion to the cause and organization that we represented. No matter what may have been the previous sentiments when the time came for the meetings, they met at 8 o'clock at night and adjourned between two and three o'clock in the morning. After many heated discussion and stormy threats had manifested them(Continued on page 40)

REST ETERNAL GRANT UNTO HER, O LORD And Let Light Perpetual Shine Upon Her "Mother" ANNIE E. SINGLETON

Mother Singleton

We will remember several things about Mother Singleton, aside from the fact that she is the aunt of Past General President — udge Myles A. Paige. It was in her home, in June of 1906 and years following, that many of the early meetings of Alpha Chapter were held. She was the anly woman included in the "official" family of Alpha Phi Alpha.

She had always been an encouraging incluence to us from the early days until the summer of August 1956 at the Anniversary (50 years) Convention, when her activity started declining.

Mother Singleton passed in her home in Buffalo, N. Y. on Monday, July 25, 1960.

Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated— mourned the loss of Mother Singleton.

The Home of Mother Singleton First Meeting Place

The Five living Founders of Alpha Phi Alpha in attendance at the Twenty-fifth Anniversary Convention, Cincinnati, Ohio, December 29-31, 1931. George B. Keliey, Nathaniel A. Murray, Henry A. Callis, Charles H. Chapman, Robert H. Ogle.

11

Alpha L a m b d a . . . Alpha's First Graduate Chapter FOUNDERS A N D EARLY OFFICERS

Left to right, first row: Brothers Welch, Clark and Feyton. Back row, left to right: Brothers Blanton, Hubert, Powell, Johnson, Brock and Ballard.

Alpha Lambda, first graduate chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated, had its inception in Louisville, Kentucky, as an outgrowth of the University Club which met at the Western Branch Library, Louisville, Kentucky to discuss current topics of the day. Jewel Eugene Kinckle Jones, then engaged as a teacher in the city schools of Louisville, was instrumental in persuading the following members of the University Club to become affiliated with Alpha Phi Alpha: Messrs.

J. O. Blanton, A. S. Brock, W. T. Peyton, J. H. Hubert, W. Welch, F. Johnson, C. A. Powell, J. T. Clark, W. Ballard, and D. L. Lawson. It is significant to note that these men were not members of Alpha Phi Alpha at this time, On April 11, 1911, Brother Richard Hill, a graduate of Fisk University, came from the University of Michigan where he was studying law, and with the assistance of Jewel Jones set up the first graduate chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha.The decision to establish a graduate chapter was met by opposition from the National Body. The opinion of the Brothers at that time was that the Fraternity was for undergraduates only. After careful consideration of the matter, however, it was concluded at the Fourth Annual Convention that this infant group would be Lambda Chapter since eight undergraduates were in existence at that time.

Jewel Callis (center first row) attends a Re-union wlith his classmates at Cornell University, Class of 1909.

12

Alpha Phi Alpha Expanded Overseas

50th Anniversary Message

1939 23 Regent Square London, W. C. 1, 4th. March, 1939 Dr. Charles H. Wesley, General President, Jewel Henry A. Callis

Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Howard University,

iÂť

Washington, D. C , U.S.A. Dear Brother Wesley: Your letter of the 7th January was read to our little group at its January meeting. The brothers then present showed deep appreciation of your action in extending to us in such a special way a welcome into the Alpha Phi Alpha fold.

Our President, Dr. C. B. Clarke, has since told me that, although he never had the honour of meeting you in person, he nevertheless holds you in very high esteem since it was due to your initiative that the League of Coloured Peoples came into existence. Although I am sure he would not like me to say this, Brother Clarke has himself shown keen interest in the League, and for some years has held a garden party every summer in his New Barnet home for the coloured children of London.

Thank you very much about the charter. It is being returned by this opportunity to the General Secretary.

THe Sphinx reaches the brothers regularly. We actually had two copies each of the issue of the green cover! We are still looking forward with some eagerness to receiving the fraternity history, which according to the General Secretary is in its final stage of preparation.

With kind regards and fraternal greetings, I am Yours sincerely, / s / N. A. FADIPE, Chapter Secretary.

##

Eternal Vigilance

Our Fiftieth Anniversary celebration loses its significance unless, like Janus, we look both backward and forward. To cover a half century in a few minutes requires the insight of a genius.

In 1906 three thousand lynchings had occurred in a quarter-century. Disfranchisement was law in one-third of the states. Separate but unequal had become entrenched practice throughout the Nation. The Niagara Manifesto, demanding full manhood rights under the Constitution for all Americans, was heresy.

Today, we stand on the threshold of a new democracy. Many unsung souls have sacrificed themselves in the unrelenting struggle which Frederick Douglass foresaw when he said, "Power concedes nothing without a demand; it never has and it never will."

What are the dangers ahead in the next half-century? They are not new.

Success and prosperity breed selfishness and indifference. These vices undermine the free society that spawns them. Eternal vigilance remains still the price of liberty. Freedom for one's self cannot be divorced from responsibility for one's fellows. Nor is freedom divisible. There is not one freedom for thought, another for speaking, another for reading, another for association and yet another for travel.

As citizens our obligation is to guard jealously, complete freedom for all Americans. Only this vigilance will keep America strong and keep us free.

13

Past General Presidents of A MOSES ALVIN MORRISON (*Deceased) 1st General President of APA, 1908-09 Unanimously elected at 1st General Convention in Washington, D. C. — Beta Chapter, Howard University.

ROSCOE C. GILES 2nd General President of APA 1910 Elected at 2nd General Convention in Richmond, Virginia, Charter Member of Xi-Lambda of APA, Chicago, at present retired physician and surgeon, Chicago, Illinois.

FREDERICK H. MILLER 3rd General President of APA 1911 Elected at 3rd General Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Living at present in Mount Bayou, Mississippi.

CHARLES H. GARVIN 4th General President of APA Elected at 4th General Convention, served 1912-13 — Ann Arbor, Michigan. Donor of the Garvin Cup for excellence, practicing physician in Cleveland, Ohio. Banquet speaker at this 59th Anniversary Convention in Chicago.

HENRY LAKE DICKASON (*Deceased) 5th General President of APA 1914 Former General Secretary 1913; Elected General President at 5th General Convention, Washington, D. C. 1914.

HENRY ARTHUR CALLIS 6th General President of APA 1915-16 Jewel — Founder — 1906 — Cornell. Only living Jewel (founder) appears at every General Convention — Gives Founders address at this 59th Anniversary Convention. Living at present in Washington, D. C. with his wife Myra.

HOWARD H. LONG (* Deceased) 7th Genera] President of APA 1916-17 Elected at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Chairman Committee on Reorganization — Instructor — Howard University, Wilberforce University.

WILLIAM A. POLLARD (* Deceased) 8th General President of APA 1918 Elected in Richmond, Virginia — prior to the War interlude.

Businessman — who queried as to the purpose of the Fraternity — if purely social to make permanent contribution to Negro life.

DANIEL D. FOWLER 9th General President of APA 1919 Elected in Cleveland, Ohio. As 1919 dawned and peace was being proclaimed, many chapters under leadership of Brother Fowler looked forward to brighter futures.

LUCIUS L. McGEE (*Deceased) 10th General President of APA 1920 Claimed by Chicago and Theta Chapter, Dynamic, forthright leader — ahead of his time in proclaiming Civil rights for all people.

S. S. BOOKER ("Deceased) 11th General President of APA 1921-23 Elected in Kansas City, Missouri. Served APA in many posts, as General Secretary, General Treasurer, Chairman Commission on Graduate Work and Public Affairs.

RAYMOND W. CANNON 12th General President of APA 1924-27 Elected in Columbus, Ohio in 1923. First Editor of "The Sphinx"; First Director of Educational Activities; Pharmacist, Lawyer.

B. ANDREW ROSE ("Deceased) 13th General President of APA 1928-30 Elected in Cleveland, Ohio. Took office in the crowning years of the Fraternity — 2nd Vice President 1931; Executive Council 1931-37, Chairman Committee on Constitution 1929-46.

14

ha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. CHARLES H. WESLEY 14th General President of APA 1932-40 Re-elected many times; outstanding contributions to the Fraternity as Historian, Mentor, most revered past General President — loved, honored by all APA in a very special sense. Director Association for Study Negro Life and History.

Professor, Howard University; Past President Central State College. At present residing in Washington, D. C. RAYFORD W. LOGAN 15th General President of APA 1941-45 Former Assistant Supt. of Schools, Washington, D. C. — Professor at Howard University; 4th Alpha Award of Honor recipient. Elected in Kansas City, Missouri. Presently resides in Washington, D. C. BELFORD V. LAWSON, JR. 16th General President of APA 1946-51 Served the Fraternity in many capacities — General Counsel — Chairman of many policy making Committees. Prominent attorney — in forefront of Civil Rights cases decided by Supreme Court, an all round never to be forgotten brother of Alpha Phi Alpha.

A. MACEO SMITH 17th General President of APA 1952-54 Elected in Berkeley, California. Federal Housing expert — a great Texan astute businessman — a brother revered by all APA men as the real "salt of the earth" type.

FRANK L. STANLEY 18th General President of APA 1955-57 Elected in Miami, Florida. Journalist. Lawyer — Business Executive — stalwart Alpha man, Politician, Civic workerorganizer. Resides in Louisville, Kentucky.

MYLES A. PAIGE 19th General President of APA 1957-60 — Retired Judge.

Judge (New York), Elected Los Angeles, California. Initiated program of shaping the future on the basis of the Past.

Resides in Los Angeles, Calif.

WILLIAM H. HALE 20 General President of APA 1960-62 First General President-Elect. Elected General President Philadelphia, Pennsylvania — served with distinction. President — Langston University.

T. WINSTON COLE 21st General President of APA 1963-64 Second General President-Elect. Elected General President — Louisville, Kentucky — initiated 1st Seminar sessions for General Conventions; President Wiley College, Marshall, Texas — Director U.S. State Dept. Project.

LIONEL H. NEWSOM 22nd General President of APA 1965-1968 Third General President-Elect. Scholar, Professor, Educator, Social Scientist, Economist. Elected New York City, New York. President J. C. Smith University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Truly an earnest, sincere, devout man of Alpha.

ERNEST N. MORIAL 23 rd General President 1969 First Black elected to the Louisiana State Legislature as a member of the House of Representatives, since the Reconstruction. The first Black to graduate from the Louisiana State University Law School. The first Black to become Assistant U.S. Attorney in the Attorney General's office in Louisiana. Member of the Louisiana Commission of Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. Former U.S. Army Intelligence officer. A leader of "Black Revalency."

- PAST GENERAL PRESIDENTS •y*r

Bro. M « , AJ»jnMor,i«H. Bro. Rojco. c . Glfc. Bro. F M f a r U H. Mllfcr Bro.Charl., H. Garvir, , v u 1912-191.1

BroJgjjr, Lake Dickason

Br„.

„ « „ „ Ar,hur Callis Bro. Howard H. Long 1915-1916 1916-1917

" Bro. W. A. Pollard 1918

JEWELS

Bro. B. Andrew Rose 1928-1930

Bro. Daniel I) Fowler J9I9

Bro A M.cco Smilh 19521954

il

Bro. Rayfard W. Locan 1941-1945

si

Bro, Belvord V. Lawson, Jr., — 1946-1951

Bro. Frank L. Slanlty. Sr 1955-1957

Left to right: Bro. Charles H. Wesley 1932-40; Bro. William H. Hale 1960-62; Bro. Lionel H. Newsom 1966-1969; Bro. Ernest N. Morlal 1969.

15

FREE AT LAST!

FREE AT LAST!

By Brother Harold R. Sims Executive Secretary, OEO

Bro. Harold R. Sims

. . . Freedom, Oh Freedom Oh Freedom, Over Me! An before I'll be a slave I'll be buried in my grave, And go home to my Lord And be free.

Martin Ruberman Free at Last! Free at Last!

There are slaves who fear to speak For the fallen and the weak There are slaves who dare not be In the right with two or three Free at last! Free at Last!

Don't be shocked when I say I was in prison. You're still in prison.

That's what America means — prison.

Who can deny that this is true for the black man? No matter how high he rises, he never loses consciousness of the invisible bars which hemns him in.

We didn't land on Plymouth Rock, It landed on us.

Malcom X Free at Last! Free at Last!

And when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village, from every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at Last! Free at Last! Thank God Almighty, We are free at last!

Brother Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

This Year of "De Lawd," nineteen hundred and sixtyeight, has been hypnotic and psychotic. A President resigns, a black saint-King dies, a nation riots, another Kennedy is martyred, a campaign runs on hate and a war-peace struggles on the wings of wounded faith. Liberals, raised in the school of social daring, and Utopian theory, stutter and falter in the difficulty of doing. Conservative raised in the societies of institutional security and laissez faire, demand a crawl instead of a walk, a hop instead of a skip, a jog instead of a run. Youth, from the new ghettos of suburbia, cry-act to destroy in the interest of an undefined new order. Youth, from the old ghettos of urbania, act-cry to destroy in the interest of a multiply ill-defined rediscovery. Hate, from the extremes of all, moves stealthily — like Mephistopheles — silently stealing souls from among the faithless, the cowardly, the retreaters and the faker-phonies. Freedom, the elusive search of man for elasticity and self-guided respect for others, wonders aimlessly in the arena of the last hope on earth, facing the lions of misunderstanding and irrelevance; and the burning crosses of inflexibility, token mobility, and overreaction. John Paine's ancient call for intrepidity in the eternal struggle for the privilege of this great experiment called liberty is now esteemed too cheaply by a people who have forgotten the agony of obtaining freedom, before the dollar was supreme. And the wisdom of Frederick Douglass stands ignored and reversed, as black and white profiteers, from the new nation he immortalized with his words and deeds, want their rain without thunder and their crops without plowing the field.

And so we pause this Founder's Day, in the cradle of our nation's birth, to honor the founding of Alpha Phi Alpha — the first college fraternity which stressed and demonstrated the responsibilities of freedom even while its members existed in the relative absence of freedom. A fraternity that sent forth its finest sons to do battle with injustice and tyranny, with despotism and despair, with hate and with poverty — from Brother Frederick H. Douglass to Brother Martin Luther King, Jr. — from Brother W. E. B. DuBois to Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey.

No time could be better suited for this occasion than now — at the celebrated season which ends an unprecedented year of horror, near the conclusion of an unbelievable decade of technological progress and social change and just short of a series of literally new economic and political beginnings.

No place could be better suited for this rediscovery and reaffirmation than Princess Anne, Maryland — for just southwest of here Thomas Jefferson was born. Slightly north of here, the Declaration of Independence was conceived and written. Just south of here, Nat Turner achieved immortality at Southampton, and Booker T. Washington came "up from slavery" at Roanoke, Virginia. Along the Chesapeake shoreline (in this same state) Frederick Douglass was born. Across the Potomac from this place, the written intent to proclaim achievement of a sense of full cultural identity and a normal (Continued on page 17)

FREE AT LAST (Continued from page 16) the emancipation of the black slave was signed; and near its historical mark, its signer was brutally slain and that great Supreme Court which re-enslaved the Negro freedom in the 1880's and delayed the Negro freedom in the 1950's, stands mockingly but hopefully nearby. Yet, ironically, below this county in southeast Virginia, the first black slave was introduced to America at Jamestown just 12 years after the first permanent English settlement was founded in the Americas, east of the adjacent state where the anti-slavery white rage of John Brown became Christ-like at Harper's Ferry, just below the place where Patrick Henry cried for liberty or death at Richmond and where the new nation's agony began mending its broken and bleeding body from the agony at Appomatox and the stoicism of Robert E. Lee. Hence, in the midst of historical dicotomy and ambivalence, we pause today to update the meaning of a great and original black conception — the college fraternity founded to inspire and act in the positive interest of mankind's humanism, his scholarly pursuits and his manly deeds rather than its own selfish interest. Yet, as we now pause, there are those among us who question if love is relevant, if man is really manly and if scholarship is in vain. The search for black pride, dignity and respect in America has suddenly yielded a new side school of freedom in conflict with inner choice — freedom of dress versus freedom of heart, freedom of words versus freedom of mind, freedom of anger versus freedom of deed, freedom to destroy versus freedom to build, freedom to copy versus freedom to excel, freedom to abuse versus freedom to be better, freedom to condemn versus freedom to change, freedom to pervert versus freedom for truth, freedom to be black and beautiful versus freedom to be beautiful and black. "Lord," cried Brother Countee Cullen the poet, "I will live persuaded by mine own. I cannot play the requiem to these: My spirit has come home, that sailed the doubtful seas."

Yet, though the searching black spirit has finally set its Flying Dutchman on the shores of self-renaissance and improved recognition, has it really come home from the Illiad and the Odessey, from the war tribe psychosis and the nomad's uncertainty? Must the spirit now turn its back on its parents today in order to discover its meaning for tomorrow?

Can it build a house on the sands of hate and endure the cross vengeance of the prevailing winds? Must black justice seek revenge on white injustice before it can live in a world of real peace? Did our ancestors prove their manhood and their courage in order for us to give the descendants of their persecutors, the satisfaction of being no better than that which they despised in slaver and segregationist? Must the impatience of the new black ideology yield unreasoning rebellion, Utopian violence, and selfish pursuit? Must we destroy black people to attain black unity, or ignore black legacy in order to rewrite black history, or assert the vocal and physical power of a black minority over the needs and desperation of a struggling black majority? Must we persecute the white man or free him? Must we destroy America or save it? Must Negritude or black pride be one-sided or comprehensive?

"Negritude," writes Brother Sanders Redding, quoting from Melvin Tolson, "is 'essentially a means towards the

self-pride in the cultural context.'" "But," says Redding, "Negritude is a new name for a very complex of attitudes and a very old grouping of factors from which the attitudes arise: the rediscovery of Africa; The reassessment of American history; the insistence on revealing the (Negro) self; and protest as propaganda." It is also interesting to note that this just about covers the range of concerns sought by the modern four-letter word prophets of the new Negro identity, alihuogh Tolson has been writing about it for over 42 years. We are therefore forewarned that to seek the future white denying the past, dooms one unnecessarily, to repeat the mistakes which history has already proved fatal. More important, we deny a portion of our existence without which we can never, really be free.

The thrust of this reasoning is not to conjole you or alienate you, for I know, as most of you do, the agony of black revival in America today. In essence, the dilemmas and the challenges facing us at this hour remain almost as they did 105 years ago, after emancipation and before the nationalization of segregation. Brother Frederick Douglass prophesied then more accurately than our Jean Dixon of today and more foreboding than Michaelangelo of yesterday, when he wrote of "The black man, his antecedents and his achievements," in January 1863 that: The Negro needs defense everywhere but nowhere as in the United States. The sentiment in France and England is more just than here. While slavery (segregation) lasts, and long after, there will constantly arise occasions for defense and vindication. Ignorance, prejudice, pride of race and the selfishness of power will continue to evolve disparaging questions which none can answer so well as the black man himself . . . Colored men have thus far left but few enduring proofs of their mental ability. In some respects they are like the slave-holding class of our countrymen — they have done very little for the arts and sciences — and have written few books that will live after them — the Negro and his master are about to be put upon trial together and although the masters have immensely the advantage at the start, we have no fear for the result if the Negro has fair play.

And during May 1863, five months after emancipation, in a speech before the Church of the Puritans in New York City, he accurately and clairvoyantly outlined the consequences of the various alternatives open to the nation in "The Present and Future of the Colored Race in America."

What shall be done with the Negro? Meets us not only in the street, in the church, in the Senate, and in our state legislatives; but in our diplomatic correspondence with foreign nations, and even on the field of battle where our brave sons and brothers are striking for liberty and country, or for honored graves.

There are at least four answers other than mine, floating about in the public mind, to the question of what shall be done with the Negro.

First. It is said that the white race can, if they will, reduce the whole colored population to slavery, and at once make all the laws and institutions of the country harmonize with that state of facts and thus abolish at a blow, all distinctions and antagonisms. Thus this mode of settling the question, simple as it is, would not work well.

(Continued on page 18) 17

FREE AT LAST (Continued from page 17) It would create a class of tyrants in whose presence no man's Liberty, not even the white man's Liberty would be safe. The slaveholder would then be the only really free man of the country. — All the rest would be either slaves, or be poor white trash, to be kept from between the wind and our slave-holding nobility. The non-slaveholder would be the patrol, the miserable watch dog of the slave plantation.

Second. The next and best define solution of our difficulties about the Negro is colonization, which proposes to send the Negro back to Africa where his ancestors came from. — This is a singularly pleasing dream. But as was found in the case of sending missionaries to the moon, it was much easier to show that they might be useful there, than to show how they could be got there. It would take a larger sum of money than we shall have to spare at the close of this war, to send five millions of American born people, five thousand miles across the sea.

It may be safely affirmed that we shall hardly be in a condition at the close of this war to afford the money for such costly transportation, even if we could consent to the folly of sending away the only efficient producers in the largest half of the American union.

Third. It may be said as another mode of escaping the claims of absolute justice, the white people may Emancipate the slaves in form yet retain them as slaves in fact just as General Banks is now said to be doing in Louisiana, or then may free them from individual masters, only to make them slaves to the community. They can make of them a degraded caste. But this would be about the worst thing that could be done. It would make pestilence ignorance and crime, a part of American Institutions. It would be dooming and colored race to a condition indescribably wretched and the dreadful contagion of their vices and crimes would fly like cholera and small pox through all classes. Woe, woe! to this land, when it strips five millions of its people of all motives for cultivating an upright character. Such would be the effect of abolishing slavery, without conferring equal rights. It would be to lacerate and depress the spirit of the Negro, and make him a scourge and a curse to the country. Do anything else with us, but plunge us not into this hopeless pit.

Fourth. The white people of the country may trump up some cause of war against the colored people and wage that terrible war of races which some men even now venture to predict, if not to desire, and exterminate the black race entirely. They would spare neither age, nor sex.

But is there not some chosen cures, some secret thunder in the stores of heaven red with uncommon wrath to blast the men who harbor this bloody solution? The very thought is more worthy of demons than of men. Such a war would indeed remove the colored race from the country. — But it would also remove justice, innocence and humanity from the country. It would fill the land with violence and crime, and make the very name of America a stench in the nostrils of mankind. It would give you hell for a country and fiends for your countrymen.

And so, today, failing to heed Frederick Douglass' advice, 18

we have come full circle in the struggle for America's real identity and the black man's rightful place in it. Then, as now, the question remains the same. Then, as now, the goal remains unchanged. But unlike then, and as now, we have, in fact, contaminated the entire area wherein the cure must somehow be found by a hundred years of chattel slavery, prejudice and caste. Brother Douglass saw with greater vision and accuracy than any American of any place and time — that there can be no emancipation without equal justice for all, that there can be no freedom for the many until it includes freedom for the few, that there can be no future for the nation unless it builds on the lessons of its past. Yet, many of us, struggling for our Black Rennaissance and recognition today, want to commit the errors in the 1960's which Brother Douglass proved wrong in the 1860's, want to achieve our humanity by acting inhumanly, want to destroy the reluctant and imperfect friend while seeking to do battle with the declared and more pitiful enemy.

I recognize that this condition, as painful as it may seem, was unavoidably given the nation's previous course. The road back from the First Reconstruction into the Second Reconstruction today was indeed a painful one. During post-reconstruction, for example, "between 1882 and 1900, the whites lynched without trial four thousand negroes besides killing more than ten thousand by mobs." "Three times as many Negroes," wrote Brother W. E. B. DuBois in 1962, "in proportion to population, go to prison as whites. Among children, twice as many Negroes are arrested as delinquent. Half of the prisoners serving life sentences and half those executed in the nation are Negroes who form but a tenth of our population."

Again, in Virginia, that ironic place where both America's written concepts of slavery and freedom were born, it was reported the other day that out of the 438 criminal executions in the state since 1900, thirty-two were white and the rest black. Through it all we consistently fought and died for a country which gave freedom to its enemies while denying it still to its friends. We read books, and saw movies that hid our true past and debased our variety and our capacity. We shared an alabaster Christ which seemed to bless only His alabaster likeness. We were loyal to the disloyal and honorable to the dishonorable, who, even in the act of separation and community enslavement, refused to comply with even his unjust and inhuman laws. The abolitionists became the architect of segregation. The slavers became the philosophers of segregation. The slave became the freedman. The freedman became the voice of egalitarianism. The egalitarian became Negro.

The Negro became black. The black man became . . . ?

But the black man was two men — one raceless, one racist. Moreover, this dualism had many shades and shadows — sometimes in white, sometimes in black — sometimes in violence, sometimes in passiveness — sometimes in gray, sometimes in blue. Hence, the long, bloody line of democracy's prophets and saints is filled with both African and European, master and slave, Yankee and Confederate, Christian and Jew, soldier and statesman, citizen and foreigner.

Thus, Thomas Jefferson became the conscience of the black man's rediscovery. Denmark Veasey became the focus of the black man's impatience with hypocrisy. Net Turner became the symbol of the black man's rage and honor. Tusaint L'overture became the epitome of the black man's power through justice.

(Continued next issue)

ORCHIDS

T O A N A K A . . . from Alpha Phi Alpha

Soror An(|ie Brooks, President of the 24th Session of the General Assembly to the United Illations

For a little more than 15 years: Soror Brooks has fought for the cause of human dignity. This distinguished Soror, a native of Liberia, is one of nine children of an AME minister. She was raised by a foster mother, awarded degrees by Shaw University and the University of Wisconsin. Her most cherished desire is to see grass-root support from all over the world help individual countries change selfish policies to humanatarian policies, thus making the united nations more effective. The moods of her office is evident. Soror Brooks served her country as prosecuting attorney, assistant secretary of state and gained distinction by serving as acting president.

Receives AKA Highest Honor

Soror Brooks enters the United Nations Chambers, closely followed by Alpha-man Mai Goode, ABC-TV United Nations Correspondent.

Soror Brooks stated, "My desire is that peace come to the world," when she received the highest award from the national sorority of Alpha Kappa Alpha at a reception given in her honor at the Waldorf-Astoria, New York City. From left: Dr. Mar/orle Parker, past national president and sister of Brother (Dr.) John L. S. Hollomon, presented the 1968 International Award. Soror (Dr.) Larzette G. Hale, wife of past general president Dr. William Hale, presented Soror Brooks with a life membership in the Sorority. Alpha brothers attending the affair stated that Soror Brooks wore the colors of Alpha Phi Alpha. (A stunning black and gold gown.)

19

J-^klladelphicL

^Ariplta

VUife

^rto ronoree . . .

Shares Her Award with Charitable Organizations

Mrs. Free honored her husband Brother Earl O. Pree, with an award.

Mariline Wilkins, Chairman of the dinner, presents the Distinguished Service Award to Mrs. Pree.

Mr. E. Washington Rhodes, Publisher of the Philadelphia Tribune, and founder of Tribune Charties, MrsT Dorothy Rice, Executive Director of the Tribune Charities receives check from Mrs. E. Sloan, Co-Chairman. The check was given in the name of Brother Pree's wife Bernlce, the honoree.

20

Mrs. Jessie Brown (Left), presents a check to Mrs. Ralph Globus, of Teen-Aid, Inc., In the name of Brother Pree's wife.

Quaker City Alpha Wives Honor their Vice President The Ladies of Alpha, Zeta Omicron Lambda Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc., honored their vice president at a Testimonial Banquet and Musicale. The setting were beautifully laid in the Regency Ballroom at City Line and Monument Aves.

The scene and the entire evening was one of real enjoyment for the nearly 500 guests who added to the splendor of the occasion.

Following the 6:30 dinner, elaborately planned and served, guests speaker Executive Deputy Superintendent of Philadelphia Public Schools, Robert L. Poindexter spoke in glowing terms of the honoree — saying Bernice Pree, truly by her unselfishness and many contributions to life in general, exemplifies all the qualities of a good and courageous woman.

OTHER SPEAKERS Among the other speakers were Tribune publisher, E. Washington Rhodes, Eustace Gay, President of the Tribune Company; Mrs. Beverly Crandall, representing the Tribune Employees Association; Congressman Stokes of Cleveland, O.; D. Parke Gibson, Herbert Hutton, Esy., represneting the Charities' Board of Directors; also Mr. Norwood Thomas, president of Zeta Omicron Lambda Chapter, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity; businessman Lenerte Roberts, Mrs. Marjorie Duckrey, and from New York came Mrs. Ollie Porter ,one of the founders of the Business and Professional Women's Clubs, of which Mrs. Pree is a member.

Numerous awards and other gift presentations highlighted the Testimonial for the very pleased 'lady of the hour'. . . .

Leading in the above, was Mr. Rhodes, who presented a handsomely framed Certificate Award from the Company.

Others presenting were Mrs. St. Clair D. Hewett, president of the sponsors; Mrs. Dorothy Morton, for the Continentals, Inc., Mrs. Nellie Holland for the B&P Women's Club; Mrs. Maude Jackson and Mr. Sidney Bean, who came from Bermuda for the honors program.

Gifts, including toys, are being collected by the women and will be placed under a Christmas tree at the group's annual yuletide party December 21 at the Silver Fox in the city's northwest section.

(Continued on page 32)

WASHINGTON, D. C.

ALPHA WIVES CHRISTMAS PARTY TO BENEFIT NEEDY CHILDREN

MAKING FINAL PLANS for their annual Christmas benefit party are members of the Alpha Wives of Washington, D. C. Displaying some of the giifts they will give to children of the Meriwether Home are (I. to r.) Davetta C. Madison, publicity chairman; Cloteal Thomas; Juanita Dorsey; Astarie Bryant; Thomye Brooker; and Oatrice Gilliam.

GATHERED AROUND their president, Eva Speight (center, seated) are members of the Alpha Wives of Washington, D. C. Other members are (I. to r.) Corrie Corley, Stephanie Bass, Feme Collins, Lucille Burnett, Florence Whaley (standing), and Ruth Evans. Gifts tor children of the Meriwether Home wil be collected at the Wives' annual Christmas party on December 21 at the Silver Fox.

Boys and girls of the Meriwether Home, temporary wards of the District of Columbia Department of Puublic Welfare, range in age from 2Vi to 13 years old. The facility is financed by the Department and by contributions from the public.

In addition to the Christmas project, the Alpha Wives work closely with the Urban Service Corps, perform voluntary services for the Washington Urban

League, Young Women's Christian Assocition, and Children's Hospital, and give financial support to the Ionia R. Whipper Home, the Stoddard Baptist Home for the Aged, and the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial.

Christmas will be brighter at the Meriwether Home for Children if the Alpha Wives of Washington, D. C. have thenway.

(Continued on page 32) 21

ON PAGE 23

Family of Past Southern Regional Vice President

Brother Charles H. Wesley testifies

"Black Man Left Out of United States History Texts

Miss Gay Henderson who reigned at Howard University's homecoming festivities is shown here with her mother, Mrs. Jacob Henderson, of Atlanta, Ga. (and her sister in the background) a senior in the College of Liberal Arts, She was chosen a representative to the Black Arts Committee of the 'Towards A Black University Conference" at Howard last year.

BOOKS FOR SCHOOLS AND THE TREATMENT OF MINORITIES

HEARINGS BEFORE THE

AD HOC SUBCOMMITTEE ON DE FACTO SCHOOL SEGREGATION OF THE

COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND LABOR HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES EIGHTY-NINTH CONGRESS

At the Hunger Conference

SECOND SESSIONOS BOOKS FOB SCHOOLS AND THE TREATMENT Of MINORITIES HEARINGS HELD IN WASHINGTON, D.C. AUGUST 23. 24. 30, 31; AND SEPTEMBER 1, 1906 Printed for the use of tbe Committee on Education and Labor ADAM C. TOWELL, Chairman

STRESSING FACTS in one of the major reports on hunger at the Conference, from left, were Dr. John L. S. Holloman, New York City; Miss Andrea Hill, D.C. chapter, National Council of Negro Women: Miss Hill was coordinator for the "Hunger" report by NCNW on a survey in the South.

22

Editor's Note: On the following page, excerpts from Hearings before the AD Hoc Subcommittee on De Facto School Segregation, Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Eighty-Ninth Congress, Second Session, Brother Adam C. Powell. Chairman

BROTHER ADAM CLAYTON POWELL

STATEMENT OF CHARLES H. WESLEY, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF NEGRO LIFE AND HISTORY; PRESIDENT, ASSOCIATION PUBLISHERS Mr. BURTON. You will perform the function of Willie Mays, our cleanup man.

Mr. WESLEY. Mr. Burton and members of the committee, I am Charles H . Wesley, executive director for the past 8 months of the Association for the Study of Xegro Life and History, and president of the Associated Publishers, the oldest Xegro history publishing company in the United States.

The association was established on September 0. 1915, at. the Y M C A in Chicago, 111., by Carter G. Woodson and four others and was incorporated on October 3, 1015, in the District of Columbia.

On J a n u a r y 1, 1916, the Journal of Xegro History was launched and has not missed an issue in 50 years, and as Dr. Carter G. Woodson, who founded our association has said: Above all, the Journal of Negro History has made the world see the Negro as a participant rather than as a lay figure in history.

W e have continued the work of this association through $1 memberships, donations, and subscriptions.

The point which Mrs. Sterling made a few moments ago is a point I would stress again, there have been times when the association has been in great need.

I n 1921 the Associated Publishers was organized as the publishing company of the association. More than fourscore books and monog r a p h s have been published. I n 1926, Xegro History Week was undertaken for celebration in the week in February to include the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln, February 12, and Frederick Douglass, F e b r u a r y 14—one white, one colored.

This celebration will continue in 1967, with the week's theme as ''Xegro History in Home and School/' Xegro History Week continues to arouse the American people, white and black, to a keener appreciation of the contributions of the 'Xegro people to American civilization.

In 1937 the Xegro History Bulletin was undertaken in a 9 months issue annually in the period of the school year for teachers and youths in the elementary and secondary schools and colleges. Its circulation will be increased this next "year, beginning in October S 1966.

We have undertaken the publication through Books, Inc., Washington, D.C., of 5 volumes on the Xegro since the Civil W a r in a series of 10 volumes to be known as the International Library of Xegro Life and History. These five will appear in December.

And this will be a series of volumes, sir, which will compete very strongly with "Xational H e r i t a g e " and they will be better books.

Since 1916 our association through its quarterly and its monthly, the Xegro History Bulletin, has carried a message into homes and schools. Their circulation has been small, 5,000 and 3,000, respectively, but we have carried on this message of the need for a consciousness and appreciation of the dignity, contributions, and basic unity of all the ethnic, racial, religious, social, and economic groups which have enriched American life.

We plan a more widespread subscription list as a year's subscription to the bulletin will be given to each purchaser of the series mentioned above, and 50,000 or more sets are to be in this first issue.

T h e president of Books, Inc., and Publishers, Inc., is here this morning and is a verification of this definite stigma.

How can this objective of equal status be attained when the contributions of these groups are not contained in the textbooks published in the millions and are not known or appreciated by writers and teachers of the textbooks, in which the minorities are portrayed in all channels of communication as not only different but also inferior? Three or four pictures of prominent Xegroes do not suffice, while a total poor image of a people remains.

American youth can no longer grow to full fruition in a world divided into two parts in its subject matter, one alive and white, the other black, less alive or dead, and powerless to be born because of the favorable printed word of truth. The time has come not only for an integration of peoples but in addition an integration of subject matter in school textbooks.

T h e omissions and neglect of boards of education, administrators, book selection committees, principals, and teachers should be corrected. Freedom of speech and freedom of the press give a man the right to write and to publish as he wills, but he should not be allowed to libel another man, and certainly not another people with impunity.

I t should be as illegal to libel a people, a whole people, those who are black and those partially related with a single drop of Xegro heritage.

But why should it be necessary for each minority to publish its history in defense of its claim for a place in our democracy?

Pictures, mental and real, have their impressions on human relations. These are fences. These fences are as realistic as the ones of segregation and to remove one without the other will be of almost no adequate result. Booker T. Washington, who was conservative in his

views gives his reaction which is typical today of children, white and I ilack. He stated in his "The Story of the X e g r o " : One picture I recall vividly in the first geography I studied. It was a picture of George Washington placed side by side with a naked African having a ring in ids nose and a dagger in his hand. Here, as elsewhere, in order to put the lofty position the white race has attained in shari>er contrast with the lowly condition of a more primitive people, the best among the white people w:is contrasted with the worst among the black.

If this picture was intended to present the African, even in this presentation it is false. F o r Africa had its kings and governments just as Europeans had, its civilization and cultures just as E u r o p e ; and particularly among the F r a n k s , Angles, Saxons, J u t e s , Danes, and Xorthumbrians, and others.

K i n g Askia the Great in the Kingdom of Songhay in Africa is as great as Charles the Great of the F r a n k s in Europe. B u t why mention one and not the other or caricature the other? W h y not an African background of American history as well as a European background to American history?

While the absence of sharing and belonging in America affects primarily the Xegro, it also affects other minorities. America is not an Anglo-Saxon country with a white Protestant civilization in a struggle to survive against Xegroes and foreigners.

We are a composite of cultures from many lands and corners of the earth. Frustrations of varying degrees affect Jews, Xegroes, Orientals, Mexicans, Indians, people from southern and eastern European countries and the Middle East. Where homes are well read, these weaknesses become strengths, but they also represent indictments of our democratic preachments.

Our education has helped to maintain n stationary status for our human relations rather than to challenge the building of better ones.

The current revolution is also insufficient to achieve the goal of equality so long as the bad image of the Xegro is created in the mind of the average American and appears when he hears the word "Xegro."

We need and must have an additional channel, the creation and distribution of t r u t h which will dispel the falsehood of omission, commission and neglect which have been r a m p a n t in the reading and teaching of the textbooks of the Xation.

T h e Association Publishers lias entered this field of textbooks and has published that which it calls " F o u r Steps in Xegro History in African and Xegro-American History." These books are being iised in schools for both population groups. They are in school libraries, and the greatest use for them is in schools predominantly Xegro, but they should be in schools for all youth.

Those four steps in Xegro history are as follows: I. The first book of Negro history : The Child's Story of the Xegro. by Jane Dabney Shackelford. A textbook for primary anil elementary grade pupils. Revised edition. 1964.

II. The second book of Negro history : Negro Makers of History, by Carter G. Woodson and Charles H. Woslev.

This is a textbook designed for the upper middle grades and the junior high school. Revised lOfft.

HI. The third book of Negro history : The Story of the Negro Retold, by Carter G. Woodson and Charles H. Wesley. This is a textbook for the senior high school and is suitable for college students desiring the leading facts of Negro life and history. Revised 1994.

IV. The fourth book of Xegro history, adapted to college work—lith edition, revised ami enlarged in l'.Klii: The Negro in Our History, by Carter 0. Woodson and Charles IT. Wesley.

Revised 1066. This was adopted for college work and is in its 11th edition which will shortly come from the press.

I n city after city efforts are being made which are too feeble to produce satisfactory textbooks with a few integrated illustrations, appendages, special pamphlets, and brochures, when what is needed is integrated textbooks. W i t h several States providing by legislation for the inclusion of minorities in textbooks, the need is great in others.

While a revolution is taking place in our cities, we must have, the realization of the need for a revolution in the minds of men, basic to the success of the poverty program for the disadvantaged and the extension of democratic privileges in the freedom of the mind. This should not be a dream that seems to be dying but one t h a t is coming to birth.

Years ago, the Advisory Commission of the Xational Council of the Social Studies declared for our Xation the following: We are immigrants and descendants of immigrants, a nation of manv religions and races, a nation which reflects class and caste distinctions as incompntlble with our way of life. Racist thinking and senpegnating. the fomenting of divided loyalties, the accepting of groups are consonant neither with our democratic " a y s of life, nor with the scientific findings of anthropologists and psycho'ogists. as part of a societal attack on the economic and psychological roots of intergroup hostility, interculturnl education can make a contribution.

This is still true unfortunately. B u t fortunately. Congressman Adam Clayton Powell and you (he members of this committee are congratulated by our association for directing attention to this neglectful situation by publishers in the field of education.

Mr. Bt-RTON. Thank you very much for your most helpful statement and testimony.

23

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If You are a BLACK TEACHER - and don't know t h i s . . . WAKE UP! A TALK TO HARLEM TEACHERS This James Baldwin article is from an extemporaneous talk which he delivered on October 16, 1963 to some two hundred New York City schoolteachers, who were taking a special in-service course on "The Negro: His Role in the Culture and Life on the United States."

Let's begin by saying to change it and to fight it — at no matter what risk. This that we are living is the only hope society has. This is the only way societies change. through a very dangerous time. Everyone in Now, if what I have tried to sketch has any validity, it this room is in one way becomes thoroughly clear, at least to me, that any Negro or another aware of who is born in this country and undergoes the American eduthat. We are in a revocational system runs the risk of becoming schizophrenic. On lutionary situation, no the one hand he is born in the shadow of the stars and stripes matter how unpopular and he is assured it represents a nation which has never lost that word has become a war. He pledges allegiance to that flag which guarantees in this country. The "liberty and justice for all." He is part of a country in which society in which we anyone can become President, and so forth. But on the other live is desperately menhand he is also assured by his country and his countrymen aced, not by Khrushthat he has never contributed anything to indicate that his chev, but from within. past is nothing more than a record of humiliations gladly enSo any citizen of this dured. He is assured by the republic that he, his father, his country who figures mother, and his ancestors were happy, shiftless, watermelonhimself as responsible eating darkies who loved Mr. Charlie and Miss Ann, that the - and particularly those of you who deal with the minds and hearts of young people—must be prepared to "go for broke." value he has as a black man is proven by one thing only — Or to put it another way, you must understand that in his devotion to white people. If you think I am exaggerating, the attempt to correct so many generations of bad faith examine the myths which proliferate in this country about and cruelty, when it is operating not only in the classroom Negroes : but in society, you will meet the most fantastic, the most brutal, Now all this enters the child's consciousness much sooner and the most determined resistance. There is no point in prethan we as adults would like to think it does. As adults, we tending that this won't happen. are easily fooled because we are so anxious to be fooled. But No, since I am talking to schoolteachers and I am not children are very different. Children, not yet aware that it a teacher myself, and in some ways am fairly easily intimis dangerous to look too deeply at anything, look at everyadated, I beg you to let me leave that and go back to what thing; look at each other, and draw their own conclusions.

I think to be the entire purpose of education in the first They don't have the vocabulary to express what they see, and place. It would seem to me that when a child is born, if I'm we, their elders, know how to intimidate them very easily the child's parent, it is my obligation and my high duty to and very soon. But a black child, looking at the world around civilize that child. Man is a social animal. He cannot exist him, though he cannot know quite what to make of it, is without a society. A society, in turn, depends on certain things aware that there is a reason why his mother works so hard, which everyone within that society takes for granted. Now, why his father is always on edge. He is aware that there is the crucial paradox which confronts us here is that the whole some reason why, if he sits down in the front of the bus, process of education occurs within a social framework and is his father or mother slaps him and drags him to the back of designed to perpetuate the aims of society. Thus, for example, the bus. He is aware that there is some terrible weight on the boys and girls who were born during the era of the Third his parents' shoulders which menaces him. And it isn't long Reich, when educated to the purposes of the Third Reich, be— in fact it begins when he is in school — before he discame barbarians. The paradox of education is precisely this covers the shape of his oppression.

— that as one begins to become conscious one begins to Let us say that the child is seven years old and I am his examine the society in which he is being educated. The purfather, and I decide to take him to the zoo, or to Madison pose of education, finally, is to create in a person the ability Square Garden, or the UN Building, or to any of the tremento look at the world for himself, to make his own decisions, dous monuments we find all over New York. We get into a to say to himself this is black or this white, to decide for but and we go from where I live on 131st Street and Seventh himself whether there is a God in heaven or not. To ask Avenue downtown through the park and we get into New questions of the universe, and then learn to live with those York City, which is not Harlem. Now, where the boy lives — questions, is the way he achieves his own identity. But no society is really anxious to have that kind of person around. even if it is a housing project — is in an undesirable neighWhat societies really, ideally, want is a citizenry which will borhood. If he lives in one of those housing projects of which simply obey the rules of society. If a society succeeds in this, everyone in New York is so proud, he has at the front door, if that society is about to perish. The obligation of anyone who not closer, the pimps, the whores, the junkies — in a word, thinks of himself as responsible is to examine society and try (Continued on page 26) 25

A TALK TO HARLEM TEACHERS (Continued from page 25) the danger of life in the ghetto.

And the child knows this, though he doesn't know why.

I still remember my first sight of New York. It was really another city when I was born — where I was born. We looked down over the Park Avenue streetcar tracks. It was Park Avenue, but I didn't know what Park Avenue meant downtown. The Park Avenue I grew up on, which is still standing, is dark and dirty. No one would dream of opening a Tiffany's on that Park Avenue, and when you go downtown you discover that you are literally in the white world. It is rich — or at least it looks rich. It is clean — because they collect garbage downtown. There are doormen. People walk about as though they owned where they were — and indeed they do. And it's a great shock. It's very hard to relate yourself to this. You don't know what it means. You know — you know instinctively — that none of this is for you. You know this before you are told. And who is it for and who is paying for it? And why isn't it for you.

Later on when you become a grocery boy or messenger and you try to enter one of those buildings a man says, "Go to the back door." Still later, if you happen by some odd chance to have a friend in one of those buildings, the man says, "Where's your package?" Now this by no means is the core of the matter. What I'm trying to get at is that by this time the Negro child has had, effectively, almost all the doors of opportunity slammed in his face, and there are very few things he can do about it. He can more or less accept it with an absolutely inarticulate and dangerous rage inside — all the more dangerous because it is never expressed. It is precisely those silent people whom white people see every day of their lives — I mean your porter and your maid, who never say anything more than "Yes Sir" and "No Ma'am," They will tell you it's raining if that is what you want to hear, and they will tell you the sun is shining if that is what you want to hear. They really hate you — really hate you because in their eyes (and they're right) you stand between them and life. I want to come back to that in a moment. It's the most sinister of the facts, I think, which we now face.

There is something else the Negro child can do, too. Every street boy — and I was a street boy, so I know — looking at the society which has produced him, looking at the standards of that society which are not honored by anybody, looking at your churches and the government and the politician, understands that structure is operated for someone else's benefit — not for his. And there's no room in it for him. If he is really cunning, really ruthless, really strong — and many of us are — he becomes a kind of criminal. He becomes a kind of criminal because that's the only way he can live. Harlem and every ghetto in this city — every ghetto in this country — is full of people who live outside the law.

They wouldn't dream of calling a policeman. The wouldn't, for a moment, listen to any of those professions of which we are so proud on the Fourth of July. They have turned away from this country forever and totally. They live by their wits and really long to see the day when the entire structure comes down.

The point of all this is that black men were brought here as a source of cheap labor. They were indispensable to the economy. In order to justify the fact that men were treated 26

as though they were animals, the white republic had to brainwash itself into believing that they were, inded, animals and deserved to be treated like animals. Therefore it is almost impossible for any Negro child to discover anything about his actual history. The reason is that this "animal," once he suspects his own worth, once he starts believing that he is a man, has begun to attack the entire power structure. This is why America has spent such a long time keeping the Negro in his place. What 1 am trying to suggest to you is that it was not an accident, it was not an act of God, it was not done by well-meaning people muddling into something which they didn't understand. It was a deliberate policy hammered into place in order to make money from black flesh. And now, in 1963, because we have never faced this fact, we are in intolerable trouble.

The Reconstruction, as I read the evidence, was a bargain between the North and South to this effect: "We've liberated them from the land — and delivered them to the bosses." When we left Mississippi to come North we did not come to freedom. We came to the bottom of the labor market, and we are still there. Even the Depression of the 1930's failed to make a dent in Negroes' relationship to white workers in the labor unions. Even today, so brainwashed is this republic that people seriously ask in what they suppose to be good faith, "What does the Negro want?" I've heard a great many asinine questions in my life, but that is perhaps the most asinine and prehaps the most insulting. But the point here is that people who ask that question, thinking that they ask it in good faith, are really the victims of this conspiracy to make Negroes believe they are less than human.

In order for me to live, I decided very early that some mistake had been made somewhere. I was no a "nigger" even though you called me one. But if I was a "nigger" in your eyes, there was something about you — there was something you needed. I had to realize when I was very young that I was none of those things I was told I was. I was not, for example, happy. I never touched a watermelon for all kinds of reasons. I had been invented by white people, and I know enough about life by this time to understand that whatever you invent, whatever you project, is you! So where we are now is that a whole country of people believe I'm a "nigger," and I don't, and the battle's on! Because if I am not what I've been told I am then it means that you're not what you thought you were either! And that is the crisis.

It is not really a "Negro revolution" that is upsetting this country. What is upsetting the country is a sense of its own identity. If, for example, one managed to change the curriculum in all the schools so that Negroes learned more about themselves and their real contributions to this culture, you would be liberating not only Negroes, you'd be liberating white people who know nothing about their own history. And the reason is that if you are compelled to lie about one aspect of anybody's history, you must lie about it all. If you have to lie about my real role here, if you have to pretend that I hoed all that cotton just because I loved you, then you have done something to yourself. You are mad.

Now let's go back a minute. I talked earlier about those silent people — the porter and his maid — who, as I said, don't look into your face. My ancestors and I were very well trained. We understood very early that this was not a Chris(Continued on page 27)

A TALK TO HARLEM TEACHERS (Continued from page 26) tian nation. It didn't matter what you said or how often you went to church. My father and my mother and my grandfather and my grandmother know that Christians didn't act this way. it was as simple as that. And if that was so there was no point in dealing with white people in terms of their own moral professions, for they were not going to honor them. What one did was to turn away, smiling all the time, and tell white people what they wanted to hear. But people always accuse you of reckless talk when you say this.

All this means that there are in this country tremendous reservoirs of bitterness which have never been able to find an outlet, but may find an outlet soon. It means that wellmeaning white liberals place themselves in great danger when they try to deal with Negroes as though they were missionaries. It means, in brief, that a great price is demanded to liberate all those silent people so that they can breathe for the first time and tell you what they think of you. And a price is demanded to liberate all those white children — some of them near forty — who have never grown up, and who never will grow up, because they have no sense of their identity.

What passes for identity in America is a series of myths about one's heroic ancestors. It's astounding to me, for example, that so many people really appear to believe that the country was founded by a band of heroes who wanted to be free. That happens not to be true. What happened was that some people left Europe because they couldn't stay there any longer and had to go some place else to make it. That's all.

They were hungry, they were poor, they were convicts. Those who were making it in England, for example, did not get on the Mayflower. That's how the country was settled. Not by Gary Cooper. Yet we have a whole race of people, a whole republic, who believe the myths to the point where even today they select Political representatives, as far as I can tell, by how closely they resemble Gary Cooper. Now this dangerously infantile, and it shows in every level of national life.

When I was living in Europe, for example, one of the worst revelations to me was the way Americans walked around Europe buying this and buying that and insulting everybody — not even out of malice, just because they didn't know any better. Well, that is the way they have always treated me.

They weren't cruel, they just didn't know you were alive. They didn't know you had any feelings.

What I am trying to suggest here is that in the doing of all this for one hundred years or more, it is the American white man who has long since lost his grip on reality. In some peculiar way, having created this myth about Negroes, and the myth about his own history, he created myths about the world so that, for example, he was astounded that some people could prefer Castro, astounded that there are people in the world who don"t go into hiding when they hear the word "Communism," astounded that Communism is one of the realities of the twentieth century which we will not overcome by pretending that it does not exist. The political level in this country now, on the part of people who would know better, is abysmal. The Bible says somewhere that where there is no vision the people perish. I don't think anyone can doubt that in this country today we are menaced — intolerably menaced — by a lack of vision.

It is inconceivable that a sovereign people should continue, as we do so abjectly, to say, "I can't do anything about it. It's the government." The government is the creation of the people. It is responsible to the people, and the people are responsible for it No American has the right to allow the present government to say, when Negro children are being bombed and hosed and shot and beaten all over the deep South, that there is nothing we can do about it. There must have been a day in this country's life when the bombing of four children a Sunday School would have created in public uproar and endangered the lite of a Governor Wallace. It happened here and there was no public uproar.

I began by saying that one of the paradoxes of education was that precisely at the point when you begin to develop a conscience, you must find yourself at war with your society. It is your responsibility to change society if you think of yourself as an educated person. And on the basis of the evidence — the moral and political evidence — one is compelled to say that this is a backward society. Now if I were a teacher in this school, or any Negro school, and I was dealing with Negro children, who were in my care only a few hours of every day and would then return to their homes and to the street, children who have an apprehension of their future which with every hour grows grimmer and darker, I would try to teach them — I would try to make them know — that those streets, those houses, those dangers, those agonies by which they are surrounded, are criminal. I would try to make each child know that these things are the result of a criminal conspiracy to destroy him. I would teach him that if he intends to get to be a man, he must at once decide that he is stronger than this conspiracy and that he must never make his peace with it. And that one of his weapons for refusing to make his peace with it and for destroying it depends on what he decides he is worth. I would teach him that there are currently very few standards in this country which are worth a man's respect. That it is up to him to begin to change these standards for the sake of the life and the health of the country. I would suggest to him that the popular culture as represented, for example, on television and in comic books and movies — is based on fantasies created by very ill people, and he must be aware that these are fantasies that have nothing to do with reality. I would teach him that the press he reads is not as free as it says it is — and that he can do something about that, too. I would try to make him know that just as American history is longer, larger, more various, more beautiful, and more terrible than anything anyone has ever said about it, so is the world larger, more daring, more beautiful and more terrible, but principally larger — and that it belongs to him. I would teach him that he doesn't have to be bound by the expediencies of any given Administration, any given policy, and given time that he has the right and the necessity to examine everything. I would try to show him that one has not learned anything about Castro when one says, "He is a Communist." This is a way of not learning something about Castro, something about the world. I would suggest to him that he is living, at the omment, in an enormous province. America is no the world and if America is going to become a nation, she must find a way — and this child must help her to find a way — and to use the tremendous potential and tremendous energy which this child represents.

If this country does not find a way to use that energy, it will be destroyed by that energy.

27

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1

WASHINGTON — Here is a ruleof-thumb guide for draft-age youths to determine what the birthday lottery drawing means to them: You are involved if your birthday falls between Jan. 1, 1944, and Dec. 31, 1950.

If your birthday is drawn in the first 122 numbers and you have no deferment such as college, it is almost certain you will be called for induction in 1970 If your birthday is drawn between number 123 through 244, the outlook is touch and go that you'll receive your draft board notice.

There are varying factors such as the quotas assigned to your local selective service board, deferments, whether your birthday comes high or low on this middle grouping.

28

If your birthday is drawn in the bottom third from 245 through 366, there is small likelihood you will be summoned in the draft and you can probably plan your life and career in the knowledge you will have no military service requirement barring national emergencies.

If you are temporarily deferred because of college, your exempt status continues but the priority level in which your birthday falls in the drawing will be effective for the year your exemption expires.

Thus if you should graduate or drop out of college in 1973, if your birthday was the 15th number drawn in the Monday lottery, you would be placed in the 15th level of call-ups in 1974 even though a different birthday was drawn

15th for that year.

For those draft-eligible men whose birthdays fall on the same day, this order will be applied to break the "ties." The letters represent the first initial of the last names. The order is the result of a second lottery drawing in Washington 1. J 2. G

10. P 11. Q

19. S 20. L

3. D

12. Y

21. M

4. X

13. U

22. A

5. N

14. C

23. R

6. O

15. F

24. E

7. Z

16. I

25. B

8. T

17. K

26. V

9. W

18. H

ALPHA XI LAMBDA -

Toledo, Ohio

SCHOLARSHIP BENEFIT Alpha Xi Lambda Chapter of Toledo, Ohio held its fifth annual Playboy Dance October 4, 1969. The proceeds of this event went into the Scholarship Program. The gala affair was a super success, socially as well as financially.

Brothers of\Alpha Xi Lambda

University of Toledo Co-eds were the bunnies.

Alpha Wives of Alpha Xi Lambda.

Alpha \\ Lambda Brothers on the Move *Brother John Chadwell appointed Director of Human Relations for OwensIllinois, Incorporated, Toledo, Ohio. *Brother Carroll Jordan was appointed Associate Professor of Instruction at Defiance College, Defiance, Ohio. Brother Jordan will be teaching Educational Psychology and General Psychology. * Brother Joseph O. Sansbury was appointed Project Director of the Concentrated Employment Program. This program is under the auspices of the Economic Opportunity Planning Association of Greater Toledo, Inc.

RACIAL UNREST IN MILITARY (Continued from page 28) Their general conclusion, Brother Bennett said as the group left for Thailand, was that although racial unrest may be subsiding in American society, it is on the rise in the military.

Brother Bennett, said the military must develop "an open forum" for the airing of complaints. He said many of the men interviewed asked why similar meetings with commanders could not be held regularly.

Some black servicemen thought they were being held back from promotion by discrimination, and complained of a "lack of communication between the top levels of command and the lowly troop level," Bennett said.

Brother Bennett, a former Minneapolis judge, said his group had turned over a list of servicemen's complaints to the U.S. command in Vietnam for investigation.

'Racial slurs' The investigating team, Bro. Bennett said, had studied five or six racial incidents "of importance" in Vietnam, plus a dozen "incipient racial involvements."

"They ranged all the way from fist fights between two soldiers which had their genesis in racial slurs or epithets to a disturbance involving between 50 and 75 men," he said.

He said the later disturbance occurred in September at Cam Ranh Bay, a logistical base 185 miles northeast of Saigon.

In that incident, Bennett said, black soldiers had protested the confinement of two soldiers who they claimed were mistakenly identified and arrested for assaulting a white CI. 29

BETA PHI LAMBDA Savannah, Georgia

Georgia Alpha Moves up to High Postal Position

Brother Benjamin F. Lewis, Savannah Post Office supervisor and equal employment opportunity counselor, has been appointed equual employment opportunity coordinator for the Atlanta Region of the Post Office Dept. by Postmaster-General Winton M. Blount.

Lewis, who has been employed by the Savannah Post Office since 1941, reports to the Atlanta Region office, his new headquarters.

He will serve as field representative for the Departmental Office of Equal Employment Opportunity and as advisor to the regional director of the Postal Data Center and all region postmasters in the administration and coordination of the equal employment opportunity program, Butler said.

Brother Lewis was the first Negro to be promtoed to a supervisor's post in the Savannah Post Office.

He will become the highest ranking Negro in the department's Atlanta Region in his new position.

The Atlanta Region includes the states of Georgia, Florida, South Carolina and North Carolina.

The salary range for Lewis' position is from $15,404 to $20,021.

A native of Savannah, Brother Lewis received a bachelor's degree, cum laude, in social science from Savannah State College. He has done graduate work in sociology at New York University.

He is married to the former Nadine Cleveland of Savannah.

30

WON ELECTION In Birmingham, Ala.

Brother Arthur D. Shores

Twelve years ago Brother Arthur D. Shores entered the race for Birmingham's old city commission form of government. He got two write-in votes in an election in which T. Eugene "Bull" Conner was chosen police commissioner.

Last month Brother Shores, running as an incumbent for the seat on the new City Council to which he was appointed last year, came out second in a field of 20 candidates — winning without a runoff. In winning, Shores became the first black man to be elected to a city governing post in Birmingham's history.

Reflecting on his campaign, Shores said he believes voters in Birmingham are no longer "concerned with the race of a candidate."

"It is my feeling they have observed my actions and can discern that I have the interests of the whole city at heart and have tried to advance the cause of all Birmingham without regard to race," he said.

Active for many years in the civil rights field, Shores' home was bombed when he took part in negotiations in 1963 which ended many segregation practices in the city.

He also has filed court suits which struck down a city ordinance that called for zoning of white and black property and allowed the first black student to be enrolled in the University of Alabama in 1957.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY (Continued from page 2) He pointed to the Harlem office of the university purchasing department set up in the old Hotel Theresa and the establishment of an office in Low Library to stimulate minority student recruitment.

"Both in the I.S. 201 complex and at P.S. 175 school health program training community health aides are sponsored by the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Additionally," Brother Williams said "a para-medica! training program for laboratory technicians and pre-medical school training program for laboratory technician and pre-rnediacl training program" has been set up.

Help Businessmen He pointed to the School of Business Management consultant project which advises and trains minority group businessmen. Also to the School of Arts and Community film board project that aids talented community film makers.

These were but a few of the innovations Brother Williams had brought to Columbia. He said he had fought on both sides to prevent the Center from being used as a "public relations" set up for Columbia; and to keep the Harlem Community from thinking that the Ford Foundation grant of $10 million was to fund a kind of anti-poverty in program in Harlem.

He said he had "deep satisfaction at having had this opportunity to serve Columbia, my community and my city."

Brother Shores said he was highly pleased with the election results — especially in a number of white neighborhoods.

"In many sections of the city which are practically all white, I came in second and third. I think it shows that the people have approved of the type of representation I have given them."

Yet all is not sweetness and light, and Shores is the first to admit it.

"There are still some bad attitudes," he said. "But the legal barriers are down.

And, I think, my election is a sign of changing attitudes."

He talks of a "general change" in attitudes, adding there is "no comparison between now and prior to 1963" when the late Brother Martin Luther King Jr. led massive demonstrations in the city.

ALPHAS MAKE HISTORY ILLINOIS GENERAL ASSEMBLY

minority group personnel" during the ensuing biennial. Also, a watchdog commission" was authorized to see that the various departments complied with the legislation which passed both in the House and the Senate.

A two-hour fillibuster in the Senate won an agreement from the Republican majority to establish two commissions — one to investigate employment of minority group personnel in State government and another to do the same thing in the City of Chicago!

ALPHA PHI ALPHA'S "Big Three" among the 177 members ot the Illinois House ot Representatives in the 76th General Assembly are, I. to r., Atty. James A. McLendon, Atty. James Y. Carter and Lewis A. M. Caldwell, all members of XI Lambda chapter.

"Mac," a staff attorney for the Chicago Transit Authority, is serving his second term; Jimmy, who is Vehicle Commissioner for the City of Chicago, is a veteran of 16 years— 8 terms; anl Lewy, who organize! the "black block" in the 75th session, is executive director ot the Cosmopolitan Chamber of Commerce, largest interracial trade association in America. There are 14 Negroes in the Illinois House 11 Democrats) and four (all Democrats) in the Senate, constituting the largest black membership among the 50 states. Caldwell's candidancy was Initiated by XI Lambda chapter and the president, Brother Bennett M. Stewart, served as his campaign manager.

History was made by the eighteen black members of the Illinois General Assembly in its 76th session which adjourned on June 30, 1969. The four black senators and fourteen black members of the House of Representatives organized a caucus which developed a program designed to solve the problems peculiar to the communities they represent.

In the 75th General Assembly, where the blacks totaled seventeen, a 10-hour fillibuster resulted in establishing the caucus as a force to be considered in the legislative process. It became crystal clear that no longer would it be possible to predict the position of black legislators on given issues. They demonstrated that they were determined to cast political considerations aside when the welfare of black people was at stake.

The black caucus conducted a job survey in State employment upon arriving in Springfield last January. The State employs upwards of 100,000 persons but the survey was designed to determine what per cent of the 50,000

employees in the code departments were of minority groups. As suspected, the ratio came to six per cent! Also, as suspected, the 6,000 blacks held the lowest paying jobs and the women outnumbered the men by two to one. The caucus interpreted this startling fact as the white man's technique to humiliate black men and perpetuate a matriarchal society.

The three Republican House members joined their fifteen Democratic colleagues in declaring that the State of Illinois practices "Institutional Racism" at a press conference. The group an nounced their intention to use every means of correcting this undemocratic practice and kept their promise by attaching ammendments to bills requesting budgets for all nineteen code departments as they were introduced for passage. A three-hour fillibuster in the House resulted in an agreement with the House leadership, the Speaker and the Governor agreeing to appropriate $1000,000 for the Department of personnel to "recruit, train and upgrade

Main reason for the success of the black caucus was their regular meetings in which specific assignments were made to indivdual legislators to oppose measures designed to "contain" black people generally. Hundreds of bills fostering law and order," opposing fair employment practices, open housing, free textbooks for public schools, anti-busing of students from over-crowded ghetto schools, restrictions on public aid and similar bills were killed in committee or on the floors of the House and Senate. This initiative gradually won the support, and encouragement of the press and other media.

The success of the black caucus can be attributed to the members ability to work together unselfishly in seeking to obtain every right to which their constituents were entitled. They were bold and often blunt as they debated the issues with their startled colleagues. Areas of expertise and seniority were utilized at maximum capacity. Group effort prevailed as individualism was kept at a minimum. "The black block" in Springfield, Illinois is a reality and no longer a tool of the political bosses!

The key measure of the session was the State income tax — a first for Illinois and endorsed by the leadership of both the Democrats and Republicans.

With 89 votes needed for passage, the measure was passed after a three-hour debate in the House with 91 votes.

Representatives Harold Washington, Raymond W. Ewell and Lewis A. H. Caldwell, all from Chicago; and Kenneth Hall, of East St. Louis, voted "present" to protect the failure of the Legislature to vote initiatory powers to the Fair Employment Practices Commission! The four black legislators had announced their intention to be relevant to their communities two weeks before the vote on the crucial issue. They made political history by standing tall!

31

A Tribute to Black Beauty Gamma Phi — Tuskeegee, Alabama

Brother Marvin Finley presents gift of shirt entitled property of APA.

/wv Queen Miss Lillie Ann Lanier

The Brothers of Gamma Phi Chapter, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama observed the annual coronation of our fraternity sweetheart for the year 1969-70. Our Queen Miss Lillie Ann Lanier is a junior majoring in Clothing and Related Arts, from Birmingham, Alabama. Miss Lanier is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority and very active in academic and extra curricula activities. Lillie exhibits that elegance, simplicity, maturity, and sincerity which are attributes of true Black womanhood and beauty In attendance at the ceremony held at the Alpha Phi Alpha campus monument were the parents of our queen. Mr. and Mrs. John L. Lanier, Sr., the Sphinx Club, members of AKA, reparsenettives of other campus organizations, and numerous members of the student body. Immediately following the ceremony consisting of a personal tribute, presentations of flowers, gift, prayer, sweetheart song and the Alpha Hymn, a champagne reception was held for our sweetheart.

Other projects of Gamma Phi include volunteer service at the Tuuskegee V.A. Hospital and our adoption of a special education class of elementary school children.

Brother Milton C. Davis Editor to the Sphinx

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ALPHA WIVES (Continued from page 20) PHILADELPHIA Guests at the affair will include leaders in Federal and District government, private industry, and representatives of the news media.

Mrs. Myra R. Mitchell was mistress of ceremonies, and her very efficient cochairman, Mrs. Ellen Sloan and Mrs. Vivian Gordon, executive secretary for the sponsoring group, along with each of the Ladies of Alpha gave their all in making the event a grand success.

HER GIFTS FOR OTHERS In keeping with Mrs. Pree's constant concern for others, she surprised her guests when she presented a huge bronze plaque to her proud hubby, Brother Pree — and not stopping there, she presented her special gift checks to the Philadelphia Tribune Charities' director, Mrs. Dorothy Rice, and to Mrs. Ralph Globus for Teen-Aid, Inc. A native of Sumter, S.C., Mrs. Pree is the wife of local businessman Brother Earl Pree, and is sale executive for the Philadelphia Tribune. . . . She is also second vice president of the Company's Board of Directors.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Miss Lucille Everette former sweetheart crowns Lillie with a golden medallion and chain.

/w\

Mr. and Mrs. John L. Lanier, Sr., parents of Lillie and members of AKA.

(Continued from page 20) Each spring the group sponsors a card party — luncheon which serves as its annual fund-raising event. In previous years the Alpha Wives honored a woman who, while having no children of her own, contributed to the welfare of needy youngsters.

The Wives also cooperate with their husbands, members of Mu Lambda Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, in many of the chapter's educational, scholarship, cultural, and civic programs.

The Alpha Wives of Washington, D. C. organized as a group in 1950. They came together partially out of a desire to assist the men of Mu Lambda in furnishing and decorating a newly purchased fraternity house. The spirit of cooperation in this endeavor was so strong that the women decided to establish a permanent organization.

Present officers are Eva Speight, president; Feme Collins, vice president; Velma Simpson, recording secretary; Florence Whaley, corresonding secretary; Sadye James, treasurer; Ruth Evans, financial secretary; Carrie Corley, historian; and Helen Safrit, property officer.

Brother Brown Elected Chairman of Legislative Commission

Past Alpha Prexy on Dixie Board

Pharmaceutical Sales Representative

Brother Lionel H. Newsom

Brother Otha N. Brown

Norwalk, Conn. — State Representative Brother Otha N. Brown, Jr. (Dem.Norwalk) was elected House Chairman of the Legislative Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities at its organizational meeting at the Capitol last Tuesday. The meeting was called by senator Edward L. Marcus, Senate Majority Leader. The Commission was created by the 1967 General Assembly under Public Act 636 for the purpose of developing, researching, and drafting legislation in the area of human rights while the Assembly is not in session. It is composed of 10 Senators and 20 Representatives. After 14 months of work, the commission will make available to the next General Assembly proposed legislation which will be handled by the Human Rights Committee.

Rep. Brown served as co-chairman of the committee during the last session of the Assembly and was able to get several important bills passed including the Fair Rent Commission Bill and legislation authorizing tenants to deposit rents in court to remedy conditions dangerous to life, health, or safety. The most controversial issue taken up by the committee dealt with the elimination of racial imbalance of the public schools through the use of educational parks.

Rep. Brown was later appointed Chairman of the Interim Committee on Human Rights and Opportunities soon after the close of the special sessions of the General Assembly by Rep. William Ratchford, Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives.

Past General President Dr. Lionel H. Newsom, president of Johnson C. Smith University, will serve as a member of the Educational Plans and Policies Advisory Committee of the Southern Regional Eductional Board.

In a letter to Tennessee governor Buford Ellington, chairman of the SREB, Dr. Newsom said he considers it is a "high privilege to accept the invitation and a distinguished honor to be invited."

Established in 1957 by the SREB, the advisory committee is composed of persons representing both public and private education. One of the major functions of the Committee is to advise the director of the SREB on major problems and opportunities facing higher education in the South.

Prior to assuming the presidency at Smith, Dr. Newsom served as associate project director with the SREB. He was also instrumental in publishing "The Negro and High Education in the South," a statement by the SREB Commission on Higher Educational Opportunity in the South.

Brother C. E. Butler

Brother Clarence E. Butler has joined Eli Lilly and Company as a sales representative in San Francisco, announces Charles W. Thompson, manager of one of the pharmaceutical firm's San Francisco districts. Brother Butler succeeds Walter J. Sullivan, who has retired.

Born in Niagara Falls, New York, Brother Butler was graduated from high school there. He studied zoology at Wilberforce University and Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University and attended the School of Dentistry at Meharry Medical College. He has had six years of active military service.

Before joining Eli Lilly and Company, he was employed by Stanford Univesrity in medical research.

Brother Butler and his wife, Sara, live at 2813 Camino Del Rey, San Jose, California.

How to Establish a Graduate Chapter The Constitution provides for the establishment of graduate chapters in any metropolitan area, or otherwise, upon proper presentation in this regard. It is, therefore, permissible to Charter two or more chapters in any metropolitan area.

The report of the Committee on Internal structure emphasized this in detail, and this report was duly adopted by the General Convention (1965). A matter relative to this is now under consideration where-

in a group in Miami, Florida requests an application for admission as a graduate chapter in that area. While Alpha Phi Alpha exercises an INCLUSIVE force, rather than an EXCLUSIVE force, we must have unity and harmony in any event. The matter is being referred to the Board of Directors, and if found desirable, will be presented to the 1970 General Convention for debate and clarification.

33

POET'

Uhe ^)lory of a lurother, ~A Search

for ZJke JLiqht

by Michel V. Brown

Poet Laureate

Brother Mainor

Brother Rayfer Earl'e Mainor beautifully led the attendance up, down and around the summit, by his tone, quality and series of speeches to reach an exciting climax. Now it was all coming to it's end. The apex was hit. Rayfer finished eloquently, bowed to the smiling faces of the older women, the whistles and loud voices of applauses of the men folk, the screeces of the young girls, and the entire activity of attendance that created a fan fare of triumph that would rise and go on for five minutes or more —applauding and cheering.

With his face beaming, (although he is very forward, dynamic and powerful, he is known to blush in exaltation of joy for any victorious moments of his achievements) and he did. He shoned brightly, and smiled warmly and in all appear overwhelmingly surprise at this grand reception he was receiving. As he stood there his mind must have played on him as 'what to do next'. He threw kisses, bowed again, and walked to a seat reserved for him in this SRO crowd, that made his preview a sellout three weeks in advance to his opening.

The "evening with an inspiring young writer" was not yet completed and achievement was not over for a young man who surprised a people with his literary, poetic-drawatic talent — thus a surprise was reverse to him.

The Mayor Dean Leslie Austin stepped to the staged area and created a whole new excitment, fan fare, applauses and more cheers when he made Rayfer the most surprised and happy individual in town, and perhaps for that moment—the world.

34

A light, A burning light, that sealed my eyes As I sought for cover.

When I dared lift my head for yet Another glance I saw not one, But seven, each of majesty, Each a'beckoning.

II And I bowed my head, as if compelled, And there it remained til a Stranger, haughty in gait stepped forth from the flames Bade me rise and be restored.

He beckoned that I follow him to the lights, down a winding road that was Brightened only by the spirit and Fraternity of certain men who villaged at its end.

And then I was committed to a sacred oath, Which I dare not repeat for it has so fully encompassed me.

Then he was gone, Taking with him my bearings, Leaving little but fear with which I may fend my way.

And so I drug myself forward, To find the stranger and the seven lights.

During the Dean's speech, he brought forth a plaque, an award certificate and named Rayfer Earl'e Mainor, P O E T

LAUREATE. Rayfer seated still recuperating from his reception, and now to go up and receive this grand award, appear as if he could not believe it all. And somehow, as through a seance, he walked trembling a little to the microphone saying very softly "wow" yet looking with uncertainty, and change with the positive look reply from the dean and council members, and the round of applause from the audience. When this quell down, Rayfer said, "Thank You so very much, gaze upon his grand award and kiss it in admiration, then look out upon his audience and said shaking his head, (silently with gestures as if he needed some help).

III Through the forest I toiled by day and by night, My mind a'flooded I fell many times, And arose, unwilling to be uplifted.

In time I began to think and hunger for retreat, But my being nor my calling would concede.

rv The lights! The lights! The lights!

I came upon their flamesedge, one morn, After searching the whole night before; Strafed, bowed and dying, I yet stood tall, And behold! The stranger!

He stepped forth and put his hand upon my shoulder.

He spoke, and a great number stepped Forth, too! To welcome me.

Strange noises were uttered all About me. Many voices, many words.

Sacred words.

There were many oaths, many swearings, Many solemn things.

Upon this I was anointed and hailed As one of their number, A man of The Spangled APA before me.

Spewed into darkness, then summoned Until the light, unto truth for All eternity.

"Man what do you say huh? . . . I really don't know waht you say . . . (pause, eyes become glossy — and in the seriousness of his own soul, from the depths of it all he gained his strenght, look at his audience and reply) . . .

"I don't know what you say . . . but I do know what you can't say—I know that one cannot say . . . that one cannot reach the moon in Langston . . .

For I know you can . . . I know . . .

I know, you don't have to be . . . on Broadway and receive her Tony, or . . . television's Emmy . . . or even Hollywood's golden Oscar, to get this superduper, undescribable feeling of happiness . . . so for more than anything else, thank you for making me acquainted with this grand and wonderful feeling —thanks so much for making this one of the happiest moments of my life.

Thank You very much.

NEW YORK . . .

Golden Era Awards Brothers of Alpha Gamma Lambda CONVENTION MINUTES: The official minutes of the 63rd Anniversary Convention recently adjourned in Houston, Texas will be ready for distribution in the next few days. Copies of the MINUTES will be distributed to every Chapter and to every Life Member as per constitutional provision. In this mailing will be included a copy of the new Sphinx Manual and Guide, and a copy of the newly published RITUAL — on a complimentary basis. Additional copies of the Sphinx Manual, and the Ritual, may be purchased through the General Office at $2.00 and $1.00 respectively each.

NEW CHAPTERS: Several new chapters are being chartered before the end of this year: CENTRAL STATE COLLEGE Edmond, Oklahoma EAST TEXAS UNIVERSITY Commerce, Texas NORTHEASTER STATE COLLEGE Tahlequah, Oklahoma MISSISSIPPI VALLEY STATE COLLEGE Itta Bena, Mississippi UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS Arlington, Texas A new Graduate Chapter is being established with seat at Opelousas, Louisiana.

The charter previously governing that site is being re-issued with seat at Lafayette, Louisiana.

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS: The Constitutional Amendments adopted at the 63rd Anniversary Convention, and which have been duly circularized to EVERY CHAPTER for approval or not, now become a part of the basic law of the Fraternity.

Many chapters have registered their approval formally, many others have abstained, — so, the General Office has taken the position that those chapters who failed to register their vote, automatically express approval, inasmuch as they have not registered disapproval. A revised publishing of the Constitution — By Laws will be distributed early in 1970.

REGIONAL DIRECTORS MEET: A meeting of the Regional Directors and Officers of the Midwestern Region was held at the General Office, November 29th.

Brother Gus T. Ridgel, Midwestern Vice President presided over the sessions which were profitable and meaningful despite the time element, which caused a crowding in many important matters.

CHAPTER SECRETARIES: The General Office again cautions chapter secretaries about the exercise of care, and the use of a bit of imagination in forwarding remittances to this office. Adequate forms are sent to ALL CHAPTERS several times annually, and are to be used only for this purpose. Many chapters merely send in a list of names on scraps of paper for Pass Cards, placing a burden of the office in transferring same on official forms, — and WITHOUT mailing addresses of the brothers. Some chapters send Remittances to the General Treasurer, some to the Vice Presidents, etc. ALL REMITTANCES ARE TO BE SENT TO THE GENERAL OFFICE — 4432 Martin Luther King Drive, Chicago, III. 60653. Checks are to be made payable to ALPHA PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY, Inc. and NOT TO ANY INDIVIDUAL. The only source the General Office has for supplying the Editor of the Sphinx with mailing labels is based upon addresses mailed in by Chapter Secretaries. The name only of the institution IS NOT SUFFICIENT — we must have street addresses.

GRAND TAX: The General Office is pleased with remittances from the Brothers for 1970 Grand Taxes. The results are gratifying. At this point we have over 4,000 Grand Taxes paid in at this early fifteen day period. With your help, we will get that 10,000 to the contrary notwithstanding.

LAURENCE T. YOUNG — Executive Secretary

Alpha Gamma Lambda Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity gave its Annual Formal Dance at the Park Sheraton.

The yearly occasion is much like a large house party. Everybody knows everybody else, and the talk is endless, in spite of a crowded dance floor. Freddie Gibbs and his Orchestra can usually be counted to entice the guests away from the tables and onto the dance floor where you see everybody anyway.

Members who have reached 50 years as Alpha men were presented with Golden Era Brothers Awards at intermission time. This year the fraternity honored Dr. Robert Craft, Dr. George E. J. Banks, Atty. Thomas B. Dyett, and Fritz Pollard. Dick Campbell, past president, dance co-chairman, and master of ceremonies made the presentations.

After that, the Alphas circled the floor and joined hands cross-over fashion to sing their nostalgic hymn. Campbell said that it was a "good feeling" to sing the melodic strains which bring back instant memories of the "good ole college days gone by."

Who They Are When the orchestra returned to the stage, it was dance and talk until the party ended and everyone either went home or upstairs to the after-parties. A number of Alpha men acquired suites for after-parties, and the wives usually like this, for it means a leisurely overnight vacation in a hotel room away from the kids, the telephone and domestics generally. A champagne breakfast in bed next day usually concludes the minivacation.

Officers of Alpha Gamma Lambda Chapter are Fred D. Poellnitz, president; Edward Hightower, vice president; Virgil S. Smith, Jr., chapter secretary; Walter L. Johnson, corresponding secretary; William E. Greene, financial secretary; George W. C. Davis, treasurer; Theodore Charity, Sphinx editor; Fred W. Day chaplain; Fred D. Atwater, sergeant-at-Arms.

The Dance Committee was chaired by Melvin Bolden with Dick Campbell, cochairman.

35

M E D I C A L COLLEGE P L A N S tonal Urban Agency Launches TO RECRUIT MORE BLACKS »"»«»«Recruit Minority Fellows A program for increasing the number of Negroes and other members of disadvantaged minority groups in medical school has been initiated at the University of Illinois College of Medicine on the Medical Center Campus, Chicago.

The program includes the recruitment of more qualified Negro applicants to the College, 1853 W. Polk St., and special counseling for these applicants, both before and after entering medical school.

Using a two-year $42,000 grant, effective luly 1, 1969, from the privately endowed National Fund for Medical Education, a recruitment program will begin under the direction of two faculty members (co-directors) and a full-time assistant project director.

"There is a documented national need for more Negro physicians than can reasonably be produced without the creation of special programs designed to enable more Negroes to qualify for, and be admitted to, medical studies," said Dr. Nat E. Smith, associate dean and a co-director of the project."

"The ultimate success of this project will need to be measured in terms of how many Negro students, above our usual expected enrollment, enter and complete medical school."

In 1968, the College received applications from eight black students; four actually were accepted, but only two of these entered medical school at the U. of I. This year 14 students applied, nine of whom were accepted. Five of these students have indicated they will enter the College of Medicine this fall.

"This increase may have arisen because more medical schools are showing an interest, and the Negroes feel they have a better chance of entering," said Dr. Anthony J. Diekema, Ph.D., director of admissions and records and a codirector of the project.

Seven blacks attended the college during the 1968-69 academic year.

36

An immediate goal of the project called the "Recruitment of Disadvantaged Students for Medicine" — is the annual selection and admission of additional disadvantaged students and a maximum effort to aid their progress through medical school.

The College expects to continue to support such a program when the grant expires in two years. Existing scholarships will cover the financial needs of the first students in the program. However, further grants will be sought for medical school scholarships and stipend used in premedical school work-study programs.

The overall project is divided into three overlapping phases: Identifying Negro students with the potential for medical education.

Special pre-professional counseling, of Negro high school and college students.

Special counseling of Negroes in medican school.

Initially, the College will seek Negro college graduates, or Negroes now attending college, to more immediately increase the number of Negroes applying to medical school.

On a long term basis, the College also hopes to motivate more Negroes toward medical school at earlier ages which is the time that career choices are usually made.

Dr. Smith said the College would like to work closely with such groups as the Council for Bio-Medical Careers, a private group that recruits Negroes for the health science professions. (In the past, the Council has placed high school students in summer laboratory jobs with College of medicine faculty members.)

Counseling will be available to students interested in entering medical school at a future date.

"The program seeks to increase the number of disadvantaged students who will consider medical school and the health science professions," Diekema said. "We don't expect that all the students we indentify will necessarily attend this college."

New Haven, Conn. — The National Urban Fellows, a nationwide program designed to meet the shortage of competent urban administrators and to open top leadership, opportunities in urban government, has launched its recruitment activities for 1970-71 fellowships.

The urban fellows are men and women in their 20s and 30s, mainly from ethnic minorities, who are selected competitively on the basis of their leadership potential.

The fellows' leadership-development program combines on-the-job assignments with mayors and other urban administrators and a six week semester in urban studies at Yale.

Each urban fellow is assigned for 10 months to a mayor, a city manager, a school superintendent, a budget director, or other top-level administrators. Twentyfour are now on assignment in cities throughout the nation in the first year of the program. * * * The program is sponsored by the National League of Cities, the U. S. Conference of Mayors, and Yale University, under a grant from the Ford Foundation. Directed by Frank Logue, the program has its headquarters in New Haven, Connecticut.

The 1970-71 fellowship year will begin in July, 1970 with the intensive urban studies course at Yale. In September, fellows will report as special assistants to their mentors and enroll in work-related graduate courses at universities in the cities where they are assigned.

In addition, they attend seminars spaced at three-month intervals, focusing on problems of local government administration.

Fellows are paid a stipend substantially equivalent to the salaries they received in their pre-fellowship employment.

Applicants must be citizens of the United States between 25 and 39 years old. They must have bachelor's degrees or employment experience that has given them a basic understanding of urban problems and the ability to use conceptual material.

Other requirements are that they have been employed for at least two years, (Continued on page 38)

Report of Conference at Princeton University on Recruitment of Black Graduate Students

by Thomas D. Pawley Princeton University is making a sincere effort to recruit black students for its graduate school. At a meeting on November 7 — 8 representatives of approximately twenty traditionally Negro Colleges met at the University at the invitation of Dean Aaron Lemonick to discuss the problems involved in getting black students into graduate schools. He emphasized that Princeton "really does care" and wishes to increase the number of black graduate students.

In 1968 there were only eight black students out of 1400 in the graduate school at Princeton University. This year the number has increased to thirty-four.

It was emphasized that Princeton has no quota system and that each student will be judged on his indivdiual merits. Recommendations regarding an applicant's ability and talent will carry as much weight as his score on the Graduate Record Examination or his academic record. Students admitted to the graduate school are fully supported financially by the University. On the average, this involves remission of tuition of $2400 and a stipend of $2000 for single and $3600 for married graduate students plus onehalf the cost of housing for married students.

The Graduate School offers studies in thirty-five departments in the following areas: Division of Humanities Division of Natural Sciences Division of Social Science Division of Engineering and Applied Science School of Architecture and Urban Planning Woodrow Wilson School of Public Affairs With few exceptions there is no M.A. program as such in the graduate school.

All students once they pass the General Examination are candidates for the Ph.D. However, the Woodrow Wilson School gives a Master of Public Affairs and Engineering awards an M.S. Princeton has a tradition of supporting its graduate students financially for as long as necessary, "a tradition we don't want to lose." Neither is there a time limit for earning the Ph.D.

Please bring this announcement to the attention of any seniors whom you consider potential graduate students.

The following is a summary of remarks made by area representatives: Dean Lestor, Dean of Faculties There are 600 faculty members on the Arts and Science Faculty. One-half of this number live in University rental housing. A large number purchase housing on mortgage money provided by the University. We have a large amount of office space because the emphasis is on close contact with individual students.

There is no separate graduate faculty.

Graduate students are permitted to do part-time teaching. We are developing our own faculty rather than recruiting them.

Provost Bowen Princeton is a small University. It will not make the "big" contribution. There are 1400 graduate students including thirty-four blacks. There are thirty-five departments in the University in roughly four divisions and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public Affairs.

William Dix( University Librarian, President A.L.A. Our library is "small." It ranks about twelfth to fifteenth in size with two and one-half million volumes, 25,000 periodicals, and a staff of 250. Students have free access to the stacks at all times.

Since we do not have law, medicine, etc., our rank is probably misleading. We do not offer work in library science but there is a great need for black male librarians.

The Social Sciences (Sheldon Hackney, Professor of History) This division has many interdisciplinary programs, e.g. Afro-American Studies embraces fourteen departments and nine disciplines. Graduate studies include Anthoropology, History, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, Economics, and Public Affairs (The Woodrow Wilson School).

Engineering and Applied Sciences (Professor Bogdonoff, Engineering) Studies include Aero-Space Mechanical Science, Electronical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil and Geological Engineering. Applicants apply to specific departments. Engineering is

taught in a liberal arts setting. Students frequently criss-cross areas, e.g. engineering and social sciences. Graduate work in engineering is basically research. Many courses are designed to prepare students for graduate work. An undergraduate degree is not a prerequisite for admission.

Most students are entirely supported by University grants. Admissions are based primarily on recommendation from teachers. The seriousness of the student in becoming an engineer is considered most important. The correlation between academic record and securing the Ph.D. in engineering is poor.

Natural Sciences (Professor Hopfield, Mathematics and Physics) Studies include mathematics, physics, chemistry, bio-chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy. All give financial support for 3 - 5 years. The mathematics-physics program is designed for independent study. There are no course requirements and no grades are awarded by the department. Admissions are based upon the Graduate Record Examination. Eightyfive per cent of those entering earn the Ph.D. in mathematics and physics.

Humanities (Professor King, Romance Languages) Studies include English Language and Literature, Romance Languages, Classical Langauges, Art, Archaeology, Music, Philosophy, Etc. Most graduates of Humanities enter teaching. Studies generally extend over two years of course work followed by the writing of a dissertation.

Woodrow Wilson School of Public Affairs (Dean Ulman) Nearly all students are in the master's program leading to the M.P.A. At least fifty percent of the emphasis is on domestic affairs. Fields of study include: International Affairs Economic Growth and the Administration Urban Affairs and Domestic Policy Economics and Domestic Policy The school admitted fifty-two students in 1970. Although there are no specific admission requirements, most students have majored in the Social Sciences.

Faculty is interested in the quality of the person. Summers are spent in job type situations.

A $31,000,000 gift in 1961 permits the school to fully support its students.

(Continued on page 38)

37

BLACK COLLEGES NEED MORE HELP FROM CORPORATE INVESTORS ATLANTA — Recent corporate investment in public Negro colleges, while helping meet important needs, is only a small fraction of what it should be, according to a special report, "Business Opportunities Unlimited," released by the Office for Advancement of Public Negro Colleges OAPNC) of the National Association of State Universities and LandGrant Colleges.

Increased corporate investment would benefit both the business community and the colleges, the report declares in noting that the nation's predominantly Negro colleges are providing a valuable source for manpower to business and industry in the United States.

The new report notes the importance of these colleges to business and industry, calling special attention to their manpower training and public service contributions. The report also highlights the colleges' resources and activities in related technical fields.

Of special significance, according to the OAPNC, is the recent growth in the number of students preparing for business careers. While the enrollment at public Negro colleges rose by 12 per cent from 1966 to 1968, the number of undergraduate business majors rose by 30 per cent. In addition, many Negro students in other fields, such as sociology, mathematics, and science, are seeking careers in business.

Although most of the 34 public Negro colleges are located in the South or border states, the colleges are indeed a national manpower resource, enrolling one-third of all black students in higher education today, according to the OAPNC. The report states that graduates now working in industry have been far more likely than their classmates in other fields to leave the South for job opportunities elsewhere in the country.

In countless cases, Negro college graduates, for whom corporate jobs and advancement were beyond reach a decade ago, are proving themselves valuable assets. It is not surprising to find corporate recruiters focusing on the campuses where they are most likely to find promising minority group talent.

Southern University, for example, had onlv 15 recruiters to visit its Louisiana 38

campus in 1960. In 1968, there were 600. Similar increases are taking place at all of the nation's public Negro colleges OAPNC reports.

The major corporate investment cited in the report is a $390,000 grant made earlier this year by the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company to Winston-Salem State University in North Carolina. This is the largest single grant ever made by a company to a traditionally Negro college. The grant finances a broad educational improvement program that includes scholarships for promising undergratuates, faculty recruitment, and curriculum improvement.

To illustrate the achievement of other public Negro college graduates in business and industry, "Business Opportunities Unlimited" features case histories of six alumni. These case histories also dramatize how the public Negro colleges have provided able and deserving youths with the opportunity for a higher education which enable them to pursue their chosen careers.

The Office for Advancement of Public Negro Colleges carries out a broad program designed to help the 34 colleges increase their share of private, voluntary support. Its work is supported by grants from several corporations and foundations. The OAPNC was established by the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges in 1968 and is directed by Dr. Herman B. Smith, Jr. Publication of "Business Opportunities Unlimited" was made possible by a grant from the Sears-Roebuck Foundation.

Copies of the report are available from the OAPNC, 805 Peachtree St., N.E., Suite 577, Atlanta, Ga. 30308.

PRINCETON REPORT (Continued from page 37) Architecture and Urban Planning (Professor Jandel) This is a graduate program leading to the professional degree of Master of Architecture. There is an undergraduate major leading to the A.B. The core of the program is architectural design and environmental planning. The program is a combination of both undergraduate and graduate studies since it will accept

persons with no previous training in architecture in a program of three to four years duration. For persons holding a professional degree in architecture, the degree in Urban Planning is available.

The department also offers the Ph.D. Areas of concentration include Urban Studies, Economic Analysis and Building Technology. For those seeking admission stuides in the liberal arts, sciences, mathematics, physics, sociology, graphic and plastic arts will be helpful. (A first year graduate student admitted this year holds the M.A. in Scenic Design from Carnegie-Mellon University.)

Dean Aaron Lemonick, Dean of the Graduate School The fifteen dollar admission fee can be deferred. Your recommendation will weigh heavily in the admission of the student rather than his academic record or G.R.E. score. But let's face it in the Natural Sciences, the curriculum is very tough. Our Physics Department probably ranks about third in the nation. We will not need black students to the 750 G.R.E. minimum score. We probably will consider students with a score as low as 450. The University does care about the problem of getting black students in graduate shcool. Princeton simply does not have enough black students.

Thirty-four out of fourteen hundred is too small. We recognize that black students may have certain deficiencies but we are willing to admit them and give them an opportunity to overcome these deficiences.

PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. An independent school cooperating with the University, Herbert McGuin has been appointed admissions counselor in order to seek black students.

RECRUIT MINORITY FELLOWS (Continued from page 36) preferably in an administrative capacity, and that they have demonstrated exceptional ability, leadership potential, and commitment to the solution of urban problems. Although the deadline for receipt of completed appliciations is March 15, 1970, applications should be submitted as far in advance of that date as possible.

Additional information on the program may be obtained by writing to National Urban Fellows, P.O. Box 1475, New Haven, Conn.

O M E G A CHAPTER Brother W. IV. Lovelace Passed

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NASHVILLE — Hundreds viewed the remains and attended the final rites of Brother William N. Jackson, dean of Faculty, Tennessee State University, who passed in a local hospital recently after a brief confinement.

Memorial services were held on the campus where the body lay in state prior to funeral services held at First Baptist Church, Capitol Hill. President A. P. Torrence delivered the tribute to Dr. Jackson at the campus service where Dr. William J. Simmons, university minister, presided.

Said President Torrence, "The unexpected passing of Dean Jackson has stunned the University community. To lose a man of his depth and academic prowess, leaves a vacuum that will be exceedingly difficult to fill.

"Working with him, I became keenly aware and appreciative of his magnifiicent qualities as a leader, scholar, and christian gentle man. As an educational leader, he worked with people—not for nor against them . . . He did more than was required of him at Tennessee State.

"The entire university community— including our governing board, administration, faculty, staff, students, and alumni — benefitted from his counsel, advice, and leadership."

He pursued his college career at Morehouse, earning the B. S. degree, cumlaude. Further study won for him the M. S. degree from Alanta University and the Ph. D. from Ohio State.

Being a scholar, he was the recipient of numerous scholarships and fellowships.

His professional career as a dedicated teacher and administrator has spanned a 35 year period. It began in the public (Continued on page 40)

CINCINNATI — Funeral services for Brother William N. Lovelace, elected to this city's all-white municipal court.

He died Thursday afternoon at Jewish hospital from an apparent heart attack.

Brother Lovelace, 69, had been in ill health recently and entered the hospital Tuesday for tests.

He was appointed by Gov. James Rhodes to fill the unexpired term of Judge William Keating who was named to the Common Pleas Court bench in 1965.

Brother Lovelace won election to the municipal bench the following year.

He graduated from Knoxville College in Knoxvill, Tenn., and received his law degree from Chase Law School here.

Brother Paul R. Miller PETERSBURG, Va. — Funeral services were held recently for Brother Paul Reeve Miller, at St. Joseph AME Church here. The Rev. Philip R. Cousins officiated and interment was at the Beechwood Cemetery.

Brother Miller, director of the School of Industries at Virginia State College since 1963, was killed in a freak automobile accident in his driveway at 1108 Scranton Place, Durham, N. C , Sunday afternoon, Oct. 26.

According to a spokesman at the college, the 61-year-old Miller was packing for the return trip to campus when his car rolled backward down hill in his driveway, trapping him beneath its tires. His wife, watching from a window, was a witness to this tragic event.

Brother Miller was a native of Bristol, Va., where he attended and graduated from Douglas High School. He attended Hampton Institute, graduating with a BS degree in industrial education and in trade teaching.

He also held a M.Ed degree in secondary education from the University of Pittsburgh, and did post-graduate work at Fisk University, Michigan State University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and at West Virginia University in Morgantown.

Dr. Joseph A. Pierce

HOUSTON, Texas — Funeral services vvere held here for Dr. Joseph A. Pierce, 67, third president of Texas Southern in a San Antonio nursing home.

He joined the TSU faculty as head of the Department of Mathematics and chairman of the Division of Natural and Physical Sciences in 1948.

In 1952, Brother Pierce was named dean of the Graduate School; and in 1957, was added to his list of responsibilities. He served in these capacies until 1966.

On Aug. 1, 1966 Brother Pierce named acting president of Texas Southern and on Aug. 10, 1967, his 65th birthday, he was named president of the board of directors. He was officially president for two weeks prior to his retirement.

Before coming to TSU, Brother Pierce was chairman of the department of mathematics at Atlanta University. He was also professor of mathematics at Wiley College in Marshall, and instructor of mathematics at Texas College, Tyler. * * * During his tenure at Texas Suothern, Brother Pierce served as liaison between the university and the Manned Spacecraft Center from 1963 to 1965, and on leave for a year as chairman of the Division, Science and Mathematics, College of the Virgin Islands.

He is survived by his wife, Dr. Juanita G Pierce, a son and daughter-inlaw, Major and Mrs. Joseph A. Pierce, (Army) and a grandson, Joseph Aaron Pierce.

39

IDEALS OF THE FOUNDERS (Continued from page 10) selves, everyone departed with the feeling of good fellowship, anxious for the next weekly meeting. In those days there was much to be done, and meeting were sometimes held two and three times a week. A full quorum for these call meetings was always present even though social engagements pressed in upon the time of the brothers. Alpha Phi Alpha took first rank with your founders and social engagements came afterwards. Every task assigned whether in committee or in person, was accepted with an enthusism that labored only for success. In fact every brother vied with each other brother to see who could turn in the best committee report. We early realibed that unstinted service must be given to succeed, and that this service must be of such a nature as to lose sight entirely of self, even to the extent of physical suffering.

The spirit of Alpha Phi Alpha was ringing in our ears and pusating every beat of our hearts. No sign of selfishness were ever exhibited at any of these history-making meetings, so eager were we to get our research information that would justify our existence and give real significance to the name of ALPHA PHI ALPHA. We never knew the meaning of the term delinquency, so strong was the Spirit of Alpha Phi Alpha.

The Sphinx is located in the front of the second pyramid Gizeh in Egypt. It is carved out of a huge outcrop of rock into a huge man head lion. The body is 150 feet long, paws are 50 feet long, head is 30 feet high and the face is 14 feet wide. From the top of the head to the level of the ground is 70 feet. Originally painted red, the face is that of a man with distinct Negro features.

A mechanic can take material worth $5.00 and make an article worth S25.00 — that is skill. An artist can take a dollar piece of canvas, paint a picture on it and it is worth $1,000,000.00 — that is art. ALPHA PHI ALPHA A N D ALPHA KAPPA ALPHA can take the clannishness of a restricted membership circcumstance and make it work in unselfish cooperation with movements of Human Rights and Human Welfare — That is Fraternalism.

40

What response will these important organizations make to the challenge of fraternalism and the space age? The Sisteihood of Alpha Kappa Alpha may respond, "Pride in the Past, Faith in the Future, Forward to a New Era of Service" for "By Merit and Culture We Strive and we do Things That Are Worthwhile, and with a Smile." To the challenge of fraternalism in the space age, the brotherhood of Alpha Phi Alpha may respond, "In Our Dear Alpha A Fraternal Spirit Binds All the Noble, the True and the Courageous." So, "First of All, Servants of All, We Transcend All." Editor's Note: When Brother Charles H. Wesley, Historian of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, undertook the preparation of the first edition of The History of Alpha Phi Alpha, each of the Jewels were asked to prepare a statement. In this issue, we are publishing the statement Brother Jewel Nathaniel A. Murray, allowing his words to live again. (JEWEL BROTHER MURRAY PASSED INTO OMEGA CHAPTER ON DECEMBER 6, 1959. HIS MORE THAN A HALFCENTURY OF SERVICE TO ALPHA PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY IS CHERISHED A N D WE DEDICATE THIS ISSUE OF THE SPHINX IN MEMORIUM.)

OMEGA CHAPTER ALPHA RITES FOR BROTHER GEORGE CURTIS, 70 Retired railroad worker, Brother George Dewey Curtis, 70, who jumped or fell to his death Nov. 4 from the viaduct at Twelfth Ave. and 34th St., was buried on Nov. 7 in Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Curtis, a Howard U. graduate, was given a memorial service by his Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity by his brothers at Bolden Chapel, 2540 Eighth Ave., shortly before he was shipped to his birthplace for burial.

He was an agile man at 70 and never married. He was a retired red cap at Penn. Station. He maintained bachelor quarters at 28 Convent Ave., and at the time of his death he was employed

by HARYOUACT. He is survived by his mother, Mrs. Anna Nash Curtis, 93, who lives in Washington and a sister, Mrs. Rosalie Tolden.

BROTHER JACKSON (Continued from page 39) schools of Chattanooga: then to Covington, Ky.; continuing to Alcorn College, Texas Southern University, Atlanta University and Tennessee State University.

Coming to Tennessee State University in 1954, he served for nine years as head of the Department of Science Education. In 1963 he was elevated to the position of dean of faculty which he held at the time of his passing.

Florida Brother Won School Board Post Brother Windell P. Holmes, who will be Jacksonville's Negro School Board member when he is seated December 1, 1969 won easily over his opponent by a three to one majority.

Brother Holmes, who operates the Holmes and West Funeral Home, will give the black community represnetation on the board. Holmes has frequently appeared before the board in the past, trying to get better educational opportunities for black children.

This is way late for blacks but still a first Negro is to be elected to the local school board.

On August 25,1969 the United States Government broke its promise to the children of Mississippi.

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The promise was made in 1954. By the highest court in the land. Everyone said at that time we must move slowly toward school integration. And so we did, in order to avoid "chaos, confusion and catastrophe".

Fifteen years later, the Federal Appeals Court directed the Mississippi school boards to draw up plans for desegregation. The school boards were directed to work closely with advisors from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

back". (Many papers however, reported that considerable political pressure was brought to bear on Washington by Southern Congressional Delegations,) On August 25, the Government appeared in court urging the delay of the Mississippi desegregation plan.

And on August 28, 1969, the Court of Appeals granted this request.

Already Governor Lester Maddox has requested that other states be granted a similar delay in school desegregation.

And it's not just a delay of three months that's the question. Three months can grow into six.

Into a year. A century, without anybody noticing.

The LDF refuses to let this pass.

We, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund cannot let this happen. Wearethe chief legal arm of the civil What the facts mean. rights movement. Along with many brave people, What happened.

Our Government, for the first time, instead of we were responsible for the Supreme Court deOn August 11, 1969, a plan was submitted to pressing for school integration, has gone to court cision of 1954. We defended Martin Luther King the court. It called for complete desegregation in to ask that school segregation be allowed to con- in Birmingham and Selma. We were there at the 33 Mississippi school districts. And it called for tinue. Although school segregation is in direct vio-Sit-ins and Freedom Rides. And the Government this to start happening on September 2, 1969 lation of the Supreme Court decision of 1954. was with us too. Until last week.

The contents of this plan, as well as the Septem- We are no longer moving ahead slowly. We If the Government no longer defends the rights ber 2 startingdate, were approved by the advisory have just taken a step back. of Negro school children, who will? members of the Department of HEW. Think about it. It was not a group of red-neck We will. There's nobody around but us.

Then, all of a sudden on August 19, Robert H sheriffs or Ku Klux Klanners who made this deAnd we hope you will help us. By writing letFinch, Secretary of the Department of HEW, wrote mand, but some of the highest appointed officials ters. And by sending money. Of course. a letter to the court asking them to delay submis- in this nation—the same officials who are demandWe know you are constantly asked for your sion of a desegregation plan until at least Decem- ing that the citizens of this country respect the time and money. But we've just been abandoned ber 1. in order to avoid, in his own words, "chaos laws of this land. by a vital ally, so we need your help now more confusion and a catastrophic educational setAnd it's not just Mississippi that's in question. than ever.

We keep thinking of the child born 15V2 years ago who still cannot get what is his birthright.

To ask him to wait any longer, to ask him to stand by and watch the law being broken, to ask him to wait until he's 16...or 17...or 18...to be free, is unjust and illegal.

To ask you for money to help us get him his rights is the least we can do.

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund 10 Columbus Circle, New York City 10019 I want to help keep the promise that was made to the children of Mississippi.

Here is my contribution of • $1000; D Other.

(We need whatever you can give.)

Name Address City

State.

-Zip • checks payable

Legal Defense Fund

The Sphinx Second Class Postage Paid Chicago, Illinois

4432 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. L Chicago, Illinois 60653 Return Requested

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