PP@PD 2011-2012 Pressing Matters

PP@PD 2011-2012

PRESSING

MATTERS RESEARCH ON AMERICAN COASTAL CITIES WITH THE SUPRA STUDIO OF THOM MAYNE, UCLA, LA

WINKA DUBBELDAM, DIRECTOR FERDA KOLATAN ROLAND SNOOKS

BOOK DESIGN: JARED EDGAR McKNIGHT EDITED BY: TODD COSTAIN + JARED EDGAR McKNIGHT

POST-PROFESSIONAL @ PENNDESIGN

PREFACE DAVID LEATHERBARROW

The Project of Design Research The external conditions which are set for [the scientist] by the fact of experience do not permit him to let himself be too much restricted in the construction of his conceptual world by the adherence to an epistemological system. He, therefore, must appear to the systematic epistemologist as a type 1 of unscrupulous opportunist.

Albert Einstein If design research in architecture is to amount to more than a slogan used by professionals advertising their services or professors seeking promotion, if it is to inaugurate a renewal of architecture’s cultural role and a redefinition of its disciplinary task, then the nature of the project it proposes needs to be clarified. This clarification can come in two ways: through reading, reflection, and writing (as set out here), and in project making, in both professional offices and schools. The PP@PD exists as a university-based laboratory for just that purpose. The observations that follow attempt to introduce what is at stake in this project.

Design practice can be understood as a form of scientific research when both are seen as projective activities. First science. One of the key dimensions of the “uncertainty principle” in modern physics is the conditional character of its explanations. Heisenberg observed that the position and momentum of a particle could not be defined simultaneously, for the measurement one particle caused others to appear in what he called “in-actual” positions. Assertions of fact, he said, had to be replaced by interpretations of possibility because the phenomena under study offered themselves to observation variably.

Project-making in architecture is, of course, similarly interpretative and conditional, at least when design is seen as projection, not production. New techniques and instruments of representation promise to close2 the gap between phases of project making typically called design development and production. Whether or not those promises are kept, the distinction has great force in contemporary practice. Production assumes that much if not most of the work of design development has been finished. Production, like the project and progress, is oriented toward the future. But the accomplishment it represents—the completion or near completion of development— insulates the procedure against future interferences. With the deadline in view, production frees itself from alternate possibilities, distilling the process to technique alone, in order to lay hold of the work’s final stage. This conversion of design into planning draws the yet-to-come back into the now, placing the future in the grasp of the present. Production, then, is the means by which the product discards its preliminaries, severing the link between formation and form. While this temporal bracketing can be seen as a reduction of potentials and content, it is also a moment of coordination and concentration of all the energies that brought the work to its present state.

1 \\ Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein: Philosopher Scientist, ed. PA. Schilpp (Chicago: Open Court 1951) 683. My italics.

2 \\ I am referring to the rosy claims made in the advertizing of new software packages, for building information modeling especially.

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David Leatherbarrow: The Project of Design Research

Preface

Like probability in science, projection in architecture remains within the limits of the likely. It is always and only an incomplete prefiguration of a final product, foreshadowing an outcome that has formed itself in the space between discovery and recollection. This means both the future and the past have roles to play. Before it can anticipate anything final the project must redefine its relationship to what exists, partly tearing itself away from the present, partly remaining there, creating a tension between the two. A break is refused and adhesions are allowed, according to the principle of modification whereby the project adheres to the conditions of its genesis.

Project-making in architecture is no more certain of its outcome than research in modern sciences. One cannot say projects develop by chance, but their outcomes are far from pre-given.

Retrospectively, the results make sense, but during the work’s unfolding, the process is not entirely clear where it is going. It could be described as a kind of blind logic that creates itself along the way. Its path is often indirect, detouring after advancing, then turning back, renewing beginnings, and moving forward once again. Perhaps it could be described as a mixture of chance and reason: chances must be taken because repetitions get us nowhere, yet reason must intervene because the problems with which we began have not been solved. Such a process is less a matter of foresight and calculation than of cunning, requiring alertness to possibilities as they emerge.

Theories in architecture tend to be more emancipated, problem-solving more enmeshed. Projectmaking preserves and surpasses given conditions. It is not the kind of “experimentation” whose techniques close the work in on itself, nor a method untainted by extra-disciplinary involvements.

Project-making requires movement away from its own techniques toward conditions that are not of its own making, an eccentric procedure dedicated to the unseen potential of the world it seeks to remake.

This account of the architectural project suggests an approach to design research that is both more confident and more modest than often assumed. To summarize my argument and guide this approach I’ll outline four basic premises for the project of design research:

1. when the actual methods of scientific research are kept in mind, and their similarity to

project making are understood, architecture’s membership in the research

community ceases to be a question,

2. knowledge is advanced in design research through creative practices not technical

procedures, no matter how up-to-date the techniques may be, for the real

distinction is between projective and product-oriented thinking,

3. innovation is misconstrued if it assumes adhesions to inherited culture can be

completely severed or allowed without review, the principle of modification posits

the rootedness of every tearing away,

4. the real subject matter of design research seen projectively is the world in which

architecture finds its place, a world that is at once historical, cultural, and natural.

While it may seem odd to suggest that research could be undertaken in a studio or workshop, scientific advances in our time often occur often outside university settings. In recent decades we have witnessed the steady increase of research centers, institutes, and foundations. Some have close ties with universities, others operate independently. Many graduates face a choice between work in these centers or the university, which often amounts to a choice between work in the basic sciences and applied fields. The PP@PD adds a new choice for recent graduates—intense, exploratory, and projective!

David Leatherbarrow Chairman, Department of Architecture

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

POST-PROFESSIONAL @ PENNDESIGN

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESSING MATTERS

PP@PD POST-PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM AT PENN DESIGN [11/12]

For information about the Post-Professional Program at PennDesign, please visit: http://www.design.upenn.edu/architecture/post-professional-program-march-ii

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Table of Contents

2 \\ Exploring New Architecture Prototypes for High Risk Coastal Regions Winka Dubbeldam

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6 \\ Designing with Disasters Ferda Kolatan 8 \\ The Procedural Detail Roland Snooks

newNY

12 \\ [New] New York 14 \\ Membrane: A Proposal for New York Sea Level Rising Tingwei Xu + Xie Zhang 20 \\ Evo-Nopolis: A Sea Level Rising Strategy Ming Yang + Yuanhao Wang 28 \\ Upside-Down New York: An Urban Sky System Jingzhe Wei + Qian Xing 34 \\ Self-Organizing City on the Water: Rising Water Levels in NYC Hyoung Sub Kim + Hyo Young Park 42 \\ Block Evolution: A Solution to Sea-Level Rising Leixin Luo + Huiying Zhang 48 \\ Netropolis: A Waterfront Borough Konstantinos Letympiotis + Cong Wang 54 \\ Harbor Forest: A New City on the Water Jiannan Liu + Cong Tian 60 \\ Of Futures and Utopias Matthias Bottger + Ludwig Engel: Raumtaktik - Office From A Better Future 62 \\ [New] New Orleans

newNO

64 \\ Alternative Solution Against Flooding: By Cellular Housing Structures Daehee Han + Yezhou Yang

PP@PD 2011-2012

72 \\ Interwoven Delta: New Orleans Flooding Ho Sung Kim + Edna Vuong

80 \\ Reviving Road: An Aerial Evacuation System Wenbo Guo + Xiohan Wen

88 \\ Megaswarm: An Introduction for a New Levee Changpei Jiang + Shengzhi Xie

PRESSING

94 \\ Multi-Functional Synthetic Wetland: For New Orleans Water Issue Hyun-Bum Jung + Xin Lin 100 \\ New Vertical City: Above New Orleans Luying Guo + Yuncong Xia

MATTERS

106 \\ Zipper-ness: Pontchartrain Lakeshore Chen Fu + Zhao Fang

114 \\ Self-Organizing Levee: A Protective Non-Linear Architectural Structure Wenyuan Guo + Yu Wang 120 \\ Diffusion Limited Aggregations: A Vision for New Orleans Jon Byers + John Postic 126 \\ Future Considerations: For a Future-Proof Condition Jordan Trachtenberg 128 \\ [New] Los Angeles

130 \\ EarthquakeProtocol_LA: A Proposal for Sub[Urban] Los Angeles, California Jared Edgar McKnight 138 \\ Post-Earthquake Rehabilitation: Housing in Los Angeles Yufan Zhang + Yin-Kuang Chang 146 \\ Composite.Pavilion Competition: Digital Methods Workshop: August 22-26, 2011 148 \\ Biographies: Professors + Contributors 150 \\ Acknowledgments

newLA

TEACHING ASSISTANT: TODD COSTAIN [new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

WINKA DUBBELDAM

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

EXPLORING NEW ARCHITECTURE PROTOTYPES FOR HIGH RISK COASTAL REGIONS IN THE USA

The PP@PD typically likes to engage the “real world” in its design-research work for the PP @ PD Fall Studio. This year’s studio collaborated with the SUPRASTUDIO of Thom Mayne at UCLA, to join the effort to analyze the American City and its future developments, and to help advice the US government on its future policies. The Supra Studio states: “Culture Now investigates the contemporary American condition to shift perspectives in struggling U.S. cities. By integrating public policy, urban studies, contemporary culture and its spatial manifestations, Culture Now reframes the current conversation. The use of demographic, infrastructural, and cultural evidence immediately extends this discussion across disciplines, and encompasses institutional and political models of the public.”

Our PennDesign studio focused on the study of three important American coastal cities: New York, New Orleans, and Los Angeles and their specific environmental challenges, such as floods, earth quakes and oil spills. As we have noticed over the last few years, cities, governments and even architects are not always too proactive in thinking through future disaster planning. Most initiatives start after the fact, and when damage has been done. There are no emergency plans in place for immediate response and there are no spatial and environmental designs of how to deal with an imminent disaster. The American socio-economic model has been successful in wealth management, but has not been able to deal with anything less glamorous, such as environmental disasters.

1 \\ winka dubbeldam: final review

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Winka Dubbeldam: Exploring New Architecture Prototypes for High Risk Coastal Regions

Recent events such as the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, are what is considered the “urgent” category, this particular one was the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry [4.9 million barrels, or 780,000 m3, of crude oil], with huge consequences for the ocean and cities such as New Orleans.

Los Angeles with its immanent threat of earthquakes, fires, and mudslides is next on the disaster list; due to its location on the Pacific “Ring of Fire”. This geologic instability has produced numerous faults, which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually.

The study and analysis of the three Coastal cities and their disaster scenarios, helped students to investigate how intelligent data collection and re-use of materials can create a more responsive/responsible environment. Robotic collection systems, automated collection of trash and/or pollution [oil] as well as the recycling of those materials are to be carefully examined for their potentials in designing [con] temporary and adaptable units for sustainable coastal regions. These units will challenge conventional ideas of recycling and re-use of materials within an architectural context and expand the research into new modes/models of design, which form a deeper ecology between technology and nature, production and consumption, parts and material. In order to achieve this, three design aspects will be particularly highlighted: complex immediate re-organization, material smart behavior, and component intelligence. In this context, the PPD Studios traveled to Berlin, where the “Berlin Summit on Robotics” was featured, at the Robotics and Biology Laboratory at the TU Berlin. Meetings with emergent architecture studio’s, and the Aedes Network Campus Berlin helped collect and disseminate the information gathered. “The Aedes Network Campus Berlin, ANCB, is a unique “Metropolitan Laboratory” focusing on the future of our cities. After three decades of exhibiting, publishing and convening some of the world’s most internationally acclaimed and pioneering architects, Aedes have opened their doors to researchers and students from all around the world.” The meetings with experts on the emergent systems assisted the students to pro-actively handle unexpected events, and lead to great dialogue.

COMPLEX ORDER “We (and by this I mean scientists first) are beginning to see that those organizations once called metaphorically alive are truly alive, but animated by a life of a larger scope and wider definition.

I call this greater life “hyper life.” Hyper life is a particular type of vivisystem endowed with integrity, robustness, and cohesiveness -- a strong vivisystem rather than a lax one. A rain forest and a periwinkle, an electronic network and a servomechanism, SimCity and New York City, all possess degrees of hyperlife” Kevin Kelly

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[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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The studio will explore non-linear design methodologies that give rise to emergent order through complex, bottom-up, systems.

These systems encode design intent at the micro scale [urban systems] through a series of local interactions, so that a new coherent order emerges at the macro level [global environments]. These design strategies shift intent from operating directly on the object to operating through the abstraction of a complex system, where control operates through orchestration rather than invention. The non-linear operation of these systems enable competing design decisions to interact and negotiate in the process of formation, rather than considering design decisions to be sequential and hierarchical.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND BEHAVIORAL LOGIC The discrete properties of materials have long been used tectonically and structurally to respond to specific requirements. Combinations of these, such as reinforced concrete were developed to respond to the interaction of loads - tension and compression. Typically these combinations have been conceptualized in response to a linear understanding of structure or tectonic hierarchies. However the increasing complexity of contemporary architectural geometry has a tendency to exhibit non-linear structural behavior that requires a complex interaction of materials with varying properties - composites. Consequently the studio will explore the role of composite materials where the interaction of specific material properties leads to an emergent material behavior. Behavior that interacts in the process of formation rather than form being applied to inert matter. A process where designing composite material becomes a critical aspect of generating geometry. While plastic composites, such as fiberglass or carbon fiber are commonplace, these materials are typically considered to perform in a homogenous manner. Instead the studio will explore designing bias, tendencies and complex behaviors into these composite materials. Such that form and material are not considered as separate concerns, but are integrally linked. Consequently material properties will operate in the manner of form, ornament and effect as much as structure or tectonic performance.

Winka Dubbeldam: Exploring New Architecture Prototypes for High Risk Coastal Regions

A NEW ECOLOGY OF PARTS The concept of architectural parts has recently been undergoing a paradigmatic shift from the older mechanistic, modernist notion towards a more contemporary organic, ecological one. While building parts in the past were viewed primarily as discreet and exchangeable elements that were composed into a single whole, the tendency today is to understand them as integral even organic to the whole rather than additive or supplemental. The reasons for this shift are manifold as they are driven equally by research and development as they are by an emerging cultural sensibility towards a new definition of both architecture as well as environment.

Triggered by the advancement of generative computational design techniques, architects have begun to experiment with formative processes, which are more accurately described through terms such as growth, behavior, or patterning rather than composition or planning. While the usage of ‘biological’ language in architecture has a long and important tradition, it usually used to refer to a superficial likeness in form and not to its performance or its formal-structural constitution. In other words, buildings mimicked nature rather than behave like it or are generated through analogous processes, which truly incorporate nature’s very own principles.

Chief among these principles is Ecology. More precisely, ecology in the definition of its name-giver Ernst Haeckel, as: “the comprehensive science of the relationship of the organism to the environment”. It is no coincidence that the weight here is placed on the “relationship” rather than the organism or the environment, as both can be understood to be interchangeable as long as the exchange of information is upheld and a tight relational system prevails. While in a mechanistic worldview, the boundaries of both realms would be emphasized and identities singularly defined, here we find a definition that stresses feedback, responsiveness, and adaptability over strict and rigid categorizations of function, form, structure, and materiality.

Viewing the question of “parts” in this context reveals a number of interesting points. First, parts are not inflexible pieces that only generate meaning once they have been put together into a finite condition. Rather, they come with a set of predetermined capacities or characteristics enabling them to set forth processes of a generative nature. In this sense they act more like “cells” with a deliberately programmed range of properties and actions. In addition, these parts or components require an environment within which they can enact their formative forces and even enhance their own abilities through constant feedback with other components or elements of the same environment. Furthermore, these new types of components are not defined a priori by a particular scale or materiality.

The design process can progress independently and then, over time, take on material and scale identities that fit the constraints of the design problem at hand.

Among its other objectives, the studios will investigate how contemporary design problems can be addressed through the implementation of protocols and pro-active systems, which deploy, and are composed of smart componentry.

Advanced digital modeling techniques will be used to develop innovative solutions for an ecologically sophisticated and adaptive architecture. Smart components are not necessarily understood to be individualized pieces. They can manifest themselves equally as forces, agents, or other organizational units.

They share however the ability to materialize in nonlinear and non-hierarchical ways.

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TEACHING ASSISTANT: HART MARLOW [new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

FERDA KOLATAN

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

DESIGNING WITH DISASTERS

How does one plan for disaster? The immediate answer would have to be a practical one focusing on three main parts. First, the nature of the disaster needs to be thoroughly understood, data collected, causalities and occurrence cycles calculated and measured. Secondly, a series of well thought out protocols need to be established allowing for swift and efficient action in the case of an occurrence. And thirdly, the necessary changes and amendments to infrastructure and relief design need to be put in place for both preventive measures as well as for facilitating the organizational chaos of the aftermath.

In very broad strokes these are the parameters within which most disaster planning is situated.

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Ferda Kolatan: Designing With Disasters

While there is obvious merit to this approach, it also reinforces the notion that dealing with disasters needs to be reactive in order to be effective. Even in preventive planning the actions taken are directly tied to specific aspects of catastrophes with every plan targeting them in a direct and unilateral fashion. This way of thinking moves the problem soundly into the territory of politicians, city planners, engineers and scientists.

But what role, if any, would then fall on the architect in the urban context of disaster planning? How could our design expertise assist in dealing with the enormous ramifications brought along by any type of disaster? In other words, how do architects plan for disaster?

This question was central to this year’s post-professional design studio. The students were asked to develop architectural strategies and specific design solutions for three kinds of disasters tied to three different cities in the US. These were, rising water-levels in New York City, hurricanes and tidal waves in New Orleans, and earthquakes in Los Angeles. While each city/disaster required a particular, targeted response, one fundamental issue was raised overarchingly for all of them: Rather than fixing a problem, how can we imagine a city of the future that uses necessary safety measures to create a novel and desirable character for its inhabitants? What are the visions architects can develop, which are equally safe and sustainable as well as inherently progressive and optimistic in regards to their cultural identity?

In order to create these “identities� most projects needed to address simultaneously urban, architectural, and object scales.

Through intensive research and advanced modeling techniques the students generated new ecologies that could express themselves as buildings, landscapes, infrastructure, and street objects. Preventative measures were investigated as design opportunities to increase the quality of life in cities at all times rather than engineered solutions to a particular problem at a particular time. Designing with Disasters demonstrates how architecture students envision the endangered city of the future as a place where peril has transformed into opportunity and innovative design is utilized to bridge states of emergency with unprecedented solutions that reach far beyond the realm of practical application and begins to challenge the conventional status quo of our existing cities.

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TEACHING ASSISTANT: MIRANDA ROMER [new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

ROLAND SNOOKS

THE PROCEDURAL DETAIL

Rather than consider a detail to be a finer resolution or articulation of a larger form, the detail can be redefined as an operation that generates form and organization.

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

This understanding posits the detail as a local procedure, or behavior, that operates through repetition in creating a complex system of formation and intricate emergent architectural form and organization.

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Roland Snooks: The Procedural Detail

Considering the detail as a process of behavioral formation draws upon the logic of swarm intelligence. Natural systems of swarm intelligence, such as flocks of birds, rely on the bottom-up local interaction of individual birds that give rise to a form of collective intelligence and emergent behavior of the flock. Within methodologies of behavioral formation, a comparable process occurs through the interaction of architectural elements – structural strands, architectonic components, programmatic elements – encoded with design decisions interact to generate a self-organization of design intent. This is a process where architecture isn’t directly drawn or modeled; instead architecture is generated through a swarm of individual elements that self-organize to create a coherent form at the macro scale.

Local positioning of design intent and the distributed operation of swarm systems enables a non-linear interaction of architectural concerns that are often posited as binary or sequential – such as the relationship of program and form, or structure and ornament. Methodologies of behavioral formation intrinsically resist the hierarchical and discrete articulation of tectonic systems that dominate modern architecture and contemporary parametric design. Instead, it operates as a mutual negotiation of these concerns, casting them in a constant feedback loop. Through these strategies tectonic hierarchies emerge as differentiation within a continuous composite rather than being predetermined or imposed.

The logical extension of encoding design intent within architectural elements is to encode intent within material – or more specifically within composite materials. Encoding design intent at this micro-scale has implications for the relationship between surface, structure and ornament; as these emerge from the behavior of composite material. The compression of tectonic hierarchies within composites has radical aesthetic implications where the accretion of a high population of elements forms a cohesive emergent fibrous assemblage.

The larger scale construction of these fibrous composites is becoming increasingly viable through an emerging paradigm of robotic fabrication techniques.

In relocating the critical design decisions and operation of intent from the macro to micro scale, the detail is redefined as a generative procedure from which a nonlinear architecture emerges.

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[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

POST-PROFESSIONAL @ PENNDESIGN

FINAL REVIEW DECEMBER 15, 2011

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

1 \\ final review jury 2 \\ selection of final review photographs 3 \\ collage of final review photographs

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Final Review Photographs

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Special Thanks to our Jurors: Arch 703 Final Review, December 15-16, 2011 @ Meyerson Hall Matthias Bรถttger, Jordan Trachtenberg, Brennan Buck, Jonas Coersmeier, Justin Diles, Ivan Shumkov Winka Dubbeldam, Ferda Kolatan, Roland Snooks

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

RESEARCH

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

[new] NEW YORK FLOODING + SNOW STORMS

On August 28th, 2011 Hurricane Irene battered New York with heavy winds of 65 mph and driving rain shutting down the U.S. financial capital and most populous city, halting all mass transit and causing massive power blackouts as it churned slowly northward along the eastern seaboard.

There was flooding reported in all five boroughs of New York City, including some of Lower Manhattan’s deserted streets.

Leading up to the disaster, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency and a mandatory evacuation for low-lying areas of New York City affecting 370,000 people.

Mayor Bloomberg prepared an enormous shelter system for residents without access to higher ground. In the aftermath, more than 800,000 homes and businesses in Long Island and New Jersey lost power. With Broadway in the dark, storefronts covered in plywood and virtually the entire population shuttered indoors, the weekend’s lost sales and storm damage are estimated to have cost the city about $6 billion alone. In total, the industry estimates put the damage costs of the storm at $7 billion to $10 billion for the region.

Aside from the countless people whose lives and homes were altered when Hurricane Irene came through New York in 2011, the fact that the financial center of the country, if not the world, was brought to a complete stand-still is troublesome. While regional, the storm had a global impact. In the future, how will we safeguard not only the people, physical structures and infrastructures of the coastal city of New York, but allow it to continue functioning?

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1 \\ “expect roadways flooding” - august 2011

2 \\ service vehicles line the streets of new york city

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[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

TINGWEI XU XIE ZHANG

MEMBRANE

A PROPOSAL FOR NEW YORK SEA LEVEL RISING

Confronting with the sea level rising of New York, we started with an idea of protecting certain areas against water by wearing a “membrane.’ Deriving from an aggregation of intelligent components, we created a surface system that can reveal a continually changing expression.

The transforming surface can combine multiple functions such as waterproof, lighting and agricultural planting.

Rather than a traditional hierarchy design thinking, each component on the surface has equal essentiality.

It has an irreducible integrity. As the surface serves as a waterproofing layer for the buildings, in turn, the building provides structural support for the surfaces. To blur the boundary, the surface seamlessly dissolves the old and rigid layer system of the buildings. Thus, the space between the old building and the new surface is completely fluid.

The scale and geometry of shark skin varies without trasmuting from one to another or transgressing their own boundaries. They negotiate to form the whole skin system by a continuous variation of themselves. Like shark skin, we used a parametric design to populate a component and form our surface. With the help of this parametric method, we controlled the behavior of each component. Thus, we were able to control all of the physical features of the component very precisely.

The higher components can remain open to allow sun lighting into the buildings, and their function and aperture degree can be controlled in case of more sea-level rising. The components at the lower part are closed to prevent the penetration of seawater.

This new surface system surrounds the target buildings like a skirt. Each skirt can grow upwards in correlation with the degree of sea-level rising. Furthermore, each component can be open or closed. The strucure of the canopy depends on the existing structure of the buildings it uses for structural support.

The surface is composed of an aggregation of components. Each component on the surface is defined by a number of features such as aperture or volume degree. Thus, the whole surface is continuously changing and transforming by the variation of components.

Some parts of the surface have double layers which seamlessly dissolve the old and rigid layer system of the building environment with the new lattice system designed on the site. Thus, the space between the old building and the new surface condition becomes totally fluid. The system simultaneously evolves into an unprecedented ecological area in New York City.

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1 \\ continually changing membrane surface

2 \\ masterplan: transforming surfaces to protect against flooding

Pages: 14-15

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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1 \\ series: sea-level rising 2 \\ site plan: lower manhattan 3 \\ new skyline for new york city

4 \\ structural study: existing building + new structure 5 \\ component studies 6 \\ transforming spaces [double layer]

Tingwei Xu & Xie Zhang

Membrane

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existing building

protection

new building

Idea The new surface system surround the target buildings like skirt. Each skirt can grow up correlate the degree of the sea level rising. Also each component can be control to be open or closed.

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1 \\ perspective view: roof forest 2 \\ series: changing typology of ‘skirt’ system 3 \\ sectional study through new and existing buildings

4 \\ perspective view of interior space

Tingwei Xu & Xie Zhang

Membrane

5 \\ membrane surface overview

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[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

MING YANG YUANHAO WANG

EVO-NOPOLIS

A SEA LEVEL RISE STRATEGY

This project sets the background for sea level rising, which is an current phenomenon caused by global warming. Most of the cities in the world are located on the coast line, making this a serious problem in the immediate future. Lower Manhattan is selected as our site area, because of its location and space pattern, which make it representational of a coastal city in the world. We view the sea level rise as a positive way for the city’s evolution rather than a negative disaster.

Therefore, in this project we examined a new way of reorganizing urban space based on multi-agent system.

A swarm based algorithm is the collective behavior of a decentralized, self-organized system. Each agent only interacts locally rather than globally, yet the whole system can make quick responses once a change in the environment occurs. This process is similar to a group of ants building mounds or a school of ďŹ sh avoiding attack from a predator. This method makes the simulation of a city evolution possible.

When the lower parts of the building sink into water, it is obvious that this part cannot be used any more.

Furthermore, the roads which connect the buildings are no longer available. Thus, we tried to develop a master algorithm to reorganize the urban space, connecting the isolated buildings together.

The lower part of the building is abandoned while this part of program will have an agent pushing them upwards. The upper programs will push the current program up further, making it an endless growing process.

Each of the buildings individually change on a small scale while the whole city will change dramatically.

It is the structure of high-rise buildings in the 19th century that made New York to what it is. After the sea level rise, due to the shape changes of the building, the structure needs to be changed as well. In this case, the whole city fabric will change and grow. Through this process, we did not add new space and structure to the original skyscrapers. Instead, we change the structure little by little according to the needs of different program spaces and the environment around them. These new structures follow the rules of self-organized systems.

In this case, the new structure makes up of the new city fabric. That is to say, components, space patterns as well as environments can evolve based on one other.

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1 \\ aerial view of the self-organized swarm system

2 \\ evo-nopolis localized structural alterations

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before

new dock

after

connection

abandoned space

green space

start to reshape

boat lane

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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1 \\ before + after: self-organized urban network 2 \\ sectional diagram of transition over time 3 \\ form and fabrication diagrams

4 \\ connective urban space perspective

Ming Yang & Yuanhao Wang

Evo-Nopolis: A Sea Level Rise Strategy

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SWARM INTELLIGENCE SWARM INTELLIGENCE SWARM INTELLIGENCE

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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1 \\ swarm intelligence studies 2 \\ connective urban space perspective

3 \\ small-scale reorganization of space

Ming Yang & Yuanhao Wang

Evo-Nopolis: A Sea Level Rise Strategy

4 \\ large-scale swarm intelligence over lower manhattan site

Pages: 24-25

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1 \\ self-organized city evolution [evo-nopolis

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Ming Yang & Yuanhao Wang

Evo-Nopolis: A Sea Level Rise Strategy

Pages: 26-27

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

JINGZHE WEI QIAN XING

UPSIDE-DOWN NEW YORK AN URBAN SKY SYSTEM

Our topic relates to the upcoming large snow storms in New York. The solution we propose is Upside-Down New York. Through this project, we want to achieve three goals: 1. assure people will not be affected by the snowstorm with this sky system 2. change the track of people’s urban life in new york - from the ground to the sky level 3. create a “bigger New York City” without changing the ground building density In this project, the structure and connections are the most important issues. We suggest a kind of bridge which is grown instead of built. It’s like the growing trees in one of the wettest cities in India. Trees link to each other by their own roots and grow into a stable bridge. Its creation and ability are naturally structural.

Manhattan is unique for its high density. We examined three layers in a section of downtown Manhattan. With the height of 200 meters, we could only see 15 high rises appear. With the height of 150 meters, the number of buildings that appear would be 33, and at 100 meters, the total number of buildings in the New York skyline that appear are 72. When we run particles across this section we see varying densities of particles between buildings. Based on the height and density, the particles would first come together, then move apart.

During this observation, we found that the force cloud which produces the most attraction between the original buildings occurs at the time of 38 seconds. Then we extracted the particles and linked them together by networking them based on proximity.

As for the structure, the sky system would directly graft onto the original high-rises and they would grasp the sky-lobbies tightly like tree branches, connecting with each other as bridges. Additionally, we want to change the function from the ground level to the sky level. The ground level functions consist of garden, shopping, restaurant, exhibition, coffee, etc... so we lift that up and posit these programs into our sky system.

Due to the different densities, different functions would appear in different zones. For example, the high density zones will become closed spaces, and on the contrary, the lows density zones will become open space areas, such as gardens or restaurants.

The cloud is also be generated from sustainable aspects. We incorporated the wind direction and the solar altitude angle. The winter wind direction is from the NW to SE, so the spaces to the NW are more closed than the ones to the SE, and the surfaces at the top would be much harder and closed than the lower. The surfaces would adjust the network and create different conditions based on various functions.

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1 \\ aerial view of the sky system

2 \\ upside-down new york proposal

Pages: 28-29

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1 \\ maya animation particle analysis studies

3 \\ comparison: inter-related and separate systems

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2 \\ local relations with existing buildings

4 \\ urban system creating the sky network

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Jingzhe Wei & Qian Xing

Upside-Down New York: An Urban Sky System

Pages: 30-31

inter-related meshes

inter-related meshes

separate meshes

separate meshes

overlapped meshes

museum

viewing platform

gallery commuting system

coffee / restaurant

green space

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FUNCTION MAP

gallery

spa + yoga

fitness center

gallery restaurant + coffee

shopping mall path + landscape

museum

theatre retail

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1 \\ density and function programmatic study 2 \\ gallery perspective 3 \\ upside-down new york function mapping

4 \\ lobby perspective 5 \\ landscape sky system 6 \\ structural connections with existing skyline

Jingzhe Wei & Qian Xing

Upside-Down New York: An Urban Sky System

entertainment culture commuting system original buildings

Pages: 32-33

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

HYOUNG SUB KIM HYO YOUNG PARK

SELF-ORGANIZING CITY ON THE WATER RISING WATER LEVELS IN NYC

Problem The water area which surrounds New York City is going to expand and elevate. Climate change resulting from global greenhouse-gas emissions is expected to cause sea levels to rise, which will further transform our shoreline. The New York City Panel on Climate Change projects that by the 2080s, sea levels could be 23 inches higher than today or, in the event of rapid melting of land-based polar ice, as much as 55 inches higher than today. And as the sea level rises, the risks from both temporary flooding and long-term inundation threaten New York City inevitably.

Fortunately, most portions of New York stand several feet or more above sea level, and therefore New York City won’t be submerged. According to the potential inundated area by rising sea level in 80~1000 years, the dangerous portion is several blocks along the edge of the city, waterfront area. A substantial portion of this edge area that will be subject to the risks from flooding, is occupied by residential and commercial buildings today. Also, nearly half of the coastline is parkland or publicly accessible areas. The temporary or more continuous inundation of this low-lying areas could result in damage to or loss of parks, esplanades, piers, beaches, boat launches, and other facilities including residential and commercial buildings.

Objective As a matter of course, we won’t abandon and leave the city which has fully developed dense urban setting.

We, however, will consider the water a geographic entity of itself - another borough which unites the various parts of New York. On this water borough, we will make a new system which reacts to changing water and which is closely connected with the current city.

On the connection issue, it should be recognized that we will definitely lose some part of the city which is several blocks along the shoreline, among them, more specifically, the lowest 1 or 2 floors of the buildings in this area. With design of structural features such as new ground floors raised above flood elevation, we will be able to keep the upper portion of the buildings along this dangerous waterfront area. Now, we can designate 3 parts of the city with relatively safe Inner city zone, Transitional zone which will lose access level to the current urban fabric and facilities, and Water zone. The current urban fabric of the Inner city will be lifted in the Transitional zone and extended along the new system. In this way, the new system on the water zone will be woven into the urban fabric blurring the border and at the same time replacing access level to the fabric in the transitional zone. From this point of view, the critical mechanism as a new landscape provides an opportunity to let us recognize and experience spatial and functional continuity.

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1 \\ transitional zone for new city on the water

2 \\ perspective of new landscape

Pages: 34-35

ncept Design Units

gn Aggregation

Aggregation

egation

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1 \\ development of unit component type 2 \\ unit aggregation and connection studies 3 \\ new urban fabric: spatial & functional continuity

4 \\ unit connection study 5 \\ series: water borough - expansions & connections 6 \\ zones: transitional zone & new city zone

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Hyoung Sub Kim & Hyo Young Park

Self-Organizing City on the Water

Pages: 36-37

Transitional Zone New way of Expansion & Connection Weaving Landscape

Transit Hub

District Hub

ed by this new borough There is have no limitation differenton contexts. plan, of course, there are several In the challenges current city,and there considerare huge central park and several Based on discrete the demand and isolated for an attractive form of transportation, As it growssubstantial into new region, portionit will function as residential, commercial and cultural pocket parks. A new landscape along the new system, of the would units make will be us recognize a station of maritime transportation. district, bringing the city’s inhabitants to the water. haracter, and density ationssould aboutbewaterways considered. and walkways. and experience spatial continuity.

New City

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1 \\ new city master plan

3 \\ series: phases of master plan - blurring the border

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2 \\ sectional study through units on water

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Hyoung Sub Kim & Hyo Young Park

Self-Organizing City on the Water

When it comes to the new system’s program on phases, it emerges as an assembly of functional units cluster and network, including shelter for emergency evacuation and waterfront-space for water recreation, and so on. For operating by itself, some of the units will have some sustainable system, using the potentials of tides and currents for renewable energy.

Also, based on the demand for an attractive form of transportation, substantial portion of the units will be a station of maritime transportation or have a docking infra system. As it grows into new region, it will function as residential, commercial and cultural district, bringing the city’s inhabitants to the water. As the final outcome, a whole series of new landscape and infrastructure components weaves around and across the water, and permeates the urban fabric, both existing and new.

It will be a whole new city in which there are new mechanism, new environment, and new quality of life. From the ultimate and long-term point of view, it would achieve the goals of development and environmental restoration. The new system would utilize the ecological benefits of wetlands, shallows, and intertidal zones into some part of it. New system needs to provide valuable and productive habitat, the parks and waterfront greenways on the system would be treasured places for recreation and relaxation. Beaches and other naturalized shorelines on this system provide access for surfing, swimming, and other water sports.

All these spaces will be valuable resources that enhance the city’s livability and the health of its population.

Pages: 38-39

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Hyoung Sub Kim & Hyo Young Park

Self-Organizing City on the Water

Pages: 40-41

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

LEIXIN LUO HUIYING ZHANG

BLOCK EVOLUTION

A SOLUTION TO SEA-LEVEL RISING

Background Global warming is expected to cause the sea level along the northeastern U.S. coast to rise almost twice as fast as global sea levels during this century, putting New York City at greater risk for damaging from the sea level rise.

Design This design is trying to give a solution to the sea level rise problem in New York City. As the water is something not stable, with a complex form, and complicated interaction with others, we have used a selforganizing system and algorithms to build a protective barricade for each block. However, between each block we don’t try to preserve other lower buuldings which are not important enough. On the other side, in these blocks there will be some new spaces and residential areas. The people who lose their home will be sent to these new blocks.

Algorithm The algorithm mainly considers the force of water and the self-load of the construction, which determine the basic shape and density of structures of the barricade. In addition, we considered the importance of each block to determine how many agents will go horizontally to become branches that connect each block. In this way, the design is continuous, evolvable and updatable. The new blocks are updated with the rising sea level.

Structure The structure is mainly calculated by the algorithm. It contains three parts that resist water and hold the load.

The ďŹ rst part consists of the main vertical columns. These are thicker and looser than the second part, which consists of the horizontal branches of the system which support the main columns. Finally, the third part is a complex system that holds the barricade [the previous two parts]. The main principle of this part is to separate and combine the forces from horizontal direction, and avoid an overload. The whole system is combined and merged together to achieve a integrated structural support system.

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1 \\ structural detail of protective system

2 \\ self-organizing barricade system

Pages: 42-43

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1 \\ protective barricade for one block 2 \\ section through protective system 3 \\ algorithm to determine structure

4 \\ series: components for structural system 5 \\ series: development of surface system 6 \\ section deďŹ ning programs in barricaded block

Leixin Luo & Huiying Zhang

Block Evolution

Pages: 44-45

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1 \\ series: structural components 2 \\ development of surface, structural and spatial systems

3 \\ view of program space within protective system 4 \\ greenspace and public area within barricade 5 \\ perspective of shopping plaza within system

Leixin Luo & Huiying Zhang

Block Evolution

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Pages: 46-47

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

KONSTANTINOS LETYMPIOTIS CONG WANG

NETROPOLIS

A WATERFRONT BOROUGH

The main focus of this project is to address the issue of rising sea levels in the city of New York. As the city itself continues to grow in size, and population, the rise of the sea level becomes an increasingly important factor to keep in mind in future designs. It is estimated that over the next 100 years sea level will rise up to 2 meters, drastically affecting the coastline of New York.

We focused on a specific area to identify the impact and ways to address it. Our site is located at the South East edge of New York City, next to JFK Airport, commonly referred to as the Jamaica Bay. Adjacent to this area are mainly public green spaces and parks, an ideal urban background for a new city to form.

The method we are using is addressing the sea level rising as an opportunity for further development instead of a problem. We decide to move towards the sea and try to redevelop the areas that will be affected by the sea level rise as habitable spaces. Studying the sea levels and the contours of the existing landscape we identify the vulnerable areas that will be affected first and prioritize them. Each vulnerable area will be redeveloped as a new mini-borough and will develop independently; all new areas will be formed simultaneously creating a complex system along the coastline. After the high-priority areas are redeveloped the system will gradually start to grow, forming connections from area to area, adjusting itself to the sea level rise and to the needs of the new city.

In order to create a programmatic frame for the new city we use the Danzer packing system, an aperiodic system from which we develop a 3-D urban “irregular grid” that will host the uses and spaces of the new city.

The Danzer system, consisted of 4 basic bits, each one with different characteristics that will affect different uses and spatial attributes. Validating the behavior of the aggregation outcomes we assign bit A as landscape, B as transportation, C as public spaces, and K as voids. Each of the four sub-systems combine to create our urban system, a new waterfront borough.

As the areas keep growing and “replacing” the affected landscape, they begin to form a net along the bay, connecting the areas between them and also creating new spaces entirely on the sea. The redeveloped vulnerable areas act as “anchor” points that will constrain the network–city to stay over water as the sea level continues to rise.

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1 \\ complex system along the coast: netropolis

2 \\ a network-city over the water

Pages: 48-49

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4 \\ netropolis master plan

Konstantinos Letympiotis & Cong Wang

Netropolis: A Waterfront Borough

5 \\ urban system creating a waterfront borough

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1 \\ section through public space unit 2 \\ aggregations of the aperiodic system + structure 3 \\ perspective of landscape system

4 \\ netropolis waterfront borough

Konstantinos Letympiotis & Cong Wang

Netropolis: A Waterfront Borough

5 \\ section through the public space over the water

Pages: 52-53

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

JIANNAN LIU CONG TIAN

HARBOR FOREST A NEW CITY ON THE WATER

Our project aims to not only solve the sea level rising problem, but also create a new green city. This city is an organism integrating transportation, building and landscape. People leave the old city to another city to have a wonderful life. The bottom layer is mainly for vehicle transportation, and the top layer is the city’s landscape.

Between these two layers are buildings, including residential apartments, business and commercial buildings, schools and libraries. In addressing the form, the whole design is a continuous system basically composed of numerous homogeneous components, which contain two twisting columns. The deformation of these components satisfies different functional requirements. With sea level rising of 3-4m, part of building’s first floor will eventually be submerged by the sea. So, we have developed a new transportation strategy for our building: First, it is necessary that we establish new roads. We chose crossing points of the new coast and the original streets as the start point of our new roads. These roads are for both driving and walking. From these points, the roads go up and finally go above or below FDR drive and connect to the new city on the sea.

Second, the new city also needs some highways. From FDR Drive, there are two branches connecting to the new city. These highways are only for driving.

Third, pedestrian roads that connect to important buildings are convenient. We chose some buildings’ floors to become the start points of new pedestrian roads, so people can access the new city’s residential area directly.

Our component consists of two twisting columns. Because the new city has many functions, the component should have the ability to change and to adapt different functions: First, between two components, we have deleted some surfaces to create continuous ramps that connect to different layers.

Second, the spaces generated between two components are allocated for residences. The two columns act as two patios for plants, so residents can have good scenery at home.

Third, the sizes of our components are quite different. Small components can be houses, medium size components can be apartments for living, and large size components are public buildings (like theaters, libraries, government buildings). Among these buildings, there are some squares and green spaces for leisure. The density of the new city also changes according to the function of the buildings.

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1 \\ the city as a continuous organism

2 \\ harbor forrest integration: building, land + transport

Pages: 54-55

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1 \\ nyc sea-level rising 2 \\ series: new city growth 3 \\ aerial view of new city units

4 \\ transition: old city to new city

Jiannan Liu & Cong Tian

Harbor Forest

5 \\ master plan of new city during flooded condition

Pages: 56-57 people city

view

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1 \\ birds-eye view of integrated functionality

2 \\ perspective of forest landscape above new city 3 \\ interior perspective in public space 4 \\ exterior leisure spaces along the continuous new city system

Jiannan Liu & Cong Tian

Harbor Forest

Pages: 58-59

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

MATTHIAS BÖTTGER / LUDWIG ENGEL

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

OF FUTURES AND UTOPIAS RAUMTAKTIK - OFFICE FROM A BETTER FUTURE

Out of the endless repertoire of futures, only one briefly becomes the present before turning effortlessly into the past.

Future is something that will happen to us, utopia on the other hand is a concept we create in order to make things happen. As we will see, within this logical twist we can find the inseparable connection and profound difference of the societal function of future and utopia. Some future will come anyway; it is ahead of us, no matter which direction we are heading in, no matter which path we take. A utopia is always the vision of what may be lying at the end of a particular one of these aforementioned paths.

Considering this argument, it seems advisable to refer to either term – utopia or future – in plural only, because there is actually no singular future but many futures, there is not one utopia ahead, but myriads can co-exist in many different futures. Often “we look at the present through a rear-view mirror. We march backwards into the future”, to quote Marshall McLuhan. Now rather than doing that and forecasting futures by projecting linear developments of the past, it would be better to reflect upon our current understanding of global and societal dynamics, intellectually grasping the utopian aspects of what we would like our future selves to have attempted and to have achieved.

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Matthias Bottger / Ludwig Engel: Of Futures and Utopias

Utopian windows of present opportunity Historically – and per definitionem – utopia is worlds apart from our present with a maximum of spatial distance and long time spans. This makes it impossible to see utopias as simple visions, as practical solutions to immediate problems. The fascination with utopias is derived from the possibility of imagining the unthinkable: a society, a state, a communal living environment of individuals that is organized utterly differently. Utopia as the non-place describes what we do not have, what we will probably never have but can imagine. The flaws of all utopias we find in the creative gap between the vision of the future and the lived-in reality. This gap can only be overcome by a miracle that, of course, never happens. Visions of the future therefore are utopian windows shaped by our present opportunities, indicating the sensitivities of contemporary events, illustrating the current state of our society.

Each time there is another utopian ideal broken down under the heavy burden of reality the disappointment is great. Still fears and hopes for the future continue to enflame utopian thinking, forming our methodological approach to dealing with what has not yet happened. This might be seen as something positive; after all we only have to know that there is no use in following utopian concepts but great benefits in producing utopian scenarios to make the future open and shapeable, to stretch our minds. Only multiple, even opposing scenarios can make us imagine optional, seemingly paradoxical futures.

Straight line to utopia?

From here, we (re)turn to the function of utopias: This subjective perspective on the world provides a means of escape to a place of hope, a purposefully vague ideal to counterbalance reality‘s over-complexity. Yet utopias are also created with the intention of changing contemporary patterns of these over-complex realities, to indulge in a process of „objectively“ transforming the current society from a subjective standpoint. Utopias function as forms of escapism and change, which may appear as quite paradoxical attributes to a single entity at first glance.

Utopia cannot be understood in the restrictive manner of one single solution for all problems, rather functions the constant production of utopias as a door opener into otherwise unthinkable futures. The big mistake mankind has made many times, is taking a single utopian idea too seriously as a manual to follow in order to achieve a prospective better self. Instead of reflecting on different utopias and the purpose or contemporary criticism, its author meant to shine a light upon, utopias have been misused by claiming to know what this „better future“ is and that it is indeed better and not just another option for the future. Ideological enforcers of a specific utopia have been witnessed to follow that straight line of „future history“, a one-way street into the singularly true future. This has historically proven to be dangerous, mainly by neglecting that reality and vision of an alternative reality should never be misunderstood as the same thing. As we have seen, utopias can only work as comments on current problems and contemporary hopes. Yet it lies in the core of human beings to look for signs of what tomorrow can be. Utopias offer the possibility to dream, to visualize, to narrate, to imagine the impossible and can therefore develop the power to start a process of change in the first place.

We cannot, without the prospect of something in the future – either something we want to avoid or something we want to achieve – start changing or even reflectively continue on the path we have chosen. In the end, we cannot know the future but do shape it by our actions. Again and again and never give up. But, do not forget, the path into the future won’t be a straight one!

Pages: 60-61

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

RESEARCH

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

[new] NEW ORLEANS HURRICANES + FLOODING

The effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans have been long-lasting. As the center of Katrina passed South-east of New Orleans on August 29, 2005, winds downtown were in the Category 3 range with frequent intense gusts and tidal surge. The storm surge caused more than 50 breaches in drainage canal levees and also in navigational canal levees and precipitated the worst engineering disaster in the history of the United States. By August 31, 2005, 80% of New Orleans was flooded, with some parts under 15 feet (4.6 m) of water. Most of the city’s levees designed and built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers broke somewhere, including the 17th Street Canal levee, the Industrial Canal levee, and the London Avenue Canal floodwall. These breaches were responsible for most of the flooding, according to a June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Ninety percent of the residents of southeast Louisiana were evacuated in the most successful

evacuation of a major urban area in the nation’s history. Despite this, many remained, mainly the elderly and poor. The Louisiana Superdome was used for those who remained in the city and the many who remained in their homes had to swim for their lives, wade through deep water, or remain trapped in their attics or on their rooftops.

With it’s topography below the neighboring water and an inadequate levee system, the city of New Orleans faces many challenges. Can we consider a better urban approach to both protect the areas potentially impacted by future flooding while preserving the history and culture of such an important American city?

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1 \\ a plea for help - post hurricane katrina

2 \\ new orleans flooding: aerial view

Pages: 62-63

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM

DAEHEE HAN YEZHOU YANG

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION AGAINST FLOODING

BY CELLULAR HOUSING STRUCTURES

The project is located in New Orleans, where most areas suffered the disaster brought by flooding.

KOLATAN

As our research moved on, we found that there are two key reasons causing the floods:

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1. The gradual subsiding city grounds which make the average altitude of New Orleans city lower than horizon.

2. The increasing loss of wet lands that makes the fragile city even more vulnerable.

Thus, our goal is creating an organic cellular housing system for a multi-level city, in order to free the wetlands that have been taken up. Finally, a new mixed eco-urban system will be regenerated.

Thus, whole system is created by several types of protocols: housing, lower structures and upper structures.

In the first protocol, we divided houses into three types according to different demands and needs of those residing in New Orleans. By starting to divide the whole site into larger subdivisions, different types of housing units are aranged in different locations based on need. All types of housing not only have their own private green space, but also public gardens that are shared by the community.

The second protocol is for the lower structure which is an open system in order to support the building especially in wetland conditions. Thus, it acts as anchor to adapt to situations when in flooding happens, and it allows for connections to other units based on a web-like system to strengthen the whole structure.

Furthermore, this space between the structures could accommodate and allow for public facilities for the residents. The last protocol is for Upper structure which acts as self-sustaining cluster or densities. This structure also contains public garden space, cores.

We especially researched on the density re-distribution by dividing whole site into 3 parts. Electric Field simulation which is plug-in program in Rhino-ceros is used to generate arrangement of units.

By making traffic circulation in its outer open structure, this cluster could adapt properly in severe future disaster like Katrina.

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1 \\ cellular housing structure

2 \\ flooding condition: new orleans

Pages: 64-65

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1 \\ master plan: multi-level cellular housing units 2 \\ aggregation of component units

3 \\ component index & variation

Daehee Han & Yezhou Yang

Alternative Solution Against Flooding

4 \\ organic cellular housing system: dry

Pages: 66-67

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Daehee Han & Yezhou Yang

Alternative Solution Against Flooding

Pages: 68-69

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1 \\ cellular housing units in new orleans

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Daehee Han & Yezhou Yang

Alternative Solution Against Flooding

Pages: 70-71

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

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HO SUNG KIM EDNA VUONG

INTERWOVEN DELTA NEW ORLEANS FLOODING

It has become apparent that the flooding problem in New Orleans has been exasperated by sea level rise, climate change, and human interventions. The extensive damage caused by Hurricane Katrina and Rita has highlighted the desperate need for radical intervention. In recent years, this intervention has taken the form of levees, dikes, channels, and dams.

Natural flood barriers in the form of wetlands have not only been successful solutions for flooding, but are also biologically diverse and productive ecosystems. Human attempts to restrict natural flood cycles have destroyed natural flood barriers, hindered their development, as well as destroyed the relationship between the city and water. Despite the limitations of levees, the U.S. Army Corp. has responded to Hurricane Katrina by simply building larger levees. The consequences of these interventions threaten the long term sustainability of the fragile wetlands and increase the risk of flooding.

Our goal is to radically shift from a water management approach that is fundamentally restrictive to one that encourages the prosperity of ecological systems. Increased storm surges have made wetlands alone insufficient, so it is essential to reinvent the levee to form a hybrid system that works in conjunction with natural flood barriers to encourage an urban development that incorporates a life with water and nature. By merging infrastructure with wetlands, the relationship between city and the water and nature becomes intertwined.

We propose to surround the Lower Ninth Ward with a hybrid wall that will act as a levee as well as a dam.

Waterfront and bicycle tracks would run along the wall to activate it. The dams will constantly release small amounts of water inside its boundaries to form an artificial delta within the Lower Ninth Ward. This delta would grow over time, transforming itself into a living wetland within the hybrid walls. As this happens, the urban fabric transforms itself to make way for this new ecosystem to develop a city in which infrastructure and nature are indistinguishable.

During floods, the dams would release larger amounts of water into the wetlands to relieve increased water pressure from storm surges. The wetlands would act as a sponge, soaking up flood waters until storm surges dissipate. The disaster protocol deals not only with the short term effects of flooding, but attempts to enrich day to day life by reintroducing the concept of living with nature.

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1 \\ aerial view of interwoven delta

2 \\ transition: levee to dam and delta

Pages: 72-73

MASTER PLAN EASTERN CANAL

MASTER PLAN EASTERN CANAL HYBRID WALL GATEWAYS

MASTER PLAN EASTERN CANAL HYBRID WALL GATEWAYS INTERIOR DELTA

MASTER PLAN EASTERN CANAL HYBRID WALL GATEWAYS INTERIOR DELTA PERIMETER LAKES

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS MASTER PLAN EASTERN CANAL HYBRID WALL GATEWAYS INTERIOR DELTA PERIMETER LAKES BERMS

MASTER PLAN EASTERN CANAL HYBRID WALL GATEWAYS INTERIOR DELTA PERIMETER LAKES BERMS BUNKERS

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1 \\ development of masterplan 2 \\ hybrid levee + dam system overview 3 \\ views of dam openings in levee wall

4 \\ gateway section through dam 5 \\ section through dam system along path 6 \\ perspective view of gateway system

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Ho Sung Kim & Edna Vuong

Interwoven Delta

Pages: 74-75

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1 \\ walkway along hybrid wall 2 \\ dam at sunset 3 \\ aerial view of delta gateway system

4 \\ delta within lower ninth ward

Ho Sung Kim & Edna Vuong

Interwoven Delta

5 \\ control station section

Pages: 76-77

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1 \\ aerial perspective of dam gateway

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Ho Sung Kim & Edna Vuong

Interwoven Delta

Pages: 78-79

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

WENBO GUO XIOHAN WEN

REVIVING ROAD

AN AERIAL EVACUATION SYSTEM

At the very beginning of this design, we began to imagine a possible condition for New Orleans with potential future threats. That is, similar to what we have seen brought by the impact of Hurricane Katrina, what would be an appropriate proposal for this city to take to avoid another devastation?

Maybe there could be a high enough levy for people to feel safer than ever before in the current condition. Or, maybe the city, which has already been in a state of depression, could be erased entirely, or transfered, and a new city could be built around it.

However, we find none of these two suggestions really persuasive. For the former, what would happen or what could done if the levy failed to work again? Then, we find the basic questions just remain unanswered. For the latter, what about the people who still have confidence in and a love for this area? We ask this because New Orleans is a city, and was once the hometown of a population of over 1.2 million.

To reconsider the circumstance of New Orleans again and again, we realize that two problems for today’s New Orleans actually were left on the table to be solved: One is the underlying factor that caused 1500 lives lost in the disaster, that is the chaos that occured during the process of evacuation. There were not enough vehicles, or even if you foundnd the car, it was hard to get out of the city promptly, because only one route in the west functioned effectively. Another is the fact that the population of New Orleans has experienced an extreme decrease since Hurricane Katrina, and the government of the city is doing its best to revive the city, and to attract people back.

Therefore, we start to think if it is possible to fix these two malfunctions in one shot. Firstly, we need a massive reconstruction and amelioration of the existing traffic system. Secondly, we need huge construction of infrastructure not only to stimulate the economy, but also provide brand new, more importantly, safe, houses for the people hesitating to return to New Orleans.

Thus, we have combined these two systems together.

That is our proposal.

There may be some immaturities you may find inside this solution, but we would like to state several of its advantages that will win over the defects.

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1 \\ megastructure along the levee system

2 \\ aerial evacuation system

Pages: 80-81

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1 \\ generation of programmatic spaces 2 \\ basic geometry studies 3 \\ evacuation route: flooded neighborhood condition

4 \\ views: within the infrastructural evacuation network

Wenbo Guo & Xiohan Wen

Reviving Road

5 \\ a new city above the existing city

Pages: 82-83

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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1 \\ perspective views of landscape relations 2 \\ generation of infrastructure along intersecting paths 3 \\ section through the infrastructural evacuation route

4 \\ series: distribution of districts + generation of evacuation routes

Wenbo Guo & Xiohan Wen

Reviving Road

Firstly, what we are designing is a new structure that involves aero evacuation system – a network of viaducts across the city and a network that weaves as a “coat” alongside it, which means that this system is distributed into the very corner of the city and could act instantly and efficiently when crisis comes, absorbing the flow of the people from the ground or those just live in aero and decrease the pressure of the traditional ground level traffic system as quickly as possible. To realize this, and in order to get 800000 people out of city in 5 hours, based on calculation, we divide the city into 36 parts and select coordinates in each part as joints of network, trying to make the whole system stronger in face of similar disaster in the future.

Secondly, the new functional system, which means the network, consisted by residential space, business or commerce space, or infrastructures such as hospitals, government departments or emergency storages built along the aero route, implicates that itself is safe when the ground level is threatened by the flood. And the construction of this system is aimed at gaining back the confidence of the people who have left the city and trying to get back, and help them to get rid of their fears.

Thirdly, the two systems could combine.

By state “combine”, we mean that they actually can evolve into simple one. The functional space system that weaves alongside the aero evacuation system could also serve as their supporting structure, that saves the overlapping investment; and the aero route provide the best connection, which could not be better, between these new districts in the city. Moreover, the most interesting thing lies in where we find the space in the functional system. That the node the lines of the net join at, the space generates and the lines directly changed into both sub-grade of transportation system compared to the main aero route system. Hence, technically, the proposal is feasible.

Finally, in common days, this gigantic infrastructure is not a redundancy, it functions just as the other integrated huge skyscrapers that are taking roots in the world. It could be understood as a new city above an existing city, even with its traffic network. And these two worlds serve for each other mutually. It could be a landscape, a landmark, or a machine, once runs, generate energy and profits.

It just stands there, stands for the new generation of city life.

To realize this conception, we have to work harder and go further.

Now trying to use programming to simulate the generating of the network across the city, study the form of the weaving of the functional space and interacting between each other, the result are still need to be improved.

While it may be deemed as a fictional utopia, we hope it could suggest one possibility of the future of this great city.

Pages: 84-85

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

1 \\ aerial view of evacuation system

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Wenbo Guo & Xiohan Wen

Reviving Road: An Aerial Evacuation System

Pages: 86-87

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

CHANGPEI JIANG SHENGZHI XIE

MEGASWARM

AN INTRODUCTION FOR A NEW LEVEE

Homogeneous System Design Crystal System A crystal system is a series of point groups. Two point groups are placed in the same crystal system if the sets of possible lattice systems of their space groups are the same. For many point groups there is only one possible lattice system, and in these cases the crystal system corresponds to a lattice system and is given the same name.

Our group’s protocol begins from the octahedron crystal system. We take advantage of single octahedron which attaches to each other with the overlaying edges or vertexes, forming a section-based crystal system.

Then we face the challenges of the New Orleans site like the flood crisis and city renewal.

Heterogeneous System Design 1. The Levee We study the water force of the Mississippi River and draw out the plan and section diagram to withstand the push force and increase the pull and drag force when confronting the flood challenge. Additionally, we designed some porous holes in the underwater units to increase the water turbulence in order to decrease the impact force of the current to the levee.

2. The Bridge Our site has an original twin bridge which connects the uptown and the outside city. We get the purpose to replace the bridge with our crystal system.

3. Megastructure By rearranging the crystal system, we give birth to some megastructure parts in our protocol, which bears the sense of city weaving and function overlaying, like hotel, dwelling, restaurant, conventional center.

4.The New City The crystal system serves as further development plug-in structure for small and large apartment units.

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1 \\ megastructure along the levee system

2 \\ harbor forrest integration: building, land + transport

Pages: 88-89

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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1 \\ master plan of megaswarm levee 2 \\ sectional perspective through levee + megastructure Changpei Jiang & Shengzhi Xie

3 \\ perspective of bridge (looking west) 4 \\ component unit index Megaswarm

Pages: 90-91

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1 \\ birdseye view of megaswarm levee system 2 \\ perspective of vehicular bridge 3 \\ sectional perspective through megastructure bridge

4 \\ personal pods perspective 5 \\ detailed view of levee system near bridge 6 \\ megaswarm as seen from downtown new orleans aerial

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Changpei Jiang & Shengzhi Xie

Megaswarm

Pages: 92-93

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

HYUN-BUM JUNG XIN LIN

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SYNTHETIC WETLAND FOR NEW ORLEANS WATER ISSUE

Project Focus: New Orleans was greatly damaged by hurricane Katrina in 2005. Most of the damage was caused mainly by the failure of the levee system, the continuous ground subsidence, lowlands below sea level and the misguided policies of the city.

Over 60% of New Orleans lies below the sea level. The levee system was designed to overcome this geographical disadvantage. However, as it proved during Katrina, it was strategically flawed and failed to safeguard the city from the storm surge.

Project Objective: In response to the failure of the levee system, we propose a solution for the city based on a wetland system.

The ultimate goal of our project is to generate a synthetic wetland system in the site.

In order to achieve that we focused on three basic units in our project; flood control, landscape and water storage.

They will be organized according to a leaf-like structure, which would make the whole site context organic in order to meet function in this system.

Flood control units are placed along the borderline of the site and control the water direction and flow-speed, leading them into the water storage units for later use.

Water storage units are placed in the second zone and act as a storage space for water. Underground canals connect the storage units with the wetland, and providing watering possibilities for specific wetland vegetation.

Landscape units offer wetland hierarchic space for wetland plants growth, which will contribute a lot in future water storage and flood control.

In addition, housing programs and space for existing residential facilities will also be provided, including public plazas, a wetland museum, and a service center.

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1 \\ basic unit assembly: landscape platform

2 \\ wetland city

Pages: 94-95

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1 \\ wetland system in the site 2 \\ component aggregations 3 \\ section through the synthetic wetland system

4 \\ series: functionality of components 5 \\ multi-layered system

Hyun-Bun Jung & Xin Lin

Multi-Functional Synthetic Wetland

components function building layer

- WATER BREAKER

nents function roof layer for open space

BASIC UNIT FLOOD CONTROL - WATER BREAKER

components function

wetland plants layer

functional components

Pages: 96-97

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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1 \\ landscape through wetland system

3 \\ parameter components

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2 \\ masterplan series: ood control, water storage, landscape

4 \\ perspective along wetland system

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Hyun-Bun Jung & Xin Lin

Multi-Functional Synthetic Wetland

Pages: 98-99

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

LUYING GUO YUNCONG XIA

NEW VERTICAL CITY ABOVE NEW ORLEANS

General Descriptions The goal of the work is to solve the problems of the disappearing wetland, which is worsening the environments and threatening living conditions in the city of New Orleans.

To protect the wetlands, and replenish/recover the original wetlands from the destruction of human beings, the man-made dams must be torn down to let the water back in. This gives the wetland back to the nature, no longer pumping water underground, and no longer needing the construction of higher and higher dams.

Our idea is to build a new vertical city, set up and above the old and existing city. In terms of the further city development, the new city will be spread above the water level of the lake.

The city itself will be an outcome of self-organization. By figuring out the locations of blocks where there are buildings of high density, we name these areas “hot points.” In doing so, we carefully take the existing city into consideration by investigating the areas of the blocks, living spaces, public activity space and city gardens, and using these locations as functional modules of the new vertical city. According to the existing city, we have introduced three containers: living containers [of people scale], public activity containers containers [of public building scale], and city containers [of city scale, such as city gardens]. In this way, by introducing the new function modules with the same scale as the existing building space in the existing city, we try to remain a similar spatial feeling for people who will move to the new vertical city.

Furthermore, we developed specific rules about the containers. The living containers move towards the “new city centers” and meanwhile they reject the other living containers. The public activity containers move towards the living containers and meanwhile they reject the other public activity containers. The city containers will fill out the blanks between the clusters of living containers and public activity containers.

People would move gradually to the “hot points” of the vertical city, which will form the new city center in the future. The living containers would slowly stick to the “hot point” in a vertical way, and the public activity containers would surround the living containers. The city containers would be left in the gap between.

The structure of the new vertical city is a physically stable bubble structure. We initiate the agents, running between the containers, imitating the intersection of the bubbles to form the structure of the city. Agents align and weave when they reach the living containers to form the facades.

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1 \\ vertical city

2 \\ self-organizing city blocks

Pages: 100-101

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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1 \\ generation of bubble structure 2 \\ facade generation: structure + sub-layers 3 \\ views of facade of complex

4 \\ section through floors of new vertical complex

Lu Ying Guo & Yun Cong Xia

New Vertical City

5 \\ aerial view of vertical city

Pages: 102-103

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

the transformation construction

facade floors

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1 \\ facade system 2 \\ complex structure along city frame & surfaces 3 \\ section through vertical city

4 \\ interior perspective of structure + facade

Lu Ying Guo & Yun Cong Xia

New Vertical City

5 \\ new orleans vertical city over old city

Pages: 104-105

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

CHEN FU ZHAO FANG

ZIPPER-NESS

PONTCHARTRAIN LAKESHORE

DUBBELDAM

The concept for this project is to design a system integrated with different functions such as levee, landscape, housing, and public recreations, etc.

KOLATAN

The concept comes from the zipper – however it has been developed into more than just a zipper-formed structure, it also extends to more complexes, for example, a spatial zipper, a cultural zipper, and even a social zipper. In doing so, we hope that through an architectural way we could blur the existing rigid separations between the poor and the rich, the traditional and the modern culture, and the natural and artificial.

SNOOKS

The major problems of New Orleans started from its vulnerability to flooding. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the huge immigration, poverty concentration has become more obvious because of the unsuccessful rebuilding of the poor neighborhoods in the city. And New Orleans has a strong traditional African American culture between which and the modern development there also forms a rigid separation. By extracting the main spatial characteristics of both and mixing them together, it is possible that the separation both urban and cultural could be blurred, creating more communication between those counterparts and more diversity in the city.

Our levee contains mainly four parts – the waterfront which provides recreation, the solid levee which deals with the flood, the mixed area with greenery and infrastructure which connects the original urban pattern and the new urban pattern, and a set of scales which provides more functions such as residential and commercial.

As the system expands along the canal sides, it transforms according to the water force the canal sides take, with two opposite trends for the levee and the housing. The levee goes higher where water force is stronger, while the towers lowering down and pulling back. With two opposite trends interweaving each other, it is possible to create certain beautiful architectural rhythms along the levee.

The system allows for flooding, by providing different components in each unit such as a capacitor and a resister. The capacitor acts as an emergency way when the levee is over flooded to store water, and it provides other functions for people, such as water recreation. The resister acts in normal conditions as a standard levee system.

By introducing topological interweaving of different spaces, we desire to not only combine different functions together and also other non-architectural elements such as cultural ones, social ones, to eliminate rigid separation exists currently in the city.

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1 \\ levee system

2 \\ bridge network along the levee

Pages: 106-107

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1 \\ series: unit deformation 2 \\ perspective view of landscape along water 3 \\ perspective view of lobby

4 \\ macro zipper: urban fabric & river connections 5 \\ masterplan of zipper system

Chen Fu & Zhao Fang

Zipper-ness

Pages: 108-109

residential

bridge

storeys infrastructure frame

landscape

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1 \\ architectural system unit 2 \\ waterfront perspective

3 \\ perspective view of residential units 4 \\ series: macro zipper urban fabric & river connections 5 \\ perspective view of atrium

Chen Fu & Zhao Fang

Zipper-ness

Pages: 110-111

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

1 \\ zipper levee system

1

Chen Fu & Zhao Fang

Zipper-ness

Pages: 112-113

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

WENYUAN GUO YU WANG

SELF-ORGANIZING LEVEE

A PROTECTIVE NON-LINEAR ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE

The self-organizing levee is a levee system that features a non-linear architectural structure designed to protect the city of New Orleans from floods, and integrate the levee with landscape & commercial function.

This proposal is designed to substitute the existing, weak and linearly linked, levee panels with a selforganizing structure. The development of the process uses an agent-based design strategy, which emerges from the operation of interaction of different systems and questions the established hierarchies that operate within architecture. In this case, the overall layout of levee, the field of water flow and the non-linear structure which forms the space and panel, all influence each other, then create a new balance between architectural structure and it’s environment. It blurs the difference between construction in urban scale and detail scale and applies stigmergic way into forming the continuous structure of levee panels, grounds and building functions.

The city of New Orleans has long suffered from the issues dealing with flooding. The fact that most of the city’s terrain is below the sea level calls for an effective levee system which cannot afford to fail. The original levee system has many flaws which makes it insufficient at the time of flooding. On one hand, the linear structure panel is easy to be dispersed and overtopped; on the other, the lack of interaction between the city and the regulation makes it an enclave district.

This specific project aims at to act as barriers of the city in wet times, and revive the waterfront during nonflooding conditions. It is located specifically along the east canal side of New Orleans where the breaching risk of the levees into the city is at the peak when a hurricane like Katrina strikes. It is also scattered along the inner city canals and Mississippi riverbanks.

Two levels of design systems are used to deal with New Orleans problem. They are applied to the overall shape and the detailed structure and function separately. The former is generated by response to the water and the bank environment, where the layers of water frontier thickens and bifurcates at points where the water pressure is the highest, and the layers of the city side stretch and compensate for the existing fabric to form the new landscape belt.

The different layers acted as buffer zones in flooded times and water chambers are formed to replace the program in common times. The program which occupies the space between the layers is mainly commercial shops, dwellings and landscape tracks, or green belts. The latter acts as a non-linear structure pattern running on and out of the overall shape. The structure stretches along the space and coils at the joints in order to become an optimized structure as well as strong and characteristic in shape.

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1 \\ self-organized levee

2 \\ protective non-linear structure

Pages: 114-115

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1 \\ levee along new orleans east canal 1 2

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2 \\ normative condition + flood condition

3 \\ park perspective, hotel perspective, and non-linear study 4 \\ series: levee generation 5 \\ view of proposed restaurant in levee

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Wenyuan Guo & Yu Wang

Self-Organizing Levee

Pages: 116-117

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1 \\ perspective along new orleans waterfront 2 \\ plan view across levee structure 3 \\ sectional view of levee: normative condition

4 \\ generation of levee architecture + structure

Wenyuan Guo & Yu Wang

Self-Organizing Levee

5 \\ aerial section of levee: normative condition

Pages: 118-119

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN

JON BYERS JOHN POSTIC

DIFFUSION LIMITED AGGREGATIONS A VISION FOR NEW ORLEANS

This project challenges the classic assumptions of linear urban development and the independent relationship between built and natural orders in the City of New Orleans. The catastrophic results produced by natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina were enabled by rigid urban expansion and the belief that the known could be separated from the unknown by erecting barriers against the natural environment.

SNOOKS When these barriers break down, the response has been to reinforce previous beliefs by building taller and longer barriers. We believe that the problem lies in the strategy, not the tactics.

A new, dynamic view of urban development and a holistic approach to environmental integration are needed to set a vision for the city that can provide great opportunities for expansion and growth and also allow the city to reconcile its fractured relationship with the natural world.

This challenge is worked out through a nonlinear system of design agents whose inter-relationships create an emergent order that organizes the city and topography at various scales: city, neighborhood and street. In this bottom-up system, programmatic mass is broken into small boxes that self-organize into aggregates of varying density by responding to changes in local topography and the context of neighbor boxes.

A complimentary class of sculpting agents is concurrently tasked with spontaneously ordering a new canal system to channel flood waters into (and out of) a redesigned wetlands area and redistributing landform.

The purpose of this project is not to “solve” the issue of flooding. What we propose is a circular, open mechanism that can compile various inputs into an interdependent system that produces an emergent order that responds and adapts to local conditions.

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1 \\ emergent neighborhood order at street level

2 \\ city masterplan for new orleans

Pages: 120-121

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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1 \\ series: new orleans master plan analysis 2 \\ section across district block 3 \\ district master plan

4 \\ neighborhood perspective at street level

Jon Byers & John Postic

Diffusion Limited Aggregations

Pages: 122-123

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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1 \\ non-linear system of design agents 2 \\ emergent order 3 \\ perspective of neighborhood block densities

4 \\ neighborhood street level perspective

Jon Byers & John Postic

Diffusion Limited Aggregations

5 \\ aerial view of neighborhood densities + canals

Pages: 124-125

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

JORDAN TRACHTENBERG

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS FOR A FUTURE-PROOF CONDITION

As a necessity, humanity has shifted focus to be ecologically and environmentally conscious, physically changing how we live our lives and run our economies. The ever-changing environment calls for architecture agility, to be able to contend with local and global concerns while negotiation short-term conditions with long-term goals.

Today we begin to adapt ourselves, and we now strengthen our role to answer critical questions of planning and design that are changing the way we think about our future.

Objectively creating a futureproof society.

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Jordan Trachtenberg: Future Considerations for a Future-Proof Condition

Now, we architects have a great ability to digitally manipulate form and generate fast geometries with ease, and as a new generation of architects we have accelerated very fast into a world of endless topological possibilities.

But, we should be thorough in the study of these future scenarios and include ourselves as thinkers and architects to further develop systems that are materially conscious, deployable and permanent, reactive and adaptive.

Avoiding the scenario set forward in the 1970s by Nicholas Negroponte, the “architecture machine,” an idea that architecture will one day not need architects to take the wheel. Meaning machines would act as an “all-purpose artificial design assistant,” negating any need for architects to intervene.

Our responsibility is to use our technological advancements, adapt our techniques and processes, consequently developing this idea of new adaptable systems that will allow us to be ready for deviations to our environment. With todays endless cataloging of data from the insignificantly small micro-analysis on behavioral material system structures to ever large macro-analysis on weather system patterns, we can be readily incorporated in the mechanism as its conductor, orchestrating and optimizing the vast amounts of information that are both problems and solutions for a better condition tomorrow.

Bernard Rudofsky, wrote in 1964 on the vernaculars of architecture and describes this progression of design typology as “Architecture Without Architects.”

With that in mind, to develop a design ideology that is future ready, or future-proof is to do just the opposite, to go beyond pedigreed design and to maintain, understand, and control all bottom-up and top-down strategies to create an Architecture with Architects.

Pages: 126-127

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

RESEARCH

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

[new] LOS ANGELES EARTHQUAKES

For residents of California, and Los Angeles in particular, the question regarding high magnitude earthquakes is not one of IF, but WHEN? The Southern California Earthquake Center in cooperation with U.S Geological Survey, California Geological Survey, and the California earthquake Authority (CEA) have concluded after much study that in the new forecast: California has a 99.7 percent chance of having a 6.7 magnitude earthquake or larger during the next 30 years. The likelihood of a more powerful quake of 7.5 magnitude in the next 30 years is 46 percent.

Such a quake is more likely to occur in the southern half of the state than in the northern half. This report goes on to say that the probability is 67 percent of a 6.7 magnitude earthquake or larger over the next 30 years striking the greater Los Angeles area. According to the Southern California Catastrophic Earthquake Response Plan (2010), a 6.7 magnitude earthquake would yield approximately 300,000 buildings damaged, 1,800 deaths, 542,000 displaced individuals and 2.5 million individuals in need of resource support. The grand total in damages is estimated to be $213 billion dollars.

All of the data we currently have points to an inevitable future scenario with substantial catastrophic physical, emotional and ďŹ nancial consequences for the Greater Los Angeles Area, but we cannot wait for that inevitable future. What if we started designing for tomorrow today?

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1 \\ highway - 1994 northridge earthquake

2 \\ city of los angeles infrastructural system and skyline

Pages: 128-129

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

JARED EDGAR McKNIGHT

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

EARTHQUAKEPROTOCOL_LA:

A PROPOSAL FOR SUB[URBAN] LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that triggers seismic waves. Los Angeles is vulnerable to earthquakes due to the geologic instability of the region. The Greater Los Angeles area sits on numerous fault lines, which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually. While humans do not feel the majority of those earthquakes, catastrophic and sudden releases of energy could create devastating seismic waves. The worst earthquake [in recent years] in the Greater Los Angeles area was the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, 20 miles northwest of Los Angeles. This particular earthquake had enormous effects on residential areas, extensively damaging over 450,000 residential units.

Los Angeles is a city at the epicenter of disaster.

Given the great potential for devastating earthquakes in the Greater Los Angeles area, what is most surprising is the vagueness and lack of a detailed earthquake protocol in LA. People are advised to drop, cover, and hold on [to a table] and to stay indoors during an earthquake, but I would argue that the table is not enough.

According to the 2010 Southern California Catastrophic Earthquake Response Plan, there is a 99.7% chance of a magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake by 2025 in Southern California. An earthquake of this magnitude would lead to: 1800 deaths, 53000 injuries, 300000 buildings damaged, 1600 fires, 54200 displaced individuals, 2.5 million individuals in need of resources, 4500 rescues, and over $213 billion in damages.

There is an urgent need for an architectural discourse on these imminent disasters.

Earthquakes strike with little or no warning, but such shocking destruction generates an emergence of new opportunities for architecture and design; opportunities to explore temporal systems of response that address the multiple time frames of a disaster. From an immediate reaction, to the extended aftermath and response in the wake of a disaster [the need for temporary shelters and resources], and the eventual rebuilding during the sustained response period, disasters must produce a new threshold and language for crisis-responsive design.

Experimentations into bottom-up structures, which act as spontaneously organized entities, and respond to the need for temporal architectural conditions, introduce the possibility for new living conditions in Los Angeles: hybrid, nested living conditions that redefine the configuration of suburban Los Angeles through the integration of protective design systems that respond to earthquakes in: Sub[urban] Los Angeles, California.

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1 \\ sub[urban] los angeles

2 \\ immediate aftermath [phase 1: sub[urban] living condition]

Pages: 130-131

+ + + + + + + + + + DUBBELDAM KOLATAN

+

SNOOKS 1

PREPAREDNESS

IMPACT the stored tectonic energy released in an earthquake produces two kinds of elastic waves in the surrounding crust. the primary [p] waves, which arrive ďŹ rst, compress the crust, while the subsequent secondary [s] waves twist or shear it - delay time between p & s: 30sec - 5min.

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1 \\ prototype component + index system 2 \\ mapping los angeles fault line risk 3 \\ series: temporary housing prototypes 4 \\ earthquake response timeline Jared Edgar McKnight

{

DROP! 2

COVER! 3

1 RESPONSE 2 REBUILDING 3

HOLD ON!

REACTION

IMMEDIATE RESPONSE: 30SEC - 12HRS THE PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE

EXTENDED AFTERMATH: 12HRS - 72HRS THE TEMPORARY STRUCTURE

SUSTAINED RESPONSE: 72HRS + THE AGGREGATED STRUCTURE

5 \\ series: temporary housing prototypes 6 \\ series: sub[urban] la - neighborhood programming diagram 7 \\ immediate aftermath [the 30sec-12hour protocol] EarthquakeProtocol_LA

Pages: 132-133

In developing an architectural protocol for rebuilding after earthquakes, it was important to understand that seismic loads approach with little warning and from any direction. Thus, structures must resist horizontal loads from any direction, transfer those loads to the ground, and absorb some of the forces.

This resulted in structures designed using an index of components that act as organic systems that brace through overlapping and intersecting central cores. Variations in the component configurations were explored based on desired living conditions, and then a series of unit prototypes were developed to redefine the configuration of suburban los angeles, using intersections to generate strong, tension-braced cores, and composite complex surfaces to resist seismic loads, as well as provide for enhanced earthquake-conscious living.

Each of the three prototypes for living conditions explored using service cores, low centers of gravity, deployable members to brace during earthquakes, and footings which extend into the landscape, connecting to infrastructure and providing resources.

From the smallest scaled immediate response deployable studies to the intermediate scaled temporal prototype housing units, it was also important to address a larger, more urban scale, and redefine the LA suburb as an urban entity.

Learning from, and using the typologies of, the prototype iterations, testing the design at an urban scale involved rethinking the component index, and creating a new superstructure that each of the units could adapt to. This new, bottom-up structure acts as a spontaneously organized entity, and responds to the earthquake timeline, introducing a new idea: A hybrid, nested sub[urban] living condition that redefines the configuration of suburban Los Angeles through the integration of protective design systems that respond to earthquakes. This new living condition supports a hybrid of structure, residential units, commercial corridors, and infrastructural connections. From the initial case study [nesting immediately deployable protective units within existing residential units] to the temporary prototype structures, and the prolonged timeline [nesting the prototype residential units within an organic, spontaneously organized superstructure], this design offers a response to Los Angeles’ need for an earthquake-conscious, temporally aware, architectural protocol. this design offers a new living condition for sub[urban] Los Angeles, California.

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

1. impact/destruction

STATIC

3 1 2

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4 5

2. structural systems

FORCES

BRACING

3. nesting of new units

EXISTING

IMPACT

4: removal of debris [?]

DEPLOY

5. rebuilding/aggregation

EXPAND

1 \\ series: neighborhood, impact, destruction, initiation of sub[urban] la structural system 2 \\ residential earthquake timeline

3 \\ nested residential units within structural system 4 \\ addition of commercial and infrastructural units 5 \\ hybrid system co-exists with surviving structures

Jared Edgar McKnight

EarthquakeProtocol_LA

REBUILD

Pages: 134-135

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

1 \\ hybrid of nested system

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Jared Edgar McKnight

EarthquakeProtocol_LA

Pages: 136-137

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

YUFAN ZHANG YIN-KUANG CHANG

POST-EARTHQUAKE REHABILITATION HOUSING IN LOS ANGELES

According to scientiďŹ c studies and seismic statistics, a 8.0 or higher magnitude earthquake to hit Los Angeles is just around the corner. In the case of possible catastrophe, the infrastructure of ground transportation will be heavily damaged, thousands of houses will be knocked down into debris, water and electricity system will shut down. Thus a protocol of rescue- housing that addresses the emergency requirements after a massive earthquake is necessary. This housing system will then transit from temporary to permanent and form the foundation of a new neighborhood.

Strategy 1. Right after an earthquake, the casualty number will be high and many people will lose their homes. Housing units will be airdropped on the debris to provide shelter, food, water, emergency treatment and electricity.

People will be evacuated into these temporary shelters.

2. Within a few days, more and more components will be airdropped and start to cluster to rehabilitate neighborhoods. At the same time, rubble of fallen buildings will be bulldozed and recycled to become future construction material.

3. In the upcoming months, after cleaning up all the debris, a new transportation system and community center will be established, to form once again a functioning, diverse neighborhood. The rehabilitation housing will become a complex neo-post-earthquake housing system substituting for the older, grid based system of LA. Heterogeneous System Design: Housing System: We investigated various earthquake cases and government rescue methods to develop a system that can stand on the debris, thus making space for cleaning up the rubble on the ground. The facility core provides water and food. Electricity is mainly generated from the photovoltaic panels on the outer shelter surface. Each unit can accommodate 2-4 people while under the eme rgency condition each can provide room for up to 20 people.

Infrastructure System: When the clustering reaches a certain degree, the housing system needs extra infrastructure to be connected and manage water, heat and electricity supply. Facility units, road units and landscape units will also be provided for and will become part of the system.

Community System: Once the units are clustered and connected to each other, the whole system will serve as a single community with bigger units becoming community centers and smaller units becoming houses. The ensuing public and private spaces will be more uid and fuse into a coherent whole.

Landscape System: The fallen debris will be used to build up berms, which over time transform into a new landscape system, merging with the existing roads and plants by forming ramps, and connecting the ground to the housing units.

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1 \\ community design system

2 \\ post-earthquake rehabilitation housing

Pages: 138-139

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STRATEGY IN PHASES

DUBBELDAM EARTHQUAKE

STRATEGY IN PHASES

7 days

1 month

6EARTHQUAKE months

yduts tnenopmoc

STRATEGY IN PHASES

1 year

7 days

1 month

EARTHQUAKE 6 months

STRATEGY IN PHASES

1 year

7 days

1 month

6 months EARTHQUAKE

1 year

7 days

1 month

6 months

1 year

KOLATAN SNOOKS

FO

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1 \\ barnacle unit component studies 2 \\ heterogeneous system: housing, community, landscape 3 \\ timeline: strategy in phases - earthquake to 1 year

4 \\ series: formation of small neighborhood

Yufan Zhang & Yin-Kuang Chang

Post-Earthquake Rehabilitation

CLEA

RES

FORMATION OF SMALL NEIGHBORHOOD

EARTHQUAKE

7 days

1 month

6 months

Pages: 140-141

emergency housing

EMERGENCY HOUSING

CLUSTERING

NEW NEIGHBORH

evacuate to open spaces plan and rebuild continue rescuing provide temporary housing rehabilitate neighborhood

RESCUE

CLEAN UP

RECOVERY

bulldoze debris

FORMATION OF SMALL NEIGHBORHOOD

EARTHQUAKE

7 days

1 month

6 months

1 year

unit clustering

EMERGENCY HOUSING

CLUSTERING

NEW NEIGHBORHOOD

evacuate to open spaces plan and rebuild continue rescuing provide temporary housing rehabilitate neighborhood

CLEAN UP

RESCUE

FORMATION OF SMALL NEIGHBORHOOD

RECOVERY

bulldoze debris

EARTHQUAKE

7 days

1 month

6 months

1 year

new neighborhood

EMERGENCY HOUSING

CLUSTERING

NEW NEIGHBORHOOD

1 year

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

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1 \\ single unit section 2 \\ section through complex community structure 3 \\ landscape of community

4 \\ rehabilitated community perspective

Yufan Zhang & Yin-Kuang Chang

Post-Earthquake Rehabilitation

5 \\ aerial night view of community

Pages: 142-143

[new] Los Angeles

[new] New Orleans

[new] New York

POST-PROFESSIONAL @ PENNDESIGN

BERLIN, GERMANY OCTOBER 24 - 30, 2011

DUBBELDAM KOLATAN SNOOKS

1 \\ group in front of berlin stadtmodelle: city model of berlin 2 \\ touring berlin 3 \\ selection of photographs from trip to germany

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Berlin Field Trip

Pages: 144-145

POST-PROFESSIONAL @ PENNDESIGN COMPOSITE.PAVILION - BMW GUGGENHEIM LAB COMPETITION

DIGITAL METHODS WORKSHOP AUGUST 22 - 26, 2011

Justin Diles, with the help of Lindsay Cohen and Todd Costain, conducted a week-long intensive digital methods course in August to prepare the PostProfessional students for the demands of particular software programs that they would need to utilize throughout the semester. Students were introduced to Maya and Rhino, and the focus of the course was on modeling and rendering techniques that were soon utilized throughout the week-long workshop, as well as for a competition. The first task was to model and animate pieces of a Gundam Robot body. Gundam Robots are tectonically complex with a logical assemply and specific colaboration of individual parts. Each Gundam piece was modeled and rendered in Maya software. This exercise was used as a basis for gaining an understanding of the modeling programs in preparation for the competition.

During the week prior to school starting, students work on an in-house competition for a design for the BMW Guggenheim Lab/Pavilion. The BMW Guggenheim Lab is a mobile pavilion hosting lectures, film screenings, workshops and events. Lasting three seasons over six years, the project aims to generate innovative ideas for urban living for cities around the world.

During the first season, the pavilion will travel to NYC, Berlin and Mumbai.

Each student was tasked to re-design the pavilion with an emphasis on complexity and curved composite surfaces. BMW coined the term “flame-surfacing” to describe how the surfaces of its recent cars reflect light while in motion. The students were asked to design a similarly articulated strategy as an identity for the Lab through surface.

Of the 36 designs, all were judged by the professors, and Hyoung Sub Kim, Hyo Young Park, and Yuanhao Wang were chosen as three of the top designs in the class.

This competition served as a great transition into the semester. Not only did the competition help us learn the programs we would be utilizing for our work, but it was an initiation into the rigerous work that would be expected throughout the semester. Soon after this event, students were assigned professors, and started to research and design their own protocols for disasters in American coastal cities.

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1 \\ bmw concept car + bmw lab 2 \\ Hyoung Sub Kim - Forest of Shadow + Light Hyo Young Park - Bloomin’ Pavilion Yuanhao Wang - Component Generation BMW Guggenheim Lab Competition: Composite.Pavilion

3 \\ collection of pavilions from the competition

Pages: 146-147

POST-PROFESSIONAL @ PENNDESIGN

BIOGRAPHIES

PROFESSORS & CONTRIBUTORS

WINKA DUBBELDAM Winka Dubbeldam is the founder and president of Archi-Tectonics [1994]. Dubbeldam received a Masters in Architecture from the Academy of Architecture in Rotterdam [1990], and a second Masters at Columbia University, NYC [1992]. She has lectured and taught extensively at the Masters Programs of Columbia, Harvard, Cornell, and currently holds the position of Practice Professor and Director of the 2nd Masters Program at PennDesign, Philadelphia. She served as juror at several design and AIA awards, and for the Prix de Rome and the Architecture Biennale in Bogota. She also serves as the External Examiner for the AA [Architectural Association], London, and has recently joined the Board of Directors of the Institute of Urban Design, NY [2010] and Board of Advisors of BOFFO NYC [2011].

Archi-Tectonics is a research based design practice. We aim to achieve design efficiencies that express themselves in optimal modulation, and energy-efficient, sustainable solutions. Archi-Tectonics is an expert in LEED design. Built work includes the 80,000sf Greenwich building, NYC, the four story Chelsea townhouse, the 15-story American Loft tower in Philadelphia, and the 3000 sf DUB-residence in Holland. We more recently completed the NAI in Rotterdam, the Ports1961 Flagship stores in London, Shanghai and Paris, and the Pavillion for the Dutch Fashion Biennale. Current projects under construction are the 9-story residential Vestry building, the LRH mixed-use building in NYC, the 150,000 sf Commercial building in New mexico, and an Art Exhibit for Sothebys NY. Publications include the three Monographs, “Winka Dubbeldam, Architect” [010 Publishers, Rotterdam, 1996], AT-INdex [Princeton Press, NYC, 2006], and the Archi-Tectonics Monograph [DAAB publishers, 2010]. The work has also been published in a large number of International Architecture & Design Periodicals. Recent exhibitions include the MOMA exhibits, “The Unprivate House” (1999) and the ‘Young Architects’ (2001), the Max Protetch Exhibit for proposals for the WTC (2001), and the Venice Biennale [2002]. Furthermore Archi-tectonics participated in the Venice Biennale “Arsenale exhibit” [2004], curated and participated in the PAN exhibit in the Taylor Gallery [2006] and was included in Performalism, an exhibit in the Tel Aviv Musem of Modern Art [2008] and in ACADIA [nyc] in 2010. Winka received the “Emerging Voice” award [2001], and was awarded “Best and Brightest” by Esquire; the Genius Issue [2004]].

Archi-Tectonics was the Award winner in the IIDA / Metropolis Smart Environments Award [2006], won the Design Competition for a Sustainable Neighborhood Staten Island, NY [2008], and the Hommes Award [2011] Rotterdam.

FERDA KOLATAN Ferda Kolatan is a founding partner of su11 Architecture+Design in New York City. He received his Architectural Diploma with distinction from the RWTH Aachen and his MArch from Columbia University, where he was awarded the LSL Memorial Prize and the Honor Award for Excellence in Design. Ferda has taught previously at Columbia University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, University of British Columbia, and RWTH Aachen. He is currenty a Senior Lecturer at PennDesign, University of Pennsylvania. Ferda’s work with su11 has received the Swiss National Culture Award for Art and Design and the ICFF Editors Award for “Best New Designer” in 2001. The studio’s work has been exhibited nationally and internationally, at venues such as the Museum of Modern Art/PS1 in New York, the Walker Art Center, the Vitra Design Museum, Artists Space New York, Archilab Orleans, Chernikhov Prize Moscow, Art Basel, Documenta X Kassel, Siggraph, and the Carnegie Museum of Art. su11 has had their work published in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, Le Monde, Architectural Design [AD], Achilab’s Futurehouse, Space, Monitor, L’Acra, Arch+, and The Metapolis Dictionary of Advanced Architecture

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Professor + Contributor Biographies

Pages: 148-149

ROLAND SNOOKS Roland Snooks is a partner of the experimental architecture practice Kokkugia, and teaches architecture at the University of Pennsylvania, RMIT University, and Columbia University. Roland has previously directed design studios and seminars at the Pratt Institute, SCI-Arc, UCLA, USC and Victorian College of the Arts. Roland’s design research is focused on emergent design processes involving agent-based techniques. This research is the focus the forthcoming publication Swarm Intelligence: Architectures of Multi-Agent Systems. Roland holds a B.Arch with honors from RMIT University and a Master in Advanced Architectural Design from Columbia University where he studied on a Fulbright scholarship. Roland is currently a PhD candidate at RMIT University. He was named the Australian Curator for the 2008 and 2010 Beijing Architecture Biennials. Kokkugia is a experimental architecture design and research practice exploring generative methodologies developed from the complex self-organising behavior of biological, social and material systems. It is a networked practice, with offices in New York, Melbourne and London, operating through design, research and teaching.

MATTHIAS BÖTTGER Matthias Böttger studied architecture and urban planning. His academic career started at the Bauhaus Foundation Dessau, continued at University of Stuttgart and since 2007 he taught “Art + Architecture” at the ETH Zürich. 2007/2008 he was Visiting Professor for Art and Public Space at the Academy of Fine Arts in Nuremburg. In 2006 he curated the exhibition “Global Players” communicating the influences and effects of globalisation with examples from the world of professional soccer. In 2008 he was commissioner and curator for the German contribution “Updating Germany— Projects for a Better Future” to the 11th International Architecture Exhibition in Venice. 2007-2009 he was a fellow at the Akademie Schloss Solitude in Stuttgart. 2010 he ran the exhibition space aut - Architektur und Tirol - in Innsbruck and curated the series aut.raumproduktion. Since July 2011 he is curator and artistic director of DAZ - Deutsches Architektur Zentrum - in Berlin. His Berlin-based think-tank raumtaktik — office from a better future — deals with spatial intelligence and intervention in the present and the future.

JORDAN TRACHTENBERG Jordan Trachtenberg, LEED AP is most recently the Coordinating Architect and Project Manager at UNStudio in Amsterdam, Netherlands for the Singapore University of Technology and Design. Concurrently he led the design and development of a mass-produced shelving product, designed as a globally marketed, modular system. At UNStudio, Jordan has worked as lead designer and project manager on several successful competitions, small built projects, interior, and industrial design solutions, such as the Library and Center for New Media in Ghent, Belgium, the Zara flagship store in Rome, Italy, and the 29th annual art biennale’s Youturn Pavilion in Sao Paulo, Brazil. In addition to Jordan’s work at UNStudio, under his independent practice based out of Miami, Florida is developing a retail and branding concept for a successful boutique in Miami Beach to be completed in the Fall of 2012. Also, Jordan is continually developing research and design techniques through a collaborative progressive enterprise sp-a-de. com. Prior to his independent ventures and his work at UNStudio, Jordan Trachtenberg worked as Lead Designer and Project Manager at Heerim Architects and Planners in Seoul, South Korea; here he lead the design on several successful large-scale competitions ranging from museums and performing art centers to corporate campuses. Jordan Trachtenberg received the degree Master of Architecture, with Honors in design, from Columbia University, NY, and holds a Bachelor of design in architecture, with Honors, from Florida International University, Miami. During his time in New York, Jordan worked for architectural practices such as Arci-tectonics and Leeser Architecture. Additionally, he was involved in teaching software, design, and architecture through seminars and studios at Columbia University and Barnard + Columbia College. Most recently, he has co-conducted a workshop for the University of Kentucky’s architecture abroad program in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

POST-PROFESSIONAL @ PENNDESIGN

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PROFESSORS & CONTRIBUTORS

PRESSING MATTERS Book Design by Jared Edgar McKnight Edited by Todd Costain + Jared Edgar McKnight Our warmest thanks go out to: Thom Mayne and Karen Lohrmann of the Supra Studio for inspiring and inviting us to participate in the Supra studio research program. This publication was made possible thanks to the gracious donation of our Dean, Marilyn Taylor. We also thank the people who made our trip to Berlin a huge success; Almut and Armand of Gruntuch&Ernst Architects, the Aedes Gallery, Frank Barkow of Barkow Leibinger Architects, and Inaki Echeverria who joined our review in Berlin. The students would also like to express our great thanks to our three studio professors, Winka Dubbeldam, Ferda Kolatan and Roland Snooks for inspiring us, teaching us, and challenging us to develop inovative and complex projects. We would also like to thank Justin Diles, Lindsey Cohen, and Todd Costain for taking the time to teach our digital worshop in the summer, and of course our TA’s, Todd Costain, Hart Marlow and Miranda Romer who devoted countless hours to helping us further our design projects, both in and out of studio. Thank you.

1 \\ 2011-2012 PP@PD Class after Commencement T 1

Acknowledgments