Structure System Sustainability by Mohammed zaki

Content: Preface

Chapter 1 What does ‘sustainable construction’ mean?

1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 The influence of the building sector

1.1.2 What are the concerns about sustainability ?

1.1.3

How can sustainable buildings be achieved?

1.2 The goals of sustainable buildings

1.2.1 Ecological aims

1.2.1.1 Energy efficiency

1.2.1.2 Resource efficiency

1.2.1.3 Reduction of emissions

1.2.2Social aims

1.2.3Economic aims

Chapter 2 Steel in Egypt

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of steel in Egypt

2.2.1 Conditions of steel work in Egypt by code

2.2.2 Types of steel in code

2.2.2.1 CAST STEEL

2.2.2.2 FORGED STEEL

2.2.2.3 CAST IRON

2.2.2.4 WROUGHT IRON

2.3 Types of structural systems for steel

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2.3.1 Horizontal construction units

2.3.1.1 one way beam system

2.3.1.2 Two-Way Beam System

2.3.1.3 Triple Beam System

2.3.2 vertical construction units

2.3.2.1 Cantilever structure

2.3.2.2 trusses structure

2.3.3 Bracing system for steel â&#x20AC;&#x201C; framed buildings

Chapter 3 Bracing system for steel â&#x20AC;&#x201C; framed buildings

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Bracing systems

3.2 .1 Horizontal Winding Systems

3.2 .2 Vertical systems of systems

3.3 Why we chose this system

3.3.1 LEED checklist

3.3.1.1 Sustainable Sites

3.3.2 Examples of buildings The same building system was used and the work of a sustainable building 18 Reference:

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Preface Sustainability is a new approach that has been dealt with for a long time in the developed countries. It is a system that works to increase the efficiency of the building and adapt it to the environment in a large way. Sustainability has become a high priority in the design of buildings and required by the institutions. In this research I try to describe some of the ideal about the steel construction system and its relationship Sustainability and also the types of steel in Egypt and how to make the buildings adapt to the environment and achieve the highest possible efficiency in terms of life inside and quality and there are calibrations and certificates obtained such as the system LEED , GBRS and DNGB.

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Chapter 1

What does ‘sustainable construction’ mean? 1.1 Introduction The term ‘sustainable’ was first used in forestry to convey the idea that only as many trees could be felled in a given time period as were capable of growing again during the same period. today in the context of society can be found in the Brundtland report of the United Nations, which was published in 1987: ‘Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. Through our understanding of sustainability, it is linked to three areas: Environment, society and economy, and sustainability work on equality and the agreement between the three areas (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 Three main overlapping fields defining sustainable development. © bauforumstahl.

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1.1.1 The influence of the building sector The impact of the iron sector in Egypt is witnessing a great development and support from the government to raise the efficiency of iron in Egypt. Egypt is ranked 24th in the world in the production of steel and to know how it is sustainable buildings must know how to do this: 1. Use resources efficiently to avoid depletion of raw materials (energy and water And soil); 2. Protection of ecosystems (wastes, emissions, contaminants, land use); 3. Recycling materials at the end of their life and using recyclable resources; 4. Elimination of hazardous products; 5. Reduce costs throughout the entire life cycle of the building; 6. Promote the health, safety and well-being of residents and neighbors And workers. It must be considered that the building should provide energy, reduce heat emission and play in the role of reuse of resources, especially when the building was abandoned, how we can exploit the dismantled materials.

Figure 1.2 Development of sustainability in construction

As shown in Figure 1.2, buildings in the past were focused only on construction costs, time and return on investment. However, as environmental awareness increased, requirements increased by resource utilization, pollution and environmental degradation, and increased the sustainability perspective by adding global social and economic concerns to the construction pyramid

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1.1.2 What are the concerns about sustainability? Buildings can achieve sustainability at low cost and without additional costs because the underlying concerns are that the building can cost additional costs, but the developer must understand sustainability well and know that it has positive economic impacts and good planning can lead to long-term cost savings.

1.1.3 How can sustainable buildings be achieved? Sustainability in general is the preservation of the building and adaptability to the environment. For example, a steel building if the structural components are in good condition and can be maintained makes us move away from the use of new materials. There are some basics that can help us facilitate the work of sustainable buildings: integrated planning that includes the life cycle of the building and good quality management. There are some calibration standards: 1 - The work of glass destinations in the directions (North, West and North West) 2 - The work of blocks blocked in the western direction 3 - Use thermal insulation strategies of the building to reduce thermal loads 4 - The use of ideas for the exploitation of rainwater 5 - The work of the poles of the horizontal in the southern side as a retreat for the sun

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1.2 The goals of sustainable buildings

Figure 1.3 Plan to explain the objectives of sustainable buildings ÂŠ bauforumstahl.

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1.2.1Ecological aims 1.2.1.1 Energy efficiency 1.2.1.2

Resource efficiency

With the re-use of buildings and recycling, they contribute to: reduce the amount of waste produced, avoid unnecessary burning, and provide recyclable materials for future generations. With good planning of the life cycle of the building, we find that the building is sensitive to all environmental conditions and reduces the volume of emissions.

1.2.1.3

Reduction of emissions

In addition to the use of active resources, attention must be paid to reducing greenhouse emissions, including carbon dioxide and sulfate, which also cause acid rain.

1.2.2 Social aims In buildings, social concerns such as: 1-accessibility; 2-adaptability; 3-maintenance; 4-health and comfort; 5-impact on the neighborhoods; 6-safety/security; 7-stakeholder involvement.

1.2.3 Economic aims Economy and costs are among the most important objectives to be observed and can be achieved by taking care of the social and environmental conditions and the full cost of the entire building. The extent to which the building is maintained is sustainable. Sustainability depends on the durability of materials, facilities and infrastructure for the age of the building.

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Chapter 2

Steel in Egypt 2.1 Introduction The use of steel is one of the most important industries in Egypt and it is included in the buildings used in it. Egypt is interested in the steel buildings. The Egyptian code for steel building buildings has been written under environmental conditions and the appropriate construction conditions.

2.2 Types of steel in Egypt 2.2.1 Conditions of steel work in Egypt by code The mechanical properties of structural steel shall comply with the requirement given in Clause 2.1. Under normal conditions of usual temperatures, calculations shall be made for all grades of steel based on the following properties.

Material conforming to the Egyptian Standard Specification No.260/71 (Ministry of Industry) is approved for use under this code.

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2.2.2 Types of steel in code 2.2.2.1 CAST STEEL a- Castings of grade C St 44 for all medium-strength carbon steel castings. b-Castings of grade C St 55 for all high-strength-carbon steel castings which are to be subjected to higher mechanical stresses than C St 44 c- Steel for castings shall be made by the open-hearth process (acid or basic) or electric furnace process, as may be specified. On analysis it must show not more than 0.06% of sulphur or phosphorus.

2.2.2.2 FORGED STEEL a) The following prescriptions apply to carbon steel forging for parts of fixed and movable bridges. The forging shall be of the following grades according to the purpose for which they are used: a- Forging of grade F St 50, annealed or normalised; for mild steel forging of bearings, hinges, trunnions, shafts, bolts, nuts, pins, keys, screws, worms. Tensile strength from 5.0 to 5.6 t/cm2; minimum yield point stress 2.4 t/cm2. b- Forging of grade F St 56, normalised, annealed or normalised and tempered; for various carbon steel machinery, bridge and structural forging of pinions, levers, cranks, rollers, tread plates. Tensile strength from 5.6 to 6.3 t/cm2; minimum yield point stress 2.8 t/cm2.

b) Carbon steel for forging shall be made by the open hearth or an electric process, acid or basic, as may be specified. The steel shall contain not more than 0.05% of sulphur or of phosphorus, 0.35% of carbon, 0.8% of manganese, 0.35% of silicium.

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2.2.2.3 CAST IRON a)Where cast iron is used for such purposes as bearing plates and other parts of structures liable to straining actions, it shall comply with the following requirements. Two test bars, each 100 cm long by 5 cm deep and 2.5 cm wide, shall be cast from each melting of the metal used. Each bar shall be tested being placed on edge on bearings 100 cm apart, and shall be required to sustain without fracture a load 1.40 ton at the centre with a deflection of not less than 8 mm. Cast iron of this standard strength shall be named CI 14. b) Where cast iron is used for balustrades or similar purposes, in which the metal is not subjected to straining actions, no special tests for strength will be called for. c) All iron castings shall be of tough grey iron with not more than 0.01% sulphur.

2.2.2.4 WROUGHT IRON Wrought iron, where employed in existing structures shall comply with the following requirements: a- The tensile breaking strength of all plates, sections and flat bars shall in no case be less than 3.5 t/cm2. b- The yield point stress of all plates, sections and flat bars shall in no case be less than 2.2 t/cm2. c- The elongation measured on the standard test piece shall be not less than 12%. d- The ultimate shear strength of rivets and bolts, in case it is not possible to perform a tensile test on the material of the said rivets and bolts, shall in no case be less than 3.0 t/cm2. Housing

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2.3 Types of structural systems for steel 2.3.1 Horizontal construction units 2.3.1.1 one way beam system

2.3.1.2 Two-Way Beam

In this case, the columns are directly loaded by the columns and the load transmission path. Therefore, this solution is economical. The network of the system is usually composed of longitudinal rectangles. The external columns are close, about 1.5 - 3.00 meters, but with a wide sea, some solutions to 30 meters, this solution is characterized by small columns sectors.

The loads in this system are transported by secondary beams, including to the main and then to the columns, and the columns are at distances usually spaced in both directions. The length of the main beams 2:1 secondary beams . And the economic life of this system (6-12 m) for main beams, (7-20 m) for secondary secondary.

System

And we resort to such a system at the work of Longspanning, so that the main beams to the network beams, which carry loads to the columns

Figure 3: Triple Beam System

Figure 1: Floors with one way beam system

Figure 2: Two-Way Beam System

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2.3.1.3 Triple Beam System

2.3.2 vertical construction units

2.3.3 Bracing system for steel – framed buildings

2.3.2.1 Cantilever structure

2.3.2.2 trusses structure

It relies on internal columns only for the building and loads are transferred to them, which gives the designer the freedom to deal in the building

A truss is essentially a  Vertical bracing. Bracing in triangulated system of vertical planes (between lines of (usually) straight columns) provides load paths to interconnected structural transfer horizontal forces to elements; it is sometimes also ground level and provide lateral referred to as an open web stability. girder. The individual  Horizontal bracing. At each floor elements are connected at nodes; the connections are level, bracing in a horizontal plane, often assumed to be nominally generally provided by floor plate pinned. The external forces action, provides a load path to applied to the system and the transfer the horizontal forces reactions at the supports are (mainly from the perimeter generally applied at the nodes. columns, due When all the members and to wind) to the planes of vertical applied forces are in a same plane, the system is a plane or bracing 2D truss.

Figure 4: Cantilever structure Figure 5: trusses structure

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Figure 6: Bracing system for steel – framed buildings

Chapter 3

Bracing system for steel â&#x20AC;&#x201C; framed buildings 3.1 Introduction Braced frames are a very common form of construction, being economic to construct and simple to analyse. Economy comes from the inexpensive, nominally pinned connections between beams and columns. Bracing, which provides stability and resists lateral loads, may be from diagonal steel members or, from a concrete 'core'. In braced construction, beams and columns are designed under vertical load only, assuming the bracing system carries all lateral loads. Figure 1: Braced steel frame under construction

3.2 Bracing systems 3.2 .1 Horizontal Winding Systems Wind forces operate on the outside wall of the building (facades, surfaces, etc.), which must be moved to the internal reinforcement elements, both horizontal and vertical. In general, there are three possibilities for discussion for horizontal reinforcement systems as follows: A) If the wind forces affecting the faĂ§ade move to the foundations at each row of the columns, in this case no horizontal stresses are required. B. As an inverse condition for the previous case, if the wind travels to the foundations through a limited number of columns, horizontal systems are necessary in this case and usually in the structural steel structures are grid or steel plates. Figure2: Horizontal Winding Systems

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3.2 .2 Vertical systems of systems: These systems are responsible for confronting the horizontal forces that are exposed to multi-storey buildings - head - These systems fall under three main types of type, although many buildings combine more than one of them in the face of horizontal forces. a) shear walls and cores b) rigid steel frame c) vertical lattice grids

Figure3: Vertical Winding Systems

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3.3 Why we chose this system This system helps us to build a sustainable building by: 1 - This building system helps to reduce the consumption of materials in construction 2 - The materials made from the building can be recycled in the future 3 - The building can reduce the energy consumption through the work of renewable energy easily 4 - The materials that are finished by the building have little emissions 5. In the future we can easily make additions and modifications to the building 6- It is possible to make good studies for the movement of light and air in the building easily 7 - The development of the building and the exploitation of open spaces can be used for new uses 8. Rain water can be easily managed and treated 9. The site can be coordinated and its external design 10. Reduce pollution 11 - Water treatment of water treatment by 50% 12 - Reduce the use of water in the building 13. Reduce emissions of carbon compounds 14. Storage and recycling of recyclable materials 15. Reuse the building and maintain a large proportion of the infrastructure 16 - work thermal comfort inside the building

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3.3.1 LEED checklist 3.3.1.1 Sustainable Sites 1- Studying the effect of this element in the building on the site and the extent of causing pollution of the building and how to take advantage of the elements available at the site and resource conservation,

2- Water Efficiency In this component, the study of how to use water and its availability in the building and to ensure the reuse of water and not waste

3- Energy & Atmosphere This component examines the use of new resources and renewable energy and their availability within the building

4- Materials & Resources Here we know the sustainability of the materials used in the building from the first stage of manufacturing to construction and recycling, and to the extent to which these materials pollute the environment

5- Indoor Environmental Quality In this component, emphasis is placed on the internal gaps of the building, its efficiency, the ventilation process, the use of low emission materials, monitoring of carbon dioxide emissions, chemicals, internal and external use of the building and the use of daylight within the building.

6- Innovation & Design: Here, we examine the extent to which design is based on future expansion and scalability Page | 17

3.3.2 Examples of buildings The same building system was used and the work of a sustainable building

Double Tree Hotel by Hilton -Location: Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey -Architect: Uras + Dilekçi Architecture -Building description: The project had initially started as a 14-storey full steel and glass transparent auto showroom tower with two floors of basement in concrete. It was converted instead to a 27-floor hotel building. -Sustainablility: The tower was detected in half the time compared to RC, using only the backyard and parking area of the building as a minimal job site. The trucks carrying the ready-to-erect steel parts arrived only during the nighttime through normal traffic, so minimizing the neighborhood disturbance. -Awards: The building is now applying for LEED hotel-in-use certification. The 110 mtower is the highest all-steel building in Turkey and received a TUCSA Steel Building award in 2013.

Figure 1 DoubleTree by Hilton, Avcilar, Istanbul. © Uras+Dilekçi Architecture.

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Figure 2 Inside view – visible steel structure. © Uras+Dilekçi Architecture.

Torre Diamante -Location: Milan, Italy -Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Pc Building description: With a height of 130 m, the ‘Diamond Tower’ is Italy’s highest building with a steel structure and also the country’s third highest skyscraper. -Steel details: F or the tower’s steel structure high strength steels were used, hich, due to their higher yield strength compared to the conventional steel grade S235, permitted a total material cost savings of up to 50%. Since the cost of rolled section sin S460 M is just 10%–15% higher than S235, savings of 30%– 40% could be achieved in the material. Further savings could be registered in the workshop: reduction of welding material, reduction of the surface for corrosion protection due to the use of smaller sections and cost savings for transport due to the lightweight structure. -Sustainability: The use of high strength steel sections contributed to the weight reduction of the whole building, which resulted in reduced costs, less transport, smaller columns and a shallow foundation. Reliance on renewable energy (photovoltaic panels, ground probes, heat pumps, etc.). Highly efficientfacades. -Awards: Green Building certification LEED Gold. Page | 19

Figure 1 The Torre Diamante. © bauforumstahl.

-Steel form:

Figure 2 steel form. © bauforumstahl.

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Section:

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European Council and Council of the European Union Location: Brussels, Belgium Architects and engineers:Philippe Samyn and Partners architects & engineers, Lead and Design partner (with Studio Valle Progettazioni architects and Buro Happold engineers) Building description: Extension of the Residence Palace from 1927. On the north‐east side two new facades transform its former ‘L’ shape into a cube. This outer area is converted into a glass atrium as protection from the urban dust. It covers the principal entrance as well as a new lantern‐shaped volume incorporating the conference rooms. Steel details: Highly sophisticated steel structure for the inner and outer structural system. Sustainability: The council wishes this building to be from all points of view an example as far as sustainable development is concerned. This wish is displayed in many aspects of the architectural and technical design. As an example, an umbrella of photovoltaic panels for the electricity production covers both the new and the historical parts.

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Figure 2 The new interface was implemented to isolate the heat and sound for not entering the building and increasing the number of windows. ÂŠ Thierry Henrard.

-Section:

Figure 3 Section. ÂŠ Arch daily

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-Elevation:

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Docks Malraux Location: Strasbourg, France Architect: Heintz–Kehr Architectes Building description: Mixed‐use development, culture, dwellings. Refurbishment/renovation of an old warehouse. Steel details: Replacement of the old tile roof by a three‐storeys‐high superstructure. A steel exo‐skeleton of 800 t now shelters 67 prestige apartments. Sustainability: A high thermic performance was achieved – 20% lower than the ‘BBC’ standards (Batiment Basse Consommation) = 52 kWh/m2/y Awards: Docks Malraux is selected in the 100 buildings of the year 2014 in AMC‐Magazin. The project is the winner of 2015 steel architecture Eiffel Trophy (Learning category).

Figure 1 The northern façade after the completion of the work of the three roles of steel and shows escape stairs. © Heintz–Kehr Architectes.

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-plan:

Figure 3 Plan of the Structure System

-Elevation:

Figure 4 Elevation of the Structure System

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-Section:

Figure 5 Section of the Structure System

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Details:

Figure6 Detail of the Structure System

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Storage Building – Dusan – Ain Sokhna Power Station Location: Suez – Egypt. Client : Golden Hill Contracting Company Implementation company SABS Building description: Storage Building – Dusan – Ain Sokhna Power Station Is an energy production building consisting of one building made of steel and divided from inside Steel details: Bracing system for steel – framed buildings Sustainability: The use of alternative energy to generate energy.

Figure 1 Golden Hill Contracting Company.

Figure 2 Golden Hill Contracting Company.

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Figure 3 Golden Hill Contracting Company.

Al Dar Headquarters Location: Abu Dhabi - United Arab Emirates. Architects: MZ Architects Building description: This iconic commercial building of height 121m headquarters property developer Aldar of Abu Dhabi. Designed in Qatar by MZ & Partners in 2005, Arup became the senior advisor to the project and got the cores were completed at 12 months to project the first building engineering concept. The project was developed following the principles of the American system of classification of U.S. Green Building Council LEED, and offers 62,000 m2 of office space over 23 floors. Steel details: This iconic structure is completely circular fully glazed elevation and curve in all other respects. Sustainability: The project was developed in line with the US Green Building Council LEED rating system. It is one of the first eco-friendly official buildings in Abu Dhabi, which is made up of recyclable kind of materials like steel, concrete and glass, and includes a district cooling plant, as well as efficient lighting and water systems. The building maximizes natural light, with meeting areas and offices spread around the perimeter of each floor. A subterranean automated vacuum waste collection system is also incorporated to reuse all the waste products of the building. The first of its kind in Abu Dhabi, the system sucks rubbish directly to a local waste transfer station for recycling and compacting.

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This construction was completed by keeping the environmental factors in mind, now it is capable to achieve the lowest LEED silver rating award by US Green Building Council. The building's efficiency is classed as 82%, making it the most efficient design for the floor area.

Figure 1 Al Dar Headquarters.

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Figure 2 Al Dar Headquarters structure.

-Elevation:

Figure 3 Al Dar Headquarters structure.

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Figure 4 Al Dar Headquarters structure.

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Reference: 1- | Lawson, R. M., editor. | Veljkovic, Milan, editor., H., 2016. Sustainable steel building. 1st ed. England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2- CODE, E., 2001. EGYPTIAN CODE OF PRACTICE FOR STEEL CONSTRUCTION AND BRIDGES (ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN - ASD). 1st ed. Egypt: EGYPT. 3- Kibert, C.J. (1994) Establishing principles and a model for sustainable construction.Proceedings of the First International Conference of CIB TG 16 on SustainableConstruction, Tampa, Florida. 4- Mateus R., Bragança L. (2015) Tecnologias Construtivas para a Sustentabilidade da Construção eBook. Publindustria: Porto. 5- Burgan, B.A., Sansom, M.R. (2006) Sustainable steel construction. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62(11), pp. 1178–1183. 6- https://www.archdaily.com. 2012. Al Dar Headquarters / MZ Architects. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/240524/al-dar-headquarters-mz-architects?ad_medium=gallery. [Accessed 16 October 2018]. 7- http://www.sabs.com.eg/index.html. 2016. Storage Building – Dusan – Ain Sokhna Power Station. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sabs.com.eg/Projects/Storage%20Building.html. [Accessed 16 October 2018].

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