THINKING &
REASONING PROCESS Alifah Rania Dwi Cahyani Nabila Pratista Dewani
THINK -ING
Thinking and Reasoning Process
WHAT IS
THINKING? THINKING (n.) 1
: the action of using one's mind to produce thoughts.
Thinking is the mental process in which beings form psychological associations and model of the world.
when we form
D N A
concepts,
G N I K N I H T
engage problemsolving, reason, and make decisions.
D N A G N I N O S A E R
G N I N O S A E R
information, as
S S E C O R P
S S E C O R P
manipulation of
G N I K N I H T
Thinking involves
R E A S O N
REASONING IS A MENTAL PROCESS OF LOOKING FOR REASONS, BELIEFS, CONCLUSIONS, ACTIONS, OR FEELINGS.
HUMANS HAVE THE ABILITY TO ENGAGE IN REASONING BY USING
INTROSPECTION = SELF OBSERVATION AND REPORTING OF CONSCIOUS INNER THOUGHTS, DESIRES, AND SENSATIONS. IT IS A CONSCIOUS MENTAL AND USUALLY PURPOSIVE PROCESS RELYING ON THINKING, REASONING, AND EXAMINING ONE'S OWN THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, AND, IN MORE SPIRITUAL CASES, ONE'S SOUL
REASONING SUPPORTS DECISION MAKING AND IS AIMED AT THE
ACHIEVEMENT
OF GOALS.
DECISION DECISION MAKING MAKING 1; leads to the selection of a course of action among alternatives. 2; the key that will help in reaching the right conclusion in problem-solving.
DECISION MAKING Begins when we need to do something but we do not know what. Therefore, decision making is a reasoning process which can be rational or irrational, and can be based on explicit assumptions.
Thinking and Reasoning Process
DECISIONMAKING
/ =
PROBLEMSOLVING
PEOPLE TEND TO USE 'PROBLEMSOLVING' AND 'DECISIONMAKING' INTERCHANGEABLY.
Although they are somewhat related, these two phrases are
COMPLETELY DIFFERENT. The major difference between the two is, problem-solving is a method while decision-making is a process. PROBLEM-SOLVING IS MORE ANALYTICAL ASPECT OF THINKING USED TO IDENTIFY THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE SITUATION AT HAND. DECISION MAKING, ON THE OTHER HAND, IS MORE OF JUDGEMENT. IT IS A CHOICE MADE BY USING ONE'S JUDGEMENT, WHERE AFTER THINKING, ONE WILL TAKE A COURSE OF ACTION. THINKING AND REASONING PROCESS
Problemsolving Thinking that is directed toward the solving of a specific problem that involves both the formation of responses and the selection among possible responses.
ProblemProblemrepresentation representation
Process in which an object is captures by one's senses, then it makes sense to be processed which then produces a concept or idea that later will be expressed using language.
Problem representation itself is a means of understanding in solving problems.
1 - identifying the problem 2 - representation of the problem 3 - planning the solution
4 - executing the plan 5 - evaluating the plan 6 - evaluating the solution
LEARNER NEEDS TO TRANSFORM A PROBLEM'S DESCRIPTION TO THEIR INTERNAL MENTAL INTERPRETATION IN TWO STAGES: PROBLEM TRANSLATION AND INTEGRATION.
PROBLEM TRANSLATION EXTRACT CONCEPTS FROM THE TEXTUAL DESCRIPTION BY USING LINGUISTIC AND SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE. Linguistic is used to comprehend the words' meaning in the textual description, and semantic knowledge means the factual knowledge in the world.
PROBLEM INTEGRATION REQUIRES A LEARNER TO CONNECT SENTENCES IN A PROBLEMS' DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCE A COHERENT REPRESENTATION THINKING AND REASONING PROCESS
At this stage, schematic knowledge of problem classification is needed to J U N G L E J A M P R E S E N T S integrate the pieces of information provided by the problem.
AFTER THE PROBLEM'S DESCRIPTION IS TRANSLATED INTO THE LEARNER'S INTERNAL MENTAL M U S I C &INTERPRETATION, A R T F E S T I V A L IT MEANS THAT THE LEARNER HAS ALREADY COMPREHEND THE PROBLEM CENTRAL PARK, LAKETOWN MAY 20, 2017
WHAT IS WHAT IS CREATIVITY? CREATIVITY? Creativity happens when someone comes up with a creative idea, for example, a creative solution to a difficult problem. It involves characteristics of both reasoning and imagination. Creativity also defined as personal, imaginative thinking which produces a new, novel, and useful solution.
THE IMPORTANT FACTOR OF CREATIVITY IS
CREATIVE THINKING,
THE GENERATION OF IDEAS THAT ARE NEW, USEFUL, PRODUCTIVE, APPROPRIATE.
creative thinking can be stimulated by the teacher's efforts. teachers can, for example, encourage the students divergent thinking.
Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. IT IS STIMULATED BY GIVING OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS OR QUESTIONS WITH MANY POSSIBLE ANSWERS.
In this sense divergent thinking depends partly on its converse, which focused on the logical reasoning about ideas and experiences that lead to specific answers.
DEVELOPING STUDENTS' CONVERGENT THINKING (AS SCHOOLWORK) OFTEN DOES BY EMPHASIZING MASTERY CONTENTWHICH FACILITATES DIVERGENT THINKING INDIRECTLY, HENCE ALSO THEIR CREATIVITY. HOWEVER, EXCESSIVE EMPHASIS ON CONVERGENT THINKING MAY DISCOURAGE CREATIVITY.