World Policy Council | Trump Foreign Policy Modern-Day Slavery a Society with No Majority

2018 TRUMP FOREIGN POLICY MODERN-DAY SLAVERY A SOCIETY WITH NO MAJORITY

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ALPHA PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY DEVELOPS LEADERS, PROMOTES BROTHERHOOD AND ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE, WHILE PROVIDING SERVICE AND ADVOCACY FOR OUR COMMUNITIES.

2016 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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THE MISSION OF THE ALPHA PHI ALPHA WORLD POLICY COUNCIL (WPC) IS TO ADDRESS ISSUES OF CONCERN TO OUR BROTHERHOOD, OUR COMMUNITIES, OUR NATION, AND THE WORLD. The council has been charged with applying sustained and profound intellectual energy to understanding an alternative means of bringing about the resolution of problems at the community, national, and international levels; expanding fraternal and public knowledge of such problems, and engaging public discussion about them.

The council, in fulfilling its mission, is non-partisan, gives consideration to domestic and international issues, seeks the counsel of experts in relevant fields, provides perspectives on specific problems, and, where practicable, recommends possible solutions that may have a favorable impact on African Americans, the community, the nation, and the world.

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CONTENTS (4)

PRESIDENT’S GREETINGS

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WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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FROM THE CHAIR

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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TRUMP’S AMERICA AND WORLD AFFAIRS (13) SUMMARY (13) WHO’S SHAPING FOREIGN POLICY (15) TRUMP AND EUROPE (17) TRUMP AND THE MIDDLE EAST (18) TRUMP AND NUCLEAR SOUTH ASIA (18) TRUMP AND ASIA (21) TRUMP AND LATIN AMERICA: CUBA AND VENEZUELA (22) TRUMP, AFRICA & HAITI: A CALL TO ACTION (23) THE ROAD AHEAD

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HUMAN TRAFFICKING: GLOBAL MODERN SLAVERY (29) HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE U.S. (36) SEX TRAFFICKING IN THE U.S.: A RISING PHENOMENON (37) CONCLUSION (40) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION (42) REFERENCES (44) APPENDIX

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PREPARING FOR A SOCIETY THAT HAS NO RACIAL MAJORITY

2016 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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FROM THE GENERAL PRESIDENT

It’s with great pleasure that I present the latest edition of the World Policy Council (WPC) Report.

Throughout my administration I have admonished the members of this great fraternity to respond with great intention to the Urgency of Now. Our global society finds itself in the midst of unprecedented times filled with uncertainty and a departure from many of the cultural and societal norms that have fostered freedom and civility. This document has been prepared to elevate the dialogue concerning many of the pertinent issues that occupy the attention of decision makers across the globe.

The recommendations within this document are offered to inform and influence the development of public policies by members of the United States Congress, White House staff, diplomats, and other stakeholders who share in the fraternity’s commitment to creating timely and constructive global dialogue on the great policy issues. As we continue to expand the global perspective of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc., we remain vigilant in conducting responsible scholarship on matters that have international implications. We will continue to convene relevant discussions with our brothers overseas to understand the challenges and opportunities that exist both in the United States and abroad.

The fraternity offers its sincerest thanks and congratulations to members of the World Policy Council (WPC) and its chairman, Brother Horace Dawson, for all of their hard work and for their commitment to ensuring that Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc. continues to play a significant role on the world stage as we speak truth to power. Our current times remind us that silence is not an option.

Onward and Upwards Always,

Everett B. Ward General President Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity

2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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WORLD POLICY COUNCIL MEMBERS EDWARD W. BROOKE 1919-2015 [Beta ’37] Emeritus Founding Chairman, World Policy Council; United States Senator, 1967-1979; Attorney General, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1963-67; awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2004, Congressional Gold Medal, 2009.

HORACE G. DAWSON JR., Chairman [Nu ’46] Awarded honorary degree (LLD) by Howard University, 2016; Founding Director, Ralph J. Bunche International Affairs Center, Howard University; Former U.S. Ambassador to Botswana; Lincoln University LLD and Hall of Fame; Distinguished Alumni Award, University of Iowa, 2009; Alpha Award of Merit, 2005 HENRY PONDER, Vice Chairman [Beta Kappa ’48] Former President and Chief Executive Officer, National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education; Former President, Benedict College, Fisk University, Talladega College; Former Interim President, Langston University; Honoree, Oklahoma State University Diversity Hall of Fame; Former General President, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity BOBBY W. AUSTIN [Tau Lambda ’68] President, Neighborhood Associates, Inc.; Director of the Education Portal of CRP, Inc.; Mahatma Gandhi Fellow, American Academy of Social and Political Science; Founding President of the Village Foundation; Executive Director of the National Task Force on African American Men and Boys, convened by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation; Former Assistant Director, Kellogg National Fellowship Program M. CHRISTOPHER BROWN II [Mu Lambda ‘04] President, Kentucky State University; Former Executive Vice President and Provost, Southern University and A&M. College System; former President, Alcorn State University; Former Provost, Fisk University; Former Dean, College of Education, University of Nevada - Las Vegas; Former Vice President, American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education; Former Executive Director, F.D. Paterson Research Institute.

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RALPH E. JOHNSON [Kappa Alpha ’79] Dean of the Center for Student Success, Washington Adventist University, Takoma Park, Md.; Former Associate Dean of Students, Johns Hopkins University; Former Assistant Dean of Student Life and Director of Minority Student Affairs, University of South Carolina; and Former Coordinator of Greek Affairs, University of Arkansas. In 1998, he founded and continues to direct the Alpha Phi Alpha College Chapter Leadership Academy.

KENTON W. KEITH [Upsilon ’58] Senior Inspector, Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of State; Former Foreign Service Officer, United States Information Agency in the Middle East, France, and Brazil; Former Senior Vice President, Meridian International Center, Washington, D.C.; Former U.S. Ambassador to the State of Qatar CHARLES B. RANGEL [Alpha Gamma Lambda ’64] Member (Retired), United States House of Representatives (D-NY); Former Chairman, U.S. House Ways and Means Committee and Dean, New York State Congressional Delegation; Founding Member, Congressional Black Caucus KANTON T. REYNOLDS [Eta Omicron ‘91] Director of Undergraduate Programs, Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; formerly with General Motors, IBM, and Lenovo in such specialties as systems engineering, system assurance, program development, and project management. A former graduate researcher at the Carter Center in Atlanta, Reynolds was an observer of elections for that institution in Mahdia, Guyana, in 2015.

IVORY TOLDSON [Nu Psi ’92] Associate Professor, Counseling Psychology Program, and Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of Negro Education, Howard University; Senior Research Analyst, Congressional Black Caucus Foundation

RAPPORTEUR Hartford T. Jennings Sr., United States Foreign Service Officer (retired) 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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FROM THE CHAIR

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Members of the World Policy Council mourn the loss of our brother, colleague, and very dear friend, Ronald Dellums. A member in the U.S. House of Representatives for over twenty years, and also mayor of Oakland, California, Ron brought special expertise to our deliberations in governance and public policy. With wide ranging intellect and interests, Dellums also sparked Council concern and involvement in such disparate areas as universal health care and peace. He was not only well informed but also a passionate advocate for improvements in the human condition. This outstanding brother in Alpha will be sorely missed.

The Council is pleased to cite a current initiative designed to encourage and inspire younger members of the Fraternity. At the suggestion of General President Everett Ward, a strong advocate of youth advancement, the World Policy Council invites attendance at each of its quarterly meetings by a highly selected advanced under-graduate or graduate student. Selections are made at the regional level with the Council financing the visitation and encouraging participation in the think-tank discussions by the visiting student brother.

Thus far, two such visits have taken place, the first by Kelechi Ononiwu, a rising, honor roll, senior and president of Beta Chapter, Howard University, Washington, D.C. (Eastern Region); and the second by Jaylon Joyner, a recent honors graduate of Illinois State University, Normal, Ill. (Mid-western Region), where he was president of Eta Tau Chapter. He will enter graduate school in the fall. Both visiting students took part in the WPC discussions held at the Ralph J. Bunche International Affairs Center on the Howard University campus.

In this issue, the World Policy Council, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, considers foreign policy formulation and implementation by the Trump administration, much of it viewed from abroad; human trafficking, an issue far too long under the radar; and policy implications for a society moving in the direction of non-racial majorities in the population.

These are complex issues with no easy answers to the problems and challenges posed. However, the Council is convinced that each of them requires our special attention.

Horace G. Dawson Jr. Chairman The World Policy Council

2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For this 2018 report, the World Policy Council of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. has chosen essays on three subjects it considers of particular importance at this time. The first subject is how foreign policy is conducted by the Trump Administration. The Council is concerned that President Trump’s policy initiatives and undiplomatic handling of allies and competitors alike have compromised our country’s international position. The Council calls on Alpha Phi Alpha, the Congressional Black Caucus, and the Congress to act to restrain the worst impulses of President Trump and his Administration. This essay in particular is affected by frequent new developments. The Council has been forced to suspend its consideration of them to meet its printing deadline.

The report’s second essay treats international human trafficking. The Council is chagrined to understand that one hundred fifty years after the Emancipation Proclamation slavery continues to exist here in the United States. The Council examines the extent of the problem of international trafficking of persons and recommends steps the Fraternity and other elements of our society can take to combat this problem. The Council is particularly aware that inequalities of wealth between and within societies have a great effect on the human trafficking problem. There is great need and hope for improvement in this area. Nevertheless, the WPC believes is necessary to address the issue in the world as it is.

Our third essay examines population projections which indicate that U.S. society will have no racial majority in the foreseeable future. The Council believes this development will present an opportunity to forge a majority that will insist on equal opportunity for all members of our society. It suggests steps that can be taken to prepare for the new situation. The WPC does not believe it will be easy to form multi-racial coalitions, but considers that doing so is so important that efforts should be mounted immediately to increase their possibility.

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TRUMP’S AMERICA AND WORLD AFFAIRS P.12

Trump’s America and World Affairs

Summary A year-and-a-half into his incumbency, the embattled president is viewed negatively by governments and populations in and around the globe. (Israel and Russia are notable exceptions.) He has sidelined his professional diplomatic corps. He has characterized U.S. global leadership in trade, security, climate control and other major issues as “bad deals” for the U.S. His budget submission signaled a shift away from U.S. aid to poor nations and UN development support. He has used racist rhetoric to describe countries and regions of the world.

This article reviews the most important issues in the public debate in various areas. Trump has extinguished the beacon that the U.S. was for oppressed peoples around the world, and pursued policies to close off immigration to this country by people from countries he publicly disdains. The Alpha Phi Alpha World Policy Council (WPC) reasserts its concern for America’s support to African and Caribbean countries.

The Council has watched in dismay as Mr. Trump perverts the values that underpin American society in his brutal immigration initiatives, embarrasses the country with his sophomoric version of climate change denial, rashly withdraws from the Iran nuclear deal supported by all allies and international inspectors, and employs rash and juvenile rhetoric in his dispute with North Korea. The Council calls on Congress to take budget measures to curb his excesses. The Council calls on the Congressional Black Caucus especially to raise its voice against budget cuts aimed at weakening the U.S. support to Africa and Haiti.

Who’S Shaping Foreign policy?

During the presidential campaign several dozen retired U.S. ambassadors, Democrats, Republicans and Independents, signed a letter of support for Hillary Clinton. The missive concluded that Mr. Trump lacked the personality, background and knowledge to competently set and manage the country’s foreign policy agenda. The unusual step was unprecedented and out of character for professional diplomats. It was prompted by Trump’s campaign rhetoric that questioned the value of America’s keystone NATO alliance, and denounced the North American 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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Trump’s America and World Affairs

Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and other trade treaties. There was concern that the President’s warm embrace of Russian President Putin in the face of Russia’s aggressive actions in the Some have argued that Crimea and the Ukraine was embarrassingly President Trump‘s postnaïve. election gutting of the State Department is a response to that letter, petulant and self-defeating though the action may be. In any case, the State Department is an insignificant body in Mr. Trump’s world.

Some have argued that President Trump‘s post-election gutting of the State Department is a response to that letter, petulant and self-defeating though the action may be.

In any case, the State Department is an insignificant body in Mr. Trump’s world. Many of the career senior policy advisors left the State Department, and all the Obama-era political appointees left. Even Secretary of State Rex Tillerson found himself excluded from the policy-making inner-circle. When he offered his views on important matters (e.g., a squabble that threatened the Gulf Cooperation Council from within), he was essentially told by the President to stay out of the discussion. Tillerson’s successor, Michael R. Pompeo, appears to be in hardly an improved position, judging by negotiations and “diplomacy” that took place in both Singapore and Helsinki, the details of which remain largely shrouded even from Secretary Pompeo and the U.S. intelligence community. Indeed, the

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Trump’s America and World Affairs

appointment of John R. Bolton as national security adviser in the White House appears to provide further evidence of a diminished role for the Secretary and the Department of State in the making of foreign policy.

President Trump’s first budget submission called for drastic cuts in the State Department’s budget and in UN support. A year and more into his presidency, dozens of ambassadorial slots have gone unfilled.

When journalists asked Mr. Trump about the vacancies at the State Department he replied “I’m the only one who counts.” Instead of career diplomats, the President seems to rely on family members and former military officers to implement those policy directives he issues. His sonin-law Jared Kushner, for example, seems to have a key role in Middle East negotiations. There is no eminence grise to advise the President.

So who is shaping foreign policy? Mr. Trump himself seems to believe that he is fully capable of setting the foreign policy agenda and that his instincts are all that he needs.

At the end of 2017 the President unveiled a National Security strategy (as mandated by Congress). In it, there was an attempt to say what he meant by an “America First” foreign policy. The two main areas of focus were economic and defense. He said he From his intemperate would guard against “aggressive economic tweets to his public slurs actions” by rival powers (China and Russia). on poor countries, he is He also said he wanted to increase military criticized for both style and spending to confront threats from North substance. His withdrawal Korea and ISIS. Absent from his Strategy from the Paris Agreement paper was any concern about the threat of on climate change is viewed climate change to the nation. as the act of a man who is unconcerned with the interests of his allies.

Trump and europe

During his campaign Trump signaled that he was markedly less committed to the Western alliance than any U.S. president since NATO’s creation. He said he would insist that NATO allies pay their fair share to maintain it. Vastly more important, he hinted he was uncomfortable with the critical Article V, which commits each member to come to 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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Trump’s America and World Affairs

the defense of any other alliance member under attack. This provision, of course, is the essence of the treaty, and Mr. Trump’s reticence to confirm his support for it during the campaign sent shivers through NATO. Eventually he did endorse Article V, but European faith in American commitment had been weakened.

President Trump’s trip to the UK was postponed and extensively revised to avoid the likelihood of ugly demonstrations against him.

Europeans have had reservations about most post-WWII American presidents to one degree or another. And of course there have been major policy differences such as the U.S. attack on Iraq in 2002.

But the deep dislike attached to Trump is unprecedented. From his intemperate tweets to his public slurs on President Trump has taken poor countries, he is criticized for both the initiative to recognize style and substance. His withdrawal from Jerusalem as the capital of the Paris Agreement on climate change Israel, one of several acts is viewed as the act of a man who is which have placed him unconcerned with the interests of his allies. squarely on the side of Israel His decertification of the Iran nuclear arms in the dispute. Some argue deal negotiated by his predecessor, is that his positions have made similarly decried. it impossible for the United States to serve as an honest Led by Germany’s Angela Merkel, broker in the 60-year-old conflict.

Europeans are determined to keep sanctions applied to Russia as long as that country occupies part of the Ukraine and Georgia. Europeans view Trump’s efforts at rapprochement with Putin as naïve at best, and possibly self-interested.

Europe remains critical to U.S. interests. Economically, the EU is our largest trading partner, and Europe is the largest investor in the U.S. economy. Despite occasional policy disputes, Europeans have bolstered our diplomatic efforts, especially in the Middle East, and European soldiers continue to fight side-by-side with us against jihadist forces.

However, the President tends to view the EU and NATO more as competitors than strategic allies. The country can ill-afford to let these ties erode.

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Trump’s America and World Affairs

Trump and The middle eaST The President’s commitment to fight the Islamic State is welcome, as is his emphasis on supporting Arab state allies in this struggle rather than simply trying to carry out his campaign promise to “make the desert glow.” His visit to the region was a step in the right direction, though ironically he found himself coopted in an intramural squabble.

His public declarations lacked balance and threatened the critical security cooperation with Qatar, and he sharply discounted the effort by the then Secretary of State to tone down policy pronouncements.

The Arab world-Gulf region is increasingly defined by a proxy war between Iran and Saudi Arabia. The U.S. alliance with Saudi Arabia and opposition to Iranian support to terrorist groups in the region put us squarely on the side of the Saudis. However, the absence of U.S. ambassadors in key countries hampers U.S. efforts to coordinate security cooperation. Experienced observers point to the absence of effective U.S. diplomatic presence as a key ingredient in the political imbroglio in the Gulf. Meanwhile, Iranian influence is increasing with the successes of their Shia allies in Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon and Syria. Recent growth in the scope and tempo of the proxy war heightens the importance of shoring up our diplomatic representation in the region.

U.S. interests in the region still include defeating ISIS, protecting oil and gas supplies, and finding a solution to the Arab-Israeli dispute. President Trump has taken the initiative to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, one of several acts which have placed him squarely on the 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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Trump’s America and World Affairs

side of Israel in the dispute. Some argue that his positions have made it impossible for the United States to serve as an honest broker in the 60-year-old conflict. There is also the argument that the long-held U.S. policy goal of a two-state solution has been permanently undermined by the President’s action, which appeared to take even the Israelis by surprise. Mr. Trump has claimed that he has the capacity and the skill to make the “ultimate deal” between Arabs and Israelis. At this juncture, he appears to be in no position to negotiate a deal between Israel and Palestine.

Trump and nuclear SouTh aSia U.S. relations with nuclear-armed Pakistan lie at the heart of the battle against jihadist forces in Afghanistan. Yet it has been well known for years that the Pakistanis, for various reasons, have allowed Taliban and other jihadist groups to find shelter on the Pakistani side of the border with Afghanistan. Mr. Trump has announced that he will tie continued security assistance to evidence that Pakistan is moving effectively against these groups. This year the U.S. is withholding $255 million.

Many observers in the U.S. security world have welcomed this move, though there is a collective hope that his public rebuke of the Pakistanis won’t backfire and damage the important security cooperation that does exist.

The President’s Security Strategy Paper appears to open the door to a closer relationship with India, stating that the U.S. welcomes India’s emergence as a major world power. Nonetheless, the danger of a nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan is noted.

Trump and aSia China’s leader was one of the first to be welcomed to the Trump White House. Mr. Trump had campaigned on a “get tough” with China promise, with the threat of heavy tariffs on Chinese imports if China didn’t change its rules for American firms operating there. He was also hopeful P.18

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that China would play a bigger role in curbing North Korea’s nuclear weapons program. At present, it appears that the President is not pursuing a relationship with China based on shared goals for stability and security of the region. Instead, it appears that the relationship with the two leaders was mainly transactional. The quid pro quo for China’s advantageous trade environment in the U.S. will be making it easier for American companies to operate in China.

The arrival of a North Korean Nor is it likely that China will cooperate nuclear capability years before with the U.S. in its disputes with North Western intelligence agencies Korea. [As this document goes to press, had predicted is an existential the two countries are engaged in a tariff threat for U.S. Pacific allies and war of uncertain dimensions and effect, perhaps the U.S. mainland itself. triggered by President Trump’s first blow. The schoolboy-level exchanges China is conducting targeted responses in between President Trump and Korean Dictator Kim Jong-un the on-going conflict.] (“My button is bigger than The arrival of a North Korean nuclear yours.”) have prompted alarm that both of them could launch capability years before Western nuclear weapons. intelligence agencies had predicted is an existential threat for U.S. Pacific allies and perhaps the U.S. mainland itself. The schoolboy-level exchanges between President Trump and Korean Dictator Kim Jong-un (“My button is bigger than yours.”) have prompted alarm that both of them could launch nuclear weapons.

Talks between North and South Korea that unexpectedly began in January 2018 offer some hope that tensions can be lowered. And the 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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Trump’s America and World Affairs

summit meeting between the U.S. and North Korean leaders appears to have yielded some results (the repatriation of some U.S. Korean War remains) although there continues to be uncertainty regarding what agreements were reached

Trump and laTin america: cuba and Venezuela President Obama took major steps to re-write U.S. policy toward Cuba.

President Trump is moving decisively to reverse that process. Mr. Trump’s actions can be seen in one of two different ways. Perhaps they arise from concern that Fidel Castro’s Cuba, with its zeal for spreading revolution throughout the hemisphere, still survives and remains capable of inspiring anti-U.S. fervor and direct physical threats to the country’s interests. Or perhaps the overtures toward Cuba are just another Obama initiative on a long list of actions President Trump is determined to undo. In either case, the timing is unfortunate.

Raul Castro, the ideology-driven inheritor of his brother’s leadership mantle, has announced that he will retire this year. [Editor‘s note: Raul has left the government but retains leadership of the Communist Party.] Cubans see this as the dawn of a new era in which the under-achieving one-party state can be replaced by a new system that will make their lives better. In these circumstances, one diplomatic option would be to show more carrot than stick. This proposition is a politically touchy one, however, given the Republican Party’s need for support from the Cuban exile community in the critically important

Raul Castro, the ideologydriven inheritor of his brother’s leadership mantle, has announced that he will retire this year. Cubans see this as the dawn of a new era in which the underachieving one-party state can be replaced by a new system that will make their lives better. swing state of Florida.

Many Latin Americans are in the unusual position of calling for U.S. intervention in Venezuela to put pressure on dictator Nicolas Maduro.

They argue that imposing an embargo on Venezuela oil imports into the U.S. is the only way he will be induced to relax his authoritarian control over the country and negotiate with the opposition for a transition 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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Trump’s America and World Affairs

to democracy. President Trump has backed financial sanctions on Maduro’s regime but stopped short of an oil embargo, despite the embattled Venezuelan’s allegations of US involvement in an attempt to assassinate him using drones. For the moment, at least, Mr. Trump’s focus is elsewhere. With the exception of Haiti, in the context of immigration, he has shown little interest in Latin America.

Trump, aFrica and haiTi: a call To acTion There can be little doubt that Donald Trump’s characterization of Haiti and African nations as “shithole countries” reveals an ugly racism that he has done little to conceal. Nor is it likely that the worldwide condemnation of his slurs will modify his behavior, and certainly not his P.22

Trump’s America and World Affairs

private views. Yet in a practical sense the WPC sees a path to follow that could lead to the neutralization of the President’s preferences in two areas: immigration and economic assistance.

The President is seeking draconian reductions in the Agency for International Development (AID) and State Department budgets. Given the fixed costs for these agencies, the Congress has a voice in this, reductions would have to come in the and the Black Caucus should so-called discretionary spending, from take the lead, especially in the which development and humanitarian House, where spending bills assistance must come. Trump asserts originate. Alpha Phi Alpha should that cuts from the foreign aid budget are take the lead with kindred needed to increase defense spending. organizations in bringing its views forcefully to the Black Caucus Congress has a voice in this, and with the goal of decent levels the Black Caucus should take the of bilateral and multi-lateral lead, especially in the House, where assistance to those countries spending bills originate. Alpha Phi included in the President’s vulgar Alpha should take the lead with kindred characterization. organizations in bringing its views forcefully to the Black Caucus with the goal of decent levels of bilateral and multi-lateral assistance to those countries included in the President’s vulgar characterization. Lives are in peril; the President is uncaring.

The road ahead These paragraphs have focused on international affairs and do not touch on the divisions within the country so blithely nourished by Donald Trump.

This paper does not delve into the complexities of dealing with the cultural wars and racism that rage in our country today. The WPC has to assume that the ballot box will ultimately deal with Mr. Trump and his ilk. However, on the floor of Congress and in the media it should be made clear to the American public that this administration is an aberration. The World Policy Council calls on Congress to represent the people and raise its voice.

Furthermore, the Congressional Black Caucus should exercise its duty to fight budget maneuvers designed to harm African nations and Haiti.

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HUMAN TRAFFICKING: GLOBAL MODERN SLAVERY

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Human Trafficking: Global Modern Slavery

“And before I be a slave, I’ll be buried in my grave, and go home to my Lord to be free.”

This line from an old Negro spiritual is reminiscent of the era of slavery in the United Sates when the buying and selling of human chattel was not only legal but a protected way of life. Through civil war and strong abolitionist movements, then U. S. President Abraham Lincoln’s signing of the Emancipation Proclamation and the adoption of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution freed all enslaved individuals and legally ended slavery in this country. As we are now in the 21st Century, it is assumed that slavery could not possibly still exist here in the United States, although remnants of it might be found in developing nations.

But to the shock of many, slavery does still exist within the borders of the United States, as part of a global network of human trafficking (Mishra, 2013; DeStefano, 2007).

Although slavery is commonly thought to be a thing of the past, human traffickers generate hundreds of billions of dollars in profits by trapping millions of people in horrific situations around the world, including here in the U.S. Traffickers use violence, threats, deception, debt bondage, and other manipulative tactics to force people to engage in commercial sex or to provide labor or services against their will. (Polaris Project Website - https:// polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/facts) According to research sponsored by the Polaris Project, a Washington, DC-based nonprofit, non-governmental organization that works to combat and prevent human trafficking and modern-day slavery, human trafficking has become a multi-billion dollar industry, second only to drug trafficking as the most profitable form of transnational crime (Homeland Security Website https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/ what-human-trafficking). It is estimated that approximately 20.9 million victims are trapped in this international underworld market. Sadly, many of its victims are under its bondage for their entire lives.

Global law enforcement agencies and human rights organizations are working assiduously to address this issue, with the U.S. taking the lead, (DeStefano, 2007). The United Nations Office on Drugs and 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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HUMAN TRAFFICKING: GLOBAL MODERN SLAVERY

Crime (UNODC), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the Polaris Project, the International Labour Organization and other agencies have clearly defined what human trafficking is. According to UNODC Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons defines Trafficking in Persons as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the The definitions across giving or receiving of payments or benefits to all of these agencies achieve the consent .......................... of a person and organizations are having control over another person, for the relatively consistent. purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, The crime, however, is often difficult to detect at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, and enjoys relative forced labour or services, slavery or practices obscurity, even in our similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of country where the dignity and freedom of organs. humanity are hallmarks of our civil society.

The definitions across all of these agencies and organizations are relatively consistent. The crime, however, is often difficult to detect and enjoys relative obscurity, even in our country where the dignity and freedom of humanity are hallmarks of our civil society. Many of the enslaved individuals are reluctant, if not terrified, to report their oppressors because they fear reprimand or worse, being convicted for the crimes they may be committing under duress. For the illegal immigrant, fear of deportation is almost a certain reality, so s/he remains silent and apparently complicit.

Because of this relative obscurity, it is difficult to identify exactly how prevalent the crime is and the number of victims trapped in its clutch.

Through the work of the aforementioned agencies, we have some relatively reliable statistics, and they are staggering.

In 2012, the International Labor Organization estimated that there are 20.9 million human trafficking victims worldwide.

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Human Trafficking: Global Modern Slavery

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, sexual exploitation is the most commonly identified form ahead of forced labor. Numbers released by the National Human Trafficking Resource Center suggest that also holds true in the U.S., where more than 4,000 cases of sex trafficking were reported. And as a whole, human trafficking is a lucrative industry that around the globe rakes in $150 billion (Alvarez, 2016).

Based on all of the data available from myriad international agencies involved in tracking and monitoring trafficking in persons, this issue is truly global; no region of the world is immune. According to multiple sources, there are at least eleven countries that have the highest rates of human trafficking. They are (in ascending order) Thailand, China, Ghana, Uganda, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Haiti, Brazil, with the greatest offender being Bangladesh, (Child Protection Hub for South East Europe Website www.childhub.org/en/child-protection news/11).

Another source cites China, Russia and Uzbekistan as the world’s three most active countries in the trafficking of human beings. Iran, Cuba, Sudan, North Korea and Zimbabwe also rank high on the list of all countries in which this crime is relatively prevalent. (U.S. Department of State Website https://www.state.gov/j/tip/). Bangladesh ranks the highest because of the prevalence of illegal trafficking and the near eight hundred legally operating recruiting agencies which often entrap and exploit their victims when they are sent out to work abroad, forcing them into free labor to pay their debts. (Daily Buzz, February 8, 2017) With systems like this in place, human trafficking has become so entrenched that its elimination seems impossible. Moreover, the apparent tacit governmental tolerance sends a message that the practice is endorsed, further cementing Bangladesh and countries with similar profiles, as “countries of origin” that fuel the transnational modern slave trade.

Global human trafficking is a transnational crime and a human rights violation that is often facilitated by the movement of victims from countries of origin through one or more transit countries and finally to a destination country, where they will be subject to exploitation. (Perrin, 2010) 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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Human trafficking affects every country of the world, as countries of origin, transit or destination - or even a combination of all.

Trafficking often occurs from less developed countries to more developed countries, where people are rendered vulnerable to trafficking by virtue of poverty, conflict or other conditions.

(Perrin, 2010) The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC 2006) identified 98 jurisdictions as transit countries for trafficking in persons, with Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Italy, and Thailand ranking “very high” as transit countries. Fourteen jurisdictions ranked “high” as transit countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Kosovo, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Ukraine, Myanmar, Turkey, Belgium, France, Germany, and Greece.

Transit-migration has been defined by the International Organization of Migration (IOM) as “migratory movements to one or more countries with the intention to migrate to yet another country of final destination” (Siron and Van Baeveghem 1999, 5). Transitmigrants may enter a transit country (a) on their own initiative (legally or illegally); (b) with the assistance of a smuggler who they have agreed will facilitate their movement and then terminate the relationship on arrival in the destination country; or (c) with the assistance of a trafficker, or their associates, who intend to exploit the individual in the destination country. In the case of international trafficking in persons, the individual being moved may or may not be aware of the final destination.

Transit countries have similar profiles and share similar characteristics. For example, they have geographic P.28

Human Trafficking: Global Modern Slavery

proximity by land, sea, or air to attractive destination countries; they have inadequate laws and weak enforcement to deal with trafficking in persons and migrant smuggling; they have liberal immigration policies; and they have an operational criminal infrastructure to facilitate illegal entry to, and exit from, a country.

What is known is that in the U.S. over the last eight years, more than 31,600 human trafficking cases have been reported to the U. S. Department of Labor through its human trafficking hotline. The Labor Department further states that multiple reports are received annually in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Many countries serve as final destinations or ultimate consumers of human trafficking.

According to UNODC’s 2012 Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns report “Countries that are the highest culprits for being the final destination of trafficked victims are Belgium, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Thailand, Turkey, USA.” The graphic (Figure 24) below clearly shows globally where the countries of destination are and the extent to which each contributes to this international phenomenon.

human TraFFicking in The u.S. A more detailed look at the occurrence of human trafficking incidents by the International Labour Organization reveals that of the 20.9 million victims of global human trafficking, 68% are trapped in forced labor and sadly, 26% are children and 55% are women and girls. In 2016, an estimated one out of six endangered runaways reported to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children was likely a child sex trafficking victim. Of those, 86% were in the care of social services or foster care when they ran.

There is no official estimate of the total number of human trafficking victims in the United States. The Polaris Project estimates that the total number of victims nationally reaches into the hundreds of thousands when estimates of both adults and minors and sex trafficking and labor trafficking are aggregated. What is known is that in the U.S. over the last eight years, more than 31,600 human trafficking cases have been 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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Figure 24 Countries of Destination, as measured by the extent of reporting of trafficking.

Reported Trafficking Destinations according to the Citation Index

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reported to the U. S. Department of Labor through its human trafficking hotline. The Labor Department further states that multiple reports are received annually in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

The Department of State lists the top three states with the most human trafficking activity as California, New York and Texas. In California, three of the ten worst child sex trafficking areas in the United States are in San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego.

Traffickers are drawn to California because of its large immigrant population and booming global economy — currently ranked as the 9th largest in the world. ...the main hub for human trafficking And sex trafficking [in particular] in the U.S. is the state of New York is very profitable for traffickers. due to the activity in New York In Los Angeles, the average sex City. Safe Horizons explains that trafficker can make $49,000 per this is “due to its large population victim during the course of a of immigrants, close proximity victim’s imprisonment. California is of international ports and its the hotbed not only for child sex concentration of many formal and informal industries where severe labor trafficking, but also forced labor, sex trafficking and involuntary rights violations can go undetected.” servitude. Many traffickers come to California because of easy access to the California-Mexico border, enabling them to bring victims up from Mexico into California to work as slave labor in sweatshops or on farms.

However, the main hub for human trafficking in the U.S. is the state of New York due to the activity in New York City. Safe Horizons explains that this is “due to its large population of immigrants, close proximity of international ports and its concentration of many formal and informal industries where severe labor rights violations can go undetected.”

Safe Horizons further notes that international trafficking is not the only type of human trafficking. Due to large numbers of homeless people, runaways and foster care children, New York City has one of the highest rates of domestic sex trafficking in the country. The Polaris Project states that in an eight year period, 70 -80 trafficked minors were identified at just one residential facility in New York City alone.

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Texas’ role in this phenomenon has also grown in recent years because of its location as a border state, immigrant community and large economy.

“In the media, human trafficking in Texas is portrayed as Mexican forced laborers trafficked through the borders, but the Freedom Page paints a much different picture. According to the publication, Houston is home to almost 6,000 runaway minors and an estimated one in three runaways is lured into sex trafficking within 48 hours of running away from home.

Almost 30% of calls to report domestic trafficking at the National Human Trafficking Hotline originate in Texas. The largest population of youths at risk of being trafficked is centered in Houston, Texas.”

Human trafficking is manifested multiple ways internationally and domestically. The Polaris Project Website lists the top three types of trafficking reported in 2017. They were SEX TRAFFICKING with 1,572 victims involved in escort services; 508 in residential sexual exploitation (brothels and private residences) and 329 in outdoor solicitation (street prostitution). The second highest was SEX AND LABOR TRAFFICKING with 774 victims involved in illicit massage businesses, 194 in bars/strip clubs/cantinas, and 105 in other illicit activities. The third category was LABOR TRAFFICKING with 242 victims forced to perform domestic work, 134 in forced agricultural work, and finally 109 victims were on the streets peddling and begging. These statistics show how pervasive human trafficking is, particularly within the sphere of sexual exploitation.

Table 1 – Top Three Types of Trafficking in 2017

Sex and Labor Trafficking

Sex Trafficking

Labor Trafficking

Escort Services 1,572

Illicit Massage Businesses 774

Domestic Work 242

Residential 508

Bar/Strip Club/ Cantina 194

Agriculture 134

Outdoor Solicitation 329

Illicit Activities 105

Peddling/Begging 109

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In her book, Sex Trafficking in the United States: Theory, Research, Policy and Practice, Nichols (2016), outlines the root causes of sex trafficking and provides social, psychological and financial context for its pervasiveness. Often, individuals from third world and developing countries seeking refuge, asylum and freedom from oppressive regimes and/or crime ridden communities, fall prey to traffickers when they latch on to any means to escape their conditions. Many end up working for businesses that seem legitimate and become entangled in inescapable circumstances, become indebted and spend years attempting to work their way out of the traffickers’ domination. In their desperation to find a better life, many trafficked victims knowingly acquiesce to this system, feeling that it is the only means to the end they desire. Others, however, have no idea that they are entering dangerous waters and discover, often too late, how vulnerable and victimized they are. At that point, the threat of intimidation, bodily harm and death, perceived or real, holds them in captivity and renders them helpless to this system of oppression. And far too often, the general public is totally unaware of what is happening and often support the system unwittingly as they engage with and patronize many of the businesses and services in their communities that are staffed by scores of trafficked human beings.

Often, apparently legitimate businesses that provide desired goods and services are fueled through illegitimate enterprises that participate in human trafficking. The U.S. Department of Labor has identified 139 goods from 75 countries made Often, apparently by forced and child labor. As an example, an article legitimate businesses recently appeared on NDTV.com, an Indian-based that provide desired broadcast service, goods and services are fueled through illegitimate enterprises “US Indian Couple Sentenced For Human that participate in Trafficking human trafficking. The WASHINGTON: An Indian couple running a U.S. Department of motel in the U.S. have been sentenced to a year’s Labor has identified imprisonment on charges of human trafficking 139 goods from 75 and labour exploitation of an illegal immigrant countries made by forced and child labor. from India. The couple, Vishnubhai Chaudhari, 50, P.34

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and Leelabahen Chaudhari, 44, of Kimball, Nebraska, have also been asked to pay USD 40,000 to the victim. They face deportation after completion their sentence followed by two years of supervised release.”

Across the United States, illicit massage parlors are often used as covers for sex trafficking operations.

In a recent study, Polaris Project looked at massage parlors, primarily in the U.S., and found that over 6,500 of them are illicit businesses.

Across the United States, illicit massage parlors are often used as covers for sex trafficking operations. In a recent study, Polaris Project looked at massage parlors, primarily in the U.S., and found that over 6,500 of them are illicit businesses. In Fairfax County, Virginia — not more than 20 minutes outside of Washington, DC — they found 108 illicit massage businesses connected to 181 different limited liability companies (LLCs). In Virginia, as with every other state, none of these companies are required to disclose the real people who own them and is benefitting from their crimes. (Fact Coalition, April 19, 2018)

A recent headline announced that “Corporate Secrecy Fuels Human Trafficking in United States”, further noting that a “New report spotlights how masking corporate profiteers makes it challenging to disrupt or prosecute illicit massage parlor trafficking networks.” (Polaris Project) Another headline in the greater Washington, DC, metropolitan area discussed an article entitled “Hidden in Plain Sight: How Corporate Secrecy Facilitates Human Trafficking in Illicit Massage Parlor.” They all highlight and underscore just how pervasive human sex trafficking is in this country.

If human trafficking can be masked and hidden behind the façade of legitimate businesses and enterprises, how can the average citizen recognize when it is occurring? This is indeed one of the many challenges with eliminating this illicit and dehumanizing practice.

Concerned citizens must be mindful of its existence, its pervasiveness and its impact socially, psychologically and financially on its victims.

The Polaris Project provides some warning signs that someone may 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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be trapped in modern-day slavery and human trafficking. This list (Appendix A), though not exhaustive, is a relatively comprehensive reference tool.

Many of these girls and young women have run away from undesirable and sometimes deplorable conditions and are left on the streets, homeless and vulnerable. Many unwittingly end up approached and befriended by traffickers who exploit their vulnerability and before they realize it, find themselves trapped in an apparently inescapable system of oppression and modern slavery.

Sex TraFFicking in The u.S.: a riSing phenomenon

It has been documented and well established that the most common form of human trafficking (79%) is sexual exploitation and the victims are predominantly women and girls. In 30% of the countries which provided information on the gender of traffickers, women make up the largest proportion of traffickers. A deeper examination of this phenomenon reveals the insidious nature of human sex trafficking in the United States that facilitates the perpetuation of the practice. In November of 2005, Tina Frundt of the Women’s Funding Network, wrote a piercing article entitled “Enslaved in America: Sex Trafficking in the United States.” In it she outlines one of the primary reasons that this crime is growing exponentially across the globe. She states, “The pimps who are trafficking young women and girls on the street in the U.S. have a great marketing tool: the media.” In other words, sex traffickers now have easy and ample access to their victims because of the large numbers of individuals who use the internet and all forms of social media to engage with persons from all walks of life. Many of these girls and young women have run away from undesirable and sometimes deplorable conditions and are left on the streets, homeless and vulnerable. Many unwittingly end up approached and befriended by traffickers who exploit their vulnerability and before they realize it, find themselves trapped in an apparently inescapable system of oppression and modern slavery. Once they are trapped, the trafficker is determined to keep them victimized; the practice is lucrative. For example, CNN U.S.

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reports that Atlanta’s illegal sex industry alone brings in nearly $290 million a year.

The American public often thinks stereotypically about sex trafficking, often limiting its victims to women and children overseas who are being forced into the sex trade or who are brought into the United States for the purpose of sexual exploitation. We do not usually think closer to home, of Americans being trafficked by Americans. Perhaps this way of thinking is a way to minimize the issue by putting greater distance between us and those who are trafficked. We should know, however, that domestic sex trafficking is on an astronomical rise and it could affect those close to us. It is everyone’s problem.

“In 2017, 8,759 cases of human trafficking were reported to the National Human Trafficking Hotline (NHTH), representing over 10,000 individual victims, almost 5,000 potential traffickers, and more than 1,500 businesses involved in human trafficking. This was a 13 percent increase in cases compared to 2016. Women and girls were disproportionately victimized, comprising approximately 80 percent of the identified survivors. While only 35 percent of survivors reported race/ethnicity, Latino (1,230) was the most represented, followed by Asian (979), White (699), African/African-American/Black (592), and multi-ethnic/multi-racial (136) ”Human Trafficking Search,” 2017

concluSion Human trafficking is a world-wide practice, reaching epidemic proportions. Untold millions of victims are affected by it and the quality of their lives drastically diminished. We all have a part to play in the prevention and elimination of human trafficking. Every citizen who enjoys life’s liberties should be concerned for and about those whose liberty is breached, particularly children. The initial step is to become informed and then familiar with the signs of trafficking, as outlined in Appendix A (Homeland Security website). Recommendations for the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, the church and finally local, federal and global government and non-governmental (NGO) agencies are outlined below.

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We must not be naive. Given the great extent to which human trafficking exists globally and the fact that it fuels the economies of many nations and powerful individuals, it will be very difficult to eliminate. Moreover, the gap between the rich and poor -which is currently increasing rapidly within the United States – creates the conditions in which human trafficking takes place. It may well not be possible to solve the trafficking problem without addressing this underlying issue. However, it would be irresponsible to wait until these concerns are addressed to tackle the issue of human trafficking.

This essay by the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity World Policy Council attempts to provide some answers to the question of how to move forward given current circumstances. True to its mission, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity must also work with and compel local and federal elected and/or appointed officials and policy makers to enact legislation and create policies that minimize the We must not be naive. Given incidence of human trafficking. Moreover, the laws must be compelling enough to the great extent to which hold offenders accountable and serve as human trafficking exists a deterrent for would-be traffickers. Such globally and the fact that was the case previously mentioned through it fuels the economies of NDTV. It states: many nations and powerful individuals, it will be very difficult to eliminate.

Moreover, the gap between the rich and poor -which is currently increasing rapidly within the United States – creates the conditions in which human trafficking takes place.

Today’s sentence, and the restitution awarded to the victim, sends a clear message that the Justice Department will use its full resources to prosecute defendants like this one who motivated by their greed violate our immigration laws and exploit a vulnerable individual who lacked immigration status,” said Acting Assistant Attorney General John Gore of the Civil Rights Division.

We call upon the members of this fraternity to become personally aware of this issue and to educate themselves in order to act decisively.

We must use the resources already available that work to combat this issue, such as the U.S. Human Trafficking Hotline at 1-866-347-2423.

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Fraternal leadership is asked to offer educational sessions at its chapter, district and regional meetings, so that the brotherhood in its entirety may be informed and equipped to give voice and vision to ways for its eliminating this modern form of slavery. Moreover, the fraternity is asked to establish policies and procedures, draft resolutions and sponsor scholarly activity around this topic. Members of the fraternity still enrolled in college are asked to join an international network of youth engaged in the fight against human trafficking by visiting www. dosomething.org and enlist in its work. The Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity General Convention is an excellent vehicle through which to educate fraternity members and its various constituents, as well as members of the other “Divine Nine,” which comprise the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC).

Historically, the church has been conspicuously absent in the fight against human trafficking. In this context, “the church” is used generically to represent organized faith communities, whether they be temples, synagogues, mosques, houses of prayer or churches. Many have felt that its role in society has primarily been the condemnation of those whose lives are inconsistent with the espoused values, customs and traditions of their faith traditions. Juxtaposed with the prevailing stereotype that many involved in the sex industry as prostitutes, escorts and the like are so engaged because of their immorality and choice, it is no wonder that the church has not been seen as an active and vociferous advocate for those victimized by human trafficking.

However, a focus on social justice as well as the redemptive work by which the church is known, provides an appropriate and effective rationale for a more robust response to this issue from the church.

Within the last decade there have been a growing number of churches that have gotten involved in the fight against human trafficking, particularly when it is sexual in nature. In 2013, a Washington Post article featured churches that embraced “freedom Sundays,” as a way to combat global sex trafficking and to provide shelter and support for human trafficking victims. The article states that these freedom Sundays “raised awareness within congregations about sex trafficking through educational materials, survivor stories, special sermons and fundraising event. Congregations help fund a survivor of trafficking’s full 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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rehabilitation and reintegration with society during these event.” (The Washington Post, August 2013; Frame, 2017) More churches and faith communities should participate in or develop their own educational and intervention programs that parallel their traditional redemptive services for a more holistic approach to redressing this international menace. Providing shelters and other social services for those who escape their bondage would be an ideal way for a church to make an impact in this area. It is likely that many of the victims of human trafficking live in the very physical shadows of places of worship. And undoubtedly, many members of their congregations know of victims personally or unwittingly walk past them weekly, if not daily. They are the little children begging and peddling on streets or in front of stores. They are the women walking the streets in the wee hours of the night. They are the gardeners who tend the grounds of the privileged and they are the laborers who huddle More churches and in shopping center parking lots, desperately faith communities seeking a day’s work. They are our neighbors. should participate in or develop their Every willing citizen should be engaged in own educational and addressing this global menace of human intervention programs trafficking and seeking social justice for the that parallel their victimized. An old adage says that “An ounce traditional redemptive of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” To services for a more that end, we must act decisively to prevent holistic approach human trafficking in our communities. UNODC’s to redressing this prevention work includes raising awareness international menace. and working collaboratively with local, national and international legal agencies and non-profit organizations to be the watchdogs and enforcers of laws and policies against this form of modern-day slavery (Homeland Security Website).

recommendaTionS For acTion Human trafficking is a world-wide practice, reaching epidemic proportions. Untold millions of victims are affected by it and the quality of their lives drastically diminished. Although we citizens of the United P.40

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States may not be aware of its extent, we are all affected by it. Our efforts with regard to it should fall within two main categories. First, we should inform ourselves and others about human trafficking. Second, we should support efforts to combat it.

Increasing Awareness of the Human Trafficking Problem •

Alpha Phi Alpha should conduct programs to increase the understanding of its members and other citizens of the extent of the human trafficking problem.

•

Religious communities should avoid focusing on the “sinfulness” of human trafficking victims and turn their attentions to how to help victims extricate themselves from their predicaments.

Supporting Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking •

Alpha Phi Alpha should make combating human trafficking one of its focal concerns and develop educational and action programs to counter it.

•

Having informed themselves about the human trafficking problem, Alphas should encourage efforts by public service organizations to combat trafficking and assist its victims.

•

Alphas should support efforts by local, state, and federal government bodies and international organizations to eradicate human trafficking and free its victims.

Our references to “Alpha” throughout this section of the essay include other such fraternal and kindred organizations with particular reference to “the Divine Nine” of which Alpha Phi Alpha is a member. The net should be as broad as possible, including all who share the desire to work for social betterment. Collectively, we must raise awareness and keep the issue before the public. January is Human Trafficking Awareness Month, but so few average citizens know that. Campaigns with appropriate signage must be waged so that every citizen knows 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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exactly what to do and exactly who to contact to report suspicious activity. The sign below, which was placed throughout the Atlanta Airport during Human Trafficking Awareness Month in January, should be used for all portals of transportation throughout the globe. Imagine seeing them in train stations and bus terminals and at docks where passengers board ships. Such an aggressive campaign can do nothing but help the average citizen become much more cognizant of this issue and perhaps inspired to act when circumstances dictate.

Human trafficking cannot thrive without a market. As has been shown, trafficked victims often move from impoverished countries of origin to more affluent and privileged countries of destination. All concerned individuals must work to seek out and expose those who perpetuate human trafficking because of their own greed and desire for leisure. We must shame the consumer and hold accountable those whose lack of conscience allows them to exploit others. Public officials have the moral obligation to uphold the laws of the land and to seek justice for the marginalized, the disenfranchised, the impoverished and the voiceless.

“For to be free is not merely to cast off one’s chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others.” ~Nelson Mandela.

reFerenceS Alvarez, P. “When Sex Trafficking Goes Unnoticed in America,” The Atlantic, Feb 23, 2016 (https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/ archive/2016/02/how-sex-trafficking-goes-unnoticed-inamerica/470166/) Anonymous Companies that Protect Human Traffickers, Fact Coalition, August 28, 2017, https://thefactcoalition.org/the-anonymouscompanies-that-protect-human-traffickers?utm_medium=blog Retrieved from www.childhub.org/en/child-protection news/11 Retrieved from www.thedailybuzzmag.com/11countries

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DeStefano, A. (2007) The war on human trafficking: U.S. policy assessed, [eBook] Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ Retrieved from the FBI website - https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/civilrights/human-trafficking Frame, J. (2017) “Exploring the approaches to care of faith-based and secular NGO’s in Cambodia that serve victims of trafficking, exploitation, and those involved in sex work, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol 37 (No. 5/6) Frundt, T. Enslaved-in-America-sex-trafficking-in-the-united states/.

Retrieved from http://www.womensfundingnetwork.org/ 2017 Human Trafficking Statistics, Human Trafficking: A Crime that Shames Us All, Global Report on Trafficking In Persons, UNODC, February 2009 Retrieved from the Homeland security website - https://www.dhs.gov/ blue-campaign/what-human-trafficking Retrieved from http://humantraffickingsearch.org/human-traffickingstatistics-2017/ Retrieved from the International Labour Organization, http://www.ilo. org/global/lang--en/index.htm Retrieved from the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) https://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Trafficking-inhuman-beings/Types-of-human-trafficking Lyon, J. (2013), “Churches embrace freedom Sundays for global sex trafficking victims,” The Washington Post Mishra, V. (2013), Human trafficking: The stakeholders’ perspective, [eBook], SAGE Publications, New Delhi Retrieved from the National Human Trafficking Hotline, https:// humantraffickinghotline.org/ Abroad | Press Trust of India | Updated: March 21, 2018 00:22 IST (https://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/us-indian-couplesentenced-for-human-trafficking-1826492) 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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Nichols, A. J. (2016), Sex trafficking in the United States: Theory, research, policy and practice [eBook], Columbia University Press, New York Perrin, B., (April, 2010), Trafficking in Persons & Transit Countries: A Canada-U.S. Case Study in Global Perspective, Metropolis British Columbia, Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Diversity (No. 10-05), April 2010 Retrieved from the Polaris Project website - https://polarisproject.org/ human-trafficking/facts Retrieved from https://proverbsbyefua.wordpress.com/2013/11/19/tophuman-trafficking-destination-country/ Retrieved from the UNODC Website - https://www.unodc.org/unodc/ en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html Sex Trafficking: The New American Slavery, CNN U.S., March 14, 2017, Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/20/us/sextrafficking/index.html

appendix Ways to Identify Victims of Human Trafficking Common Work and Living Conditions: The individual in question

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•

Is not free to leave or come and go as he/she wishes

•

Works excessively long and/or unusual hours

•

Is under 18 and is providing commercial sex acts

•

•

Is in the commercial sex industry and has a pimp / manager

Is not allowed breaks or suffers under unusual restrictions at work

•

Owes a large debt and is unable to pay it off

•

Is unpaid, paid very little, or paid only through tips

•

Was recruited through false promises concerning the nature and conditions of his/her work

Human Trafficking: Global Modern Slavery

•

High security measures exist in the work and/ or living locations (e.g. opaque windows, boarded

up windows, bars on windows, barbed wire, security cameras, etc.)

Poor Mental Health or Abnormal Behavior •

Is fearful, anxious, depressed, submissive, tense, or nervous/paranoid

•

Exhibits unusually fearful or anxious behavior

after bringing up law enforcement •

Avoids eye contact

•

Shows signs of physical and/or sexual abuse, physical restraint, confinement, or torture

Poor Physical Health •

Lacks health care

•

Appears malnourished

Lack of Control •

Has few or no personal possessions

•

Is not in control of his/her own money, no financial records, or bank account

•

Is not in control of his/ her own identification

documents (ID or passport) •

Is not allowed or able to speak for themselves (a third party may insist on being present and/or translating)

•

Loss of sense of time

•

Has numerous inconsistencies in his/her story

Other •

•

Claims of just visiting and inability to clarify where he/she is staying/address Lack of knowledge of whereabouts and/or do not know what city he/she is in

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US Census Bureau projections are that our country’s population will have no majority ethnic group by 2044, i.e. that whites will become one of many minorities in our society by that date. Minorities comprised 38% of the population in 2014; by 2060 they will constitute 56% of our citizenry.

The following table indicates projected changes in the composition of the U.S. population by race and ethnicity from 2014 to 2060.

Race and Hispanic origin

2014 (percent)

2060 (percent)

Non-Hispanic White

62.2

43.6

Black or African-American

13.2

14.3

American Indian and Alaska Native

1.2

1.3

Asian

5.4

9.3

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander

0.2

0.3

Hispanic

17.4

28.6

Not Hispanic

82.6

71.4

1

Given these projections, it is possible to view Donald Trump’s election as a last-ditch effort to protect white privilege in the face of what whites see as an onslaught of mongrel hordes. Conservative columnist Pat Buchanan has for some years now been warning that the loss 1 Projections of the Size and Composition of the U.S. Population: 2014 to 2060, Population Estimates and Projections. Current Population Reports, By Sandra L. Colby and Jennifer M. Ortman, Issued March 2015, P25-1143 Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/content/dam/ Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p25-1143.pdf 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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of a white majority will have grave consequences for U.S. society.2 Aided by the Electoral College’s built-in protections of the influence of our least populous and industrialized areas, whites elected to the Presidency a poorly-qualified candidate because he promised to “make America great again.” They assumed he meant to make America white again.

When whites are no longer a majority of the U.S. This important change in the makeup of Population, the important our society will not necessarily mean that question is whether our whites will no longer control our political society will comprise and economic systems. Whites were able to a number of mutually control the political system in the Republic antagonistic minorities or of South Africa for many years, although whether some of those they were greatly outnumbered. Some would minorities will be able to argue that they still control South Africa’s forge a majority coalition economic system. that insists on equality of opportunity.

Whites in South Africa protected their privileged position by fostering divisions within the non-white population. They worked hard to promote mutual enmity among the colored, African, and Indian groups. They restricted them to living in separate townships and did their best to prevent them from making common cause.

When whites are no longer a majority of the U.S. population, the important question is whether our society will comprise a number of mutually antagonistic minorities or whether some of those minorities will be able to forge a majority coalition that insists on equality of opportunity. The answer to this question is not predetermined.

African Americans and the other minorities will have to actively seek opportunities for cooperation. They will have to learn that societal progress is not a zero-sum game, i.e. that advances by Hispanics or Asian Americans are not made at the expense of African Americans or Native Americans. Rather, the groups that are currently in the minority will have to embrace the notion that a gain by one group benefits all.

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Patrick J. Buchanan – Official Website http://buchanan.org/blog/quotes Preparing for a Society That Has No Racial Majority

The last three presidential elections provide cause for hope that it is possible to build minority coalitions and offer object lessons concerning the perils of failing to do so. Barack Obama’s election and re-election demonstrated that even when whites are in the majority it is possible for a presidential candidate to be elected without winning a majority of white votes. Donald Trump’s The last three presidential election gives warning about what can elections provide cause for happen if minority voters fail to coalesce hope that it is possible to around a candidate. build minority coalitions and offer object lessons There are fault lines within and among concerning the perils of failing minority communities that whites can be to do so. Barack Obama’s expected to exploit in an effort to maintain election and re-election their privileged position. Some African demonstrated that even when Americans tend to define their group whites are in the majority it narrowly rather than inclusively. Their is possible for a presidential definition of African American is “those candidate to be elected whose ancestors were brought to the U.S. without winning a majority of white votes. as slaves and were freed as a result of the Civil War.” If asked whether someone who comes to the U.S. now from Africa and acquires U.S. citizenship is an African American they would want to respond negatively. What about children born to a black parent and a non-black parent? They might respond suspiciously that it would depend on which parent raised the child. They might wish not to accept such a child raised by a 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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white parent as a true African American. But, they might temper their response if they realized that denying this child African American status would mean that we have had no African American President. Barack Obama was raised primarily by his white mother and her family.

Those who wish to define their ethnic identity narrowly may be trying to restrict it only to those who share a common memory of discrimination and denials of justice that does not have to be voiced to be understood.

But, such a restrictive definition of “us” is self-defeating. It increases the number of “them.” It is particularly pernicious when coupled with distrust of “them.”

“These Hispanics sneak across the border and take jobs from us.”

“These Asians who run mom-and-pop stores in our neighborhoods are taking opportunities that should be ours so they can rip us off.”

“Jews and other whites who join the civil rights struggle always think they should be in the driver’s seat.”

In the 21st-Century U.S. society described by these Census Bureau projections, the white majority will not be If those minorities distrust displaced by another ethnic group. The U.S. and are unwilling to work population will consist entirely of minorities. with each other, whites Some of those minorities will be larger than will be able to maintain the African-American group. If those minorities their privileged position. distrust and are unwilling to work with each But if the non-white other, whites will be able to maintain their minorities learn to work privileged position. But if the non-white together, they will be minorities learn to work together, they will be able to create a society able to create a society characterized by equal characterized by equal opportunity and the opportunity and the absence of discrimination. absence of discrimination.

Recent demographic data indicate that the trend toward a majority-minority society may be accelerating and that whites may become a minority before the Census Bureau’s 2044 date.

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If so, there will be less time than previously thought to prepare for the change.3 Some observers are concerned that our public discourse has declined in civility since the turn of the century. It appears that many in our society no longer view political opponents as good citizens who differ from them on certain issues.

They view those who do not share their views as subversives who wish to destroy our society.

In the wake of President Trump’s unprecedented summit meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jongun, a poll indicated that more Republicans had an unfavorable view of House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi than of the North Korean dictator.4 An equal opportunity society will not be created magically when whites fall below 50% of the U.S. population. Those who desire such a society will have to build it.

Alpha Phi Alpha should foster internal discussion of how to promote civility in our political discourse in order to initiate programs designed to achieve that goal.

3 Tavernise, S. (2018, Jun 21). Whites a minority in the U.S.? the transition is accelerating.

New York Times Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/2057300904?account id=6126 4 Shelbourne, M. (2018, June 18). Poll: Kim Jong Un has higher approval among Republicans than Pelosi. The Hill http://thehill.com/homenews/house/392756-poll-kim-jong-un-hashigher-approval-among-republicans-than-pelosi 2018 WORLD POLICY COUNCIL

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African Americans should: •

Intensively study the civil rights struggle to learn what worked and what did not work. Efforts should be made to preserve the recollections of those who participated in and/or benefited from efforts to achieve equal opportunity before they all die and take their memories with them.

•

Actively seek opportunities to work with other minorities and whites on political and social issues. Coalitions should be built around specific issues. They should have no permanent allies or adversaries.

•

Support programs to teach elected officials how to work with their counterparts of other parties to identify and pursue mutuallydesired ends. The Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies has offered training for minority elected officials. Its training should be made available to any officials who wish to take it.

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•

Be represented in both parties of our two-party system, as unpalatable as some may find it. It retards the African-American cause for one party to feel that it can never receive substantial black support no matter what it does and the other to believe that blacks have no alternative to supporting it even if it does nothing to earn their support.

•

Promote the view that equality of opportunity is good for the society as a whole, not just for the groups that have previously been discriminated against. The U.S. cannot compete successfully with other nations if it fails to develop its human capital fully. Not to allow all its citizens to develop their abilities to the maximum extent is like someone entering a prize fight with one hand tied behind her/his back.

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THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS FRATERNITY SHALL BE: TO STIMULATE THE AMBITION OF ITS MEMBERS; TO PREPARE THEM FOR THE GREATEST USEFULNESS IN THE CAUSES OF HUMANITY, FREEDOM AND DIGNITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL; TO ENCOURAGE THE HIGHEST AND NOBLEST FORM OF MANHOOD; AND TO AID DOWN-TRODDEN HUMANITY IN ITS EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE HIGHER SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND INTELLECTUAL STATUS.

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SINCE ITS FOUNDING ON DECEMBER 4, 1906, ALPHA PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY HAS SUPPLIED VOICE AND VISION TO THE STRUGGLE OF AFRICAN AMERICANS AND PEOPLE OF COLOR AROUND THE WORLD. Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established for African Americans, was founded at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York by seven college men who recognized the need for a strong bond of brotherhood among African descendants in this country. The visionary founders, known as the “Jewels” of the fraternity, are Henry Arthur Callis, Charles Henry Chapman, Eugene Kinckle Jones, George Biddle Kelley, Nathaniel Allison Murray, Robert Harold Ogle, and Vertner Woodson Tandy.

The fraternity initially served as a study and support group for minority students who faced racial prejudice, both educationally and socially, at Cornell. The Jewel founders and early leaders of the fraternity succeeded in laying a firm foundation for Alpha Phi Alpha’s principles of scholarship, fellowship, good character, and the uplifting of humanity.

Alpha Phi Alpha chapters were established at other colleges and universities, many of them historically black institutions, soon after the founding at Cornell. The first alumni chapter was established in 1911.

While continuing to stress academic excellence among its members, Alpha also recognized the need to help correct the educational, economic, political, and social injustices faced by African Americans.

Alpha Phi Alpha has long stood at the forefront of the African-American community’s fight for civil rights through leaders such as W.E.B. DuBois, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Edward Brooke, Martin Luther King, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Andrew Young, William Gray, Paul Robeson, and many others. True to its form as the “first of firsts,” Alpha Phi Alpha has been interracial since 1945.

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Henry Arthur Callis became a practicing physician, Howard University professor of medicine and prolific contributor to medical journals. Often regarded as the “philosopher of the founders” and a moving force in the fraternity’s development, he was the only one of the “Cornell Seven” to become general president. Prior to moving to Washington, D.C., he was a medical consultant to the Veterans Hospital in Tuskegee, Alabama. Upon his death in 1974, at age 87, the fraternity entered a time without any living Jewels. His papers were donated to Howard’s MoorlandSpingarn Research Center.

Charles Henry Chapman entered higher education and eventually became professor of agriculture at what is now Florida A&M University. A university funeral was held with considerable fraternity participation when he became the first Jewel to enter Omega Chapter in 1934. Described as “a brother beloved in the bonds,” Chapman was a founder of FAMU’s Beta Nu Chapter. During the organization stages of Alpha Chapter, he was the first chairman of the Committees on Initiation and Organization.

Eugene Kinckle Jones became the first executive secretary of the National Urban League. His 20-year tenure with the Urban League thus far has exceeded those of all his successors in office. A versatile leader, he organized the first three fraternity chapters that branched out from Cornell—Beta at Howard, Gamma at Virginia Union and the original Delta at the University of Toronto in Canada. In addition to becoming Alpha Chapter’s second president and joining with Callis in creating the fraternity name, Jones was a member of the first Committees on Constitution and Organization and helped write the fraternity ritual. He died in 1954.

George Biddle Kelley became the first African-American engineer registered in the state of New York. Not only was he the strongest proponent of the fraternity idea among the organization’s founders, the civil engineering student also became Alpha Chapter’s first president. In addition, he served on committees that worked out the handshake and ritual. Kelley was popular with the brotherhood. He resided in Troy, New York and was active with Beta Pi Lambda Chapter in Albany. He died in 1963.

Nathaniel Allison Murray pursued graduate work after completing his undergraduate studies at Howard. He later returned home to Washington, D.C., where he taught in public schools. Much of his career was spent at Armstrong Vocational High School in the District of Columbia. He was a member of Alpha Chapter’s first committee on organization of the new fraternal group, as well as the Committee on the Grip. The charter member of Washington’s Mu Lambda Chapter was a frequent attendee of General Conventions. He died in 1959.

Robert Harold Ogle entered the career secretarial field and had the unique privilege of serving as a professional staff member to the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations. He was an African-American pioneer in his Capitol Hill position.

He proposed the fraternity’s colors and was Alpha Chapter’s first secretary. Ogle joined Kelley in working out the first ritual and later became a charter member of Washington’s Mu Lambda Chapter. He died in 1936.

Vertner Woodson Tandy became the state of New York’s first registered black architect, with offices on Broadway in New York City. The designer of the fraternity pin holds the distinction of being the first African American to pass the military commissioning examination and was commissioned first lieutenant in the 15th Infantry of the New York State National Guard. He was Alpha Chapter’s first treasurer and took the initiative to incorporate the fraternity. Among the buildings designed by the highly talented architect is Saint Phillips Episcopal Church in New York City. He died in 1949, at age 64.

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ADDRESS

ALPHA PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY 2313 ST. PAUL STREET BALTIMORE, MD 21218

PHONE

(410) 554-0040

WEB

WWW.APA1906.NET

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