Ariana #01

01

Winter 冬

2018

HK$50 | MOP50

Shedding light on social issues in Asia 揭示亞洲社會問題

Broken Promises: Human Trafficking in Hong Kong 破 滅 承 諾：香 港 人 口 販 運

Artificial Intimacy: AI Creeps into the Bedroom 人 造 密 友：當 AI 進 睡 房 Change the Cycle: Period Taboos in Asia 打 破 循 環：剖 析 亞 洲 月 經 禁 忌

M A S T H E A D 出版頁

Publisher 出版商 i-CABLE Communications Limited Executive Director 行政總監 Andrew Chiu Production 製作 Ariana Life Editor-in-Chief 總編輯 Mariana César de Sá Managing Editor 管理編輯 Kate Springer Editor at Large 特約編輯 Gonçalo César de Sá Deputy Editor 副編輯 Cathy Lai

Contributing Photographers 攝影師 Adhytia Putra, Alberto Buzzola, Alex Macro, Anthony Kwan, Greg Kahn, Joan Monis Pabona, Shuchi Kapoor Illustrators 插畫師 Daisy Dudley, Lauren Crow, Mandy Ng Translation 翻譯 Babel Communications, Connie Lai, Penelope Zhou, Xinqi Su Printing 印刷 Asia One Printing Ltd 宏亞印務有限公司

Distribution 物流 One Logistics

English Copy Editor 英文文字編輯 Marianna Cerini Chinese Copy Editor 中文文字編輯 Ho Kam Yeun Editorial Assistant 編輯助理 Jamie Ha Consultant 顧問 Lori Noguchi Writers 作者 Andrea Lo, Anna Simpson, Joanna Chiu, Mark OʼNeill, Rhea Mogul, Sarah Engstrand, Simon Parry, Tammy Ho Lai-ming Art Director 藝術總監 Pierre Pang Senior Designer 高級設計師 Fernando Chan

Get in touch 聯絡我們 Story ideas and feedback

歡迎將意見或報導題材分享至

editorial@arianalife.com Partnership inquiries 查詢或合作，請電郵至

partners@arianalife.com Room 1902-1903, 19/F Far East Consortium Building 121 Des Voeux Road Central, Hong Kong 香港中環 德輔道中121號 遠東發展大廈19樓 1902-1903室

ARIANA 2018

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T O錄 N T E N T S 目錄 CAOBNLTEE O NF T SC 目

10

01

44

6 News 新聞總覽

Global setbacks and successes for women 全球女性權益爭取的挫折與進展

10 World of Change 變革世界 Impactful projects around the globe 全球具影響力的倡議行動

18 You're Not Alone 你不孤單

25 Breaking Down Barriers 打破桎梏

OAMA miscarriage support group discusses strategy with mentor Diana Wu David 導師Diana Wu David為小產母親支援平台OAMA出謀獻策

The Association of Women with Disabilities imagines a barrier-free future 香港女障協進會展望一個無障礙未來

35 When Two Worlds Collide 當兩個世界相撞 Katherine Lo brings her activist roots to Eaton Workshop 羅寶璘將她的社運背景帶入Eaton Workshop

44 Broken Promises 破滅承諾

Stories of suffering shed light on human trafficking in Hong Kong 外籍家傭以親身經歷控訴香港人口販運問題

58 The Great Divide 大分裂

Inside Macaoʼs late-blooming fight for LGBT rights 走進澳門姍姍來遲的LGBT權利抗爭

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110 66 Changing the Cycle 打破循環

Meet the activists working to normalise menstruation in Asia 亞洲各地倡議者正努力為月經洗去污名

80 Artificial Intimacy 人造密友

How will smart sex bots affect gender relations, sex, and fetishes?

AI性愛機器人如何影響兩性關係、性與性癖好？

96 Chain Reaction 「鏈」鎖反應

Blockchain technology could save lives and elevate women 區塊鏈有望成為拯救生命和提升女性的科技

110 Life in 2050 活在2050年 A peek into Hong Kong's future 窺探香港未來

122 Up to Code 科技界性別新編程 A study on STEM in the SARs 探討港澳STEM業界的性別失衡

128 Through the Lens 眾鏡透視 Poetry and photography in motion 流動詩篇與攝影

140 Last Word 流芳之語

Dr Ellen Li, Hong Kong's women's rights pioneer 李曹秀群博士 - 香港女性權益先鋒

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“People who lead, read.” 「領導者都是閱讀者 。」

Laura Bates 勞拉·貝茨

Sponsors 贊助人 Ada Wang Bonnie Li Evelyn Lam Galon Kwok Gigi Ma Jenny Wong Jini Wu

EDITOR'S LETTER 主編語

Cover by Anthony Kwan

E

very day, millions of people wake up to face realities that can be distressing, if not devastating, from outright oppression to subtle discrimination, human trafficking, civil wars, and countless other hardships. Despite their life-altering effects, these very events often disappear under the radar or are left untold by mainstream media, because challenging stories donʼt sell.

That’s why we created Ariana. In our mission to support social justice, we want to cover under-reported issues, confront outdated legislation, celebrate resilience, and explore the nuances of our collective humanity.

In our inaugural issue, we set out to shed light on injustices across the region and beyond. In Hong Kong, we lend a voice to women with disabilities, who are fighting to improve their lives but, as minorities, do not carry enough weight to sway the government or big businesses (p. 25). In an investigative feature, we tell the stories of women who came to Hong Kong searching for opportunities to elevate their families back home, but instead fell prey to abuse, rights violation, and life-threatening situations. (p. 44).

We also challenge outdated beliefs and religious moralism dictating everything from LGBT rights in Macao (p. 58) to menstruation taboos across Asia (p. 66). Our contributors also ask tough questions about the future, as AI becomes more mainstream (p. 80) and signs of change paint a picture of what life could be like in 2050 (p. 110).

To tell these personal stories with the respect they deserve, we went against current publishing trends. Instead of 30-second reads designed for on-the-go scanning, Ariana specialises in immersive, long-form features that take a deeper look at the issues facing women around the region. With our storytelling and reporting, we hope to act as a catalyst for that change, and an inspiration to move society forward.

Editor-in-Chief

Mariana César de Sá

每

天，數以百萬計的人睜開眼睛就要

面對殘酷的現實，從隱性歧視到公 然壓迫，乃至人口販運、內戰等數

之不盡的恐怖經歷。雖然這些苦難足以撼動人的 一生，但卻常常不獲社會關注，因為複雜難懂的 故事往往沒人願聽。

這就是我們創立Ariana的原因。我們以推動

社會公義為使命，報導缺少曝光的議題，我們挑

戰過時的法律，推崇堅韌不拔的精神，探索人類 社會中的細微差異。

我們的創刊號將從探討亞太地區內外的不公不

義出發。在香港，我們讓殘障女性發聲。這些女性 正拚命改善自己的生活，但作為少數，她們並沒有

足夠的力量影響政府或大型企業 （25頁） 。在一篇專 題調查報導中，我們探尋了一些外籍家傭的故事。 她們為了改善家庭生活而隻身來到香港，最終卻陷 入虐待與權利剝削，甚至有性命之憂 （44頁） 。

我們挑戰過時的觀念和宗教道德，它們掌控

著生活的方方面面，從澳門性小眾權利（58頁）， 到印尼的月經禁忌（66頁）。我們也拋出了一些關

於未來的難題：人工智能崛起（80頁），加上種種

變化跡象已預示了數十年後的生活圖景（110頁）， 在那樣的未來世界中，人類要如何安身立命？

為了讓每一個故事都得到應有的尊重，我們選

擇了一條與當下出版潮流迥異的路。Ariana並不

是為馬不停蹄的讀者設計的30秒閱讀刊物，我們透 過深入探討區內女性面對的種種挑戰，著力提供可

讓讀者身臨其境的長篇報導。我們希望這些故事可 以成為變革的力量，推動社會邁步向前。

總編輯

沙欣賢 ARIANA 2018

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IN THE NEWS 新聞總覽

GLOBAL SETBACKS AND SUCCESSES FOR WOMEN

全球女性權益爭取的挫折與進展

-Sweden-

New Nobel

After allegations of sexual misconduct and financial malpractice, the Swedish Academy in charge of selecting the 2018 Nobel Prize for literature faced a major crisis. But winners in other categories, announced this past October, might signal a new chapter for the academy. Nadia Murad, an ISIS sex slave survivor and UN goodwill ambassador, was one of two recipients of the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize – the first Iraqi ever to win – for her efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict. In addition, American professor Frances H. Arnold became the fifth woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

-瑞典-

新諾貝爾

在有關性騷擾和財務問題的指控出現後，負責遴選2018年諾貝爾文學

獎的瑞典學院陷入了危機。不過，今年10月已經公佈的諾貝爾獎其他類 別優勝者或透露了學院的新一頁。伊斯蘭國性暴行生還者、聯合國親善 大使Nadia Murad是2018年諾貝爾和平獎兩位得獎者之一，也是第一

位獲此殊榮的伊拉克人。獎項是為了嘉獎她努力終止人們利用性暴力作 為戰爭和武裝衝突的武器。同時，研究 定向進化的美國教授Frances

Brendan Smialowski/GettyImages

H. Arnold成為第五位獲得諾貝爾化學獎的女性。

Yazidi human rights activist Nadia Murad, co-recipient of the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize 雅茲迪族人權分子Nadia Murad是諾貝爾和平獎的共同獲奬人

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Supporters of the LGBT community celebrate the Supreme Court decision in Bangalore LGBT權益倡議者在班加 羅爾慶祝最高法院的判決

-India-

Supreme Shifts

Manjunath Kiran/GettyImages

Indiaʼs Supreme Court took a defiant stance against the countryʼs patriarchal system in September, with not one but three major rulings. The court decriminalised gay sex and adultery, two verdicts involving some of the most sensitive issues for Indian society. Shortly after, it lifted a renowned Hindu templeʼs ban on women of menstruating age, upholding rights to equity of worship.

-印度-

轉捩點

今9月，印度最高法院用不止一個，而是3個判決，昂然挑戰該 國的父權體系。法院將同性戀性行為和通姦罪非刑事化，這兩 個判決所觸及的是印度社會中最敏感的議題。之後不久，法院 撤銷了一個知名印度教神廟禁止月經年齡的女性內進的規定， 維護了信仰敬奉的平等權利。

-China-

More #MeToo

In August, Chinese police opened an investigation into sexual misconduct allegations against Xuecheng, a Buddhist abbot of the Longquan Monastery in Beijing and an influential government adviser. Two female disciples outlined their accusations in a 95-page document. Xuecheng denied the claims but resigned from his position as secretary general of the Buddhist Association of China. The case shone new light on the momentum of the #MeToo movement in the PRC, where more women are coming forward to share their stories of sexual harassment, sexual assault, and rape often involving well-known public figures and intellectuals.

-中國-

#MeToo延燒

今年8月，中國警方開始調查北京龍泉寺住持兼中國全國政協 常委釋學誠的不當性行為指控。提出指控的兩名女信徒撰寫

了一份長達95頁的檢舉文件。釋學誠否認有關指控，但隨即 辭任中國佛教協會會長一職。該案件將中國#MeToo運動的

勢頭推上新高峰，越來越多的中國女性站出來分享自己被性

騷擾、性侵及強姦的經歷，這些個案往往牽涉知名人士及知 識份子。

-Japan-

-日本-

Doctored Exams

篡改考試

Tokyo Medical University, one of the cityʼs most prestigious medical schools, revealed in August to have tampered with the entrance exam scores of female applicants for more than a decade to ensure more men became doctors. The school admitted its wrongdoing and vowed to prevent it from happening again. In similar news, recent World Economic Forum research shows only 2.4 per cent of politicians, senior officials and managers in Japan are women.

東京醫科大學是當地最有名望的醫學院之一。今年8月，該校 被揭發在過去10多年一直篡改女學生的入學考試成績，以確

保更多男性成為醫生。大學已承認其不當行為，並保證不會再 犯。最近世界經濟論壇的研究指出，日本的政治家、高級官員 和管理者中，只有2.4%是女性。

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IN THE NEWS 新聞總覽

Ethiopia's first female president, Sahle-Work Zewde, was elected this past October 埃塞俄比亞於10月選出第一位女性總統Sahle-Work Zewde

-Ethiopia-

Set the Standard

In October, members of the Ethiopian parliament elected Sahle-Work Zewde as the countryʼs first female president. She is currently the only female head of state in Africa. Her victory has been welcomed as a beacon of hope for gender equality in the conservative nation, as SahleWork has been outspoken about women issues throughout her career.

She confirmed her focus during her swearing-in ceremony: “I know today I have said a lot about female empowerment but expect me to be even more vocal in the coming years about women rights and equality.”

-埃塞俄比亞-

制定標準

埃塞俄比亞國會於10月選出該國第一位女性總統——Sahle-Work

Zewde。她也是目前非洲國家中唯一的女性元首。由於Sahle-Work從政以 來一直敢於為女性權益發聲，她的勝利被視為在這個保守國家爭取性別平

權的新希望。在宣誓就職典禮上，她明確表示：「我知道到今天為止，我已 經說了很多關於女性充權的話，但請預期，在未來數年，我將在婦女權利 和平等議題上更敢言。」

-Saudi Arabia-

Driving Forward

Eduardo Soteras/GettyImages

This summer, Saudi Arabia abolished its long-standing ban on women driving. The countryʼs government officials announced that women will no longer need a guardian to apply for driving lessons and licences. Earlier this year, Saudi women were also allowed to attend football matches for the first time. Both changes are part of an easing of strict rules on gender separation by the ultra-conservative Muslim country. Not all women are free to celebrate these social shifts, however: nine of the 17 female advocates who first spoke out about the right to drive and were later arrested remain in prison, accused of aiding enemies of the state.

-沙特阿拉伯-

驅車直前

沙特阿拉伯政府於今夏廢除存在已久的女性開車禁令，並宣佈女性申請學 車及駕駛執照不再需要監護人許可。今年較早前，沙特女性還被首次允許

參加足球比賽。這些改變代表了這個極端保守的穆斯林國家正逐步放寬嚴 格的性別區隔規條。然而，並非所有女性都能自由地享受這些社會變革： 在17名率先為爭取女性駕駛權發聲的女性倡議者中，有9人被指控協助國 家敵人而遭到逮捕，至今仍被關押在監獄中。

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Kerem Yucel/GettyImages

-US-

#WhyIDidntReport

A new hashtag, #WhyIDidntReport, went viral on Twitter, following a tweet from US president Donald Trump this past September, which questioned the account of Christine Blasey Ford – the woman who recently accused appointed Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh of attempting to sexually assault her while they were both in high school. Through the hashtag, users have shared a deluge of stories about why they did not report their assaults, exposing the fear, anger and shame that often surround victims of sexual violence – and the banality of assault in America.

Democrat Ilhan Omar became the first Muslim woman to be elected to Congress this past November 民主黨人Ilhan Omar成為首位當選國會議員的穆斯林女性

-美國-

#WhyIDidntReport

一個新標籤在Twitter上爆紅了：#WhyIDidntReport（#我為何當初沒舉報）。讓 這個標籤紅起來的是今年9月美國總統特朗普發的一條Twitter帖子，他在其中質

疑了Christine Blasey Ford的指控。這名女性指控最近獲得任命的最高法院法官

Brett Kavanaugh在他倆讀高中期間試圖性侵她。網民通過這個標籤分享了大量有

關他們當初為何沒有舉報侵犯者的故事，揭露了作為性侵受害者要面對的困難、恐 懼、憤怒和羞恥感，還有在美國遇上侵犯有多常見。

-US-

Unmasking of a Monster

In May, Hollywood mogul Harvey Weinstein turned himself in to the New York City police to face rape and sexual misconduct charges (more than 70 women have come forward against him). A grand jury voted to indict him, paving the way for one of the most important prosecutions of the #MeToo era. Weinstein was released on a US$1 million cash bail and fitted with a GPS tracking device but, if found guilty, he faces 10 years of life in prison. Recent reports, however, show the case against him could be fraying. A judge has dismissed part of the indictment, due to a failure to present evidence, while other allegations have been undermined.

-美國-

名譽掃地

哈維溫斯坦（Harvey Weinstein）5月向紐約市警察自首，面對超過70名女性指控強 暴和不當性行為。大陪審團通過投票，決定起訴溫斯坦，為這宗#MeToo運動的重 要案件鋪平了檢控之路。他獲准以100萬美元保釋，但必須隨身佩戴帶全球衛星定

位追蹤裝置。如罪名成立，他將面臨10年有期徒刑甚至終身監禁。不過，據近期報 導，針對溫斯坦的指控可能面臨挫敗：由於缺乏證據支持，其中一位法官撤銷了對 溫斯坦的部份指控，而其他指控亦受到質疑。

-US-

Making History

The United Statesʼ 2018 midterm elections on November 6 saw historic wins for women across the country, with a record number of 123 female legislators appointed to Congress – the largest cohort ever. They include Democrat Ilhan Omar in Minnesota, the first Muslim woman serving the Congress, and Republican Kristi Noem, South Dakotaʼs first female governor.

In Texas, Democrats Sylvia Garcia and Veronica Escobar were elected the first Latina congresswomen.

Meanwhile, Massachusetts elected its first black congresswoman, Ayanna Pressley, and New Yorkʼs Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez became the youngest woman in history to be elected to Congress.

-美國-

創造歷史

2018年11月6日舉行的美國中期選舉見證了該國女性的一

次歷史性勝利，當選國會議員的女性達到史上最高紀錄的

123人。她們包括明尼蘇達州民主黨人、首名穆斯林女性 國會議員Ilhan Omar，以及共和黨人、南達科他州的第一 名女性州長Kristi Noem。在德州，女性的勝利規模雖然 較小，但同樣重要——民主黨人Sylvia Garcia和Veronica Escobar當選，成為首批拉丁裔女性國會議員。同時，麻 省選出了它的第一名黑人女性國會議員Ayanna Pressley； 紐約的Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez則成為史上最年輕的女 性國會議員。

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T H E I N I T I AT I V E 環 流球 芳倡 之議 語

WORLD OF

CHANGE 變革世界 10

ARIANA 2018

Brent Stirton

-Zimbabwe-

-津巴布韋-

Akashinga: The Brave Ones

Akashinga：勇者無懼

Meaning ʻthe brave onesʼ in the Shona language, Akashinga is a 「Akashinga」在津巴布韋修納語中意為「勇敢的人」。這支 women-only anti-poaching squad founded by Damien Mander, a 全女性反盜獵團隊由澳洲退役狙擊手Damien Mander 所成 former military-trained sniper from Australia. The group's 40-some 立，隊中有約40名成員，大多是來自農村地區的邊緣女性， members remarkably comprise some of the most marginalised 當中包括暴力虐待倖存者、單親媽媽和性工作者。儘管有許 women from rural communities – abuse survivors, single mothers, 多男性在她們背後怒吼：「這不是你們女人該做的事！趕快 and sex workers. Despite the harassment theyʼre often subjected 回家，那裡才是妳們該待的地方！」她們依然為保護野生動 to, the Akashinga do everything in their power to protect wildlife 物盡心竭力。 as men yell behind them: “This job is not for you. Go back home 2017年10 月訓練完成後，首支Akashinga隊伍便已前往 where you belong!” 津巴布韋的贊比西溪谷下游區域展開保護行動。該處曾盛行戰 Upon completion of training in October 2017, the first 利品狩獵，過去十年間共有1.1萬隻大象被殺。團隊運作尚未 Akashinga team began operating in Zimbabweʼs lower Zambezi 滿一年，已成功執行逾50次逮捕行動，將非法盜獵者繩之於 Valley – a former trophy hunting area that has lost 11,000 elephants 法。今年6月，津巴布韋最狡詐的象牙盜獵集團有3名成員被判 in the past 10 years. In less than one year, they have made more than 入獄，這一切都要歸功於 Akashinga。團隊計劃在2030年前 50 anti-poaching arrests. In June 2018, three members of one of 再多徵募2,000人，以守護約1,200萬公頃的非洲自然環境。 Zimbabweʼs most elusive ivory syndicates were sentenced to prison thanks to the Akashinga. The squad aims to recruit 2,000 more to Learn more 詳情請看 iapf.org/akashinga safeguard 30 million acres of wilderness by 2030.

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T H E I N I T I AT I V E 環 球 倡 議

-Syria-

Ponybaby Project An estimated 500,000 civilians have died, and some 5.6 million people have been displaced, since the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011, making this the largest humanitarian crisis of our time. Of the refugees, some have managed to rebuild their lives. Too many have been turned away at borders or shuffled into refugee camps.

Their plight is often defined by desperation and tragedy. But the experience of these communities isnʼt one-dimensional. Ponybaby Project – an official International Refugee Aid Organisation based in Shanghai – aims to capture the resilience of many refugees through compelling documentaries, exhibitions and photographs. It also funds educational initiatives, such as skills training for children to ensure the next generation is not left behind.

“Many people don't have a chance to talk with refugees, so they have a very unclear concept of who they are,” says René Cao, journalist and NGO founder.

“Theyʼre often seen like wild animals. But they want to live with respect and dignity, just like everyone else.”

Learn more 詳情請看 ponybaby.net

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ARIANA 2018

-敘利亞-

小馬計劃 敘利亞內戰自2011年爆發以來，已令超過

50萬平民死於戰火，逾560萬人流離失所， 堪稱當代最嚴重的人道危機。現時，部份 難民已然重建新生活，但仍有大量在各地 邊境尋求庇護的難民被拒於門外，或是被 迫遷至難民營。

這些難民的困境往往被外界形容為悲慘

絕望，但事實上，他們的現實生活並非如

此單一。「小馬計劃」創立於上海的國際難

民救援組織，旨在透過各種動人的紀錄片、 展覽與影像，展現這群在戰爭陰影下生活

的人們如何逆境自強。此外，小馬計劃也資

助各種為難民兒童而設的教育計劃，例如技 能培訓課程，以確保這群孩童將來不會被時 代所淘汰。

獨立記者、小馬計劃發起人René Cao表

示：「很少人有機會跟難民對話，多數人對難

民的定義其實沒有一個很清晰的概念。」她指 出：「在許多人眼中，這些難民與流浪動物

無異。然而，他們就如同每個人一樣，也渴 望能活得有尊嚴，能受人尊重。」

ARIANA 2018

13 Ponybaby Project

T H E I N I T I AT I V E 環 球 倡 議

-Iraq-

Daughters of the Sun

-伊拉克-

太陽女子

In 2014, ISIS fighters killed an estimated 5,000 people and abducted 2014年，伊斯蘭國（ISIS）武裝殺死了大約5,000名分佈於 roughly 6,000 women and girls from the Yazidi community, a minority 伊拉克北部的雅茲迪人（Yazidi），並擄走該少數宗教族群 religious group in northern Iraq. Many of them have since been murdered, 大約6,000名女性，當中大部份人被殺、成為囚徒或被賣做 held captive, or sold as sex slaves. The UN estimates that 3,000 victims 性奴；聯合國估計仍有3,000名受害者不知所終。一個全 remain missing. But an all-female battalion called the Daughters of the Sun 女班的兵團一直在奮勇作戰，以解救人質、奪回她們的城 has been fighting to rescue them, take back their city of Mosul, and see the 市摩蘇爾和將男犯人繩之於法，她們叫做「太陽女子」 （Sun responsible men face justice.

Ladies）。 “I saw children dying of thirst and hunger, old people abandoned. I saw 太陽女子創始人Khatoon Khider曾經是一位廣受歡迎 with my own eyes women throwing away their babies as they were running 的雅兹迪民謠歌手，她在2017年接受《衛報》訪問時表示： from the enemy because they were so afraid of being caught,” Daughters of 「我親眼看到孩子死於飢渴、老人被遺棄，也看到女人在 the Sun founder Khatoon Khider – a former popular Yazidi folk singer – told 逃離敵人時因為怕被抓到而扔掉自己的嬰兒。」她又說：「現 The Guardian in a 2017 interview. “Every day, I am taking revenge. Itʼs a very 在，我每天都在報復。 對於伊斯蘭國來說，與女人戰鬥是 shameful thing for ISIS that women are fighting against them; they believe 一件非常可恥的事，他們相信一旦被女人殺死的話，就上不 they wonʼt go to heaven if they are killed by women.” 了天堂。」 Since its establishment in 2015, the battalion has recruited more than 從2015年成立以來，該兵團已經招募了超過1,700名女 1,700 women, many of whom are former sex slaves. When joining, every 性，其中許多曾經是性奴。每個加入兵團的士兵都要經歷45 soldier undergoes an intense, 45-day military training to learn how to handle 天的高強度軍事訓練，學習如何使用自動化武器、發射迫擊 automatic weapons, launch mortars, and fight on the front lines. Though 砲和在前線打鬥。雖然雅茲迪的信仰禁止殺戮，但這些女性 the Yazidi religion forbids killing, these women say they hope to honour the 說她們希望透過為正義而戰來紀念死者和失蹤者。 dead and missing by fighting for justice.

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ARIANA 2018

15 Alessandro Rota

T H E I N I T I AT I V E 環 球 倡 議

-Egypt-

HarassMap

In Egyptʼs capital of Cairo, 95.3 per cent of women have experienced some form of sexual harassment. Upon relocating to the city to work for a local NGO in 2004, American Rebecca Chiao set out to make the streets a safer place for women.

She founded HarassMap with three local women in 2010 to “create a zero-tolerance attitude for sexual harassment.” In addition to public service ads and commercials, the online platform encourages victims and witnesses to anonymously report incidents via text messages or social media. The platform then maps incidents across the city, providing an invaluable tool for women and authorities alike to localise the areas where harassment is most common.

Although well-received – having reported more than 1,200 incidents to date – Chiao and her team have faced challenges. “Recently, the government launched a law against collecting data, so we are now focusing on developing safe areas. We are also taking the more institutional approach of working with shops, universities [such as Cairo University], and companies to develop policies, training, and awareness on sexual harassment,” says Chiao.

-埃及-

騷擾地圖 在埃及首都開羅，95.3%的女性都曾經受到某種形式的性

騷擾。2004年被調到開羅為當地一家NGO工作的美國人

Rebecca Chiao，決心要讓開羅的街道成為對女性而言更安 全的地方。

她在2010年與3名當地女性合力創建了「騷擾地圖」

（HarassMap），目標是「建立對性騷擾零容忍的態度」。除了

公益廣告，這個網絡平台還鼓勵受害者和目擊者通過短訊或者

社交媒體匿名報告性騷擾事件，然後平台就會在城市地圖中標 註事件的發生地，為女性和有關當局確認性騷擾最常發生地區 提供一個寶貴的渠道。

雖然平台很受歡迎（至今已經收到超過1,200宗報告），但 Chiao和她的團隊也面臨著挑戰。Chiao說：「最近政府立法限 制數據收集，因此我們現在專注於開發安全區，通過與商店、 大學（比如開羅大學）、公司等機構合作，建立反性騷擾的政 策、提供培訓和提升關注度。」

Learn more 詳情請看 harassmap.org

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ARIANA 2018

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Ahmed Mahmud/AFP/GettyImages

THE PITCH 變革攻略

你 不 孤 單

YOU’RE NOT Marina Watt, the co-founder of non-profit miscarriage support platform OAMA, met with mentor Diana Wu David to explore how to transform the project into a fully-fledged NGO. 非牟利小產母親支援平台OAMA的聯合創辦人屈家妍與導師 Diana Wu David對話，探討如何將平台發展為架構完整的NGO。

By Kate Springer | Photography by Anthony Kwan

M

arina Watt experienced grief and hopelessness after having a miscarriage last summer. But she didnʼt let the loss engulf her. On the contrary, she was motivated to launch OAMA (Once a Mama, Always A Mama), a platform she co-founded in 2017 with friend Babie Li and social worker May Chung to provide emotional support and reliable information to women who, like her, went through that same loss.

Although the Hong Kong government does not track miscarriage statistics for losses before 24 weeks, a 2013 survey by the Hong Kong College of Family Physicians estimates that miscarriages could affect as

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ARIANA 2018

去

年夏天流產之後，屈家妍

經歷了一段艱難的日子。悲 傷，絕望，接踵而來。不

過，她並沒有任由自己被吞噬，而是

化傷痛為動力，和朋友李彥儀及社工

鍾嘉欣一起創立了支援平台OAMA，

意思是「一時媽媽，終身媽媽」 （Once a

Mama, Always a Mama）。平台專為

像她一樣經歷喪胎之痛的母親提供情緒 支援和可靠資訊。

香港政府並沒有記錄24週以下胎兒

流產的數據。香港家庭醫學學院在2013

ALONE Marina Watt (left) and Diana Wu David (right) discuss how to grow OAMA, a miscarriage support platform 屈家妍（左）和Diana Wu David（右） 討論如何發展小產母親支援平台OAMA

many as 50 per cent of pregnancies. Given a dearth of government programmes dedicated to the issue, OAMA wants women to know theyʼre not alone – that there is a support network to help them work through the grief and physical pain that comes with losing a child.

To help OAMA elevate its reach, we introduced Watt to mentor, strategist, and innovator Diana Wu David. Also affiliated with not-for-profit mentorship programme Mentor Walks, David focuses on coaching and investing in entrepreneurs in Asia. Weʼre sharing the conversation, which has been edited for brevity, as part of Ariana’s mission to inspire social enterprises.

年的一次調查估計，高達一半的妊娠可能受 到流產的影響。有鑑於政府對流產問題缺乏 關注措施，OAMA希望讓女性們知道，她

們並不孤單，社會上有支援網絡可以幫助她 們走出失去孩子所帶來的身心傷痛。

為了幫助OAMA擴大接觸面，我們將

屈家妍介紹給身兼導師、策略師和創新者

的Diana Wu David 。作為非牟利導師項

目Mentor Walks的夥伴，David專注於培 訓和投資亞洲的創業者。我們在此分享二 人的對話，希望可以給眾多社會企業帶來

動力和啟發，這也是Ariana的使命之一。

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THE PITCH 變革攻略

MARINA WATT

Last summer, I experienced a miscarriage with my second child. I went to Queen Mary Hospital, but they had a long queue and sent me home. I read a vast amount of information online, but I didnʼt know what was accurate... so I went to a private hospital where there was no queue.

DAVID

WATT

They diagnosed the miscarriage and advised me to go home, rest for a week, then come back for an ultrasound.

I was feeling hopeless, because there wasnʼt a community to lean on. Thatʼs when I had the idea for OAMA. DIANA WU DAVID

WATT

DAVID

WATT

DAVID

WATT

I can relate to that. For three years, I would get pregnant and then miscarry. After I finally had my first child, I honestly thought Iʼd never have more children. But within six months, I was pregnant again.

Ultimately, I had three children.

How old are your children?

12, 11, and 8. How about you?

Four and a half.

For me, the most helpful thing was knowing I wasnʼt alone. So what issues are you trying to address with OAMA? We do three things: provide an online platform for information; organise free counselling workshops with Hong Kong Universityʼs social work department; and spread awareness about miscarriage. In Hong Kong, miscarriages are still taboo.

In my case, the first reaction I got from friends was: ʻWere you carrying heavy things? Were you exercising?ʼ Since itʼs the woman who carries the baby, I think itʼs natural to assume she has done something wrong.

However, we want to educate Hong Kong citizens, so they [can] better understand the medical reasons for miscarriages.

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ARIANA 2018

Whatʼs your biggest challenge?

Marketing and financing. We launched a fundraising campaign last December on Next Chapter [a crowdsourcing platform for social enterprises]. We aimed to raise HK$100,000 but only raised HK$10,000.

We are trying to change peopleʼs mindsets, but it takes time for many to understand this issue.

I think one of our primary concerns is that we need money to run the services. We are all just volunteering our time. We need help to develop our website and workshops.

Whenever we need to organise a workshop, we need to pay to rent that space. We want to do some marketing, some public relations work... but it costs money.

DAVID

WATT

DAVID

When a woman has a miscarriage, where does she go?

I think she first looks for help online.

Yes, I think online is usually the first port of call, so you need to optimise how OAMA can be the first result when women search for terms related to miscarriages – buying online advertising shouldnʼt be expensive.

I doubt these are highly competitive adwords.

You might even ask companies like Facebook to support you as an NGO with pro-bono advertising.

In addition, you could link up with marketing students, instead of hiring some expensive specialist.

Working with the medical establishment is also very important. Once you have quality, trustworthy information on your website, doctors could refer women to OAMA as the go-to resource in Hong Kong.

In terms of workshops, you could move them to a digital platform to save money. Another thing you can tap in to is a peer-to-peer support system. You can train those women who have had miscarriages to be a first port of call, even before professional social workers.

屈家妍 去年夏天，我的第二胎流產了。我去了瑪麗醫院求診，不過排 隊等候的人太多，於是他們叫我回家。我在網上看了大量資

訊，但我不知道哪些是對的……於是我去了一家沒人排隊的私 立醫院。

他們確診是流產，並建議我回家休息一週，之後再回去照超聲

波。我當時覺得很絕望，因為完全沒有社群可以依靠。這就是 為甚麼我萌生了創立OAMA的念頭。

DAVID 我明白你的感受。有那麼3年，我總是懷孕然後流產。到我最

終生下第一個孩子的時候，我真的覺得，好了，我不會再有孩 子了。不過不到6個月，我又懷孕了。現在，我有3個孩子。 屈 你的孩子都多大了？ DAVID

12歲、11歲和8歲。你的呢？

DAVID 如果一個女人流產，她會去哪兒？

屈 我想她會先上網求助。 DAVID 是的，我想第一步通常是上網，所以你要優化OAMA的

網站，使得女性搜索與流產有關的字眼時，會先找到你 們。買網上廣告應該不會很貴，我不覺得這些廣告關鍵字 有很多人搶。 你甚至可以讓Facebook之類的公司贊助你們NGO免費 公益廣告。而且，你可以和市場營銷系的學生合作，而不 用花高價聘請專業顧問。 和醫療機構合作也非常重要。只要你的網站能提供高質素 和可靠的資訊，醫生們也許會推薦女性病人到OAMA獲 取香港支援服務的信息。 至於工作坊，你可以轉移到數碼平台上，以節省成本。

屈 4歲半。 DAVID 對我來說，最大的幫助就是知道自己並非孤單一個。那麼通過

OAMA，你希望回應甚麼問題呢？ 屈 我們在做3件事：提供一個網絡資訊平台，與香港大學社會工

作及社會行政學系合作舉辦免費的諮詢工作坊，以及改善社會 對流產的認識。在香港，流產仍是一大禁忌。

我流產之後，朋友們的第一反應是：「你是不是去提重物了？ 你是不是去了做運動？」因為是女人懷胎的，所以很自然就會 假定是她們做錯了甚麼。

然而，我們希望教育香港人，讓他們更了解流產背後的醫學 原因。

DAVID 你們最大的挑戰是甚麼？

屈 營銷和資金。去年12月我們在Next Chapter（一個社企眾包平 台）辦了一次籌款活動。我們的目標是10萬港元，但只籌到了

1萬。我們正嘗試改變人們的想法，但要人們理解流產這件事

你也可以開發朋輩支援網絡，訓練曾經歷流產的女性，使 她們成為女性求助時的第一落點，甚至比專業社工更早接 觸到她們。 你也可以尋求名人的幫助，請她們分享自己的故事來提升 公眾意識。總之，你需要找到和你擁有同樣熱忱的群體。 至於籌款，像我們之前提到的，如果你需要10萬元港幣， 我會直接找投資人，而非在網上眾籌。 屈 我同意。我們要找「普通人」和名人來參與討論，也需要更 多醫護專業人士和義工。我們成立了NGO之後，曾和一

名叫Grace的女士合作。她無償貢獻她的攝影技術，幫我

們設計了一個社交媒體活動，讓女性分享她們的故事。我 們還未正式啟動這個活動，我們的目標是明年開始。

DAVID 除了建立群體，我認為你們還要利用新的研究和報告，並

製造出一種迫切感。不過我感覺你對此有所保留，對嗎？ 屈 老實說，平台的所有創辦人都有全職工作，我們不可以全 情投入OAMA。

是需要時間的。

我認為，我們的一個主要憂慮是我們需要錢來運營服務。我們 都在做義工。我們需要更多幫助來改善我們的網站和工作坊。

我們每次組織工作坊，都要給場租。我們希望做一些市場推廣

DAVID 你想辭職嗎？

屈 暫時不……

和公關工作……但這都需要錢。

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THE PITCH 變革攻略

You can also enlist the support of high-profile people to share their own stories to raise awareness about miscarriage. Basically, you really need to find a community of people who are as passionate as you are.

For fundraising if, as mentioned, you need HK$100,000, Iʼd find someone who is willing to invest in you, rather than trying to raise it online.

WATT

DAVID

WATT

DAVID

WATT

DAVID

WATT

DAVID

22

I agree with you. We need to find both ʻregularʼ and high-profile people to talk about this issue, as well as more medical professionals and volunteers. After we started the NGO, we worked with a woman named Grace who volunteered her photography skills to design a social media campaign in which women shared their stories. We havenʼt launched it yet, we are aiming to start next year.

In addition to building your community, I think you need to leverage new studies, new reports, and create a sense of urgency. But I feel you are reluctant about doing that. Am I correct in sensing that?

WATT

DAVID

Yes, in the UK and even in China, they have NGOs or similar support platforms. In those cases, the hospitals fund the NGO.

DAVID

What if the government talks to you for three years... and then says no?

WATT

We would then have to try crowdfunding again. I think there are people in Hong Kong who are willing.

DAVID

Yeah, I think finding doctors would be a good place to start. Also, women's organisations. I would also talk to Rita Ching [deputy CEO] at The Womenʼs Foundation – even just to plant the seed, because she has a wide network. Also, ZONTA [a service organisation with a mission of advancing the status of women] is worth contacting. Itʼs important for you to tap into these communities of power women. They would be happy to help.

Do you want to quit your job?

Not so soon...

I understand, and youʼre a mum.

Perhaps you want to consider partnering up with a larger international organisation thatʼs addressing the issue of miscarriage. That way, you can work with a well-resourced NGO while focusing on local Hong Kong issues.

ARIANA 2018

I think it would make sense for the government to fund you. It makes sense for doctors and hospitals to fund you, too, because youʼre providing valuable information and support to women.

WATT

Frankly speaking, all of the founders have full-time jobs and we canʼt be as devoted to OAMA as weʼd like.

Itʼs just a lot to juggle. We are going through a tough time at the moment, as we try to move OAMA forward with little time to spare.

Yes, thatʼs something on our minds. A few weeks ago, we were approached by the Womenʼs Commission [a government organisation]. The chair is very interested in our project and weʼre planning to discuss how we can fold OAMA into a government-funded NGO.

WATT

DAVID

WATT

Itʼs been a year since we founded our platforms.

Sometimes I get stuck on how to move things forward.

But whenever I receive Facebook messages, I see women really do need support. It reminds me of why I set up OAMA in the first place.

Ultimately, this is about a community of women.

Yes, this is women supporting women. When a miscarriage happens, you think itʼs the end of the world to you. We want to let women know that theyʼre not alone. 

DAVID 我理解，而且你還要照顧孩子。

屈 有很多事要同時應付。現在我們特別艱難，因為我們要想 辦法，用非常有限的時間推動OAMA發展。

DAVID 或者你可以考慮和較大的關注流產的國際組織合作。這

樣你就可以有一個資源豐富的夥伴，同時繼續聚焦香港 的問題。 屈 是的，我們也有這個想法。幾個星期前，（政府的）婦女事 務委員會來接觸我們。委員會主席對我們的項目非常感興 趣，我們打算討論如何將OAMA整合進一個政府資助的

NEED TO KNOW 你需要知道 From surprising statistics to labour laws, we take a look at the current landscape around miscarriages. 讓我們從數據到勞工法例一覽當下有關流產的狀況：

A miscarriage is defined as “the expulsion of the products of conception which are incapable of survival after being born before 28 weeks or pregnancy.” 流產的定義是「在懷孕28週內排出不能於產後存活的成孕 物體」。

NGO中。

DAVID 我覺得政府應該資助你們。醫生和醫院也應該資助你們。

因為你們給女性提供了重要的資訊和支援。

An estimated 50 per cent of pregnancies worldwide end in miscarriage. 據估算，全球有一半的妊娠以流產告終。

屈 是的，在英國，甚至在中國大陸，都有類似的NGO或者 支援平台，都是醫院資助的。

DAVID 如果政府跟你談3年，之後拒絕資助，那怎麼辦？

Roughly 1-2 per cent of women worldwide suffer from recurrent miscarriages, defined as three or more consecutive miscarriages. 全球大約有1%到2%的女性會反覆流產，即連續流產3次或以上。

屈 那麼我們就要再嘗試眾籌了。我覺得香港是有人願意出 錢的。

Women in Hong Kong who lose a child before 28 weeks DAVID 是的，我想可以先從醫生著手，還有各種婦女組織。我也

會跟婦女基金會的（副行政總裁）程沛玉談一談，即便只是 埋個種子也好，因為她的人面很廣。此外，ZONTA (一

are currently not entitled to any maternity leave. 目前在香港，懷孕不足28週而流產的女性，不能享有任何法定 產假。

個以提升女性地位為使命的服務組織)也值得聯絡。發掘 和利用這些富有影響力的女性圈子，對你獲得持續的支援 很重要。她們會很樂意幫忙。 屈 我們平台成立已有一年了，有時我會覺得一籌莫展，但每 次收到Facebook信息，看到的確需要幫助的女性，我就 會提醒自己成立OAMA的初衷是甚麼。

If a woman misses work due to a miscarriage or related medical appointments, the absence is counted as sick days or partial sick days.

如果一名女性因為流產或相關的問題而要看醫生，以致無法上 班，她必須請病假。

DAVID 歸根結柢是要建立一個女性群體。

Hong Kong’s Hospital Authority classifies fetuses 屈 是的，這是女性互相扶持。不幸發生流產的時候，你會覺得 世界末日來臨，但我們想讓她們知道，她們並不孤單。 

miscarried before 24 weeks as “medical waste”. 香港的醫院管理局訂明，不足24週的流產胎是 「醫療廢物」。

ARIANA 2018

23

THE PITCH 變革攻略

About the Contributors 關於貢獻者 DIANA WU DAVID With 20 years of global business management, entrepreneurship and investment experience, Diana Wu David focuses on transforming how we work in an age of technology disruption and globalisation. She is a coach and mentor to young change-makers in her community and serves on the boards of the American Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong, Shared Value Project HK and Teach4HK.

OAMA Founded in 2017, OAMA offers a variety of services for women who have experienced miscarriage. The social enterprise provides a support network, shares reliable information, debunks social misconceptions, and holds workshops with certified social workers to help mums work through their grief.

MENTOR WALKS Mentor Walks is a bimonthly event series that brings together mentors and mentees for a walk-and-talk in Hong Kong. The organisation aims to support emerging female leaders with insights from veteran executives across business, education, and not-for-profit sectors.

Diana Wu有20年環球商業管理、創業和投資經驗，目前致力

於變革工作模式，以應對不斷增長的科技躍變與全球化。她培 訓了不少年輕變革者，同時在香港美國商會、Shared Value

Project HK和良師香港（Teach4HK）擔任理事。

Learn more 詳情請看 dianawudavid.com

OAMA成立於2017年，為經歷流產的女性提供多項服務。作 為一家社會企業，OAMA提供支援網絡，分享可靠資訊，破 解社會誤解，並舉辦工作坊幫助媽媽們走出傷痛。

Learn more 詳情請看 oamahk.org

每兩個月舉辦一次，Mentor Walks讓導師和學員在香港一邊 散步，一邊傾談。創辦團隊希望透過商業、教育和非牟利組

織等領域的資深領導層的見解分享，為新崛起的女性領袖提 供支援。

Learn more 詳情請看 mentorwalkschina.com

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ARIANA 2018

AWDHK

打 BREAKING 破 DOWN BARRIERS 桎 梏

The Association of Women with Disabilities Hong Kong is in the midst of a guerrilla battleʼ to make their voices heard. 香港女障協進會正在打一場「游擊戰」，讓大眾聽到她們的聲音。

By Cathy Lai | Photography by Anthony Kwan

Q’sa Yuen (left), Edith Leung (centre) and Carmen Yau (right) 袁煥珍（左），梁淑英（中）和游家敏（右）

ARIANA 2018

25

IN FOCUS 聚焦

Q’sa Yuen, the former president of AWDHK 女障前主席袁煥珍

S

helley, whose name Ariana has changed on request, is a polio survivor and a wheelchair user in her 50s. Despite physical constraints, she cares for her 90-year-old mother, who was diagnosed with Alzheimerʼs disease eight years ago. Every day, Shelley prepares meals, assists her mum in the bathroom, manages doctorʼs appointments – itʼs a round-the-clock job.

Being the primary caretaker while suffering from a disability is an often overlooked issue in Hong Kong. According to a 2013 survey of persons with disabilities and chronic diseases, which the Hong Kong Kong Census and Statistics Department conducts every five years, more than 300,000 women living in the city suffer from at least one form of disability. The figure doesnʼt include women with intellectual disabilities, for which no government statistics have been released.

Like Shelley, often-unmarried women with disabilities take up the role of sole caregivers as their parents age. In many cases, itʼs because their healthy siblings have their own families to support.

Thatʼs why the Association of Women with Disabilities Hong Kong (AWDHK) came to be. Operated by a group of women with disabilities, the registered charitable organisation aims to improve social status and quality of life through empowering initiatives and political activism. The association counts more than 1,100 members – 60 per cent of whom are women with disabilities.

To understand the work of AWDHK, we sat down with president Carmen Yau, and Qʼsa Yuen, former president and current committee member, at their office in Wang Tau Hom Estate.

今

年50歲的Shelley（應受訪者要求使用化名）曾患小兒麻痹

症，其後需以輪椅代步。8年前，她90歲的母親被診斷患上 阿茲海默症（認知障礙症），行動不便的Shelley自始一直肩

負起照顧母親的重任。每一日，Shelley都要準備母親的飲食，幫她梳 洗，送她覆診——這是一項全天候的工作。

殘疾人士擔當主要照顧者的角色，這種情況在香港經常受到忽視。

香港政府統計處每5年都會進行一次有關殘疾人士和長期病患者的調

查，而根據2013年的調查結果，香港有超過30萬名女性患有至少一種 殘疾，而該數字不包括女性智障者，因為政府並沒公開相關數據。

這些殘疾女性有不少如Shelley一樣都未婚，在父母上了年紀以後

就獨力擔起了主要照顧者的職責。在很多個案中，這些女性健全的兄 弟姐妹都有自己的家庭要照顧。

這就是香港女障協進會（女障）成立的背景。該慈善機構由一群殘疾

婦女營運，旨在通過充權的倡議及政治行動來提高殘疾婦女的社會地

位和生活質素。目前，該會有1,100多名成員，其中60%是殘疾婦女。

為進一步了解女障的工作，我們在該會位於橫頭磡邨的辦公室訪問

了主席游家敏（Carmen），以及前主席兼現任執行委員袁煥珍（Qʼsa）。

26

ARIANA 2018

ARIANA CARMEN YAU

ARIANA

YAU

ARIANA Q’SA YUEN

YAU

What inspired you to help women with disabilities?

Not many people think about the problems faced by women with disabilities. In general, women make up a large part of the disabled population, but their voices often go unheard. Everything is so maledominated. I think the positioning of AWDHK, as a niche within a niche, reflects a lot of social issues in our society.

What are the major challenges for women with disabilities in Hong Kong?

ARIANA 是甚麼促使你們幫助殘疾婦女？

游家敏 很少有人會去想殘疾婦女面臨的各種問題。大體來

說，女性佔了殘疾人口的一大部份，但她們的聲音 經常被忽略，一切都是男性在主導。我認為女障所 處的位置就像是弱勢群體中的弱勢群體，它可以反 映出很多社會問題。

ARIANA 香港殘疾婦女面對的主要困境是甚麼？

游 就是長期遭受忽視。就以#MeToo運動為例，人們

The neglect they endure. Take the #MeToo movement, for example. Many people only associate celebrities and athletes with it. But sexual abuse and sexual harassment are also major problems for women with disabilities. A culture of shaming often hinders victims, or their family members, to report assaults.

往往只會聯想到明星或運動員，但其實，性侵犯和

In an online survey on domestic violence we conducted in July, at least one-third of the 80 participants claimed to have been exposed to either verbal or physical abuse. We were shocked to find that parents were the biggest perpetrators, followed by husbands. This might happen because of the stress that a disability brings upon both the people experiencing it and the caregivers. Often, conflicts can stem from this stress.

名參與者中，至少有三分之一的人聲稱曾遭受過語言

What kind of support does AWDHK provide?

We offer learning platforms to improve day-to-day skills and raise awareness of issues like gender stereotypes and sexual abuse. For instance, from 2011 to 2017, we organised three rounds of the Women with Disability Academy, an initiative that included workshops on sexual harassment and household maintenance classes. We also organise for our members to attend seminars on gender issues and equality, from the Women's Commission Conference to Gender Mainstreaming and the Unpaid Care International Forum.

We hope that activities of this kind can bring these women together, because it is easy for them to be isolated. AWDHK offers a community where we can take care of each other. I think Qʼsa is doing a great job in this respect. Every time we have members going to and from the hospital, she accompanies and supports them. That kind of sisterhood is the best empowerment we can provide.

性騷擾同樣是殘疾婦女面對的主要問題之一。（可

悲的是）羞辱文化經常窒礙受害者或其家人舉報侵 犯者。

我們在7月做了一項關於家庭暴力的線上調查，在80 或身體虐待。令我們震驚的是，她們的父母往往是

最主要的施暴者，其次才是丈夫。這種情況之所以發

生，是因為身心的殘障會為患者本人和照顧者帶來巨 大壓力，而這樣的壓力往往會引發衝突。 ARIANA 女障可提供哪些服務？

袁煥珍 我們會提供學習平台讓會員提升日常生活技能，

以及提高她們對性別刻板印象和性虐待等議題的認 知。例如，從2011至2017年，我們舉辦了3屆

「女障大學」，課程包括性騷擾問題工作坊和家居維 修等。我們還會安排會員參加與性別議題和平權相 關的研討會，其中包括婦女事務委員會研討會、

「性別主流化•無酬照顧國際論壇」。

游 我們希望這類活動可以把殘疾婦女團結起來，因為

她們一般很容易受到孤立。女障就是要提供這樣的

平台，幫助大家互相照應。我認為Qʼsa這方面做得 非常好。每次我們有成員進出醫院，她都會陪伴在

側並給予支持。這樣的姐妹情誼是我們能提供的最 大鼓勵。

ARIANA 2018

27

IN FOCUS 聚焦

ARIANA

What should the government do to protect women with disabilities?

YAU

Since starting AWDHK, we have been asking the government to acknowledge the identity of caregivers with disabilities. In Hong Kong, the administration provides separate allowances to caregivers and people with disabilities – itʼs one or the other. If a caregiver has a disability, he or she is not qualified to receive the subsidy that ʻregularʼ caregivers are entitled to. The allowance is not much, between HK$1,720 and HK$3,440, depending on the disability. In a city like Hong Kong, living on such a small subsidy can be really tough.

I would also like to encourage a housing programme for single women with disabilities, which would allow them to live together and share resources. This kind of programme would let women with disabilities integrate into the community and choose the lifestyle they want, which would not be possible at a rehab complex.

YUEN

ARIANA YUEN

YAU

28

ARIANA 在保護殘疾婦女方面，政府應做甚麼？

游 自從女障成立以來，我們一直要求政府承認殘疾人士

作為照顧者的身分。在香港，政府分別提供津貼予

照顧者和殘疾人士， 並且只能二選其一： 如果照顧 者同時也是殘疾人士，他們則沒資格申請為「正常」

照顧者而設的津貼。傷殘津貼並不多，申請者每月可 以拿到1,720至3,440元港幣不等，視乎其殘疾程度 而定。在香港這樣的城市，依靠如此微薄的津貼過 活是極其困難的。

我也建議設立單身殘疾女性房屋計劃，讓她們可以生

活在一起或比鄰而居，分享資源。該類計劃可以讓殘 疾婦女融入社區，以及選擇自己想要的生活方式，這 是康復中心所不能做到的效果。

袁 事實上，日本和英國等國家已經在運行類似的項目，

Actually, countries like Japan and England run similar communitybased housing for people with disabilities, where several families have their own apartments but share a common kitchen, living room, and the cost of a domestic worker.

例如為殘疾人士設立社區式公寓：幾個家庭分別擁

The concept [of de-institutionalisation] has been advocated by United Nations, because it encourages local governments to adopt a familystyle operation [when it comes to aid], instead of building sheltered workshops or dormitories, where you would find 50 to 60 people crowded together.

府（在援助方面）採取家庭式運作模式，而不是建造五

有自己的單位，但共用廚房和客廳，並分攤聘請家庭 傭工的開支。

聯合國一直在倡導（去院舍化）這個概念，鼓勵地方政 六十人擠在一起的庇護所或院舍。 ARIANA 如何才能讓你們的聲音被聽到？

袁 我們參與了各種類型的政府會議，例如立法會會議

How do you make your voices heard?

及不同主題的諮詢會議。我們還參加了無障礙旅遊聯

We participate in all kinds of government assemblies, like Council meetings and conferences. We also attend barrier-free travel conferences to shed light on obstacles faced by travellers with disabilities. Although not all of these gatherings and summits are related to gender issues, we try to offer our input. We often donʼt get any response, but we still continue to speak out.

臨的重重障礙。儘管這些聚會或峰會不一定都與性

I remember once, during one of these meetings, a government official said to me: “Ms. Yau, I heard this point last time I met you.” My reply to him was: “Yes, you have heard this before; why do you make me repeat myself?” I feel like we are in an on-going guerrilla battle – my hope is that we will be able to live long enough to see changes.

ARIANA 2018

席會議，希望讓更多人認識到殘疾人士在外遊時面 別議題有關，但我們也會盡力提供意見。我們一般 都不會獲得甚麼回應，但仍然會堅持發聲。

游 我記得有一次，在某個會議裡，一個政府官員對我

說：「游女士，我上次跟你見面時已聽過這個觀點。」 我是這樣回答他的：「沒錯，你之前已經聽過了，那 為甚麼你還要讓我再說一遍呢？」我感覺到，我們正 在打一場持久的游擊戰，希望我們能活得夠長，長 到可以看見一些改變。

Innovation on Wheels 輪椅「進化」 A trio of enterprising high school students invented iWheel to make wheelchairs more affordable and portable.

3名具創新精神的高中生發明了iWheel，這是 一款可讓電動輪椅更廉宜和便攜的動力裝置。

An important mobility aid for the elderly and people with disabilities, electric power wheelchairs can cost anywhere from HK$10,000 to more than HK$200,000, depending on the quality.

But Ho Yee Ting, Chen Zhenjian, and David Ng – F.6 students from Buddhist Wong Wan Tin College – hope to provide an affordable alternative. Since September 2017, the trio has been developing iWheel. The invention

電動輪椅是長者和殘疾人士的重要助行工具，售價一

converts a manual wheelchair into an electrical one by

般在1萬到20萬元港幣不等，按輪椅的不同功能和質

attaching an in-wheel electric motor to a board or frame,

素而定。

at the bottom of a manual wheelchair. With this innovative solution, users can control the chair with a joystick.

According to Ho, the production cost of iWheel is

3名來自佛教黃允畋中學的中六學生，何綺婷、 陳珍健和吳小偉，卻希望能夠提供一個更加實惠的選 擇。這個三人組合自2017年9月起一直在開發iWheel，

only HK$1,000 and, unlike most of the electric versions,

透過將嵌於鐵框或木板上的輪轂電機安裝於手動輪椅

the chairs can fold for easier portability. After launching

底座，藉此把手動輪椅改裝成電動輪椅。通過這一創

prototypes this April, the entrepreneurs have garnered

新設計，使用者可用操縱桿來控制輪椅的運作。

several awards, including first prize at the Hong Kong Youth

何綺婷表示，生產iWheel的成本僅為1,000元港

Science and Technology Innovation Competition and top

幣，而且，與大部份電動輪椅不同，iWheel可以折疊

honours at the China Adolescents Science & Technology

起來，以方便攜帶。輪椅原型今年4月推出後獲得了

Innovation Contest earlier this year.

多個獎項，包括今年4月獲得的香港青年科技創新大

“We have already been approached by several companies who wish to work with us to optimise iWheel,” says Ho. “We will continue to work on the project, so we can launch it for sale.”

賽一等獎，以及8月在全國青少年科技創新大賽中拿下 的一等 。 何綺婷說：「已有數間公司聯絡我們，想與我們 合作改良iWheel，高中畢業後我們也會繼續研究此項 目，希望有朝一日iWheel可以推出市場。」

ARIANA 2018

29

IN FOCUS 聚焦

A Clinical Error 診治問題

ARIANA YAU

Many women with disabilities forgo gynecological checkups at the expense of their health. Hereʼs why.

即使要以健康為代價，很多殘疾女性都選擇放棄婦科檢 查，原因如下：

YUEN

For women with physical disabilities, gyno check-ups aren’t a simple process. They need to ensure the clinic offers elevator beds, qualified assistants, and spacious corridors with wheelchair access.

After conducting a small-scale healthcare survey in July this year, honorary treasurer of AWDHK Edith Leung found that 88 per cent of the 45 respondents cite the stress of non-barrier-free facilities as a major deterrent.

Over the past decade, AWDHK notes that many government hospitals have installed elevator beds. However, medical staff often lack training to help women with disabilities – some women were even asked to climb onto a bed without assistance.

ARIANA

believe check-ups aren’t necessary based on feedback from doctors. In Yau’s conversations with gynecologists, many said women with disabilities “shouldn’t

YUEN

have any issues” when it comes to their reproductive health because they supposedly haven’t had sex or children.

Yau says such medical advice has convinced a substantial number of women with disabilities to skip check-ups. “The government needs to encourage these women to get check-ups,” she says. “Even though they are a minority of sorts, they still need to be taken care of.” 對於身體殘障的婦女來說，婦科檢驗並不是簡單的程序。她們需要確保診 所有升降床、專業的醫護員，以及足夠讓輪椅通過的寬敞走廊，缺少了任何一 項，都可能會動搖到她們去做檢查的決心。 女障的義務司庫梁淑英在7月做了一個小型醫療保健調查，結果發現，在她 接觸的45名殘疾婦女中，88%沒有定期做婦科檢查。許多受訪者都提到，多數診 所缺乏無障礙設施，是她們接受檢查的主要阻力。 過去10年，女障留意到很多政府醫院都安裝了升降床。然而，醫務人員往 往欠缺協助殘疾婦女的相關訓練——有些女性甚至被要求自行爬上床。 除了無障礙設施方面的問題，游家敏還提到，該會部份會員會受醫生的意 見影響，認為婦科檢查沒有必要。游家敏曾與不同的婦科醫生交談，其中許多 醫生認為，大部份殘疾婦女都沒有性生活，也沒有孩子，因此她們的性器官 「應該不會有任何問題」。 游家敏認為，這樣的醫療建議已經說服了相當數量的殘疾婦女不去做婦科 檢查。「政府需要鼓勵這些女性去做檢查，儘管她們是少數群體，也仍然需要 被關心。」

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ARIANA 2018

It is easy for the government to disregard us. They often cite ʻpriorityʼ as an excuse, meaning they first have to fix the issues faced by the majority of the population.

In Hong Kong, the development of social rights for people with disabilities has been very slow. When I was working for another association in the 1980s, we negotiated with MTR Corporation Limited, asking them to build barrier-free facilities. But their answer would usually be something like: “Itʼs a waste of resources if they only benefit a few people.”

Over the past decade, we have finally started to see more barrier-free facilities at some MTR stations, because there was a sudden push for accessibility around the world. As an international city, Hong Kong couldnʼt be seen to lag behind.

women with disabilities she approached do not have regular exams. Many

In addition to accessibility issues, Yau says some AWDHK members

Why is it so hard for change to occur?

ARIANA YAU

So there a few changes taking place?

I think there is growing awareness about the special place women with disabilities occupy in society. Increasingly, we are invited to join discussions related to rehabilitation.

We continue to analyse every disability-related issue from a gender perspective. When we talk about barrier-free facilities, for instance, we will think of how washrooms should be designed to make them more accessible for women with disabilities. I think we have established a distinct position for our association.

Whatʼs next for AWDHK?

AWDHK was established nearly 20 years ago; many of our members are aging. Our next goal is to recruit younger women to join us. That might also help to address other problems faced by women with disabilities, because people at different ages see distinct challenges. We must also admit that due to lack of manpower itʼs difficult to help our members deal with immediate crises. Getting more funding in the future is also a key goal, so that eventually we can support our members with specialists, from plumbers to professional caregivers. 

ARIANA 為甚麼改變如此困難？

游 政府很容易忽視我們。「Priority」

（工作優次）是他們常用的藉口，意思是他 們首先要解決大部份人面對的問題。

Carmen Yau is the president of AWDHK, which counts more than 1,100 members 游家敏是香港女障協進會主席， 該會現有超過1,100名成員

袁 在香港，殘疾人士的社會權利發展非常緩

慢。上世紀80年代我為另一個組織工作的

時候，就已經與地鐵公司（現稱港鐵）溝通， 要求他們為地鐵站建設無障礙設施，但他

們的回應是：「有多少人會用到這些設施？ 如果只有很少數人受益的話，那就是浪費 資源。」

過去10年，我們終於開始在一些港鐵站看到 無障礙設施了。然而這是因為世界各地突然

興起了建造此類設施的風潮，香港作為一個 國際化都市當然不能落後於人。 ARIANA 但是否有些改變正在發生？

袁 我認為大眾越來越認識到殘疾婦女所處的特

殊社會地位，我們也越來越多被邀請參與康 復問題的討論。一直以來，我們都從性別角 度分析每一個與殘障相關的議題，例如當談

到無障礙設施時，我們會考慮如何設計洗手 間以更方便殘疾婦女使用。我認為我們已經 將協會的獨特定位建立起來了。 ARIANA 接下來要做甚麼？

游 女障已成立了20年，現在許多成員都上了

年紀。我們的下一個目標是招募一些年輕

的女性加入，而這也可以幫助我們發掘殘 疾婦女面臨的其他困難，因為不同年齡層

的人會面對全然不同的挑戰。我們還必須 承認，由於缺乏人力資源，一旦有成員遭 遇突發情況，我們是很難伸出援手的。因

此，獲得更多資金支持也是我們今後的關鍵

目標，希望有朝一日，我們可以聘請到專業 人員為會員提供直接的支援，無論是水管 工人抑或看護員。

Learn more 詳情請看 awdhk.org

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IN FOCUS 聚焦

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ARIANA 2018

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IN FOCUS 聚焦

DONATIONS 捐贈計劃

2.0

The Crossroads Foundationʼs GoodCity app makes charitable goods donation easier than ever.

國際十字路會推出「好人好市」應用程式，令物資捐贈變得更方便簡單。

THE GIST

要旨

In a city as densely populated as Hong Kong, unnecessary ʻstuff ʼ is quick to accumulate. The lack of space leads many to discard surplus belongings, even though they might still be in good condition.

Enter the GoodCity app, a digital platform that aims to be “the most efficient citywide service for charitable goods donations.”

在香港這個人口稠密的城市裡，不必要的「東西」眨眼便會囤

HOW IT WORKS

如何運作

It is donations made simple: Create an account, share a photo of the item to be donated, and Crossroads Foundation volunteers will ensure it is suitable for donation.

Once items have been approved, users can either arrange a pick-up service (rates depend on your location) or deliver the goods directly to the Crossroadsʼ Tuen Mun warehouse.

Social workers and staff from partner charities can then access the appʼs inventory of donated items and re-distribute goods to those who need them.

捐贈從此變得輕鬆簡單：先創立一個帳戶，然後分享捐贈物

外空間，很多人會選擇丟棄這些過剩物資，即使它們的狀況可 能仍然良好。

「好人好市」應用程式應此而生。這個數碼平台銳意成為

最高效率的城市物資捐贈服務」。

品的照片，國際十字路會的志願者便會評估每件物品，以確保 它適合捐贈。

一旦評估員同意接收物品，用戶可以安排上門收集服務

（收費視乎您的位置而定），或直接將物品運送到國際十字路 會的屯門倉庫。

來自合作慈善機構的社工和工作人員可透過應用程式查看

捐贈物品清單，再將物品重新分配給有需要的人士。

WHAT TO DONATE

捐贈甚麼

Common donations include furniture, household goods, computers, gadgets, and more. The GoodCity app welcomes any item in good condition that could be a respectful gift to a charity or disadvantaged recipient.

常見的捐贈物品包括家具、家居用品、器具、電器等。「好人

Learn more 詳情請看 goodcity.hk

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積起來，如家用電器、個人物品、衣服和家具。而為了騰出額

ARIANA 2018

好市」歡迎任何狀況良好、可讓獲捐贈的慈善機構或弱勢人士 感受到尊重的物品。

WHEN TWO WORLDS COLLIDE 當兩個世界相撞

Activist, feminist and hotelier Katherine Lo is behind a new hospitality brand with community at its heart. 身兼社運人士、女權份子和酒店企業家的羅寶璘 正在建立一個關懷社區的新酒店品牌。

Greg Kahn Photography

By Sarah Engstrand

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35

PROFILE 焦點人物

“

I

think it was his outsider status, and that sense of always searching,” says Katherine Lo, founder and president of Eaton Workshop, a new hotel brand with locations in Washington DC and Hong Kong.

In the co-working space of Eaton DC, we're discussing Loʼs personal connection to Holden Caulfield, the angstriddled protagonist of American classic The Catcher in the Rye. The novel recounts Caulfieldʼs inability to connect with the world around him, frustration, and refusal to conform to societal expectations.

Itʼs an unexpected kinship but, in a way, it makes sense. Lo was born into great wealth but has been an advocate for social change. Born in Hong Kong and raised in the US, the 37-year-old has always seen herself as an outsider, caught between worlds – be that America and Hong Kong, or her privilege and the people she fights for.

For context, Loʼs grandfather founded Great Eagle Holdings Limited, which is the parent company of Langham Hospitality Group. In Hong Kong, Great Eagle manages more than 4.8 million square feet of hotel, office and retail space across three brands – The Langham, Cordis and Eaton Workshop. As of December 2017, the Groupʼs net asset value was estimated to be approximately HK$72 billion. Loʼs father, Ka Shui Lo is the current chairman, and his personal net worth is listed as roughly US$1 billion by Forbes. This makes him the 50th wealthiest man in Hong Kong.

“In Hong Kong, if people know who my family is, it affects how they see me,” says Lo. “I donʼt fit in with local Hongkongers, and I donʼt fully fit in with expats. Iʼm always in the middle.”

Perhaps itʼs this third-culture experience of observing communities from a distance and straddling divergent identities thatʼs granted Lo the perspective to marry two seemingly incompatible industries: hospitality and social services.

Nicknamed the “anti-Trump” hotel by US media, Eaton Workshop is equal parts hotel, social-activism hub, wellness centre and co-working space. The new hospitality venture aims to create a community for artists and activists, liberals and progressives, where they can “maximise their dreams and ambitions,” as Lo puts it, through talks, events, and exhibitions.

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ARIANA 2018

“People today want to feel part of something bigger, and connected to others,” Lo says. “Thatʼs the driving force behind the Eaton Workshop brand. We are part of a global counter-culture movement.”

REBEL WITH A CAUSE Despite her wealth, Lo paints a picture of a fairly normal upbringing. When she speaks of her family, she radiates warmth. Lo remembers feeling inspired by her mother, a doctor, and laughs when she remembers a gentle ribbing from her father. “Last Christmas, my dad introduced me to his friend as his ʻanti-Trumpʼ daughterʼ. He didnʼt even give me a name!” she recalls with a laugh. “He has a good sense of humour.”

Lo says her parents never pressured her to join the real estate world. Instead, they offered her the freedom to find her own path. As a young woman, Lo found her calling in the humanities, earning a Bachelor of Arts with distinction in Sociocultural Anthropology from Yale University, as well as a Master of Fine Arts in Film Production from the University of Southern California.

Her passion for the arts would later inspire the creation of Eaton Media – the hotelʼs production arm that focuses on film, photography, journalism, prose and art.

It was during her university years that Lo found her voice as an activist – a calling that had been sparked in her as a child. Growing up with great privilege, she remembers being confused by inequalities around her.

“One really prominent memory I have from Hong Kong is that some kids had private drivers, and some kids didnʼt.

I would be driven to school by a driver and look out the window and see people in buses. I felt that there was something unequal, or different, there.”

Though it sounds simple, this memory shaped the way she saw the world and was a catalyst for her activism.

By high school, she was discussing economic and social issues with her family at home. By university, she was fighting against them in public.

As a student, she lobbied for Greenpeace in The Hague, in the Netherlands, organised protests against the World Trade Organization in Hong Kong, and campaigned as a passionate anti-war advocate during her time at Yale. These were, she reminisces, the “formative years” of her life.

Greg Kahn Photography

Opened this September, Eaton DC aims to be a catalyst for social impact Eaton Workshop華盛頓分店於9月開幕，以促進社會變革為目標

「我

覺得關鍵在於他的局外

月，集團的淨資產估值約720億港元。

叛逆有名

在追尋的意識。」羅寶璘

主席，他的個人資產淨值被《福布斯》估

儘管家財萬貫，羅寶璘講述的成長經歷卻

50位。

人洋溢著暖意。羅寶璘記得小時候如何受

人身份，以及那種永遠

說。她是Eaton Workshop的創辦人和主 席，這個新酒店品牌在美國華盛頓和香 港都有分店。

我們當時正在華盛頓分店的共享工作

空間討論羅寶璘與美國經典小說《麥田捕 手》 （The Catcher in the Rye）主人公、 總是處於憂慮之中的Holden Caulfield

的關聯。小說講述Caulfield無法與周遭 的世界相連，他感到沮喪，並拒絕服從 社會的期待。

羅寶璘在Caulfield身上找到親切

感，是意料之外，但也在某種程度上是 情理之中。羅寶璘生於大富之家，卻為

羅寶璘的父親羅嘉瑞目前是鷹君集團的 為約10億美元，在香港富豪榜上排第

羅寶璘說：「在香港，如果人們知道

我出身在怎樣的家庭，他們對我的看法 便會受到影響。我跟香港本地人不太相

處得來，跟在這裡的外國人也不太相處 得來。我總是夾在中間。」

也許正是這種帶著距離觀察不同社

朗廷酒店集團的母公司。這個大型地

產集團在香港還有近480萬平方呎的酒

Eaton Workshop被美國媒體暱稱為

會倡議聚集地、健康中心和共享工作空 士、自由主義者和進步主義者創造一個

社群，讓他們可以在這裡通過座談、活

羅寶璘說她的父母從來沒有期望或者

由，讓她自己去尋找人生的路向。年輕的 學修讀社會文化人類學，以卓越成績取 得文學學士學位，之後又從南加州大學 讀電影，取得藝術創作碩士學位。她對

藝術的熱情，在後來啟發她創立了酒店的 製作團隊Eaton Media，專注於電影、 攝影、新聞、散文和藝術。

讀大學的時候，羅寶璘開始參與社會

動和展覽，「充份實現他們的夢想和抱負」 運動，但其實，那種使命感從她還是孩

（羅寶璘語）。

羅寶璘說：「現在的人希望參與更宏

店、辦公室及零售空間，包括朗廷酒

大的事件，並與彼此相連。這就是Eaton

Workshop等3個品牌。截至2017年12

球反文化運動的一部份。」

店、康得思酒店（前稱朗豪酒店）和Eaton

有講我叫甚麼名字！他很有幽默感。」

羅寶璘受到人文學科的吸引，在耶魯大

社會議題。

間。這個新酒店旨在為藝術家和社運人

羅寶璘的祖父創立了鷹君集團，即

說我是他的『反特朗普』女兒。他甚至都沒

來不相容的產業結合在一起：酒店業和

讓羅寶璘有著特別的眼光，能將兩種看

自己視為一個局外人，夾在不同的世界 越家世和她為之抗爭的人之間。

小玩笑時則會大笑起來。她邊笑邊講：

「去年聖誕，我爸爸跟他的朋友介紹我，

強求她進入地產界。相反，他們給她自

「反特朗普」酒店。它既是酒店，也是社

之間——在美國與香港，或者在她的優

到作為醫生的母親啟發，想起她父親開的

群，並跨身於不同身份的第三文化經歷，

弱勢社群發聲，並提倡社會變革。生於

香港、長於美國、現年37歲的她一直將

平平無奇。當她講到自己的家庭時，整個

Workshop品牌背後的推動力。我們是全

子的時候就出現了。出身優越的她記得

曾對身邊各種不平等現象感到困惑。「我 最深刻的香港回憶是，有些孩子有私家 司機，而另外一些孩子沒有。我有司機 載我上學，我從車窗往外望，看見人們

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Greg Kahn Photography

PROFILE 焦點人物

In 2003, Lo was arrested in Miami with hundreds of others, while protesting the Free Trade Area of the Americas, a trade agreement that would compromise human rights and the environment. The charges were ultimately dropped, as Lo and the other protesters were found to be within their legal rights to peaceful protest.

Later that year, she stirred controversy on Yaleʼs campus by hanging an upside-down American flag from her dorm room window. It was a silent protest against the just-launched war in Iraq. “I felt [the US] was in duress, and I was protesting what I, and many others, viewed as an unjust war.”

In the US, hanging an inverted flag is a historic a symbol of distress, used to communicate a life-threatening situation. To hang a flag upside down in protest, rather than danger, was in violation of the countryʼs flag-defamation laws. Since 1990, however, the act has been protected under Americaʼs first amendment right to freedom of speech, and is a legal form of peaceful protest to demonstrate oneʼs displeasure with the countryʼs policies. But just because itʼs technically legal, doesnʼt mean itʼs accepted unanimously.

Yale Daily News articles from the time report a frightening series of reactions, including a group of angry students who attempted to enter her dorm bedroom. When they found her door locked, they left her an aggressive, note: “I love kicking the Muslims ass bitches ass! They should all die with Mohammad... Fuck Iraqi Saddam following fucks. I hate you, GO AMERICA.” Though shaken, Lo was undeterred, soon her actions became a “positive symbol of anti-war activists on campus and around the country.” Dozens of students hung upsidedown American flags out of their windows in solidarity.

These were defining moments for Lo, who remains proud of her actions. “Moments like these made me further realise how important it is, during urgent times, to stand up for what one believes in,” she says. “It puts the world in perspective... It taught me that it is necessary to use my fortunate resources to speak up for those who need help.”

Every Eaton Workshop includes a co-working space, theatres, and radio stations Eaton Workshop旗下的每間酒店都有共享工作 空間、電影院和電台

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“My dad introduced me to his friend as his ‘anti- 「我爸爸跟他的朋友介紹我，說我是他的『反特 朗普』女兒。他甚至沒有講我叫甚麼名字。」 Trump daughter’. He didn’t even give me a name!”

– Katherine Lo, founder and president of Eaton Workshop

AN OPEN DIALOGUE

– 羅寶璘

Eaton Workshop創辦人和主席

在坐巴士。我覺得那裡有不公平，或者 差別的存在。」

Eight years after her arrest, Lo joined the Langham 雖然聽起來很簡單，但這段記憶塑 Hospitality Group and helped her father open The 造了羅寶璘看世界的方式，也是她後來 Langham Chicago hotel in 2013. It was an unlikely 參與社會運動的一個催化劑。到了讀高 move for Katherine Lo the activist, though perhaps 中的時候，她開始在家裡討論經濟和社 an expected one for Katherine Lo the heiress. But she 會問題。進入大學後，她就開始公然地 didnʼt enter the family business to maintain the status 與這些問題搏鬥。 quo. She came to change it. 作為大學生的羅寶璘在荷蘭海牙為 “The Eaton Workshop ethos is a perfect fit for Hong 「綠色和平」做遊說工作，在香港組織反 Kong,” she explains. “For as long as I can remember, 對世界貿易組織（WTO）的示威，在耶 the city has mostly had access to mainstream cultural 魯大學熱切地投身反戰運動。她回想， events. Eaton is a refreshing change from that. Habits are 這就是她人生中的「性格形成期」。 shifting – people are abandoning material possessions and 2003年，羅寶璘在邁阿密被捕，同 focusing more on meaningful experiences.” 時被捕的還有數百人，當時他們在抗議 To that end, each Eaton Workshop location – 建立美洲自由貿易區。這個貿易協定對 including upcoming openings in Seattle, Toronto and 人權和環境都有損害。最終，羅寶璘沒 San Francisco – is also home to co-working space, movie 有被起訴，因為她和其他抗議人士都被 theatres and radio stations, available at a discount to 認為是合法地行使了和平示威的權利。 progressive groups striving for positive change. Artistsʼ 後來在同一年，羅寶璘在耶魯校園 residences are in the pipeline, too. 又引發了爭議。她在自己宿舍的窗戶上 In September, Eaton Workshop in Jordan held 倒掛了一面美國國旗，這是對當時美國 the ambitious Womenʼs Festival – the first event of its 剛剛發動的伊拉克戰爭的無聲抗議。 kind in Hong Kong. Running for nine days, it invited 「我覺得（美國）在威逼，我要抗議這場 the community to explore topics such as wellness, 在我和很多人眼中的不正義之戰。」 communication, and sex through musical performances, 在美國，倒掛國旗長期被視為危難 seminars, screenings, and workshops, including a 的象徵，用以表示生命正受到威脅。 bondage tester session hosted by sex-focused lifestyle 在抗議而非危險中倒掛國旗，曾是違反 brand Sally Coco. 美國國旗法的行為。不過，從1990年 Notably, the festival was almost exclusively held in 開始，倒掛國旗受到美國憲法關於言論 Cantonese. “I wanted to host something that catered 自由的第一修正案的保護，成為一種合 to local residents,” Lo explains, admitting her own 法的和平示威手段。可是，一個行為合 language skills are “rusty” since she no longer lives in 法，不代表社會普遍接受。 Hong Kong. “If we had run the programme in English, 當時的《耶魯日報》記錄了一系列可 we would have only reached expats or foreign-educated 怕的反應，包括一群憤怒的學生衝進羅

寶璘的宿舍，試圖進入她的房間。當他 們發現她鎖上了房門，就給她留了一

張具攻擊性的字條：「我最愛踢穆斯林

臭婊子的屁股！她們都該跟著穆罕默德 去死……去他的伊拉克薩達姆。我憎恨 你，美國前進。」

羅寶璘雖然被嚇到，但並沒有因此

卻步，反而堅持捍衛她的言論自由。不 久之後，她的行動成為「校園裡和全國 反戰社運人士的積極象徵」。後來，數

十名學生團結一致在自己的宿舍窗戶倒 掛國旗。

她至今仍然為自己當時的舉動感到

自豪。她說：「這樣的時刻讓我愈發明

白到，在危急關頭，為自己的信念挺身

而出有多麼的重要。這塑造了我的世界 觀，也教會我，要用自己幸運而得的資 源為有需要的人發聲。」

開放的對話 被捕的8年後，羅寶璘加入了朗廷酒店

集團，並幫助她父親於2013年開立了芝 加哥朗廷酒店。這對於作為社運份子的

羅寶璘而言，是一個意外的轉變，雖然 她作為家族事業的繼承人，也許那就是 她該做的事。不過，羅寶璘並不是為了 維持現狀而加入家族生意，她是為改變 而來的。

「Eaton Workshop的精神和香港是

絕配的。」她解釋道。「在我的記憶中，

香港總是能接觸到大部份的主流文化活

動。Eaton則是在此基礎上的一個新鮮變 化。習慣正在改變——人們開始放棄物

質佔有，轉而重視獲取有意義的體驗。」

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PROFILE 焦點人物

Hongkongers. That was not our intention. Those groups 為此，Eaton Workshop旗下的每 already have their spaces, or they have the resources to 間酒店（包括即將在西雅圖和三藩市開幕 find them.” 的）都有共享工作空間、電影院和電台， For many of the participants, Eaton Workshop 為正面變革努力的進步組織都可以用優 offered a sense of freedom to express themselves and 惠價格使用這些設施；藝術家住客也享 explore sensitive topics. “[Hong Kong] is going through 有優惠。 a period of political turbulence, and we are experiencing 今年9月，在佐敦的Eaton censorship at different levels of society,” says Petula Ho, an Workshop舉辦了願景不凡的「女人節 associate professor in the Department of Social Work and 2018」，同類活動在香港前所未見。一 Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong, 連9日，活動請來社區成員，探討諸如健 who was also a panellist at the Womenʼs Festival. “People 康、溝通和性等議題。節日中有音樂表 have responded by playing it safe. We need a space where 演、研討會、放映會和工作坊，包括由 we can discuss things and find new ways to form formal 關注性愛的生活風尚品牌Sally Coco主 and informal alliances, so we can face challenges as small 持的繩縛體驗環節。 groups rather than as helpless individuals.” 值得注意的是，女人節期間的所有活 Professor Ho says Eaton is instrumental in protecting 動幾乎都用廣東話進行。羅寶璘解釋 the very future of Hong Kong. Without it, she adds, many ：「我希望可以為本地居民組織一些活 of the conversations had during the festival – including 動。」她承認自己的廣東話已經「生鏽」， her own, a discussion titled “Women in Protest” – would 因為她已經不再住在香港。不過她認為： have not been possible. “[Other venues] would not want 「如果我們的活動以英文進行，就只能 us to talk about social activism, sex, sex toys, sexual 接觸到外籍人士，或者在外國受教育的 pleasure, sexual harassment, or anything they consider 香港人。那不是我們的目的。這些群體 too sensitive. There was no censorship on what we wanted 已經有他們的空間了，或者他們已有資 to say, and so we could make our political views and 源能找到自己的空間。」 frustrations with the system known without fear.” 對於許多參與者來說，Eaton Workshop讓他們感到表達自己和探討

40

FROM PRIVILEGE TO PURPOSE

敏感議題的自由。在女人節擔任研討會

Not everyone has been accepting of Loʼs vision. Some critics of Eaton Workshop have described her efforts as insincere, and claimed the entrepreneur is too removed from everyday life. “Some [news] articles have stated that because of my background, all of this work must be, somehow, not real. Itʼs belittling, but Iʼve learned to grow a thick skin and not care so much about that. Anyone who walks through Eaton Workshop, or is a part of it, will see that [my] intentions are sincere.”

She is not ashamed of her familyʼs wealth, and you wonʼt find her apologising for it. “Iʼm extremely fortunate to come from a place where I can use the resources I have to make a positive impact,” says Lo. With the Eaton Workshop brand, sheʼs harnessing that privilege to empower others. “There are groups of marginalised people who donʼt want their stories told by others, but rather, are looking to craft their own

系副教授何式凝說：「（香港）正在經歷政

ARIANA 2018

嘉賓的香港大學社會工作及和社會行政 治上的動蕩，我們在社會的各個層面都

從特權到意義 不是所有人都接受羅寶璘的願景。

Eaton Workshop的批評者形容她的努 力是虛偽的，並指她過分離地。「有些

媒體報導說，因為我的背景，所以這一 切努力肯定在某種程度上不是真心的。 這是輕視，但我已經學會不那麼臉皮

薄，以及不要太在乎。任何來過Eaton

Workshop的人，或者身在其中的人， 都會看到（我的）目的是很真誠的。」

她毫不為家族財富而羞愧，也不會

為此歉疚。羅寶璘說：「我極幸運有這

樣的出身，可以用我擁有的資源帶來正 面的影響。能夠為一個有社會良知的

項目而努力，並將它付諸實現，我感到

自豪。」

通過Eaton Workshop這個品牌，

羅寶璘運用自己的優越本錢幫助他人。

她說：「有許多邊緣群體不想自己的故事 由別人去說，他們希望自己發聲，創造

自己的敘述。我格外努力確保我們會直 接資助女性藝術家，或者（少數族裔藝

術家如）美洲原住民電影製作人。Eaton

Workshop不止是一個平台，更會提供 他們講述自身故事的工具。

也有人質疑，像Eaton Worshop這

樣的地方，會否為食物和住房廉宜的佐 敦區帶來逼遷和士紳化的問題。

羅寶璘對此沒有答案，但她提出了

面對著審查，人們的回應總是小心翼翼

一個應對觀點。她認為，通過尊重每一

並尋找新方法組成正式或非正式的聯

他們可以前來百花齊放的地方，Eaton

的。我們需要有一個討論事情的空間， 盟，這樣我們才能以小群體的形式去面 對挑戰，而非孤軍作戰。」

何教授說，Eaton可以是保護香港

未來的工具。她補充，如果沒有它，女 人節期間的許多對話——包括她自己有

個地方的遺產，並與當地居民分享一個

Workshop可以保育每一個它進入的社

區。「這樣我們可以成為一個（給社區的） 資源，同時保存一個地方的個性，而不 是只進來開間星巴克。」

參與的、主題為「抗爭中的女性」的對

賦權的精神

望我們討論性、性玩具、性愉悅、性騷

今年夏季，羅寶璘將自己從洛杉磯搬到

東西。但在那裡（Eaton）沒有人審查我們

個橫跨美國的紀錄片計劃，並邀請了美

話——都不可能發生。「（其他地方）不希 擾、社會運動，或任何他們覺得敏感的 想說的話，因此我們可以無懼地表達政 治觀點和對體制的不滿。」

華盛頓的過程變成了Eaton Media的一 洲原住民導演Jesse Littlebird加入她的團

隊，共同製作了該品牌第一個特約作品。

Anthony Kwan

Eaton debuted its inaugural Women's Festival in September, the first event of its kind in Hong Kong Eaton於9月首次舉辦了「女人節2018」，同類活動在香港前所未見

narratives,” she says. “I put extra effort into making sure we directly commission female artists, or [minority artists such as] Native American filmmakers. Eaton Workshop is more about the platform, giving them the tools to tell their own stories,” she explains.

Others have also questioned if the arrival of a place like Eaton Workshop could contribute to local displacement and gentrification of the Jordan district, an area known for affordable local food and housing.

Lo doesnʼt have an answer for those concerns, but instead offers a counter point. By respecting the heritage of each location and sharing a place for residents to thrive, she contends that Eaton Workshop can preserve each neighbourhood it enters. “This way we can become a resource [for the community], while still preserving the identity of the area, instead of just coming in and opening a Starbucks.”

ETHOS OF EMPOWERMENT This summer, Lo turned her relocation from Los Angeles to Washington DC into a cross-country project for Eaton Media, commissioning Native American filmmaker Jesse Littlebird to join her and create the brandʼs first commissioned documentary.

On the weeklong road trip, Lo and Littlebird stopped in cities across the country to connect with

在那長達一周的公路旅行中，羅寶

璘和Littlebird在美國不同城市逗留，認 識不同地方的原住民族群、激進聲音和

環境正義抗爭人士。「我們遇見了曾經參 加北達科他州及南達科他州反對輸油管 道的立岩抗議的美洲原住民，他們當時

駐Eaton Workshop的共享工作空間，

雙方合作舉辦活動和討論會，讓人們更

了解香港最脆弱群體的困境。羅寶璘說：

「作為Eaton House的成員，你能真正

地與本地社群連結，以及支持公益。」 除了支持社區，羅寶璘也正在努力

正在反對路易斯安那州支流橋輸油管；

確保品牌可持續發展。為此，她正在將

的群體；我們看到一個越南人社區在新

（Benefits Corporation，簡稱B-Corp）

護自己的社區；我們還到訪了在南卡羅

諸多方面達到最高標準。羅寶璘說：「這

我們看到煉油廠如何污染了侯斯頓附近 奧爾良的一個天然氣發電場抗議，以保 萊納州的一個前奴隸種植園。」

這是一段動人的經歷，叫人思考關

於歷史、身份、土地和行動的哲學問

題。Eaton Workshop在9月的時候，

邀請了一班社運人士坐飛機到美國首都 參加酒店的開業典禮，讓他們有機會可

以透過小組討論，直接與Eaton的社群分 享自身的故事。「我們想展示他們每天都 在奮力對抗的現代困厄，使人們關注和 展開行動。給這些社運人士提供發聲的 工具是重要的。」

這種賦權和展示的精神在兩間Eaton

Workshop中是一貫的。在香港，Eaton Workshop已經和多名藝術家和多個慈 善團體合作，包括Justice Centre Hong Kong。這個非牟利的人權組織被獲准進

Eaton Workshop註冊成一家公益公司

。獲得認證的B-Corp要在社會和環境等 可以讓一家營利企業將倫理列入公司章

程，這樣你就在法律上受價值的約束。」 她希望Eaton Workshop可以為未來的更 多企業鋪路。「我真的希望我們可以讓香 港看到，環保和營利是可以並存的。」

在酒店開業典禮和社區活動上，在各

大洲之間旅行以及開立一間媒體製作公 司時，羅寶璘都堅守一個個人格言：隨

樂而行（follow your bliss）。這句話若出

自他人之口——用Holden Caufield的口 頭禪來形容——會顯得很「虛偽」，但不

知怎的，從羅寶璘口中說出來，卻聽起 來很真實。這簡潔的幾字真經，歸納了

她一直以來充滿動力的生活。「它很好地 提醒了我們要追隨真我。這是一個人最 好的指南針。」

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41

PROFILE 焦點人物

The Women's Festival featured sex experts, panels, performances, screenings, and interactive workshops 「女人節2018」有性專家分享會、小組討論、表演、電影播放及互動工作坊

indigenous communities, radical voices and those fighting for environmental justice. “We met Native Americans who had protested at Standing Rock [in North Dakota and South Dakota, against the Dakota Access Pipeline] and are protesting an oil pipeline in Bayou Bridge, Louisiana; we saw how oil refineries polluted communities in Houston; we saw a Vietnamese community fighting for its neighbourhood against a gas power plant in New Orleans; we visited the site of a former slavery plantation in South Carolina.”

It was a moving experience, one that prompted philosophical questions of history, identity, land and action. Lo flew the activists to the American capital for the hotelʼs opening in September, giving them the opportunity to share their stories directly with the Eaton community through panel discussions. “We want to expose and build awareness and action around the contemporary struggles

42

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they are battling this very day. Itʼs important to provide these activists with the means to express their voice.”

This ethos of empowerment and visibility is consistent throughout both Eaton Workshops. In Hong Kong, the property has already partnered with numerous artists and charities, including the Justice Centre Hong Kong. The non-profit human rights organisation has been granted a residency in the Eaton House co-working space, and together they have produced events and panels to raise awareness of the plight of Hong Kongʼs most vulnerable. “As a member of Eaton House, youʼre truly connecting with the local community and supporting social good,” says Lo. In addition to championing community, Lo is also taking steps to ensure her brand is as sustainable as possible. As such, she is in the process of registering Eaton Workshop as a Benefits Corporation. Certified

The Good Fight Meet the social enterprises and NGOs fighting for change at Eaton HK in Jordan. 在Eaton House與爭取變革的社會企業和NGO見面。

PLANET ALLY Homosexuality is still criminalised in over 70 countries and, in some cases, punishable by death. Planet Ally brings together the LGBTI community and their supporters to campaign for stronger communities and equal rights for all people. 在超過70個國家，同性戀仍然被列為犯罪，甚至可被判處死刑。Planet

Anthony Kwan

Ally團結性小眾社群和他們的支持者，為建立更強大的社群和所有人的平 等權利而努力。

Learn more 詳情請看 planetally.org

THE JUSTICE CENTRE This non-profit human rights organisation provides Hong Kong’s most vulnerable – refugees, torture and human trafficking victims, among others – with free legal and social assistance.

“B-Corps”, as theyʼre known, are corporations that

meet the highest standards of practice across social and environmental factors. “This allows a for-profit business to build ethics into its corporate charter, so youʼre legally indebted to your values,” explains Lo. Her hope is that Eaton Workshop will pave the way for more companies in the future. “I really hope we can show Hong Kong that it is possible to be environmental and profitable.”

Among hotel openings and community events, travelling between continents and launching a media production venture, Lo stays grounded with a personal mantra: Follow your bliss. From almost anyone elseʼs mouth, this would seem – at the risk of sounding like Holden Caulfield – phony. But somehow, from Lo, it rings true. A succinct, three-word summary of the dynamic life sheʼs led. “Itʼs a good reminder to follow your true self. Itʼs the best compass one can have.” 

此非牟利人權組織為香港最脆弱的群體（如難民、酷刑倖存者、人口販運 受害者等）提供免費的法律和社會援助。

Learn more 詳情請看 justicecentre.org.hk

OPEN CULTURE LAB Community leader Holok Chen is launching a social incubator and lab that develops digital applications to solve real-world problems. One such project is a legal services search engine, to provide clients with a faster, more transparent legal experience. 社群領袖陳可樂將成立一個社會孵化室及實驗室，旨在設計數碼應用程式 以解決實際生活中的難題。其中一個項目就是法律服務搜索引擎，讓用戶 可享有更快捷和更高透明度的法律服務搜尋體驗。

Learn more 詳情請看 onelawyer.org | collaction.hk

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

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BROKEN

PROMISES

破滅承諾

Hong Kong lacks a comprehensive anti-trafficking law and migrant workers are paying the price.

香港沒有反人口販運法律，而許多外地勞工正為此付出代價。

By Simon Parry | Photography by Anthony Kwan

Editorʼs note: At the request of the victims, we have omitted family names in this article.

編輯備註：基於受害者要求，文中不會提及她們的姓氏。

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45

F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

W

hen her plane touched down in Hong Kong last December, Chamila was full of hope. She had an employment contract as a domestic worker and an expectation of a better life not only for herself, but also for her sick daughter back home in Sri Lanka.

Ten days later, Chamila lay unconscious on the floor after swallowing handfuls of prescription pills in the office of Carven Employment, the Hong Kong agency that had organised her employment in collaboration with Sri Lanka-based agency Win Win Go Travel.

In the harrowing days before her suicide attempt, the 35-year-old says she was stripped of her passport and personal belongings, forced to work for 21 consecutive hours for an abusive employer, and starved for two full days. Sick and barely able to stand from exhaustion, Chamila told her employer she was too weak to continue working, only to be sent back to the agencyʼs office.

At the office, Chamila says she was scolded by an agency supervisor, who then smashed Chamilaʼs mobile phone on a table. As Chamila tried to leave, screaming for help from passersby, the supervisor slammed Chamilaʼs leg in the office door before locking her inside the room.

In despair, Chamila grabbed 15 Ventolin tablets – prescribed to treat asthma – from her handbag and gulped them down. Rather than attempt to stop her, the supervisor filmed her suicide attempt on a mobile phone.

Police and paramedics arrived after a call from a passerby, who had heard Chamilaʼs call for help. The emergency team took her to hospital for treatment.

In Hong Kong, a city that prides itself on its rule of law and regard for basic rights, Chamilaʼs shocking experience may sound like an anomaly. But according to human rights lawyers and advocates, it is a scenario that is increasingly widespread.

去

年12月，Chamila從斯

她們都付了大量，甚至是高得不合常理

時，她對未來滿懷希望。

高工資工作的保證，最終卻陷入了現代

里蘭卡乘坐飛機抵達香港

當時她已經簽訂了一份僱傭合約，期望 這份工作可為她自己，還有家中生病的 女兒，帶來更好的生活。

10日之後，Chamila在兆天僱傭

中心的辦公室吞下幾把醫生開的藥之

奴隸陷阱中。《2018年全球奴隸指數報

告》指出，香港有大約一萬人正處於現代 奴隸的處境中，其中包括家傭、勞工和 性工作者。

許多受害人最終得以回家，但已受

後，昏倒在地板上不省人事。兆天就是

盡屈辱，負債纍纍。不過，Chamila決

作，安排Chamila來香港做家傭的中

心的協助，被安排入住免費的庇護所，

與設於斯里蘭卡的穎高旅遊有限公司合 介公司。

在試圖自殺前，35歲的Chamila

經歷了一段悲慘的日子：護照和隨身行

定留下。她得到了斯里蘭卡佛學文化中 這樣她才能和另外兩名也是通過兆天來 港工作的女性一起爭取賠償。

在帝理律師行的協助下，3名女性站

李被奪去，遭到僱主虐待，被迫連續工

出來主張自己是強迫勞動和人口販運的

何食物。

的「亞洲國際都會」地位。

作21小時，而且整整兩天沒有得到任 終於，不適及虛脫至難以站穩的

受害者，認為這些罪行有悖於香港自稱 這邊廂她們提出訴訟，那邊廂香港

Chamila告訴僱主，她太虛弱，不能

政府正不斷抗拒著人口販運專法的立法

傭中心。

在香港並不普遍，而且現有法律已足以

繼續工作。之後，僱主將她送回了僱

Chamila說，她一抵達僱傭中心就

被中心的主管責罵。這名主管之後還把

訴求。港府已發出聲明，堅稱人口販運 處理此問題。

然而，港府的立場與一些關鍵報告

她的手機砸在桌面上。Chamila試圖離

大相徑庭。2016年，全球奴隸指數指

管把辦公室的門撞向她的腿，然後將她

者。美國國務院的《2018年人口販運報

開，並向街上途人高聲呼救，這時，主 鎖進辦公室裡。

絕望的Chamila從手提包中拿出15

片用來治療哮喘的喘樂寧（Ventolin）， 一口氣全部吞下，但這名主管竟然沒有 阻止她，反而拿出手機拍下她試圖自殺

出，香港約有29,500名人口販運受害

告》，則連續第三年將香港放在第二級 監察名單（Tier 2 Watch List ），同級

的還有孟加拉、馬里、蘇丹、伊拉克和 津巴布韋。

香港的排名不僅落後於大部份被列

的情景。

入第一級（Tier 1）的西歐國家，如法

警，警察和急救人員趕到現場，將她帶

國、柬埔寨、越南和印尼還要低，這些

一名路人聽到Chamila求救而報

到醫院救治。

在香港，這個自詡其法治、對基本

權利的尊重的城市，Chamila這段聳

國、德國、西班牙和意大利，甚至比泰 國家都被列於第二級（Tier 2），但並不 在監察名單內。

今年3月，一名立法會議員聯同兩

人聽聞的經歷或許會被視為反常例子。

名法律執業者提出了一份新法案，建議

TRAFFICKING IN HONG KONG

為，這種事正變得越來越常見。

並將奴役、人口販運、色情觀光業和強

Chamila is one of thousands of women from Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Philippines who human rights groups say pay large and often exorbitant sums to employment agencies on the promise of well-paid jobs in Hong

香港人口販運

廣泛批評為不達標準，而且未有為受害

人權組織指出，Chamila是數千名來自

施。而在香港的37萬名外籍家庭傭工，

然而，此地的人權律師和社運人士卻認

46

的費用給僱傭中介，以換取在香港獲得

ARIANA 2018

斯里蘭卡、印尼和菲律賓的女性之一。

提高僱傭中介和整個供應鏈的透明度，

迫婚姻等行為刑事化。不過，該草案被 人提供任何保護措施，也尚未被有效實 正正亟需這種保護。

Mongolia 蒙古

How Asia Stacks Up

亞洲各地對比

North Korea 北韓 South Korea 南韓 China 中國

Japan 日本

The 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report ranks countries based on their efforts to eliminate human trafficking. Tier 1 is the highest ranking; Tier 3, the lowest. 《2018年人口販運報告》按各地打擊人 口販運的努力作出評級。第一級是最高 級別，第三級為最低。

India 印度

Bangladesh 孟加拉

Sri Lanka 斯里蘭卡

Taiwan 台灣

Myanmar 緬甸

* Boundary representation is not authoritative

Hong Kong 香港

Thailand 泰國

Laos 老撾

Palau 帛琉

Vietnam 越南

Philippines 菲律賓

Cambodia 柬埔寨 Brunei 文萊

Malaysia 馬來西亞

邊界不具權威性

Macao 澳門

Marshall Islands 馬紹爾群島 Federated States of Micronesia 密克羅尼西亞聯邦

Papua New Guinea 巴布亞新幾內亞

Singapore 新加坡 Indonesia 印尼 Timor-Leste 東帝汶

Solomon Islands 所羅門群島

Fiji 斐濟

Tonga 東加

Tier 1 第一級 Tier 2 第二級 Tier 2 Watch List 第二級監察名單 Tier 3 第三級

Kong, only to find themselves ensnared in conditions of modern-day slavery. According to The Global Slavery Index 2018, more than 10,000 people are held in conditions of slavery in Hong Kong – a number that includes domestic workers, labourers and prostitutes.

Many eventually manage to return home, albeit humiliated and heavily in debt. But Chamila decided to stay. She received assistance from the Sri Lankan Buddhist Cultural Centre Hong Kong, which put her up in a shelter so she could fight for compensation alongside two other women recruited by the same agency.

With the support of human rights law firm Daly & Associates, the three women argue they are the victims of crimes that sit uncomfortably with Hong Kongʼs selfproclaimed status as Asiaʼs World City: forced labour and human trafficking.

Their claims come at a time when the government has been resisting calls for a specific anti-trafficking law.

The government has issued statements insisting human

Australia 澳洲

New Zealand 紐西蘭

trafficking is not common in the city, and that the existing legal framework adequately tackles the issue.

Such a stance is at odds with a number of critical reports: In 2016, the Global Slavory Index counted an estimated 29,500 victims of human trafficking in Hong Kong. The US State Departmentʼs 2018 Trafficking in Persons annual report places Hong Kong on the Tier 2 Watch List for the third consecutive year, alongside countries such as Bangladesh, Mali, Sudan, Iraq, and Zimbabwe.

The city ranks below the majority of Western European countries like France, Germany, Spain and Italy, which have a Tier 1 ranking. Itʼs even ranked lower than Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Indonesia – all Tier 2 nations but not on the Watch List.

In March, a lawmaker with two legal practitioners proposed a new bill to ensure higher transparency from employment agencies and throughout the supply chain, as well as to prescribe criminal offences for slavery,

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

human trafficking, sex tourism and forced marriage.

But the draft bill has been criticised for falling short.

It failed to offer any protection to victims through assistance, and has yet to be effectively implemented.

For the cityʼs 370,000 foreign domestic workers, that support is essential.

International human trafficking expert Matt Friedman, who is the CEO of anti-slavery group The Mekong Club and the former regional project manager of the United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking, has called for an urgent review of the governmentʼs position.

“Even if the government feels itʼs not a major problem, there should still be laws in place that are consistent with international standards found throughout the region and the world. It is simply the right thing to do,” says Friedman.

國際人口販運問題專家Matt Friedman是反奴役團體湄公河俱樂部 （The Mekong Club ）的行政總裁，

也是聯合國跨部門反人口販運項目的前 區域項目經理。他已呼籲港府立即檢討 他們的立場。

Friedman表示：「即便政府認為這

不是香港的主要問題，這個城市仍然應

存在與亞洲和全球常用的國際標準一致 的法例。這完全是政府應做之事。」

Friedman指港府低估了此地人口

誘導和突變

待。 Kumudu 說，僱主老父用他的助行

Chamila的經歷已越見尋常。同樣被兆

口。而當她到僱傭中心投訴的時候，她

天僱傭中心與穎高旅遊有限公司帶來香

港的，還有41歲的Kumudu。Kumudu 指穎高旅遊有限公司告訴她，她會在香

動計劃中，並沒有清楚列明人口販運

受害人在確定身分之後會得到怎樣的待 遇。Friedman說：「政府遺漏了反人

口販運法律中最重要的一環——那就是 保護受害人。一套整全的法律能夠幫助 在香港被奴役的家庭傭工、性工作者 和工人。」

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Kumudu 說，之後的情況更加惡

並在她反抗時他就向她扔東西及辱罵

了14,500元港幣給僱傭中心。

不過， Kumudu 說，正當她差不

如果她不同意立即飛往香港的話，就會

此外，政府在2018年3月啟動的行

被送回僱主家中。

多。為了得到這份工作，Kumudu預付

港幣，這是斯里蘭卡最低工資的兩倍有

不過，香港的NGO界指出，單是過去 案例。」他說。

說她被告之這些襲擊「並不嚴重」，之後

化。她指稱，僱主老父要求她協助洗

多要離開斯里蘭時，僱傭中心改變了安

一年就已有60宗（受害人站出來舉報的）

架多次擊打她，使她全身都是瘀青和傷

港照顧一個五人家庭，月薪會是4,200元

販運問題的嚴重程度。「他們說每年人

口販運案件的數目非常少，不到10宗。

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According to Friedman, the Hong Kong government underestimates the extent of the issue.

“They say the number of human trafficking cases annually is very low – less than 10 [reported cases].

However, according to the NGO community, there were up to 60 cases last year alone [where victims came forward].”

In addition, the governmentʼs current action plan, introduced in March 2018, does not clearly outline what happens to a trafficked person after they have been identified. “The government is missing one of the most important aspects of a human trafficking law: protecting the victims,” adds Friedman. “A comprehensive law would help domestic helpers, sex workers and labourers who are in slavery-like conditions within Hong Kong.”

澡，其間指令她愛撫他，並非禮了她， 她。 Kumudu 最終向僱主投訴受到暴力 和性虐待，僱主將她帶回了僱傭中心。

Kumudu 聲稱，她在中心被迫簽署

排，並通知她會改為照顧兩名老人，而

了幾份沒機會仔細閱讀的文件。在她提

失去在香港工作的機會。

約交回了給她，但沒有支付任何工資和

眼見未來懸於一線， Kumudu 只好

接受安排，於去年 10月來到香港。她說

出要報警時，中心代表把護照和僱傭合 津貼就命令她離開。

心慌意亂的 Kumudu 被朋友帶到了

僱傭中心代表在機場要求她交出工作合

九龍的一間警署報案。她說當時警方聲

處。在接下來的 4 天裡，她沒有得到任

勞工處求助。

同和護照，之後將她帶到了中心的寄宿 何伙食費，只接受了清潔訓練。

根據 Kumudu 的證詞，她最終被

帶到了僱主的家庭，並在接下來的一個

月中，遭到僱主年邁父母的暴力和性虐

稱這件事「不歸（我們）管」，並提議她向 在向基督教勵行會求助之

後， Kumudu 被帶到了黃大仙警署，在 那裡再次報案，之後被送到醫院驗傷。

BAIT AND SWITCH Chamilaʼs story is a familiar one. The same agencies, Carven Employment and Win Win Go Travel, brought Kumudu, aged 41, to Hong Kong. Kumudu claims Win Win Go told her sheʼd receive a monthly salary of HK$4,200 – more than twice the minimum wage in Sri Lanka – working for a family of five. She paid the equivalent of HK$14,500 up-front for the placement.

Shortly before leaving Sri Lanka, however, Kumudu says the agency changed the arrangements, announcing that she would work for two elderly people instead. If she didnʼt agree, sheʼd lose her chance to work in Hong Kong.

With her future on the line, Kumudu accepted. She arrived in Hong Kong in October last year. At the airport, Kumudu says an agency representative asked her to hand

over her employment contract and passport, then took her to the agencyʼs boarding house. For the next four days, she received no money for meals but was instructed to clean.

According to Kumuduʼs testimony, she was eventually taken to her employerʼs house. For the next month she claims she was physically and sexually abused by the employerʼs elderly parents. Kumudu says she suffered extensive bruising and cuts after being repeatedly struck with the fatherʼs walker. When she protested to the agency, Kumudu says she was told the assaults were “not of a serious nature” and was sent back to the employer.

Things escalated, Kumudu says, when the elderly man asked her to assist him in the shower. She claims that he ordered her to touch him intimately and molested her whenever she was in reach, throwing items at her and verbally abusing her if she resisted.

Efforts in Macao

澳門的努力

Next door, Macao has made moves to implement more stringent anti-trafficking policies.

毗鄰香港的澳門已經著手實施更為嚴格的 反人口販運政策。

In the early 2000s, the Macao police reported a series of human trafficking

2000年代初，澳門警方公佈了一系列人口販運事件，其

incidents involving sexual exploitation. In many cases, minors and migrant workers

中包括性剝削。在許多案件中，未成年人和移工被假招聘

replied to false job advertisements, only to arrive and find themselves forced into

廣告所騙，直到抵達澳門才發現自己將被迫賣淫。有見及

prostitution. In response, the government established an anti-trafficking law in

此，澳門政府在2008年訂立反人口販運法，目標是防止人

2008 with a goal to prevent trafficking, prosecute offenders, and protect victims.

口販運、檢控犯案者，並保護受害人。

The law criminalizes sex and labour trafficking, with a penalty of three to

此法將性和勞動人口販運刑事化，一經定罪可被

15 years imprisonment. To support victims, The Women’s General Association

判入獄3到15年。為了支援受害者，澳門女性聯合總會

of Macau (AGMM) provides a government-funded shelter as well as a 24-hour

（AGMM）在政府資助下開設了庇護所，還有一條24小時求

hotline where victims can report incidents without fear of repercussions.

助熱線，讓受害人可以在毋須畏懼被報復的情況下報案。

The SAR remains on the Tier 2 Watch List in the 2018 Trafficking in Persons

儘管有了這些改善措施，澳門仍然被2018年美國國務

Report, published by the US State Department, despite improvements. However,

院發佈的《人口販運報告》列入第二級監察名單。不過，

the report acknowledges the “significant efforts” taken by Macao. These include

報告承認澳門付出了「重要的努力」。這些努力包括「識

“identifying victims of sex trafficking, partnering with an NGO to escort a child

別性販運的受害人、與一家NGO合作護送受害兒童回家、

victim home, training numerous government officials, and allocating MOP 5.5

訓練多名政府官院」，以及在2017年4月1日到2018年3月

million (US$684,500) to victim protection services and prevention programs”

31日期間，「撥款550萬元澳門幣（約684,500元美金）給

between 1 April 2017 and 31 March 2018. In 2017, the government investigated

受害人保護服務和預防犯罪項目」。2017年，澳門政府調

three reported cases of sex trafficking but pursued no prosecutions.

查了3宗性販運案件，但沒有檢控任何人。

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

When she eventually complained about the sexual and physical abuse, the employer returned her to the Hong Kong agency. At Carven Employment, Kumudu says she was pressured to sign documents without a chance to read them. When she asked to go to the police, a representative returned Kumudu's passport and employment contract and ordered her to leave without pay or entitlements.

Distraught, Kumudu was taken by a friend to the Kowloon police station to file a complaint. She says the police claimed it was “not a matter” for them, recommending that she approach the labour department for assistance.

After seeking refuge at the Christian Action Shelter, she was taken to Wong Tai Sin police station, where she lodged a report and was sent to the hospital to have her injuries examined.

ON THE BRINK OF COLLAPSE Nirmala, a smartly dressed 51-year-old grandmother, seems an unlikely victim of trafficking. Like the other two women, however, she quickly found herself in a desperate situation after arriving in Hong Kong.

“We had a lot of financial difficulties at home,” she recalls. “My husband was ill and unable to work. My daughter was also ill... she had a 12-year-old son who I had to take care of as well.”

At the agencyʼs offices in Sri Lanka, Nirmala changed into an apron to film a video for prospective employers. Nirmala says she was asked to pay HK$2,900 if there was an offer of employment, and a further HK$11,600 before departing.

“Two days later, I took out a loan for 300,000 rupees (approximately HK$14,300),” says Nirmala.

Within about three weeks, Nirmala says the agency found a placement – a family with a young child. After paying the instalment, three to four months passed with no news. Finally, she says the agency told her they had found a different employer. This time, it was an elderly disabled person.

“I was a little worried about that, but they told me I would be able to earn HK$4,300 per month, in addition to food and a room at my employerʼs house,” she says.

“By that time, the interest on my loan was accruing, so I thought the only option was to agree.”

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Nirmala arrived in Hong Kong late last year.

A representative from the agency collected her at the airport, then took her to a garage in Kwun Tong where 12 other migrant workers were staying. “I had to sleep sitting on the floor because there was no space,” she says. “None of us received any food. The next morning, I bought two buns with money I brought with me. It was my first meal in Hong Kong.”

Two days later, she says the agency sent her to a flat in Sha Tin where her employerʼs secretary instructed Nirmala to do housework all day, and then stay awake to continually massage her elderly disabled employer from 9pm to 8am.

“Every time I slowed down or stopped, my employer would shout at me. I wasnʼt allowed to leave the room,” she says. The next day, as she bathed the elderly woman, Nirmala collapsed, which unleashed a string of verbal abuse from her employer.

Recruited by the same agency, Kumudu says she was sexually molested by her employer Kumudu被同一間中介公司招募，她指控偏主非禮了她

瀕臨崩潰

中心給她找到了工作，僱主是一個有

Nirmala是一名衣著入時的51歲祖母，

三四個月都沒有消息。後來，她說僱

看起來一點都不像人口販運的受害者。 可是，如同其他兩名女性，她來到香港 不久就發現自己已陷入困境。

Nirmala 回憶道：「我們家有嚴重

Nirmala說，兩日之後，僱傭

小孩的家庭。 Nirmala 付費後等了

中心送她到沙田的一個單位。在那

傭中心告知，他們已經為她找到另外

做家務，之後還不能睡覺，要繼續為

一個僱主，這次是一個年長的殘疾 人士。

她說：「我有點擔心，但他們告訴

裡，Nirmala僱主的秘書吩咐她全日 年邁殘疾的僱主按摩，從晚上9點到早 上8點。

「每次我放慢手腳或者停了下來，

的財務困難：我丈夫病了，不能工作；

我每個月可以掙到4,300元港幣，包

我的僱主就會朝我大喊。她不准我離開

也得照顧她。」

候，我的貸款還在算利息，所以我覺

名老婦洗澡的時暈倒了，但只換來僱主

我女兒也病了，還帶著12歲的兒子，我 在僱傭中心的斯里蘭卡辦公室，

Nirmala穿上圍裙，拍了一段短片給 她未來的僱主看。Nirmala說她之後

被告知，如果有工作機會，她還要支付

2,900元港幣，而在前往香港之前，則 要再支付11,600元港幣的費用。 她說：「兩日之後，我借來了30萬 斯里蘭卡盧比（約14,300元港幣）。」 Nirmala 說，約 3 個星期後，僱傭

飲食，僱主亦會提供獨立房間。那時 得唯一的選擇就是同意。」

去年底，Nirmala抵達香港。僱

房間。」她說。第二天，Nirmala為那 的一頓辱罵。

直到那時Nirmala才致電999。救

傭中心的一名代表到機場接她，之後

護車將她送院，醫護人員整夜治療疼痛

裡已經有另外12名外傭。她說：「我要

作，但她的僱主解僱了她。她說僱傭中

將她帶到了位於觀塘的一個車房，那 坐在地板上睡覺，因為地方不夠。沒

有人獲得任何食物。第二天早上，我 用自己帶的錢買了兩個麵包，那是我 在香港的第一餐。」

和虛脫的她。之後，Nirmala想重返工 心也拒絕為她提供住所，並將她和她的

行李遺棄街邊。Nirmala只得向香港的 佛教庇護中心求助。

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

Only then did Nirmala phone 999. An ambulance rushed her to hospital where she was treated overnight for pain and exhaustion. Nirmala attempted to return to work, but the employer fired her. She says the agency denied Nirmala shelter and left her on the streets with her belongings. It was then that Nirmala sought refuge at the Buddhist Shelter of Hong Kong.

A FAMILIAR STORY The three Sri Lankan women share depressingly similar stories. Lured by TV adverts, they were recruited at home where they paid up-front agency fees of around HK$15,000 each with the promise of jobs looking after families with children in Hong Kong.

After arriving in the city, the women say they had to sleep on garage floors or in cramped boarding houses before being sent to abusive homes were they were sexually, verbally or physically assaulted. They report largely indifferent responses from the police when they eventually sought help.

Paralegal Manisha Wijeshinghe, of Daly & Associates, is helping the women fight cases against Win Win Go Travel, the Sri Lanka-based recruiter who

故事總相似 3名斯里蘭卡女性令人沮喪的經

歷都是相似的。她們都受到電視廣告吸 引，在故鄉被招募，每人要預先支付大 約15,000元港幣給中介，中介承諾會 為她們找到在香港照顧有孩子家庭的 工作。

據這些女性說，她們來到香港之

後，要睡在車房地上或者狹小的寄宿 處，之後會被送到虐待她們的僱主家

中，受到性、語言或身體方面的侵害。 她們亦表示，最終決定求助時受到警 方漠視。

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brought them to Hong Kong in collaboration with sister agency Carven Employment. According to Wijeshinghe, the womenʼs placements were lucrative for the agencies despite the early termination.

“The agencies have already made their money with [the up-front] fees, so however long the women work here doesnʼt matter – the agencies still make a profit,” she explains. “The employer pays the airfare. So for the agencies, it is more profitable if the women leave after a few days, because the employer has already paid and they can just get someone else.”

According to a representative of Win Win Go Travel, authorities stripped the agency of its licence in Sri Lanka, where the business is registered, following the police complaints in Hong Kong.

Fernando Joy, a Sri Lankan who works as a scuba diving instructor in Hong Kong and was described on business cards he distributed as Win Win Go Travelʼs Managing Director, says the police did not interview him about the womenʼs allegations, despite being named the company owner in Chamilaʼs testimony. When contacted for comment via Facebook, Joy insisted he had no financial interest in Win Win Go and was helping an ex-girlfriend who owned the agency when the women were recruited.

帝理律師行法律助理Manisha Wijeshinghe正在幫助這些女性婦女起 訴穎高旅遊有限公司。這家斯里蘭卡中 介與兆天合作，在當地招募女性婦女到

穎高旅遊有限公司的一名代表說，

在香港警方投訴之後，公司已經被斯里 蘭卡當局除了牌。

斯里蘭卡人Fernando Joy在香港

香港做家傭。Wijeshinghe說，這些女

做水肺潛水教練，他的名片顯示，他

中牟取豐厚利潤。

在Chamila的證詞中，他是公司的老

性的僱用期雖短，但中介公司還是可從 「中介已經（通過預付款）賺了錢，

所以這些女性在香港能工作多久並不重 要——他們仍然能賺錢。」她解釋道。

「機票錢是僱主付的，所以對於中介而

言，如果女傭做幾天就走，他們就能賺 更多，因為僱主已經付了錢，他們只要 再找一個人就好了。」

是穎高旅遊有限公司的總經理。雖然

闆，但他說香港警方沒有就這些女性的 指控訊問過他。筆者通過Facebook聯 絡Joy的時候，他堅稱自己在穎高旅遊

有限公司中沒有任何財務利益，而只是 幫一名前女友的忙，而這名前女友是3

名女性婦女被招募時穎高旅遊有限公司 的老闆。

Joy claims the complaints by Chamila, Nirmala and Kumudu are simply attempts to win compensation. He says some Sri Lankan domestic workers “make trouble” for their employers then “get help from NGOs and get compensation, and [then] get a new employer and come back to Hong Kong.” He suggests the women should return to Sri Lanka where the government is “very tough” in its approach to agencies, and seek compensation from Win Win Go from there.

Meanwhile, the Carven Employment supervisor involved in the overdose incident with Chamila in Hong Kong declined to answer questions about the treatment of Chamila and the other workers. She also declined to confirm that she had taken a video of Chamila as the worker swallowed pills in the agencyʼs Kowloon office.

“Iʼm not in charge of this case,” she wrote in a text message later.

In a statement to Ariana magazine, Hong Kong police says it has investigated Kumuduʼs case and classified it as assault, but has closed the investigation because there was insufficient evidence to press charges.

Meanwhile, the New Territories South Regional Crime Squad has been handling the cases involving Chamila and Nirmala. Chamilaʼs case had been classified as assault and Nirmalaʼs as labour

exploitation. No arrest has been made so far, according to the police statement.

Hong Kong government officials declined requests for an interview on the issue. In an email, however, the Security Bureau insisted the government attached “great importance to tackling trafficking in persons” and referred to its action plan announced in March.

According to a statement, the plan comprises “a package of multi-faceted measures that are comprehensive, strategic and targeted, covering areas including victim identification, investigation, enforcement, prosecution, victim protection and support, prevention, and partnership with different stakeholders.”

A FLAWED SYSTEM Anecdotal evidence suggests there are many more victims who have since fled Hong Kong and returned to Sri Lanka, says Hong Kong-based human rights lawyer Patricia Ho. Their treatment amounts to trafficking, Ho explains, because they were brought to Hong Kong under false pretexts and then abused and subjected to labour exploitation and forced labour. But with no law against trafficking, police and immigration officers are powerless

Joy聲稱Chamila、Nirmala 和 Kumudu的投訴是為了獲得賠償，並

聲明中，表示已經將Kumudu的案件列

僱主「製造麻煩」，之後「從NGO獲得幫

據起訴任何人，因此已結束調查。

千瘡百孔的體制

再回來香港。」他認為，這些投訴的女

經在處理Chamila和Nirmala的

香港人權律師何珮芝說，軼事證據顯示

司追討賠償，因為當地政府處理中介的

擊，Nirmala的案件被列為勞動剝削。

回到斯里蘭卡。

聲稱一些斯里蘭卡家庭傭工會給自己的

助，並索取賠償，（然後）找新的僱主， 性應該回到斯里蘭卡向穎高旅遊有限公 手段「非常嚴厲」

Chamila服藥自殺時在場的兆天

僱傭中心主管拒絕回應她如何對待

Chamila和其他女傭的問題。她也拒絕 確認Chamila在中心的九龍辦公室吞藥 時，她有否用手機拍片。她在之後發來 的一條短信中寫道：「我不管這事」。

香港警方在發給Ariana雜誌的一份

為襲擊，並曾展開調查，但沒有足夠證 同時，新界南總區重案組已

案件。Chamila的案件被列為襲

根據警方的聲明，至今沒有人被捕。

人、調查、執法、檢控、保護和支援受

害人、預防，以及與不同持份者合作。」

還有更多受害人，但她們已經離開香港 何珮芝解釋，這些女性所受到的待

港府官員拒絕就有關問題接受訪

遇已經稱得上是人口販運，因為她們是

堅稱政府「非常重視人口販運問題」，並

剝削和強迫勞動。可是，因為香港沒有

問。不過，在一封回覆電郵中，保安局 提到今年3月公佈的行動計劃。保安局 回覆指出，該計劃包括「全面及具策略

和針對性的多元化措施，涵蓋識別受害

被騙來香港的，抵達之後還受到虐待、

反人口販運的法律，警察和入境處無法

採取行動。何珮芝記得， 有警員曾因為 無法介入這些案件而感到沮喪。

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

Human rights lawyer Patricia Ho 人權律師何珮芝

54

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to act, says Ho, who recalls how one police officer expressed frustration at the inability to intervene on behalf of the women.

As the current legal systems stand, police are unable to bring charges of human trafficking and forced labour because the offences do not exist under Hong Kong law.

This, Ho says, is the biggest obstacle to winning justice for victims of such abuses and preventing trafficking in the first place.

Ho believes the governmentʼs reliance on foreign domestic workers is one of the main reasons for the lack of legislation. “Domestic helpers are probably the cheapest solution for Hong Kongʼs social needs,” she says. “The amount of money they save the government [in child care and social support costs] is enormous and [with working parents] even the housing market doesnʼt function unless you have helpers.”

But a failure to legislate will only amplify the issue, she warns. “If it is easier to traffic people to Hong Kong than other countries, the city will become an increasingly attractive place for traffickers,” she adds. “The blatant refusal to acknowledge the positive duty placed on the government to criminalise human trafficking and forced labour puts Hong Kong in the same league as nations such as North Korea, the Maldives, and Bhutan, which are infamous for their human rights abuses.”

在目前的法律制度下，警方不能以人

口販運或強迫勞動罪起訴任何人，因為 香港法律沒有這些罪名。何珮芝說，這 是對受害人贏得公義和預防人口販運的 最大障礙。

何珮芝相信，政府對外籍女傭的依賴

是其拒絕立例的一個主要原因。她說：

「家傭可能是解決香港社會需要的最便宜

方法。她們給政府省下巨大的 （照顧孩子和 社會支援的） 成本， （對於雙職父母而言） 如

果沒有家傭，房屋市場也無法正常運轉。」 她警告，法律真空只會吸引更多人口

販子來香港。「如果販賣人口到香港比到 其他國家容易，這裡對人口販子的吸引

力便會持續增加。」她又補充：「政府公然

AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE As she prepares to fly home to her family in Sri Lanka while her case continues to be examined in Hong Kong, Nirmala admits she holds little hope of a happy outcome.

“My loans with interest have now grown from 300,000 rupees (approximately HK$14,300) to 660,000 rupees (approximately HK$31,600). I am unable to pay for my husbandʼs medication and I will find it difficult to keep my 12-year-old grandson in school,” she says.

“I went to Hong Kong for a better life. But instead my situation is far worse. I will tell people about what happened to me when I get home, because I donʼt want this to see this happen to anyone else.”

Chamila, meanwhile, remains in a shelter in Hong Kong and is still recovering from the physical and psychological effects of her overdose. The pills damaged her oesophagus and she often experiences numbness in her hands and feet.

In the difficult months that followed her suicide attempt, Chamila has been provided with support and trauma counselling by Hong Kong NGO STOP (Stop Trafficking of Persons). Whether the Hong Kong government is prepared to extend the same compassion to Chamila and other modern-day slaves in Asiaʼs World City remains to be seen. 

拒絕承擔將人口販運和強迫勞動列為罪

「我來香港是為了更好的生活，但我

行的責任，這使得香港與北韓、馬爾代

的處境實際上變得更糟了。我回到家之

淪為一等。」

我不希望其他人重蹈覆轍。」

夫、不丹等因侵害人權而惡名昭著的國家

後會告訴人們發生在我身上的事，因為

Chamila則留在香港的一個庇護中

不確定的未來

心，仍從服藥自殺帶來的身心傷害中慢

Nirmala在香港的案件仍未結束，但她

經常麻痺。

已準備飛回斯里蘭卡。她承認對得到一

慢恢復。她的食道被藥片所傷，手腳也 在試圖自殺後的那幾個月艱難日子

個完滿的結果不太樂觀。

中，Chamila得到香港NGO STOP.

斯里蘭卡盧比（約14,300元港幣）漲到了

和創傷諮詢。香港政府是否也準備好，

「我的貸款加上利息現在已經從30萬

66萬盧比（約31,600元港幣）。我沒能力

支付我丈夫的醫藥費，而且即將難以讓我

12歲的孫兒繼續上學。」她說。

(Stop Trafficking of People）的支援

提供同樣的幫助予Chamila以及其他仍 然在這亞洲國際之都默默忍受的現代奴 隸，還有待觀察。 

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

A Fair Alternative Lidia Garcia, branch manager of Fair Employment Agency (FEA), further explains the obstacles facing foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong.

ARIANA LIDIA GARCIA

In my work, I meet migrant domestic workers in different parts of their migration experience. These workers are people, mostly women, who are doing everything they can to change the course of their lives and the lives of their children. They're seeking better opportunities, taking up the challenge of migration, leaving family and friends behind, and working difficult jobs. But a broken market is failing them every step of the way.

ARIANA

What obstacles do they face in Hong Kong?

GARCIA

When employment agencies charge domestic helpers [for placements or training services], they are incentivised to place those who are willing to pay, rather than those who are right for the job. When a helper is fired or quits, the agency makes more money by charging replacement workers.

Meanwhile the domestic helper falls further into debt as she borrows more money to find a new job. This illegal practice leaves domestic helpers in debt and it fails employers. FEA was set up to be an antidote to this broken system and to set a new standard for employment agencies to follow.

56

total ban on worker placement fees. In Hong Kong, we have laws for minimum wage and a standard contract for employment. Employee compensation is a legal requirement. Workers are legally entitled to a day off every week, and we have regulations to limit fees charged by employment agencies.

What have you witnessed while working with FEA?

ARIANA

What’s the current legal framework?

GARCIA

Hong Kong has a number of laws in place to protect migrant domestic workers, and the Philippines has a

ARIANA 2018

ARIANA

What’s standing in the way of progress?

GARCIA

There are over 1,400 employment agencies in Hong Kong. Thatʼs more than the number of McDonalds, Starbucks and 7-Elevens combined. A key challenge for the Hong Kong government has been to enforce the laws and regulations.

ARIANA

Is there any good news?

GARCIA

We were encouraged to see the Hong Kong government take action earlier this year to enact the new code of conduct for employment agencies into law. This led to a seven-fold increase in penalties (amounting to US$44,000) and added a three-year imprisonment to agencies prosecuted for overcharging workers.

The government also established a task force to “Tackle Trafficking in Persons and to Enhance Protection of Foreign Domestic Helpers”. For the first time, lawmakers have acknowledged how vulnerable migrant workers are to forced labour. We feel optimistic about these steps.

公平選擇 香港公平僱傭中心（FEA）的分部經理Lidia Garcia 進一步解說外籍家庭傭工面臨的困境。 ARIANA 妳在這崗位中觀察到了甚麼？ LIDIA GARCIA 我的工作讓我可以和處於移工生涯不同階段的外籍家傭見面。這些工人 （多數是女

性）是一群正盡一切可能努力改變自己以及她們孩子人生的人。她們一直尋找更好的 機會，接受成為移工的挑戰，背井離鄉，做困難的工作。可是，一個敗壞的市場一 直在讓她們失望。

ARIANA 她們在香港面對甚麼困難？ GARCIA 僱傭中介會收取家庭傭工費用 （作為給她們找工作或者訓練的費用），誰更願意付

錢，中介就更願意幫誰找工作，而不是看誰更適合某個工作。當一個傭工被辭退或

自己辭職，中介便可以向替代的傭工收費，以賺取更多金錢。

同時，被辭退或辭職的家傭會陷入更深的債務，因為她往往要借錢去找新的工作。

這種非法業務讓家傭負債纍纍，也讓僱主屢屢受挫。FEA就是希望成為改變這種狀 況的解毒劑，為僱傭中介設立新的標準。 ARIANA 目前的法律框架是怎樣的？ GARCIA 香港有數項法律保障外籍家庭傭工，而菲律賓方面已完全禁止中介收取介紹費用。在

香港，我們還有法定最低工資、標準僱傭合同，法例也規定要有僱員賠償，工人依法 享有每週一日休假，僱傭中介收取的費用也被限制。

1,400

Employment agencies in Hong Kong 香港的僱傭中介數目

10%

The portion of a foreign domestic worker's (FDW) first month's salary an agency can legally collect 僱傭中介最多可收取外籍傭工首月工資 的法定上限

US$1,450

The average agency fee paid by FDW in Hong Kong 在港外籍家庭傭工平均向僱傭中介支 付的費用

2,700

The number of workers the FEA has placed since 2014 without recruitment fees 自2014年開始通過公平僱傭中心找到工 作，而沒有被收取任何招募費用的家庭 傭工數目

ARIANA 是甚麼阻礙了進步？ GARCIA 香港有超過1,400家僱傭中介，比麥當勞、星巴克和7-Eleven加起來還要多。香港政

府面對的一個關鍵挑戰，是如何落實現有的法律和規定。

US$4.1 MIL The amount of recruitment debt avoided by these placements

ARIANA 有甚麼好消息嗎？

410萬元美金 上述職位安排所省下的債務總額

GARCIA 今年較早前，香港政府採取行動，將給僱傭中介的新實務守則法律化，我們很受鼓

舞。這一改變讓那些向工人收取過高費用而被檢控的中介，要繳付為過去七倍的罰 款（高達44,000元美金），還可能被判入獄3年。

Learn more 詳情請看 fairagency.org

政府還首次設立了「打擊販運人口及加強保障外籍家庭傭工」的行動計劃，而且首次 有議員關注到外籍家傭易受強迫勞動所害， 這讓我們更受鼓舞。

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

THE GREAT DIVIDE 大分裂

Rainbow of Macau

While Taiwan grapples with its path to LGBT equality, Macaoʼs LGBT movement is just getting started. But what took so long? 當海峽對岸的台灣正在爭取LGBT平權的道路上掙扎， 澳門的LGBT運動卻剛剛起步。為甚麼此事會延宕甚久？

By Cathy Lai

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ARIANA 2018

G

rowing up in Macao, award-winning film director Tracy Choi suppressed her sexuality for much of her childhood and teenage years. It wasnʼt until she moved to Taiwan in 2006, where she attended the University of Shih Hsin in Taipei, that she felt free to embrace her identity as a lesbian. She dove into the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community, participated in her first gay pride parade, and openly discussed the nuances of sexuality.

“I used to have a lot of questions in my mind, but I didnʼt know who to talk to, because nobody talks about [sexual orientation] in Macao,” says Choi.

“However, after I moved to Taiwan, it became easy for me to recognise my feelings, because education about sexual and gender diversity is common in schools there.”

Upon returning to Macao in 2010, Choi began pursuing film projects that highlight the challenges facing homosexuals. Her 2012 documentary short Iʼm Here, traces the experiences of Choi and a friend, as they come out to their parents. Likewise, Choiʼs feature-length film Sisterhood, recounts the love story between two female massage therapists. “[I am driven to investigate homosexual topics] because their voices often go unheard. Macao has totally ignored this group of people,” she reflects.

“The absence of discussion has stalled the development of LGBT rights, not to mention the fight for same-sex marriage.”

Choi isnʼt alone in her observations. In a report released this November on the human rights in the Peopleʼs Republic of China, the United Nations Human Rights Council criticised Macao because it had not yet “adopted comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation” and tolerates “widespread discrimination” against migrants, people with disabilities, and the LGBT community. Such discrimination is particularly prevalent in employment, health care, education and housing.

“This is not the first time the Macao government has faced international condemnation regarding its LGBT rights,” says Jason Chou, a spokesperson for LGBT activist group Rainbow of Macao. “The city canʼt ignore this issue anymore.”

在

澳門長大的獲獎女導演徐欣 羨在青少年時期一直壓抑自

己的同性戀取向。直到2006

年搬到台灣，在台北的世新大學就讀， 她才真正覺得可以自由地接納自己的身

分。她走進LGBT（女同志、男同志、雙

性戀者與跨性別者）社群，參與了人生中 第一次的同志遊行，並公開地討論了性 向之間的細微差別。

徐欣羨說：「我曾經滿腹疑問，

但我不知道可以跟誰說，因為在澳門沒

人會談論（性向）。不過，我搬來台灣之 後，就變得很容易認清自己的感受，

因為性向和性別多元教育在這裡的學校 很常見。」

徐欣羨於2010年回到澳門之後，

開始拍攝反映同性戀者困境的電影。

2012年的紀錄片《櫃裡孩》，就是關於徐 欣羨和她的一個朋友向各自父母出軌的 經歷。同樣地，徐欣羨的劇情長片

《骨妹》講述了兩名女性按摩師之間的愛 情故事。

她反思道：「（驅使我去探討同性戀議

題的）原因是他們的聲音常常不被理睬； 澳門完全忽略了這群人。缺乏相關討論 影響了LGBT平權的發展，更別提爭取 同性婚姻。」

徐欣羨不是唯一有此觀察的人。聯合

國人權理事會在11月發佈的一份中國人

權狀況報告中，批評澳門尚未「訂立全面 的反歧視法例」，並容忍針對移民、殘疾 人士和LGBT社群的「廣泛歧視」。這些

歧視在就業、醫療、教育和房屋等領域

LEGAL SETBACKS IN THE SAR

尤為常見。

LGBT rights first appeared in legal discourse in Macao in 2012. That year, the Social Welfare Bureau cut the protection of same-sex cohabitants from a draft of the anti-domestic violence bill, denying couples basic protections.

The ruling occurred after officials received more than 10 ʻpublic opinionsʼ concerning the rationality of defining same-sex couples as family members. Despite calls for transparency, the contents and analysis of such surveys have not been disclosed.

To garner international attention, a group of local LGBT activists, including Chou, held a video conference with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations in March 2013, where they discussed the status of

周庭希表示：「這已經不是澳門政府第一

LGBT權益關注組「澳門彩虹」發言人

次被國際譴責其對LGBT權益的處理， 澳門不能再繼續忽視這議題了。」

特區的法制退步 2012年，LGBT權利首次出現在澳門的 立法討論上。那一年，社會工作局在反 家暴法草案中剔除了對「同性同居者」的 保障，否定了同性伴侶的基本權利。

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

Macaoʼs LGBT community, the governmentʼs decision to drop same-sex cohabitants from the bill, and the resulting “deprivation of their rights.”

That same month, José Pereira Coutinho made the first attempt to legalise same-sex relations. A member of the Legislative Assembly, the cityʼs main government organ, Coutinho submitted a bill to recognise same-sex civil unions. His effort was overwhelmingly rejected, with fellow members arguing the bill was “different to our traditional values” and claiming, “most people here [in Macao] oppose same-sex marriage.”

In the wake of these setbacks, activists established Rainbow of Macao in April 2013. The NGO aims to improve the social status and livelihoods of the LGBT community in Macao, with the anti-domestic violence bill as a focus.

“By dropping same-sex cohabitants from the bill, the Social Welfare Bureau, as a government entity, has spread a very dangerous message in our society. It openly justified discrimination against sexual minorities,” Chou says.

In December 2015, the United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) released a report urging the Macao government to protect all victims of domestic violence without discrimination. However, the anti-domestic violence bill passed in 2016, excluding same-sex cohabitants.

STARTING FROM SQUARE ONE One of the major reasons Macao still lacks basic protections for the LGBT community can be attributed to shortcomings in sexual diversity education. The issue came to a head in August this year when Leong Vai Kei, the acting director of the Education and Youth Affairs Bureau, made a controversial remark that called into question the understanding of LGBT issues among policymakers.

During a visit to the Emergency Reception Centre at Tap Seac Multisport Pavilion, Leong said in a media interview that students who exhibit homosexual tendencies should be referred to a psychiatrist for “clinical diagnosis”. Although Leong later clarified she had confused homosexuality with gender dysphoria – the condition of feeling oneʼs emotional and psychological identity conflict with oneʼs biological sex – the remark put her at the centre of criticism, especially among the LGBT community.

Sulu Sou, member of the Legislative Assembly and a long-time human rights advocate in Macao, took the clamour around Leongʼs statement as an opportunity to submit a written inquiry to the government in early September, urging for a more comprehensive academic

60

ARIANA 2018

curriculum to promote the de-stigmatisation of gender variance and sexual diversity.

“We need more teaching materials to help society learn about [LGBTs and sexual minorities]. With more knowledge, people will become more respectful and accepting,” he says.

As an example, Sou cites the Gender Equity Education Act established in Taiwan in 2004, which states that all schools should provide gender equity education curricula and cover “affective education, sex education, and gay and lesbian education.” The implementation of an LGBTinclusive curriculum in Taiwan was prompted by the controversial death of Yeh Yung-chih, a 15-year boy who suffered bullying at school for his feminine characteristics.

In April 2000, Yeh was found unconscious in a school bathroom and sent to the hospital, where doctors pronounced him dead. Although the court concluded that Yehʼs death could have resulted from a fall, the cause of death remains unknown.

Sou hopes Macao will enforce those very same rules, albeit without a tragic catalyst. “Bullying is also very common in Macao, but nobody cares. We certainly donʼt want to take action only after a tragedy has occurred.”

In response to Souʼs inquiry, the Education Bureau referred him to a set of sex education teaching materials, which the bureau provides to local schools. The set includes a book chapter titled “Respecting Diversity”, specifically designed to encourage inclusion and better understanding of sexual and gender diversity amongst secondary school students.

The Education Bureau tells Ariana that roughly 90 per cent of the cityʼs 77 primary and secondary schools refer to these materials. In addition, the bureau says it also provides sex education training to more than 700 teachers across 63 schools, covering gender-related topics such as sexual diversity, sexual harassment, and domestic violence.

However, it is not mandatory for teachers to apply the training nor materials provided by the bureau. Kelly, a high school teacher whose name Ariana has changed upon request for anonymity, says government materials promoting respect for diversity have never been used at the Catholic school where she works. Based on anecdotal evidence, she believes the same can be said for many other local schools with Christian affiliations, which make up of more than 40 per cent of schools in Macao.

Kelly also reveals that some of her colleagues teach students that homosexuality is morally wrong, preaching the Catholic belief that marriage should be reserved for the union between men and women. Although Kelly says her school does not endorse these practices, it also does not prohibit them.

作出這一決定之前，當局收到了超過10份關注法案將同性

Award-winning film director Tracy Choi in her hometown of Macao 在澳門成長的獲獎女導演徐欣羨

伴侶定義為家人的「公眾意見」。雖然外界要求當局公開更多信 息，但相關民意調查的內容和分析從未被披露。

為了引起國際關注，澳門的一群LGBT平權倡議者，包括

周庭希，在2013年3月與聯合國人權理事會舉行了一次視像會

議。他們在會上討論了澳門LGBT社群的處境、澳門政府從反

家暴法律草案中剔除「同性同居」保障的決定，以及因此而造成 的「權利剝奪」。

同月，澳門立法會議員高天賜首次嘗試推動同性關係合法

化。他向立法會提交了《同性民事結合》法案，但遭到壓倒性的 反對。有議員指該法案「與我們的傳統價值觀不同」，並聲稱

「（澳門的）大多數人都反對同性婚姻」。

這些挫敗促使了「澳門彩虹」於2013年4月成立。這個 NGO旨在改善澳門LGBT社群的社會地位和生活狀況，而反 家暴法案是他們的一個主打議題。

周庭希說：「社會工作局作為政府部門，從法案中移除對

『同性同居』的保障，等於向我們的社會發放了一個非常危險 的信息，因為它公然地將針對性小眾的歧視合理化。」

2015 年 12月，《聯合國禁止酷刑公約》發表報告，促請澳

門政府不帶歧視地保護所有家暴受害者。然而，在 2016 年

通過的反家暴條例中，政府仍然沒有將「同性同居」納入保障 範圍。

從頭再來 澳門對LGBT社群缺少基本保護的一個主要原因，是缺少性向

多元教育。今年8月，這個問題進一步發酵，教育暨青年局（教 青局）代局長梁慧琪的一番話引起爭議，讓公眾質疑澳門政策 制定者對LGBT議題的認知。

梁慧琪在視察塔石體育館避險中心時接受媒體訪問，其

間表示學生若有同性戀傾向，將被轉介至精神科接受「臨床診 斷」 （clinical diagnosis）。雖然梁慧琪其後澄清自己混淆了

同性戀和性別不安（患者覺得自己情緒和心理上的性別身分與

生理性別是相反的），那番話還是讓她備受批評，尤其是來自

LGBT社群。

立法會議員、人權倡議者蘇嘉豪抓住機會，在9月初向澳

門政府提交了一份書面質詢，要求政府設立更全面的學校課 程，以推廣對性別和性向多元的去汙名化。

「我們需要更多教材，以幫助社會學習更多（有關LGBT

和性小眾的知識）。知識豐富了，人們才會更懂得尊重和接 納。」他說。

蘇嘉豪以2004年台灣訂立的《性別平等教育法》為例，這

部法律訂明，所有學校都必須提供性別平等教育課程，其中應

該包括「情感教育、性教育和同性戀教育」。台灣加速落實包括

倒臥在該校的廁所中，送醫後不治。雖然法院判葉永鋕的意外 為滑倒所至，但其死因至今仍眾說紛紜。

蘇嘉豪希望澳門可以落實同樣的法律，而毋須靠悲劇推

動。「欺凌在澳門很常見，但沒有人在乎。我們當然不希望等 到悲劇發生之後才採取行動。」

Anthony Kwan

LGBT的性教育，是受15歲少年葉永鋕的死亡事件影響。葉永 鋕因為女性化的氣質而在中學內備受欺凌，2000年4月被發現

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All Eyes on Taiwan

聚焦台灣

On 27 October, a sea of rainbow flags filled the streets of Taipei, Taiwan’s capital,

10月27日，台北的街道成了彩虹旗的海洋。大約13.7萬名

as an estimated 137,000 LGBT advocates marched through the streets in the 17th-

LGBT人士參加了第17屆同志遊行。

annual gay pride parade.

參加者的確有值得慶祝的事。去年5月，台灣的司法院

Attendees had reason to celebrate: In May last year, Taiwan was set to become the first country in Asia to legalise same-sex unions, following a landmark ruling by the high court to formally amend marriage laws by May 2019.

But in referendums held on 24 November, the majority voted in favour of

讓台灣有望成為第一個將同性婚姻合法化的亞洲國家。 然而，在11月24日舉行的全民公投中，大部份人投票 支持「民法婚姻規定應限定在一男一女的結合」，並反對

“restricting marriage to being between a man and a woman” in Taiwan’s Civil Code

實施包括同志教育的性別平等教育。國際特赦台灣分會會

and voted against a gender equity education curriculum that covers homosexual

長Annie Huang 稱這個公投結果為「對台灣人權的沉痛打

education. Annie Huang of Amnesty International Taiwan has called the results “a

擊，是一大倒退」。

bitter blow and a step backwards for human rights in Taiwan.”

Despite the conservative landslide, LGBT advocates in Taiwan remain confident

雖然保守陣營在公投中取得壓倒性勝利，但台灣的

LGBT權益倡議者仍然相信，公投結果不能取代司法院將同

that the result will not supersede the court’s decision to legalise gay marriage. At

性婚姻合法化的裁決。截至發稿時，台灣的同性婚姻仍然

the time of print, the path to same-sex marriage in Taiwan remains unclear.

前景未明。

Alberto Buzzola

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作出歷史性判決，要政府在2019年5月正式修訂婚姻法，

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At an LGBT rally ahead of the November referendums in Taiwan, participants hold ‘X’ signs in opposition to three referendum questions that would limit gay rights 在11月台灣全民公投前舉行的LGBT集會中，參與者手持「X」標誌，向3項反同公投說不

STUCK IN THE CLOSET In Macao, the overall pace of civil society and human rights activism has been slow to gain momentum. For instance, legal protections as basic as sexual harassment laws came into effect just one year ago.

Non-consensual physical contact in a sexual manner is now considered a crime; however, the law does not cover verbal and other forms of non-physical sexual harassment. By comparison, Hong Kong criminalised unwelcomed sexual advances or requests for sexual favours more than two decades ago.

Chou says the late start is partly due to the cityʼs history and economic development. Turbulent personal experiences and career pressure faced by residents have cultivated deep-rooted cultural values of harmony and stability.

“A lot of people from the older generation were migrants from mainland China and their priority was to

在回應蘇嘉豪的質詢時，教青局提

seek stability and a better quality of life, instead of politics and human rights,” he explains. “As for the younger generation, the low level of economic diversity in Macao leaves them with limited career options. As a result, they may feel scared to fight for their rights, worrying that they may make enemies and jeopardise their careers.”

In the case of LGBT issues, the territory does not offer any liberties or protections. There are currently no anti-discrimination laws in Macao to protect sexual minorities, except in the field of labour relations. In addition, homosexual Macao residents who wed in other countries are not recognised by the local legal system.

The same applies to those with Portuguese passports – Macao was under Portuguese administration until 1999 – who may opt to get married in Portugal where same-sex marriage was legalised in 2012. This deprives homosexual couples of their right to apply for economic housing, inherit property, and make medical decisions for their partners.

Kelly還指出，她的部份同事對學生說

和就業壓力讓澳門人對和諧穩定的重視

及一套由當局提供給本地中小學的性教

同性戀在道德上是錯的，同時宣揚天主教

中，有一章節標題為「尊重多元」，用以

學校不支持這樣的教育，但也並未禁止。

是來自中國內地的移民，他們最重視的是

困於櫃內

權。至於較為年輕的世代，澳門單一的

套教材。當局還稱它有向63家學校超過

在澳門，公民社會和人權倡議的發展

們不敢爭取權利，擔心這樣做會樹立敵

與性別有關的議題，比如性別多元、性

例，也是一年前才實施。

育教學輔助教材。而為中學而設的教材

鼓勵對性向和性別多元的包容和認知。 教青局向Ariana表示，澳門77家

中小學中，有大約九成使用或參考了這

700名教師提供性教育培訓，其中包括 騷擾和家暴。

然而，當局並未硬性要求教師在工

作中應用它所提供的培訓和資料。化名

Kelly的高中老師說，有關尊重多元的

教材從未在她任教的天主教學校裡被使 用。據她了解，澳門許多天主教或基督 教學校都是如此，而那些學校在全澳中 小學校中佔超過四成。

所信仰的一夫一妻婚姻觀。雖然Kelly的

一直很緩慢，基本如反性騷擾這樣的法 未經同意下帶有性意味地接觸他人身

體，現在已被視為犯罪。不過，有關法例 並未包括言語和其他非肢體接觸方式的

性騷擾。相較之下，香港早已在20多年

前訂立反性騷擾法，並將不受歡迎的性舉 動，或從性方面獲取好處的要求刑事化。 周庭希說澳門在這方面起步遲緩與其

歷史和經濟發展有關。動盪的個人經歷

根深蒂固。

他解釋道：「在老一輩中有許多人都

穩定和更好生活質素，而不是政治和人 經濟結構讓他們就業選擇受限，導致他 人，以至危及他們的飯碗。」

對於LGBT權益，澳門沒有提供任何

自由和保障。除了勞資關係領域，澳門

現時並沒有任何反性傾向歧視的法例。 此外，在其他國家結婚的同性戀澳門居

民，其婚姻關係也不會得到澳門本地司 法體系的認可。

就算是葡萄牙護照持有人也無法倖

免（澳門在1999年之前由葡萄牙管理）。

由於葡萄牙已在2012年將同性婚姻合法

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In 2012, the LGBT community in Macao protested the government's decision to drop same-sex cohabitants from the anti-domestic violence bill 2012年，澳門LGBT社群抗議政府決定將「同性同居」從反家暴法案中刪除

化，他們可以選擇在當地結婚。然而，

樂。澳門彩虹在2016年做了一項調查，

屋、繼承遺產，以及為他們的伴侶做醫

士當中，約六成認為自己的快樂指數在5

這些同性伴侶卻無法在澳門申請經濟房 療上的決定。

然而，澳門並沒有公然壓迫和暴力對

待同志的歷史。實際上，從1886年開始 在澳門實施的葡萄牙刑法從未將同性戀

定為犯罪，於1995年取而代之的澳門刑

分或以下（10分滿分）。

會獲得鼓勵，走出來表達自己。」

澳門彩虹理事長林嘉龍說：「澳門在

家庭觀念方面仍然非常保守，結婚生子的

澳門的LGBT社群在爭取平等看待和法

你的性向有懷疑，他們也不會戳破你。在

彩虹認為這個城市正慢慢地為改變做

可讓他們享受自由的社交圈子裡『出櫃』，

律權利方面還有很長的路要走，但澳門 準備。

明年，澳門政府將首次檢討反家暴

然後在其他圈子裡隱藏身分。不過，如果

法例。澳門彩虹一直呼籲政府重新將「同

接受同性傾向的圈子裡公開身分。」

法例檢討將為澳門彩虹提供一個向立法

他們選擇走出來爭取權利，他們便要在不

這種避免衝突的態度讓許多LGBT選

擇不「出櫃」，但這並不代表可以換來快

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徐欣羨還記得她是怎樣向自己的母

親「出櫃」的。從台灣回到澳門之後，徐 時正在看電視的媽媽轉過身來對她說：

為：「據我觀察，澳門沒有明顯（針對

這樣的背景下，LGBT社群可選擇在一些

不會感覺被否定或受壓，「這樣他們才

壓力讓LGBT人士更難表明自己的身分。」 欣羨鼓起勇氣，告訴母親她戀愛了。當

更包容的未來

LGBT群體的）暴力行為，而且就算人們對

64

會必須確保年輕人在探索自己的性向時

法也是如此。

澳門大學社會系助理教授呂家玟認

而在個人層面上，呂家玟強調，社

結果發現大約700名回覆調查的LGBT人

性同居」納入受保障範圍，而即將到來的 會施壓的機會，藉此為LGBT社群爭取 平等的保護。

「她是女孩嗎？我很早就知道了。」那 一刻，徐欣羨覺得整個人釋然了。

感謝母親的接納之餘，徐欣羨說，

她的LGBT朋友中只有少數人能從父母 那裡得到同樣的對待。

她說：「我的一些朋友（『出櫃』之後）

和家人有很大的衝突，甚至不能同住。 影響穩定的風險總是有的，但對我來

說，『出櫃』不是政治或爭取甚麼，而是 你要怎樣過自己的人生。如果你活得光 明磊落，就會感覺更加自在。」

At the same time, Macao also does not have a history of overt oppression, nor violent crimes. In fact, homosexuality was never been criminalised under the Penal Code of Portugal – which was applicable to Macao beginning in 1886 – nor the more recent Penal Code of Macau, first promulgated in 1995.

“Based on my observation, there has been no obvious violence [against LGBT people] in Macao, and people wonʼt expose you, even if they suspect your sexuality. In this context, the LGBT community can choose to come out in some social circles, while keeping their identity secret in others,” says Melody Lu, associate professor of the Department of Sociology of the University of Macao.

“If the community wants to claim their rights openly, they have to disclose their identities in circles that may not accept their sexuality.”

This non-confrontational attitude has driven many LGBTs to stay closeted, which has taken its own toll. A 2016 survey conducted by Rainbow of Macao, found that around 60 per cent of roughly 700 LGBT respondents graded their happiness level as 5 or below, on a scale of 1 (very unhappy) to 10 (very happy).

“Macao is still a conservative society in terms of family expectations,” says Anthony Lam, chairperson of Rainbow of Macao. “The pressure to get married and have children makes it harder for LGBTs to express their identity.”

A MORE INCLUSIVE FUTURE The SARʼs LGBT community has a long road ahead when it comes to equal recognition and legal rights. But Rainbow of Macao says the territory is slowly warming up to change.

Next year, the group expects the government to review the anti-domestic violence bill for the first time since its enactment. The NGO has since been petitioning for the restoration of same-sex cohabitants into the bill, and the upcoming review will provide a chance to pressure the Legislative Assembly to include equal protections for the LGBT community.

At an individual level, Lu stresses that society needs to avoid making young people feel scared or oppressed about exploring their sexuality: “Thatʼs how they can be encouraged to come out and speak up.”

ID Dilemma 身分困境

For Macao residents who have undergone gender reassignment surgery, there is no clear process when it comes to updating identification documents. “For the past two years, we have been representing an individual who needs to change their ID card gender,” says Lam. “We have approached the Identification Bureau and Legal Affairs Bureau, but until now, the individual continues to hold an unsuitable document that does not reflect their gender.” 澳門現時仍缺乏清晰的指引，告知做了變性手術 的澳門居民如何更新自己的身分證明文件。林嘉

龍說：「過去兩年，澳門彩虹一直在幫一個人爭取 修改身分證上的性別信息。我們找過身分證明局 和法務局，但到目前為止，這個人還是只能持有 一個不能正確反映其性別的身分證。」

Choi recalls her own experience of coming out to her mother. After returning to Macao from Taiwan, Choi summoned the courage to tell her mum she was in a relationship. Her mother, who was watching television at that time, turned to her and said: “Is she a girl? I knew it a long time ago.”

At that moment, Choi says she felt a wave of relief.

While grateful for her motherʼs acceptance, Choi says few of her LGBT friends encountered this reaction from their parents.

“Some of my friends had huge conflicts with their families [after coming out] and they could no longer live together. There is always a risk of disturbing the stability,” she says. “But for me, coming out is not about being political and fighting for anything. Itʼs about how you spend your life. If there is nothing to hide in your life, you will feel more at ease.” 

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CHANGING

THE

66

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CYCLE 打破循環

Adhytia Putra

Menstruation has long been a taboo topic in many Asian nations.

But a handful of advocates are working to change the conversation.

在許多亞洲國家，月經一直是禁忌話題，但一些倡議者正在努力改變這個局面。

By Rhea Mogul

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

I

n many parts of the world, periods are simply a fact of life. But in some countries, menstruation takes a deeper toll, both physically and psychologically.

This is particularly true in Southeast Asia, where menstruation is shrouded in layers of shame and stigma.

In the patriarchal society of Indonesia, where religious and cultural mysticism still guide many cultural norms, period blood is synonymous with guilt and exclusion. In India, life often comes to a halt for many girls and women during their cycle, as they are banned from places of worship, excluded from sports, and cut off from family interactions.

Even in more developed cities, like Hong Kong, menstruation remains taboo, as lingering traditional values make it hard for young women to have open conversations about their bodies and sexuality, igniting a sense of mortification when discussing their monthly cycle.

In the face of long-held misconceptions and religious dogma, activists are working to normalise this biological process for the next generation.

'CHUM' IN INDIA Growing up, Nazira Begum felt trepidation as she approached the first day of her cycle every month. While she had her chum – a local word for menstruation – Begum was not permitted to enter the kitchen, touch food, conduct pooja (worship), or interact with family.

“My sister-in-law once slapped me as I entered the kitchen,” she recounts. “I knew not to speak about my periods, but I didnʼt know I couldnʼt go into the kitchen.”

A former hospital housekeeping supervisor, Begum is from Hebbal Kempapura, a small town near Bangalore, the capital of Indiaʼs southern Karnataka state. At 45, she is still visibly uncomfortable when talking about menstruation.

For most of her life, she has been taught to hide it.

“I did not know much about my own physical anatomy, or the different types of discharges women have,” Begum says of ʻdiscoveringʼ she had menstruated for the first time. “But I knew that period blood was impure.”

In India, such perceptions are commonplace.

According to 2016 research by UNICEFʼs Menstrual Hygiene and Management (MHM) programme, 66 per cent of Indian girls arenʼt aware of menstruation before their first period.

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Once they start menstruating, many young women often miss school for the entirety of their cycle, due to a dearth of sanitary pads, inadequate sanitation, and lack of separate female toilets. Assuming a young woman has her period for five days per month, that puts her behind her male classmates by 60 school days annually.

The taboo around the subject also affects womenʼs physical health. Lack of awareness about female biology can lead to poor standards of personal hygiene, causing urinary tract, yeast and fungal infections and, in some cases, infertility. According to a 2016 survey conducted by the Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, 78 per cent of girls in government-run schools do not have access to running water, increasing their risk of exposure to diseases such as Hepatitis B. And then thereʼs the psychological burden. Last year, a 12-year-old girl from the southern state of Tamil Nadu made international headlines for jumping to her death after a teacher shamed her for having a period stain on her uniform.

Some young women decide to set their education aside altogether. A 2015 report by Indian philanthropic foundation Dasra, found that 23 per cent of girls drop out of school permanently when they reach puberty.

Parents are often enablers: periods are considered a sign of maturity for girls, which means theyʼre ready for marriage.

In rural India, girls are traditionally seen as a burden to their familyʼs finances because of their perceived weakness. Additionally, many consider a womanʼs role to be purely that of child-bearer and homemaker. Hence, as soon as they reach puberty, girls are married off as soon as possible.

With school out of the picture, many girls become more susceptible to accepting low-paid and sometimes dangerous work, such as prostitution. Once they enter womanhood, the challenges compound further. In many parts of the country, menstruating women are prohibited from performing household chores. They are told theyʼre dirty, even toxic.

Religion plays a pivotal role in dictating these attitudes. Many Hindu priests believe period blood is impure, a view that has been passed down for generations.

At home, most families regularly worship statues of Hindu deities, and it is considered sacrilegious for menstruating women to co-exist with these sacred gods.

Shuchi Kapoor

Women living in India's slums have weekly meetings, regular health checkups, and maintain a period calendar with help from Sukhibhava 在印度貧民窟生活的婦女會參加每週舉行的聚會，進行定期 健康檢查，並在Sukhibhava的幫助下記錄月經週期

在

世界許多地方，月經不過是

日常。然而在某些國家，無

論是生理上還是心理上，月

經都伴隨著更深的傷害，尤其是在東南 亞，月經往往會伴隨著羞恥與汙名。

在印尼的父權社會中，宗教和文化神

秘主義仍然支配著許多文化準則，經血蒙

在長期存在的誤解和宗教信條下，

倡議者們正努讓下一代視這種生理過程 為平常。

印度的「CHUM」 在Nazira Begum的成長過程中， 每次

Begum來自印度南部卡納塔克邦

首府班加羅爾附近一個小鎮Hebbal

Kempapura，她曾經做過醫院房務主 管。已經45歲的她講起月經的時候仍

然明顯地不安。在她人生的大部份時間 中，她都被教導要隱藏這件事。

「我當時不是很了解自己的身體，

受污名，被視為有罪和應被排斥之物。

月經來潮之前，她都會驚恐不安。行經

或者女性會有不同的分泌物。」Begum

經被暫停，因為她們被禁止出現在宗教、

任何食物，不能敬神（pooja），也不得

道，經血是不淨的。」

而在印度，女孩和婦女的正常生活常因月

運動場所，甚至要停止與家庭成員互動。

即便在比較發達的城市，比如香港，

月經仍是一種禁忌，流傳不息的傳統價

值令年輕女性無法公開討論身體和性， 使得她們在討論月事時會感到尷尬。

期間，Begum不得進入廚房，不能觸碰 和家人互動。

她回憶道：「有次我因為走進了廚房

而被嫂嫂掌摑。我知道不能談及自己的

『chum』 （在當地解作『月經』），但我不 知道我不能進入廚房。」

在談到自己的初潮時如是說。「但我知

在印度，這樣的看法比比皆是。聯

合國兒童基金會（ UNICEF）月經衛生及 管理項目2016年的研究顯示，66%的印 度女孩在初潮前不知道月經為何物。

一旦月經來潮，許多年輕女性會在

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In many states, women are ʻbanishedʼ to cold and unhygienic huts during their periods – a custom thatʼs also been practiced in neighbouring countries such as Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Known locally as gaokars, these precarious structures can be smaller than a closet, lack clean toilets, kitchens, electricity and proper beds. Female villagers wait for the end of their cycle in these isolated confines, exposed to often unforgiving climates.

In a society as patriarchal as Indiaʼs, these mindsets and practices have been perpetuated for centuries.

But shifts are taking place, albeit slowly, as NGOs and advocates strive to make a lasting social impact.

“Menstruation is fundamentally considered an impure process,” says Dilip Pattubala, founder of Sukhibhava, a Bangalore-based social enterprise that educates marginalised women and adolescent girls from local communities about menstruation and hygiene.

“We need to educate young girls and women about basic [biology] and create a safe space for them to imbibe a sense of self-confidence to start talking about menstruation openly,” says Pattubala. “We believe that if we start talking about periods just like any other bodily process, we could contribute to solving the problem to a great extent.”

Sukhibhava has expanded this conversation to men, too, teaching them to support women and understand their basic needs. “The young boys and men we have worked with so far have been incredibly responsive to our training,” says Pattubala. “But the challenge lies in convincing them to play an active role in eradicating the stigma about menstruation.”

The NGO runs year-long educational programmes called Period Fellowships, where participants learn about various menstrual concepts like hygiene, PMS and superstitions. The NGO also helps women develop leadership skills to propagate their knowledge.

The fellowship includes a micro-entrepreneurial initiative that allows local women to become selfemployed. For example, Sukhibhava will support women interested in starting a small business by providing means to sell menstrual products. Not only does this model enable women to become more selfsufficient, but it also extends the dialogue of menstrual

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hygiene across communities, creating a sense of sharing, rather than shame.

Begum, who was once mistreated for entering the kitchen during her cycle, has been working with the NGO as a micro-entrepreneur. “Sukhibhava has made me realise these myths are man-made, ancient beliefs that should be challenged,” she says. “Now I openly talk about periods with everyone and I feel proud because I am sharing this awareness with people who donʼt have access to education.”

Mani Mozhi, 23, from Vinobha Nagar, a slum just outside Bangalore, has also been working with Sukhibhava as a micro-entrepreneur since 2014, selling pads to women in low-income communities like her own. The former bank clerk now educates other women about their period, encouraging them to challenge commonly held beliefs.

“Before I worked with Sukhibhava, I never used to do ʻpoojaʼ when I was on my period due to societal norms,” she says. Now, Mozhi freely enters the kitchen and temple, and feels confident in her own body. “I know these restrictions are just myths and we shouldnʼt blindly follow them.”

Like Sukhibhava, other organisations are also working to bring menstrual health and hygiene to women across India. Eco Femme, based in Auroville, a small town in southeastern of India, provides education to women and girls about menstruation, as well as feminine hygiene products to promote health and dignity. It also manufactures reusable cloth pads as eco-friendly alternatives. Meanwhile, Delhi-based NGO Sacchi Saheli conducts regular sessions on menstrual awareness in various slums in the city. Their campaign, Break the Bloody Taboo, aims to deconstruct common myths about menstruation amongst rural communities.

There has also been some progress at the national level, albeit with mixed reactions. Last year, Mumbaibased digital media company Culture Machine introduced a “First Day of Period Leave,” allowing women one day of paid menstrual leave should they need it. In a YouTube video announcing the new policy, Devleena S Majumdar, Culture Machineʼs head of human resources, said: “We felt it was time we faced reality. This is not an embarrassment; this is a part of life.”

整個經期停課，因為學校缺乏衛生巾、

床鋪。女性村民要在這些與世隔絕的逼

公開談月經，而我為此自豪，因為我在

年輕女生一個月有5天在來月經，那她

無情的天氣。

23歲的Mani Mozhi來自Vinobha Nagar，那是一個在班加羅爾外圍 的貧民窟。她從2014年開始參與 Sukhibhava的微型創業計劃，把衛生

衛生設備和獨立的女性廁所。假設一個 一年就要比男性同學少上60天課。

月經禁忌也影響著女性健康。貧乏

的女性生理認知可帶來低下的個人衛生 標準，導致尿道感染、酵母菌和真菌感 染，以及在某些情況下導致不孕。哈姆

仄空間中等待經期結束，不時還要抵受 在印度這樣父權的社會，這些觀念

和做法已經存續了多個世紀。不過，儘 管進展緩慢，一些NGO和倡議者正努 力為社會帶來持久的改變。

Dilip Pattubala說：「月經基本

達德醫學研究所（HIMSR）2016年的一

上被視為不潔的過程。」她是社會企業

沒權使用自來水，這增加了她們感染如

加羅爾的社企，以教育當地的弱勢婦女

項調查發現，公立學校的女生中有78% 乙型肝炎等疾病的風險。

此外，月經還帶來心理上的負擔。

去年，印度南部泰米爾納德邦一名12歲 的女孩成為了國際新聞頭條。她的老師

因為她校服上的經血污漬而羞辱她，之 後女孩跳樓身亡。

有些年輕女性最終決定完全放棄學

業。印度慈善基金Dasra 2015 年的一

份報告發現，23%的女孩在進入青春期

Sukhibhava的創辦人。這家總部在班

粹是生孩子和照顧家庭。因此，一旦初 潮來臨，女孩子就會盡快被嫁出去。

離開學校後，許多女孩更易接受低

薪甚至危險的工作，比如賣淫。一旦她 們成為婦女，困難就百上加斤。在印

度許多地方，月經中的女性被禁止做家

的空間，讓她們可以獲得自信感，從而 逐步開放討論月經。」Pattubala 說。

「我們相信，如果我們可以像討論其他

生理過程一樣討論月經，我們便可以為 解決問題作出很大的貢獻。」

Sukhibhava已經將這場對話擴展

性的基本需要。Pattubala 說：「到目前 都非常響應我們的訓練，但挑戰在於說 服他們主動地消除對月經的標籤。」

The Period Fellowship是由 Sukhibhava主辦的一年期教育項目，

參加者會學習不同的月經用品，探索諸 如衛生、經前綜合症和迷信等議題。

這個NGO還會幫助女性發展領導等技 能，以助她們推廣所學。

The Period Fellowship還包括一

務，更被告知是骯髒，甚至有毒的。

個微型創業項目，讓當地婦女可以自僱

教。許多印度教祭師相信，經血是不淨

小生意有興趣的婦女，幫助她們售賣

這些誤解背後的關鍵主導力量是宗

的，而這種看法代代相傳。許多家庭都 會定期在家中拜祭神像，而行經期間的

女性和聖潔的神祇同在會被視為褻瀆。

在許多邦，女性在行經期間會被「放

逐」到又冷又髒的小屋中，這一習俗在

維生。例如，Sukhibhava會支持對做

法會。」她說。現在Mozhi可以自由進 信。「我知道這些限制只不過是迷思， 而我們不應該盲從。」

就像Sukhibhava那樣，其他組織

也正努力將經期健康和衛生帶給印度各

地的婦女。總部設在印度南部曙光之城 的Eco Femme為女性提供經期教育以

及女性衛生用品，以推廣健康和尊嚴。 該組織還製作可循環再用的布衛生巾作

為即棄衛生巾的代用品，以保護環境。

與此同時，總部在德里的Sacchi Saheli 則定期在市內的多個貧民區舉辦經期衛 生知識講座。透過這個名為「打破血的 禁忌」的運動破除農村地區關於經期的 常見誤解。

消除誤解的工作在國家層面上也有

一些進展，雖然社會上對此反應紛紜。 去年，在孟買的數碼媒體公司Culture

Machine推行「經期首日假」，允許

女性員工在經期首日享受一天有薪假

期。Culture Machine 的人力資源總監

Devleena S Majumdar在一條宣佈該 政策的Youtube短片中說：「我們覺得

廣到不同社區，創造一種分享而非羞恥

事；這是生活的一部份。」

自力更生，還將有關經期衛生的對話推 的氛圍。

曾經因為行經期間進入廚房而挨打

的Begum就是和這個NGO合作的微型

有時比一個衣櫃還要小，沒有乾淨的廁

明白到，這些迷思都是人為、陳舊的觀

所，沒有廚房，沒有電，也沒有正常的

「和Sukhibhava合作之前，受社

經期用品。這個模式不但讓婦女可以更

尼泊爾、巴基斯坦和孟加拉等國也有存 續。這些危險的小屋被稱為gaokars，

統觀念。

入廚房和寺廟，對自己的身體也充滿自

「我們要教育年輕女孩和女人基礎

為止，和我們合作過的年輕男孩和男人

看待。此外，許多人認為女性的職責純

其他女性經期知識，鼓勵她們挑戰傳

的（生理）知識，並為她們創造一個安全

是說她們可以結婚了。

在印度農村，傳統把女孩子視為家

性。曾經做過銀行職員的她如今在教育

會常規所限，我從未在行經期間參與

到男人之中，教他們支持女性和了解女

庭財政的「負擔」，因為她們被當成弱者

巾賣給與她一樣來自低收入社區的女

和青春期少女經期衛生為己任。

後就徹底輟學。父母通常是幕後推手， 因為月經被視為女孩長大的標誌，也就

和未能接受教育的人分享這種意識。」

創業者之一。她說：「Sukhibhava讓我 念，應該被挑戰。現在我可以和所有人

是時候面對現實了。這不是令人尷尬的 經期假的概念早在1947年已被日本

的企業採納，2004年到南韓，2013年

到台灣。這被視為促進職場性別平等的 積極措施。

然而在印度，這種做法招致許多批

評。地方新聞頻道The News Minute

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

The concept of menstrual leave, which has also been adopted by companies in Japan as early as 1947, South Korea in 2004, and Taiwan in 2013, could be considered a positive step towards achieving greater gender equality in the workplace.

But in India, the idea has received a fair amount of backlash. Ten out of 16 women invited to speak about the matter on local news channel, The News Minute, said menstrual leave would be detrimental to the advancement of women in the workplace. Prominent Indian journalist Barkha Dutt called it a “silly idea,” stating that the concept would be used to ban women from combat roles and police forces.

Although the debate has caused a philosophical divide, such conversations have put menstruation pain on the political agenda. In July of this year, India scrapped its controversial 12 per cent tax on all feminine

hygiene products, marking a huge victory for womenʼs rights champions.

In another landmark case this September, Indiaʼs Supreme Court ruled against a ban on women of menstruating age from entering Sabarimala temple, a prominent Hindu temple in the southern state of Kerala, validating womenʼs right to worship.

The situation isnʼt perfect: girls continue to face embarrassment during their cycles and it will take years – and more likely generations – to dispel taboos.

But anecdotally, activists believe that Indian women are entering a new chapter, empowered to challenge their familyʼs long withstanding beliefs.

“Itʼs hard to spread awareness and education amongst local communities,” says Begum. “But even if it is one out of 50 women who takes away something positive, we feel good about the work we are doing.”

Female students on their menstrual cycle (left) watch their peers perform afternoon prayers at Pondok Kebon Jambu Al-Islamy.

According to Islamic tradition, menstruating women are not permitted to perform daily prayers 在Pondok Kebon Jambu Al-Islamy寄宿學校，正在來月經的女學生（左）看著她們的同學做午後禱告。根據伊斯蘭傳統，女性行經期間不得做日常禱告

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'DATANG BULAN' IN INDONESIA “When I got my first period, I was unaware that I was

Adhytia Putra

bleeding. My mother saw that my crotch was covered in blood. ʻWhat is that?ʼ she screamed at me. She was furious. [To her], period blood needed to be hidden.”

Tiar Simorangkir is a 38-year-old documentary filmmaker and poet from Batak, a small village in north Sumatra, Indonesia. One of eight siblings, she was taught to hide her datang bulan (a local euphemism for menstruation). “ʼDonʼt let your father or brothers see it!ʼ my mother yelled. I was scared. I didnʼt know what the blood was – we were never taught about menstruation.”

Traumatic scenes from Simorangkirʼs childhood remain a source of distress. “If the menstrual blood seeped through our clothing at school, we would get bullied

to no end,” says Simorangkir. “ʻYouʼre tembus, youʼre tembus!ʼ [meaning something that has a hole] the boys would scream. I didnʼt understand why they said that, but I remember feeling ashamed.”

Like India, Indonesia is home to an amalgamation of different cultures and religions, coexisting in a historically patriarchal society. And, just like India, periods have long been considered a taboo topic.

But in recent years, some independent ventures and individuals have taken aim at traditional mentalities. One of them is Plan International, an independent development and humanitarian organisation that works to advance childrenʼs rights and equality for girls.

Outside the home, one of the biggest challenges for young women occurs at school. “Many local schools have just one or two toilets, not separated by gender. The toilets donʼt have locks either, discouraging young girls with their

邀請了16名女性表達她們對經期假的 看法，其中10名都說這會窒礙女性在

印尼的「DATANG BULAN」

職場上的發展。知名印度記者Barkha

「我第一次來月經時，我沒有意識到自

出這一概念會被用於禁止女性參軍或加

便對著我尖叫：『那是甚麼？』她很生

Dutt甚至稱之為「愚蠢的主意」，並指 入警隊。

雖然這場辯論造成了理念的分歧，

己在流血。我媽媽看到我的胯部有血， 氣。（對她來說）經血是要遮起來的。」

38歲的Tiar Simorangkir是紀錄片導

但這樣的對話讓月經和經痛進入了政治

演兼詩人，出身於印尼蘇門答臘北部的

的、對所有女性衛生用品徵收的12%

中的一人，並一直被教導要遮掩datang

議程。今年7月，印度取消了備受爭議 稅項，這被視為女性平權倡議者的一 大勝利。

另一個里程碑則在9月奠下。印度

最高法院裁定，南部喀拉拉邦知名印

度教神廟薩巴里馬拉神廟（Sabrimala

Temple）對月經年齡段女性的入廟禁令 違憲，從而確認了女性的宗教權利。

現況仍非完美：行經期間的女孩子

仍然面對尷尬，要徹底消除禁忌，可能

需要許多年，甚至許多代人的努力。不 過倡議者都相信，印度婦女正進入新篇 章，她們已有能力挑戰其家庭長期堅守 的定見。

Begum說：「在本地社區提高意識 和推廣教育很難，但即便50名女性中只 有一名能學到一些正面的東西，我們都 為自己的工作感到高興。」

一個小村莊Batak。她是家中8兄弟姊妹

bulan（當地對月經的婉轉說法）。

「 『不要讓你的爸爸或者兄弟看到！』

我媽媽對我這樣大叫。我很害怕。我不知 道那些血是甚麼——從來沒有人教我們月 經是甚麼。」

童年的創傷畫面至今仍是

Simorangkir感到痛苦的來源之一。

「如果在學校經血滲出的衣服，我們

會被欺凌個沒完沒了。」她說。「『你是

tembus，你是tempus！』 （tempus指有

洞的物件）男孩子會朝你這樣大叫。我不 明白他們為甚麼要這樣說，但我記得那 種被凌辱的感覺。」

和印度一樣，印尼也是多文化多宗教

並存於傳統父權社會中的國家。又和印 度一樣，月經在印尼也被視為禁忌。 不過，近年一些獨立機構和人士

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Adhytia Putra

From a strict religious family in Indonesia, Lies Marcoes is a feminist Muslim who presents an alternate interpretation of Islamic teachings 印尼穆斯林女權主義者Marcoes Lies生於篤信伊斯蘭教的 家庭，她正在為伊斯蘭教條提出另一種詮釋

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periods to go inside,” she says. As a result, they donʼt change 開始挑戰傳統觀念。其中一個是Plan their menstrual pads, giving rise to infections and diseases.

International，一家致力促進兒童權益 Earlier this year, Plan International conducted a small和女孩平等發展的獨立發展及人道機構。 scale survey among 31 elementary school students and 44 在家庭以外，年輕女性要面對的一大 junior high students from Jakarta, East Nusa Tenggara, 挑戰來自學校。「許多地方學校只有一兩 and West Nusa Tenggara. According to the responses, 個廁所，而且是不分男女的。這些廁所 39 per cent of girls in these areas have been mocked by 也沒有鎖，這使得來月經的女孩子不敢 friends during menstruation, 63 per cent of parents have 進去。」Simorangkir說。結果，她們不 never provided information to their children regarding 換衛生巾，感染和致病數字也因而增加。 menstruation, and 33 per cent of elementary school and 今年早前，Plan International對雅 junior high school students donʼt have separate bathrooms. 加達、東努沙登加拉和西努沙登加拉的 Silvi Deviana works for Plan International in five 31家小學和44家初中做了一次小規模的 schools across Ende, a city in the southernmost province 調查。結果顯示，39%的女孩子在行經 of Indonesia. As part of a global initiative by the NGO, 期間曾被朋友恥笑，63%的父母從未給 Devianaʼs programme informs students, parents and 孩子提供過有關經期的資訊，而33%的 teachers about menstrual hygiene management and 小學和初中生沒有獨立廁所可以使用。 encourages open discussion. “The issue of menstrual Silvi Deviana是Plan International hygiene management has been promoted heavily across 的員工，在印尼最南部省份的英德縣5所 the world. Itʼs important to teach girls and boys about 學校工作。Deviana負責的項目是Plan menstruation, and to normalise it,” she says.

International全球倡議的一部份，主要 In adulthood, dated myths and misconceptions shroud 是要教育學生、家長和教師有關經期衛 menstruation in shame. For example, many women wash 生管理的知識，並鼓勵開放討論。她說： used menstrual pads before disposing of them to purge 「經期衛生管理在全球各地都已被大力 ʻimpurities.ʼ Then thereʼs the ubiquitous idea that women 推廣。教導男生和女生月經知識，並使月 shouldnʼt wash their hair while menstruating. Though the 經平常化是重要的。」 reasoning is unclear, this notion is thought to originate 在成年人中，歷史悠久的迷思和誤 centuries ago, when women felt shame or embarrassment 解將月經埋在恥感之中。一個例子是， when bathing communally in rivers and lakes. 許多女性會先清洗再丟棄用過的衛生 Different interpretations of menstruation – many of 巾，以清除「不潔」。此外還有一個普遍 which draw from the teachings of Islam, worshipped by 誤解，就是女性在行經期間不應該洗 87.2 per cent of Indonesiaʼs population – have further 頭。雖然原因不明，但這些想法相信在 triggered negative social norms and ideas around periods. 數百年前已經出現，當時的女性會因為 Ancient and modern scriptures play a key role in 要在河流或湖泊中共浴而感到羞恥。 that respect. “Islam is becoming more conservative in 對經期的不同解讀（其中許多來自伊 Indonesia, and most of its traditions and attitudes are based 斯蘭經典， 而印尼人口中有87.2%的人 on scriptures,” says Indonesian Muslim feminist activist 信奉該宗教），更進一步催化了針對經期 Lies Marcoes. “The tendency to approach religion from a 的負面社會規範和觀念。 scriptural perspective causes menstruation to become an 古代和現代的經文在這方面發揮了關 issue for women, because it becomes a source of restriction.” 鍵的作用。「伊斯蘭在印尼變得愈來愈保 For instance, many women are barred from entering 守，其中大部份傳統和觀念都是根據經 mosques during their cycle. Some temples even have signs 文建立的。」印尼穆斯林女權主義者Lies forbidding women from entering altogether. Read by Marcoes說。「根據經文認識宗教的趨 many, scriptures are seen as spelling an absolute truth. 勢，使月經成為女性的一個問題，因為 In reality, they propagate false perceptions. 它帶來了許多限制。」

舉例而言，許多女性在行經期間被禁

止進入清真寺，部份寺廟甚至有標示牌 禁止女性在任何時候進入。許多人視經 文為絕對真理，但實際上，經文卻傳播 著錯誤認知。

阿拉伯穆斯林神學家、四大伊瑪目之

一（伊瑪目是繼承先知穆罕默德的穆斯林

領袖）的沙斐儀所寫的經文就是一例。它 們禁止男性觸碰行經中的女性，直到她 變得「乾淨」為止。有關經文還詳細指出 一次經期應該維持多久，以及應該有多 少經血經女性陰道流出。

Marcoes說：「雖然醫學知識已經拆

穿了這些經文的說法，但許多人——包 括孩子——仍然在學習這些經典。這就 造成了一種悖論。這些教條，雖然與現 代醫學完全不相容，但仍然是我們今天 要面對的問題。」

倡議者們指出，要在印尼實現改變很

難，原因不僅在於宗教，還在於要與政

府合作。Deviana說：「要讓（政府的）4個 部門坐下來一齊（討論女性權益）相當困

難。另外，舉例說（Plan International） 遊說了政府的一個部門主管，他突然被 轉到另一個部門或者地方，那麼我們就

要從頭開始。」她多年來要在不斷移動的

目標中尋求支持，已被折騰得沮喪不已。

Plan International並不是孤軍作

戰的。聯合國兒童基金會（UNICEF）

的印尼分支也會在當地社區舉辦工作坊 和發佈資訊，希望可以讓月經平常化， 並鼓勵人們採取更安全的衛生措施。

他們設計了一本漫畫書來教育經期衛生 知識。

雖然進度緩慢，但公共羞辱、禁忌和

誤解都在逐步改變。「當我想起月經，我

已視它為完全正常的事。」Simorangkir 說。此前多年，她一直為的月經感到羞

恥。「大學畢業後我來到雅加達，並讀了 很多書，我明白到月經並非需要感到羞 恥的事。」

現在，通過她的電影、詩歌和倡

議，Simorangkir大膽地在自己的社區中

推動變革，並為沉默中忍耐的女性發聲。

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Anthony Kwan

Joyce Fung, founder of MenstruAction MenstruAction創辦人馮樂恆

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The writings of Imam Shafi'i, an Arab Muslim theologian and one of the four Imams (a Muslim leader that succeeded the prophet Muhammed), are a case in point. They prohibit a man from touching a menstruating woman until she is “clean”.

The writings also describe, in detail, the duration each cycle should be, as well as the amount of blood that should flow from a womanʼs vagina.

“Even though medical knowledge has debunked the ideas put forward in that writing, many – including children – still study it today. It becomes something of a paradox. This dogma – one that is incompatible with modern medicine – us the problem today,” says Marcoes.

According to activists, change is hard to come by in Indonesia – not only due to religion, but also the challenges of working with the government. “To get the [governmentʼs] four ministries to sit down together [to discuss womenʼs rights] is quite difficult. Another thing is, letʼs say [Plan International] lobbied a section head in a government; theyʼd suddenly get transferred to another department or area, and we have to start over again,” Deviana says, dejected from many years of trying to garner support from a moving target.

Plan International isnʼt alone in its efforts. UNICEF Indonesia also holds workshops and distributes information in local communities in a bid to normalise menstruation and encourage safe hygiene practices. They educate children about menstrual hygiene using a UNICEFdesigned comic book.

Despite this slow progress, public shame and taboos, perceptions are changing. “[Now] When I think about menstruation, I see it as completely normal,” says Simorangkir, who felt shame for many years. “After I graduated from university, moved to Jakarta, and

read a lot of literature, I understood that menstruation is not something to feel ashamed about.”

Now, through her films, poetry and activism, Simorangkir is emboldened to effect change within her community, and stand up for girls who suffer in silence.

HONG KONG'S BIG AUNTIE “At my grandfatherʼs funeral, I was on

my period, which meant I wasnʼt allowed to burn any offerings for him,” says Ginny Wong, a 30-year-old journalist from Hong Kong. “But [performing the rites] was important to me. It made me feel that, in some way, I was making the afterlife better for my grandfather.”

Wong says her family isnʼt usually quite so conservative, so the news came as a surprise. “I was never explicitly told that I couldnʼt go to the temple when I had my dai yee ma (a euphemism for periods, meaning ʻbig auntieʼ), however, [the funeral rites] did matter to them.”

Wong was ultimately allowed to take part in her grandfatherʼs funeral, but only after her aunt bought a string bracelet that was blessed by a priest, which Wong wore during the rituals.

“Iʼm not quite sure why the bracelet circumvented my period,” she says.

“Perhaps it makes the period invisible to the spirits...”

Despite being economically and socially more advanced than most Asian nations, Hong Kong, too, has a hard time grappling with periods. “There is a huge taboo surrounding menstruation in Hong Kong, but it is [usually] an invisible one,” says Joyce Fung, founder of MenstruAction. First started on Facebook in 2016, the platform debunks commonly held myths and encourages open conversations about menstruation.

「在我祖父的葬禮上，我正在來月經，這就意

味著，我不能燒任何祭品給他。」30歲的香港 女記者Ginny Wong說。「但（這個儀式）對我

很重要。它讓我覺得，在某程度上我正讓我祖 父的身後生活過得更好。」

Ginny說她的家人並不總是那麼保守，

的。這種看法源於道教，它認為人類的一切分 泌物都是不潔的，而那必然包括月經。

僅僅兩年，MenstruAction就已擴大

到可以開展線下活動和討論，其部份資金來

自香港大學。她們的目標也擴大了。今年10

月，該組織與跨性別社群一起組織了一場月 經討論。

馮樂恆與年輕女性共事時體會到，香港學

所以那樣的安排讓她很驚訝。「我從未被明確

校課程中有限的性教育是造成月經恥感的一大

時不能進入寺廟。不過，（葬禮）對他們來說

知識。有一次，一家衛生巾公司來到我們課

告知我『大姨媽』 （香港對月經的婉轉說法）到 很重要。」

她最終被允許參加自己祖父的葬禮，但她

必須在儀式期間，全程戴著她阿姨給她的一 條開過光的手繩。

她說：「我也不確定為甚麼手繩就可以規

元兇。她說：「我在學校裡沒有被教導過月經 室，分發大塊的衛生巾，並告訴我們流血的 時候要用。那更像是一場市場營銷活動而不 是性教育講座。」

在香港，性教育因學校而異。政府在

亞洲國家先進，但其與月經的纏鬥也歷盡

2012年進行的一次調查發現，134家受訪本 地學校中，有72%有在2011/12學年為學生提 供愛滋病的相關資訊。其餘的學校中，67% 則有邀請NGO到校提供有關教育。 此外，在所有被調查的學校中，66%的老

的禁忌包圍，但那（通常）是隱形的。」她是

些訓練可能來自教育局 、 衛生署 、 NGO，

避掉我的經期，或者它可以讓魂魄看不見月 經吧……」

雖然香港在經濟和社會上都比大部份

艱辛。馮樂恆說：「在香港，月經也被巨大

MenstruAction的創辦人。這個平台在2016 年於臉書上創立，旨在破除坊間對月經的迷 思，並鼓勵人們公開談論月經。

「和印度、印尼和尼泊爾等地不一樣，

（香港）女性不會被趕出家門或被要求單獨生

活；但在香港，關於月經的對話還是（少見）。」 馮樂恆說。

馮樂恆在23歲時、大學的最後一年創立

師曾經受過有關愛滋病和性教育的訓練，這 或網上資訊。

雖然有關數據顯示，超過一半的香港學生

在2012年曾接受某種形式的性教育，馮樂恆

還是質疑這些教育的成效。她說：「許多參加 我們講座的大學生，尤其是亞洲學生，都不 了解自己的身體，一些女性不知道她們下體 有3個洞，而其中一個是陰道。」

在不完整的性教育下，女孩子也很少知道

了這個平台，當時她還和父母一起住。「我當

即棄衛生巾之外還有其他衛生用品可供選用。

保布墊，也正是在那時，我才發現華人社會

迎，因為有人怕那會撕裂處女膜，從而奪走一

時正從即用即棄衛生巾轉用可循環再用的環 對任何不熟悉的東西，比如衛生棉條，可以 有多保守。」

現在是香港大學社會學碩士生的馮樂恆

說，她的父母對於她的決定反應強烈。「他們

不想在家裡或者洗衣機裡看到我的環保衛生布

墊，雖然我已經事先把它們洗得乾乾淨淨。」 她創立MenstruAction，就是要「挑戰

（香港）目前對月經感到羞恥、緘口不言和秘

而不宣的現狀」。現在她和兩個同學鄭穎彤和 朱皓澄一起營運這個平台。在中國傳統中，

女性在月經期間是不應該到訪寺廟的；她們也 不能焚香，因為那時候的她們是「骯髒不潔」

Michelle Cheng, programme manager of MenstruAction MenstruAction計劃經理鄭穎彤

朱皓澄說：「衛生棉條在華人文化中不受歡 個人的童貞。」這無稽之談也被代代相傳。

和家人討論月經也很少見。父母通常認為

這種話題不用談，而這種避諱會給性和生殖 健康帶來恥感。

馮樂恆已經透過在家中推動開放討論來挑

戰這種狀況。她說：「我跟父親談論可循環再

用的衛生布墊、月亮杯和經痛，他知道我會經 痛，他很理解。作為一個有女兒的父親，你 一定要能跟她們討論這些事。這必須變成一 種常態。」

Atas Nadina Habsjah對本文亦有貢獻。

Anthony Kwan

香港的「大姨媽」

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MEET THE MAKERS 那些年的發明者 How the most ubiquitous feminine hygiene products came to be.

1850s

現代女性衛生用品如何一路走來。

THE MAXI PAD 衛生巾 In the 1850s, women fashioned the first “maxi pads” out of bandages, sacks, elastic, buttons and wire. During World War I, from 1914 to 1918, French nurses started converting cellulose bandages into pads.

This gave rise to the menstrual belt, special underwear with clasps to hold rags stuffed with gauze.

But it wasn’t until the 70s that modern adhesive versions became commonplace.

19世紀50年代的女性用繃帶、麻袋、橡皮筋、鈕扣和金屬絲製作 第一代「衛生巾」。第一次世界大戰（1914到1918年）期間，法 國護士開始將纖維素繃帶當成墊子使用。 這些自家製墊料促成了月經帶的誕生。月經帶是帶扣子的特 殊內衣，可以固定塞滿紗布的布墊。但直到70年代，黏貼型衛生

1929

巾才變得普及。

THE TAMPON 衛生棉條 In 1929, Dr. Earle Haas invented the first tampon with an applicator. The physician was inspired by a female friend, who told him she’d inserted a sponge inside her body as an alternative to bulky pads. He refined the concept, and the modern tampon was born.

1929年，美國醫生Earle Haas受到一位女性朋友啟發，發明了第 一代導管式衛生棉條。這位朋友告訴Haas，她把一塊海綿放進 體內，以代替笨重的墊子。Haas改良了這個概念，繼而製成了

1937

衛生棉條。

78

THE MENSTRUAL CUP 月經杯 In 1937, American actress Leona Chalmers invented and patented the first menstrual cup. A simple design made of latex rubber, the original menstrual cup was surprisingly similar to contemporary iterations.

1937年，美國女演員 Leona Chalmers 研發出月經杯的雛形並 申請了專利。由乳膠橡膠製成，設計簡單的第一代月經杯與現今 的迭代相差無幾。

ARIANA 2018

“Unlike in some parts of India, Indonesia or Nepal, women arenʼt banished from their houses and asked to live in isolation. But conversations surrounding menstruation in Hong Kong are still [uncommon],” Fung says.

The 23-year-old started the project during her final year of university, while living with her parents. “I was switching from disposable to reusable pads to be ecofriendlier, when I realised how conservative Chinese society is about anything that they're unfamiliar with, like tampons.”

Fung, who is now a Sociology mastersʼ student at the University of Hong Kong, says her parents reacted strongly to the decision. “They didnʼt want to see my reusable cloth pads around the house, or in the washing machine, even though I cleaned them thoroughly beforehand.”

She started MenstruAction to “challenge the menstrual status quo of shame, silence and secrecy” in the city. Now she runs it with two classmates, Michelle Cheng and Miranda Chu. According to Chinese traditions, women are not supposed to visit temples when they have their periods. They also cannot burn incense because they are “dirty and impure” – a belief stemming from Taoism, a Chinese philosophical tradition that considers anything discharged from our bodies to be unclean. That, of course, includes periods.

In just two years, MenstruAction has expanded its reach to host offline events and discussions, supported in part by funding from the University of Hong Kong.

Their mission has grown in scope, too. In October of this year, the group hosted an event discussing menstruation within the transgender community.

In Fungʼs experience working with young women, limited sex education in Hong Kongʼs academic curricula is a major culprit in fostering such attitudes. “I was not taught about menstruation in school,” she says. “Once, a pad company came in to the classes, distributed these giant pads, and told us to use them when we bled. It felt like more of a marketing campaign than a sex-ed talk.”

In Hong Kong, sex education varies depending in the school. A 2012 government survey found that 72 per cent of 134 surveyed schools in Hong Kong provided students with information on HIV/AIDS or sex during the 2011-

First started on Facebook in 2016, MenstruAction has expanded its reach to host offline events and discussions MenstruAction在2016年於臉書上創立，現已擴大到可以開展線下活動和討論

2012 academic year. About 67 per cent of the remaining schools invited NGOs to provide related programmes.

Additionally, amongst the schools surveyed, 66 per cent of teachers had received training on HIV/AIDS and sex, provided by either the Education Bureau, Department of Health, NGOs, or online materials.

Though the numbers indicate that more than half of Hong Kongʼs students would have received some form of sex education as of 2012, Fung questions the quality of those classes. “Many university students – especially Asian students – who attend our talks are not familiar with their own bodies,” Fung says. “Some women donʼt know that they have three holes... and which one is the vagina.”

With incomplete sex education, girls also rarely learn about alternative products aside from disposable pads.

“Tampons aren't popular in Chinese culture, because

people fear they could take your virginity by tearing your hymen,” says Chu. This old wivesʼ tale is a myth that has been passed down generations.

Speaking about menstruation with family members is also uncommon. Parents often feel itʼs unnecessary to broach the subject, which contributes to a perceived sense of shame around sex and reproductive health.

Fung has challenged this dynamic by pushing for open discussions within her own family. “I speak to my dad about reusable pads, menstrual cups and period pain,” Fung says. “He knows when Iʼve got cramps, and heʼs very understanding. As a father with daughters, you must be able to speak to them about these things. It must be normalised.”

Additional reporting by Atas Nadina Habsjah

Learn more 詳情請看 sukhibhava.org.in | fb.com/menstruAction | plan-international.org

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ARTIFICIAL INTIMACY

人造密友

As AI-equipped sex dolls evolve, we explore the ensuing intimacy issues. 隨着這種具備人工智能（AI）的性玩偶日漸成熟，人類與機械人產生的親密關係也亟待探索。

By Joanna Chiu

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Aly Song/Reuters

F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

I

n Dalian, a port city in northeastern China, rows of headless nude dolls hang above the factory floor, as workers crouch between their legs and use scissors to perfect the folds of silicone vulvas. In another room, labourers apply permanent makeup and affix silky wigs atop dollsʼ heads.

These human-like figures are the specialty of EXDOLL, a Chinese manufacturer. The factory produces around 400 full-sized dolls each month and employs 120 workers.

Sex dolls are nothing new. Humans have been using them as masturbation aids since at least the 17th century, when Dutch sailors traded dolls made of leather and cloth to the Japanese. People in Japan still use the term “Dutch wives” to this day, while French sailors used to call the handmade dolls “dames de voyage”.

But the Dalian company is a decidedly 21st century venture. Currently, EXDOLLʼs main focus is functional “sexbots” kitted out with artificial intelligence.

In a lab above the factory, engineers are working feverishly to produce the latest products. They are also developing robots with duties that donʼt stop in the bedroom. Within the next year, EXDOLL is planning to roll out models that can sing and dance, work as receptionists and help with household chores, as well as have sex. Their

在

中國北方港口城市大連的一間 工廠裡，一列列沒有頭的裸體 人偶被凌空吊著，工人們屈身

在它們的雙腿之間，用剪刀修整它們用 矽氧樹脂做的陰戶的褶皺。在另一個房

間，工人正將永不退色的化妝品和柔順 的假髮加到人偶的頭上。

這些人偶是是中國廠商EXDOLL的

特色產品，這家有120名工人的工廠每個

月都會生產400個真人大小的人偶。

性愛娃娃人偶並不是甚麼新產物。

在工廠樓上的一個實驗室裡，工

程師正狂熱地研發新產品。他們也開

創造出「最美麗的機械人」。

雖然美國是性愛機械人技術的「搖

發職責不止步於睡房的機械人。明

籃」，但如今中國才是該產業的主要領

做接待員、幫忙做家務，以及能夠性交

能力意味著其生產的性愛機械人價格遠

年，EXDOLL計劃推出可以唱歌跳舞、 的機械人。它們的高度、體態和面容都

是可以訂製的，所費可低至2,000美元。

這種技術進步勢將催化人類及社會關

係發生改變——圍繞它的許多猜測正在 發酵，有樂觀的，也有絕望的。

EXDOLL的首席開發官喬霧是樂觀

域。中國製造業的低成本和規模可擴展 低於其他國家，這也代表該產品可以接 觸到更多的消費者。在廣東的性愛機械

人公司WMDOLL早在2016年就推出了 可進行基礎互動的性愛人偶，售價低至

1,470美元。

像喬霧這樣的性愛機械人倡導者認

至少自17世紀開始，人們就已經用這類

的那一群。他相信，想要一個好看的男

為，可以更容易獲得這種產品是一件好

革和布料製作的人偶賣給日本人。時至

客甚至可以買好幾個娃娃，享受成為眾

孤獨，防止性犯罪和解決性愛方面的困

產品來自慰，那時，荷蘭水手會將用皮 今日，日本人仍然在用

「荷蘭老婆」來指代性愛娃娃；法國的水

人或女人相伴是人類的天性。他說：「顧 人焦點的感覺。」

EXDOLL的目標是讓機械人的動作

事。他們說這些機械伴侶有助於緩解

難，從而改善現實生活中的人際關係。

不過反對這種說法的人也很多。有人

手則稱這種人偶為「旅行夫人」。

和外表盡可能栩栩如生。公司預計，未

擔心，AI性愛機械人可能會導致物化女

世紀的企業。目前，EXDOLL集中研發

可以與其用家進行未經預先編排的逼真

或滋養出一些違法慾望，比如戀童。

可是，這家在大連的公司完全是21

具備人工智能的「性愛機械人」。

82

heights, body shapes and facial features will be customisable – at a cost of as little as US$2,000.

The technological advancement is set to be a catalyst for change in human and social relationships – and much speculation, both hopeful and hand-wringing, is rising around it.

Qiao Wu, chief development officer at EXDOLL, falls in the hopeful category. He believes it is human nature to want a beautiful man or woman by your side. “Customers can even buy several dolls to enjoy being the centre of attention in a group,” he says.

EXDOLLʼs focus is on making the robots as realistic in movement and appearance as possible. The firm is betting that artificial intelligence technology will take off globally in the next few years and allow robots to have unscripted realistic interactions with their users. Qiao wants to partner with international AI developers to create “the most beautiful robots.ʼ” While America has been the “cradle” of sex robot technology, China is now prime territory for the industry.

The low costs and scalability of Chinese manufacturing means dramatically lower prices for sex robots compared to other countries, which in turn provides access to a wider demographic. WMDOLL, a competing firm in southern

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來數年AI技術將在全球起飛，讓機械人 互動。喬霧希望和國際AI開發者合作，

性、虐待或忽視現實生活中的伴侶，甚 在亞洲地區，問題變得更加複雜。

Guangdong province, has had basic interactive sex dolls on the market since 2016 for as little as US$1,470.

Proponents of sexbots, like Qiao, see this greater availability as a positive. Android companions, they argue, might help deal with loneliness, prevent sexual crimes and tackle sexual challenges, improving real relationships.

But the opposite could very well prevail, too.

Concerns have been raised about whether AI sex robots might lead to the objectification of women, mistreatment or shunning of real-life partners, and even pique illegal urges, such as pedophilia.

The issue becomes further compounded in Asia.

Across the region, but most many countries see serious gender inequality, from pay gaps to high rates of domestic violence. As such, some experts warn that the proliferation of sex robots could deepen unbalanced power relationships here, more so than in other regions.

THE EVOLUTION OF AI SEXBOTS In 2010, American computer engineer Douglas Hines debuted “Roxxxy” at the AVN Adult Entertainment

該地區國家存在嚴重的性別不平等問題

（從薪酬差異到高企的家暴率），因此，

Expo in Las Vegas. Marketed as “the worldʼs first sex robot,” she – it – could learn a userʼs likes and dislikes and was engineered to either talk or play (not both).

While she disappointed onlookers with her high-pitched mechanical voice and inability to move independently, Roxxxy opened the race to produce more sophisticated AI sex robots – and not just female ones. Shortly after launching Roxxxy, Hines created a male counterpart named “Rocky.” Currently, both models are sold from US$9,995 by parent company TrueCompanion.

In 2015, another American, Matt McMullen, founded company Abyss Creations and debuted RealDoll, a life-like full-body sex toy heʼs been ʻperfectingʼ and developing through different iterations.

Its starting price is US$5,499 for the classic female model, US$5,999 for the male.

Last year, Spaniard Sergi Santos unveiled “Samantha,” a robot who was unique because of her “desire” to be touched and kissed. Samantha encourages her owner with statements like “I love this” and “Nice and gentle”, rewarding the effort by simulating an orgasm. Models start at US$7,711.

價9,995美元出售。

有專家認為，較之其他地區，性愛機械

2015年，另一名美國人Matt McMullen成立了Abyss Creations公

加劇。

身體的性愛玩具——RealDoll；

人的興起有可能導至亞洲的權力不平等

AI性愛機械人的進化 2010年，美國電腦工程師Douglas Hines在拉斯維加斯的AVN成人娛樂博 覽會上首次展示Roxxxy。以「世界第一

個性愛機械人」作招徠的她—它，可以記 住用戶的喜惡，而且能夠在操縱下談話

或玩耍（不能兩者同時做）。雖然她聲線 尖而呆板，且無法獨立行動，讓參觀者

大失所望，但Roxxxy開啟了製作更成熟 的AI性愛機械人的競賽（而且不只是女

性機械人Roxxxy面世後不久，Hines就 創造了男性版的Rocky。目前，這兩款 機械人由母公司TrueCompanion以單

司，並推出了一個栩栩如生、有完整

McMullen稱他經過多次迭代讓這個玩 具「臻於完美」。經典女性款的RealDoll 起步價是5,499美元，男性款則要5,999 美元。

去年西班牙人Sergi Santos推

出了Samantha，這個機械人的獨

特之處在於，她「渴望」被觸摸和親

吻。Samantha會以「我喜歡這樣」和「很 棒很溫柔」這類話語來鼓勵她的主人， 並以模擬高潮回饋主人的努力。各款

Samantha售價從7,711美元起。 性愛機械人界的最新消息是

Harmony 。它也是 McMullen 和 Abyss Creations 公司的產品，今年 9

月開始發貨。這款人形機械人不僅會呻

吟和模仿享受的臉部表情，還可以變換

20 種性愛姿勢。不過，她不會走路，

也無法進行複雜的對話。在去年的一次 演示中， Harmony 告訴操作者：「我

的首要目標是做你的好伴侶，帶給你愉 悅和幸福。此外，我希望成為你的夢

中情人。」各款 Harmony 售價從 7,999 美元起。

而在日本，性愛娃娃在眾多男性中長

期廣受歡迎，以至於在2000年代初，該

國還出版了一本專門雜誌，叫i-doloid。

日本也是性愛機械人產業的一個主要參

與者，雖然其做法不時會有道德爭議。

在今年早前播出的BBC紀錄片專題

「性愛機械人與我們」 （Sex Robots and

Us）中，主持人James Young到訪一家不 具名的日本工廠時，生產者大川廣（Hiro Okawa）給他看一個小小的、孩子一樣的 性愛機械人，Young當場哭了起來。當 大川廣被問到製作這個機械人的目的是

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

“I wanted to challenge a field that says women are interchangeable with dolls and machines. We aren’t.”

– Kathleen Richardson, Campaign Against Robots

「我反對有界別說女性可以與玩偶和 機械互換。我們不可以。」

– 反性愛機械人行動創辦人Kathleen Richardson

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Fred Dufour/AFP/GettyImages

In the EXDOLL lab, a sex doll factory based in the northeastern Chinese port city of Dalian, which produces "smart" sex dolls that can talk, play music and turn on dishwashers. 位於中國港口城市大連的廠商EXDOLL正在研發可以唱歌跳舞及洗碗的性愛人偶

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

The latest in sexbot news is “Harmony,” also a creation of McMullen and Abyss Creations, whose shipping started in September. The android not only has the ability to moan and make facial expressions mimicking pleasure – she can also contort herself into 20 sex positions. She cannot walk or carry on complex conversations, however.

In a demonstration last year, Harmony told her operator: “My primary objective is to be a good companion to you, to be a good partner and give you pleasure and wellbeing.

Above all else, I want to become the girl you have always dreamed about.” Models start at US$7,999.

Meanwhile, in Japan, love dolls have long been popular among a wide sector of men – so much so that in the early 2000s the country even had a glossy magazine dedicated to them, called i-doloid, which has been a major player in the development of the industry, albeit at times in ethically questionable ways.

In the BBC documentary Sex Robots and Us, aired earlier this year, presenter James Young broke down in tears while visiting an unspecified Japanese factory, where manufacturer Hiro Okawa showed him a small, child-like sex robot. After asking Okawa what the doll was intended for, the manufacturer replied: “We have to leave it to the customerʼs imagination for the actual age setting. Of course, I understand what you are trying to say... But there might be some kind of [desire for] petite, kid-like size.”

HEALTHY PASTIME OR CRIME? At the Arts Electronica Festival, an electronic industry event in Austria last fall, attendees molested the “Samantha” robot so aggressively that they broke two of her fingers and seriously damaged her breasts. The incident galvanised critics of the “sexbot revolution” who have long feared the objectification of female sex robots could push people to harm real women.

Some of these critics – mostly activists and academics – are behind the “Campaign Against Sex Robots,” a group started in 2015 to halt further development of the technology on the basis that sex androids objectify women and children and reinforce unequal power relations. Founder Kathleen Richardson, a professor of ethics and culture of robots and AI at De Montfort University in the United Kingdom, rejects the idea that robots could provide an outlet for men with illicit desires.

“I wanted to challenge a field that says women are interchangeable with dolls and machines. We arenʼt,” she says. The non-profit also draws parallels with prostitution – something Richardson vehemently opposes – which, the group believes, dehumanises (human) women.

Other scholars have differing opinions. Katrien Jacobs, a cultural studies associate professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, says that discourse

甚麼時，他說：「我們要讓顧客想像機械

係。團體創辦人Kathleen Richardson

的是機械人公司，它們在推廣產品的時

⋯⋯但也許有人喜歡小小的、孩子一樣

倫理與文化系的教授，她不同意機械人

但「很難期待公司有道德良知」。

人的年齡。當然，我明白你想要說甚麼 大小的機械人。」

健康的消遣，抑或犯罪？ 去年秋天，在奧地利舉行的電子產業 活動「電子藝術節」 （Ars Electronica

Festival）上，參與者非常粗暴地猥褻 機械人Samantha，折斷了她的兩根手

指和嚴重損毀她的胸部。該事件激起了

「性愛機械人革命」的反對者的強烈反

應；他們一直擔心，對女性性愛機械人

的「物化」會促使人們傷害真實的女性。

是英國德蒙福特大學機械人與人工智能 可以為有不當慾望的男性提供發洩口的

肯定性慾」 （sex-positive）倡議者、人類

女性可以與玩偶和機械互換。我們不可

律師，他認同人們不應該因為自己的古

Richardson說：「我反對有界別說

以。」她成立的非牟利團體還將性愛機

械人與賣淫相類比。Richardson堅決

反對賣淫，其團體認為那是將（人類）女

86

怪慾望而羞恥，但他擔心人們會過於依 賴機械人。

「如果性愛機械人只是另一種性愛

玩具，是你偶爾拿來玩玩的東西，就像

香港中文大學文化研究副教授余幼薇

fleshlight（一個自慰杯品牌），我覺得完

其他學者則有很不一樣的觀點。

（Katrien Jacobs）認為，反對者的論述

可能會羞辱和不公平地歸類了有意嘗試 她表示：「一個負面的命題是，這些

機械人只是給孤獨或者性生活受挫的人

女性和兒童，並強化了不平等的權力關

非甚麼新鮮事。」她續指，應該承擔責任

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社會生物學研究者、性愛玩具店主及前

性「去人性化」。

Against Sex Robots）。這個團體成立 於2015年，目標是遏止相關技術的進

一步發展，其理據是，性愛機械人物化

John Ince是一個在加拿大的「正面

講法。

部份反對者（大多是社運人士和學者） 性愛機械人的人。

參加了「反性愛機械人行動」 （Campaign

候不應該鼓吹暴力或性別歧視的想法，

使用。（成年人）用人偶作伴，並以此作 為一種創意方式，去嘗試塑造人格，並

震動自慰器或者男性自慰器具——比如 全沒有問題。」

Ince說：「但如果它過了界，成為

了一個真人的替代品，那麼就會讓我覺 得是有害的。現代社會的關係親密程度

越來越低，但真實人類之間的聯繫，是 我們都有的一種最原始的慾望。」他補 充，性愛玩具對有嚴重殘障的人是有 幫助的。

Aly Song/Reuters

A worker assembles a sex doll at the WMDOLL factory in Zhongshan, China 在中山金三模特道具公司，工人正在組裝性愛人偶

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

Evolution of Sex Dolls 性愛人偶進化史 From 'Dutch wives' to talking heads, here's how sex dolls came to be. 由「荷蘭太太」到發聲娃娃，性玩偶這樣一路走來。

Dutch sailors bring handsewn leather masturbation puppets on ships. Made of fabric attached to bamboo poles, the dolls come to be known as Dutch wives. 荷蘭水手把手工縫製的皮革自

In the United States, sex dolls are advertised in pornographic magazines for the first time.

布製作的人偶後來被稱為

性玩偶廣告首次在美國的色情

慰玩偶帶上船。這些用竹枝和 「荷蘭太太」。

雜誌中出現。

Artist Matt McMullen propels the realism of sex dolls with RealDoll, a silicone female mannequin thatʼs eerily lifelike. 藝術家Matt McMullen用

RealDoll推動性愛人偶的現

實化，那是一個用矽氧樹脂製

Spanish roboticist Dr Sergi Santos debuts “Samantha”, a hyper realistic sex doll harnessing artificial intelligence to respond to affection and ʻorgasm.ʼ 西班牙機械人學家Sergi Santo 博士推出有人工智能的超逼真

性愛人偶「Samantha」，她可 以對情愛產生反應，而且有

「性高潮」。

作、逼真度驚人的女性人體 模型。

17TH CENTURY

1908

The first recorded “manufactured” sex doll is mentioned in Sexual Life of Our Time, an encyclopedic survey of sexual knowledge. 史上首個「製成」性玩偶的

紀錄出現在《我們時代的性

生活》 （ Sexual Life of Our

Time ）中，那是一本性知識百 科全書。

1968

1970S

Now-defunct British company, Sex Objects Ltd, unveils first approximation of a sex robot: autonomous “doll 36c”. It features a 16-bit microprocessor and voice synthesizer that enables primitive conversation. 目前已經解散的英國公司Sex

Objects Ltd推出了第一個類近 性愛機械人的產品：自動人偶

「36c」。這個人偶有16位元的

微處理器和語音合成器，可以 處理初級對話。

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1996

2006

Henrik Christensen of the European Robotics Research Network tells the UK's Sunday Times that “people are going to be having sex with robots within five years.” 歐洲機械人研究網絡

（European Robotics

Research Network）的 Henrik Christensen對英國的 《星期日泰晤士報》說「5年內 人們就會和機械人做愛」。

2017

2018

The worldʼs first sex doll brothel, dubbed Lumidolls, opens in Barcelona in 2017.

Hong Kong welcomes a sex doll brothel in 2018, which police shut down just two months after opening. 世界上第一個性愛人偶妓院

Lumidolls於2017年在巴塞隆 拿開業。香港於2018年迎來第 一間性愛人偶妓院，但開張不 到兩個月便被警方關閉。

is at risk of shaming and pigeonholing people who are interested in trying out sex robots.

“Itʼs a negative thesis that these robots will only be for lonely or sexually frustrated people. The practice of [adults] having dolls for companionship and as a creative way to experiment with shaping identities isnʼt new,” she says, adding that the onus should be on robotics companies to market their products in ways that do not promote violent or sexist ideas – but it is “hard to expect companies to have any moral conscience.”

John Ince – a sex-positive advocate, human sociobiology researcher, sex shop owner, and former lawyer based in Canada – agrees that people should not be shamed for their kinks but worried about dependency on robots.

“If sex robots are just another sort of sexual toy and itʼs a playful thing that you interact with occasionally – like vibrators or male masturbation devices such as the ʻfleshlightʼ [a brand of artificial orifices] – I have no problem with that.

“But when it crosses over the line to being a substitute for a real person then that would strike me as harmful.

There is a trend in modern society toward lower and lower levels of intimacy, but real human connection is one of those primal drives that we all share,” Ince says, adding that sex robots could be a positive development for people with severe disabilities.

Despite divergences, no scientific study has addressed the question of whether the use of sex dolls or robots could deter sexual crimes one reason for this is the

儘管觀點各有不同，目前還未有科學

研究回應使用性愛人偶或機械人會否阻遏

性罪行。其中一個潛在的困難是，要找到 願意參加研究的群體，比如戀童癖者。

雖然缺乏研究，但這並未阻止部份

政府決定將使用兒童尺寸的性輔助器具

列為罪行。其中一個先例是，2014年，

一名在悉尼的男子被控管有一個「12到14

歲」女性外形的人偶。在2016年3月到7月 間，英國的邊境管制人員截獲了123個人 偶，並起訴7名進口淫褻物品的男子，同 時對下單訂購人偶的顧客展開調查。

potential difficulty to find groups such as pedophiles willing to participate in studies.

Lack of research has not stopped some authorities from deciding to criminalise the use of child-sized sex aids, however. In 2014, a man in Sydney was charged with owning a doll in the shape of a girl “12 to 14 years of age” in one of the first cases of its kind. Between March and July 2016, border officials in the UK seized 123 dolls, charged seven men for importing indecent or obscene articles, and investigated the customers who ordered the dolls.

BOOTING UP IN ASIA Although Hongkongers tend to be rather conservative and are reported to be some of the least sexually active people on the planet – with long working hours and lack of living space as likely deterrents – sex shops are common and often occupy prime real estate, from Central to Causeway Bay. The city has some swinger and kink communities, but they are mostly low-key and underground.

Candy Chan, shop manager of popular sex store Sally Coco, says that Hongkongers still treat sex robots as a niche product and are easily put off by their lofty price tags. “[Customers] call and ask if there are dolls or blowup dolls. Those sell quite well. But not robots. They are considered high-end,” she says.

Macao was one of the first Asian cities to host a major international sex toy trade expo in 2008, the Asia Adult

現在黃金地段，從中環到銅鑼灣都有。

文明」。不過，通過使用VPNs（虛擬私

社群，但他們往往很低調、很地下。

令。除此以外，《中華人民共和國刑法》

這個城市住著一些浪蕩不羈和有癖好的 人氣性愛玩具店Sally Coco的經理

Candy Chan表示，香港人仍然認為

性愛機械人是小眾產品，而且很容易就 被其高價打消念頭。她說：「（客人）會

打電話來問有沒有人偶或者充氣人偶；

那些賣得挺好。但沒有人問有沒有機械 人，它們被視為高端產品。」

澳門是最先主辦大型國際性愛玩具

交易博覽會的亞洲城市之一，那是在

在亞洲開機

2008年舉行的「亞洲成人博覽會」。在 2012年，這個博覽會轉移到了香港舉

雖然香港人通常比較保守，而且據稱是

度過火。

世界上性生活最不活躍的社群之一（阻礙

因素包括工時長和缺乏生活空間），但性 愛玩具店在這裡並不鮮見，而且常常出

辦，可能是因為其展覽內容被認為尺

在香港邊境以北的中國大陸，色情

消費是犯法的，因為根據《憲法》第24

條，國家的目標是建設「社會主義精神

人網絡），中國大陸的公民也能繞過禁 的第363到367條也禁止生產、銷售和

散播色情物品。過去10年，中國政府展 開了多輪「掃黃打非」行動，但法律的執 行力度似乎並不劃一；在大城市，性愛 玩具店仍然無處不在，而且中國並無明 確法律禁止性愛機械人。

年輕的中國人也早已習慣每日與

機械裝置打交道。社交媒體管理公司

Hootsuite在2017年的一份調查發現， 中國人平均每日花3小時用電話上網。 數百萬用戶每天都花數小時與一個名為

「小冰」的AI女性聊天機械人聊天。

EXDOLL的喬霧說，政府對公司既

不支持，也不批評，而且從性愛人偶在 中國的流行程度看，他預期國內對性愛 機械人的需求會很強勁。

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

Expo, although the event was moved to Hong Kong in 2012 supposedly because it was deemed too outrageous.

Across the border, consumption of pornography is illegal in mainland China under the Article 24 of the Chinese constitution, which aims to cultivate a “socialist spiritual civilisation”. Citizens do manage workarounds, however, with the use of VPNs. In addition, Articles 363 to 367 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China prohibits the production, sale, and dissemination of pornographic materials. There have been rounds of crackdowns over the past decade, but the law seems to be inconsistently enforced; sex shops are ubiquitous in large Chinese cities and the country has no specific prohibitions against sex robots.

Daily interaction with machines is also something that younger Chinese residents are already accustomed to.

A 2017 survey by Hootsuite, a social media management company, found Chinese nationals spend an average of three hours a day using the internet on their phones.

Millions of users are already spending hours speaking with a realistic AI female chatbot named “Xiaoice.”

EXDOLLʼs sex robot developer Qiao says the company has received neither supportive nor critical comments from the government and, judging from the popularity of sex dolls in China, he expects a strong domestic demand for sex robots.

Some of the customers may come from the countryʼs millions of bachelors: As of 2016, there were 33.6 million more men than women in the nation of 1.4 billion people – an unnaturally wide gap attributed to Chinaʼs former one-child policy and traditional preference for sons.

部份消費者可能來自中國數百萬的

單身漢。2016年，在這個有14億人口

的國家中，男性比女性多出3,360萬。

這個不自然的巨大差距源自中國此前長

期實施的「一孩政策」，以及偏愛男孩的 傳統。

據《日本時報》報導，日本的「性愛科

南韓也禁止進口任何性愛玩具，

甚至連潤滑劑也不行，但據專研該國性

探索親密關係

別不平等和文化運動的獨立記者戴瑩瀠

雖然有關性愛機械人治療潛力的研究仍

品的性愛玩具店，在首爾的主要街道上

識或能對「機械人有助還是有害人類關

（Crystal Tai）報導，當地出售本國產 越來越多見。

不過，沒有跡象顯示南韓公司正在

未出現，但目前關於性暴力的心理學知 係」這個問題解答一二。

在蒙古服務家庭和性暴力受害人的

技」產業（其中包括生產性愛機械人的公

開發性愛機械人。而且戴瑩瀠說，她的

心理學專家Khongorzul Amarsanaa

會」是否與性愛玩具產業的崛起有關，至

後，遭到一名海關人員查問。

他們在管理情緒方面出現困難，但她不

司）估值達到300億美元。日本的「無性社 今仍然存在爭議。日本國立社會保障與

人口問題研究所最新的一份研究顯示， 超過四成的日本成年男女還是處子。

就像BBC紀錄片展示的那樣，日

本沒有法律禁止「孩子尺寸」的性愛人偶 或性愛機械人，但在其他國家，比如英 國，已有試圖從日本進口小尺寸性愛人 偶的人被檢控。

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In Japan, the “sex tech” industry, which includes companies producing sex robots, is valued at an estimated US$30 billion, according to the Japan Times. It remains up for debate whether Japanʼs ʻsexlessnessʼ – over 40 per cent of adult men and women in Japan were virgins according to a recent study by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research – can be linked to the booming sex toy industry.

As the BBC documentary showed, there are no legal prohibitions in Japan against “child-sized” sex dolls or sex robots, but people in other countries such as the UK have been prosecuted for trying to import petite sex dolls from Japan.

South Korea bans the import of all sex toys and even lubricants, but sex shops stocking domestic products are increasingly seen on main streets in Seoul, according to independent journalist Crystal Tai, who tracks gender inequality and cultural movements in the country.

There are no signs that domestic companies are working on developing sex robots, and Tai said one of her friends was interrogated by a customs official after trying to order sex toys from abroad.

If this makes South Korea sound particularly conservative, Tai says itʼs because there is a stark difference in cultural expectations for menʼs and womenʼs sexuality. “Men often seek pleasure outside of their relationships and this is seen as a form of entertainment.

Prostitution is rampant as well as hostess bars. Women sit on other end of the spectrum, where traditional Confucian ideals [say] you should aspire to the highest ideals of being a wife and mother.”

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一個朋友在試圖從海外訂購性愛玩具之 如果這讓南韓聽起來特別保守，戴

瑩瀠說那是因為那裡的文化對男人和女 人的性行為有著天淵之別的期待。「男

說，施暴者通常有各種童年問題，導致 認為那是一種可以用機械人醫治的心理 障礙。

Khongorzul說：「那是家中的權力

人經常會在固定關係之外尋歡，這被視

關係問題。這些人在家之外並不暴力。

一樣成行成市。至於在光譜另一端的女

意識清醒的決定。」

為娛樂的一種。妓女和有女招待的酒吧

人，則需要遵循傳統的儒家思想，就是 追求賢妻良母的最佳典範。」

他們只在關起門來的時候施暴，而那是 「我不認為性愛機械人能幫到這些

施暴的人，因為他們的目標是將未能

HBO Asia

The Wild West 狂野西部

HBO’s critically acclaimed Westworld series raises questions about how humans could interact with robots in the near future.

Set in an unspecified time in the future, Westworld transports vacationers to a high-tech theme park that’s designed to resemble the American ‘Wild West’. As part of the anything-goes experience, guests have the opportunity to live out their fantasies with hyper-realistic androids.

Guests often incite hideous acts, including rape and murder. However, the androids can’t fight back, as they’re programmed not to hurt humans.

Instead, the robots live in a continuous loop that’s wiped clean after each session, rendering them oblivious to what horrors may befall them. Among other ethical dilemmas, the HBO production explores whether having such an outlet for humanity’s basest impulses could improve “deviant” behaviours.

“Many humans in the Westworld park abuse, shoot, kill and rape the characters because they know [the robots] are not human,” says Megumi Terui, professor of Asian Studies at Tec de Monterrey in Mexico.

“Supposedly, people do things they would never do outside Westworld, but as the show progresses, one realises that having this outlet to ‘express themselves’ does not always lead them to be better people [in real life].”

HBO製作、廣受好評的電視劇《西部世界》（Westworld）提出了在不久的將來人 類應該如何與機械人互動的問題。 《西部世界》的故事設定在未來某個不確定的時間點。在故事裡，度假旅客會被 送到一個高科技主題公園，那裡的一切都佈置成美國的「狂野西部」。作為 「一切皆有可能」的遊玩體驗的一部份，遊客可以和高仿真機械人一起實現自己的 各種幻想。 遊客常常會在園中作惡，包括強暴和謀殺。不過，機械人不能還手，因為程式設 定了它們不准傷害人類。每一節遊玩過後，機械人的記憶都會被清洗乾淨，然後再 次供遊客玩樂，全然不記得此前發生在它們身上的可怕事情。在各種倫理困境中， 這部電視劇探索的問題是，有這樣一個讓人類宣洩其最卑劣慾望的出口是否會鼓勵 「不正常」行為。 墨西哥蒙特雷科技大學亞洲研究教授Megumi Terui說：「在《西部世界》中，很 多遊客會虐待、槍傷、殺死和強暴機械人角色，因為他們知道（機械人）不是人。」 「遊客被允許做他們在公園外絕對不會做的事，但隨著劇情推進，人們會發現， 這種『表達自己』的宣洩口並不總讓人（在現實中）變得更好。」

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EXPLORING INTIMACY ISSUES Even though studies on the potential therapeutic uses of sex robots are not yet available, existing knowledge on the psychology of sexual violence may shed some light on whether robots can help or hurt human relationships.

Khongorzul Amarsanaa, a psychologist who works with victims of domestic and sexual violence in Mongolia, says abusers often have various childhood issues that cause them to have trouble regulating emotions, but she does not see the problem as a mental impairment that can be medicated by robots.

“Itʼs an issue of power relations in the home. These people are not violent outside the home. They do it specifically behind closed doors and itʼs a conscious decision,” says Amarsanaa.

“I donʼt think sex robots would help these abusive people because their goal is to express their unregulated emotions to another human being whom they love. Itʼs psychological abuse.”

妥善管理的情緒，發洩到他們愛的人身

有人說，隨著人們在未來越來越容

「當我聽說性愛機械人的時候，我就

上。那是心理上的暴虐。」

易獲取性愛機械人，性工作者的工作可

知道，女性不會是首要客戶，因此製造者

與調教、支配與臣服、施虐與受虐）、戀

地區，以至香港（雖然很快被關閉），已

事萌生興趣的原因。」32歲的劉斐說。

至於一些性愛迷戀，如BDSM（綁縛

童，她則認為人偶或機械人可以是一種 讓人們表達或滿足慾望的好方法。

Khongorzul說：「幻想是一種表達

創造思維的方法，只要不加害於人，那

能受到威脅。目前，在日本、歐洲某些

經有些公司設立了「性愛人偶妓院」，那

裡的顧客每次都可以選擇和不同的人偶 結合。

Ince說：「我認為很難準確評估性愛

們不會考慮女性的慾望。那就是我對這件 「設計你心目中的愛情，從很多方面

看都是一種反叛行為。這只是因為社會 總告訴我們不同性別的人應該做甚麼，

（但這不代表）我們就是這樣覺得的。甚

便是（好事）。」她同時警告，物化女性

機械人對性工作者的影響有多大，這要

的手法來營銷性愛輔助器更會使問題惡

性愛機械人『妓院』是否能夠帶給顧客所

設計師，目前在帕森設計學院（Parsons

鮮感。」

在使用廉宜的組件和網絡編程教程製作

軀體是一個社會問題，而採用性別歧視 化。

這就與人類性產業是否在本質上是

厭女和對女性有害的全球熱議相關聯 了。暫且把對產業的看法分歧放在一

邊，事實上，性工作者在幫助顧客更坦

看它們在未來能逼真到甚麼程度，以及 渴求的、從不同性工作者身上得到的新

在更為理想主義的一邊，有人說，未來

機械人可以通過程式設定而獲得選擇「自

由意志」的能力，這樣它們就可以選擇是

麼是好女人？甚麼是好男人？」

劉斐出生在哈爾濱，曾在北京擔任

School of Design）擔任兼職教授。她正 Gabriel。現在Gabriel只有頭和軀幹， 但可通過電話短訊和她溝通。

經過與Gabriel的互動，以及對如何

否同意進行某些活動。

以工程設計實現自由意志的研究，劉斐認

支援。2012年喬治華盛頓大學的一項研

正在做這樣的事：組建自己的理想男

係的想法。如果聽話的性愛機械人在未來

情感上的親密關係，而不只是性。

伴侶身上未能找到的種種體貼。

然面對自己的性需求方面，扮演了一定

的角色，且也為有身體障礙的人提供了 究發現，三分之一經常嫖娼的男人渴求

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As far as sexual fetishes such as BDSM and pedophilia, however, she says dolls or robots could be a good way for people to satisfy their urges.

“Fantasies are a way to express creative thinking and, if they are not harmful to anybody, then that is [a good thing],” she says, adding the caveat that objectification of womenʼs bodies is a social problem that sexist marketing of sex aids could exacerbate.

This ties into the heated global debate over whether or not the human sex industry is inherently misogynist and harmful to women. Disagreements over the industry aside, human sex workers play a role in helping customers become more comfortable with their sexualities and also assist people with physical disabilities. A third of men who frequent prostitutes crave emotional intimacy and not just in the form of sex, a 2012 George Washington University study found.

Prostitution jobs could be threatened by more accessible sex robots in the future, some say. Already, some companies have set up “sex doll brothels” in places such as Japan, parts

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駐紐約的中國設計師兼藝術家劉斐

友——Gabriel2052。它將擁有她在人類

為，人類索求科技的方式反映了我們對關 唾手可得，而毋須進一步發展平等和尊重 的關係，她認為那是值得擔心的。

At the WMDOLL factory, all dolls are made by hand 金三模特道具公司的所有人偶都是由人手裝組的

wouldnʼt have womenʼs desires in mind. I think thatʼs where my interest started,ʼ says the 32-year-old.

“Being able to design your own version of what love should be like is an act of rebellion on multiple fronts. Just because society tells us how people of different genders should behave, [it doesnʼt mean that] it is actually how we feel. What is a good woman? And what is a good man?”

Liu, who was born in Harbin, China, and worked as a designer in Beijing before her current role as adjunct professor at Parsons School of Design, is using inexpensive parts and coding tutorials on the internet to bring Gabriel to life. He is currently just a head and torso who can communicate via text messages to her phone.

Through her interactions with Gabriel and her research on how to engineer free will, she is considering the ways humankindʼs demands on technology represent how we think about relationships. If obliging sex robots become accessible in the future without evolving toward more equal and respectful relationships, Liu believes there might be cause for concern. 

Aly Song/Reuters

of Europe, and even Hong Kong for a moment (though it was quickly shut down by authorities), where customers can choose to engage with a different doll each visit.

“I think itʼd be really hard to gauge what the impact of sex robots would be on sex workers,” says Ince. “It would depend on how lifelike they will be in the future and whether sex robot ʻbrothelsʼ are available to give customers the ʻnewnessʼ they are looking for from sleeping with different sex workers.”

On a more utopian path, some say that in the future robots could be programmed with the ability to opt for “free will,” so they can choose whether to consent to any activity.

Fei Liu, a New York-based Chinese designer and artist, is working on accomplishing exactly that: sheʼs building her ideal robot boyfriend, “Gabriel2052,” a bot that will have all the caring and emotionally astute traits she hasnʼt yet been able to find in a human partner.

“When I heard about sex robots, it was clear to me women wouldnʼt be the first customers. So the creators

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FRIENDS OR FOES? 是友是敵?

Activists, journalists, and everyday people in Asia weigh in on the potential side effects of sexbots. 倡議者、記者及市民如何看待性愛機械人的潛在副作用。

“I think [the stigma of sex robots] relates to LGBT issues; In the past, same-sex

love was more stigmatised but nowadays people are more curious and open to trying. I think [sleeping with sex robots] would be a love method; a way to express yourself.”

– Fan Popo, Documentary filmmaker and LGBTQIA rights activist, China “I wouldn't be willing to try [a sex robot] myself, because I don't think it's

really necessary. But I have no objection to this kind of thing. Most people are lonely, and it would be convenient to use the [sex robot] to avoid things like communicating with [real] partners and dealing with temper tantrums. As for whether this objectifies women... women can also bring male dolls home. Even if I'm made into a male sex robot, I wouldn't feel objectified.”

「我認為（性愛機械人的污名）與性小眾議題有關。在過去，同

性戀被污名化得更嚴重，但現在，人們已變得更好奇和開放。 我認為（和性愛機械人做愛）是一種愛的方法，一種表達自己的 方法。」

– 范坡坡 中國紀錄片製作人和性小眾權利倡導者

「我自己不會想嘗試（性愛機械人），因為我不覺得真的有需

要，但我不反對這種事。大部份人都是孤獨的，用（性愛機

械人）去避免和（真實的）伴侶溝通，以及處理雙方的情緒和脾

氣，會很方便。至於這是否物化女性……女性也可以買男性玩 偶回家。就算我被製作成一個男性性愛機械人，我也不會覺得

自己被物化。」

– 楊天帥 香港博士生

– Yeung Tin-shui, PhD student, Hong Kong “The proliferation of sex robots will make real-life relationships more exciting

and, I think, probably lessen sex crimes. But that canʼt actually be proven until we see wider implementation and usage. When it comes to female-gendered robots, itʼs a disappointing reflection of how society views women. In other words: people with gendered ideas make robots that conform to gender norms, which then perpetuates existing stereotypes.”

「性愛機械人的普及會讓現實生活中的關係更令人興奮，而且

我認為還可以減少性罪行。但在我們看到（性愛機械人）更廣泛 地應用之前，這些想法都無法得到證實。至於被定型為女性的 機械人，則反映了社會上對女性的一些令人失望的看法。換言 之，有性別定見的人按照社會的性別規範製作機械人，從而延 續既定的刻板印象。」

– 陳偉傑 凱權貿易有限公司營運總監

– Patrick Ting, Chief Operating Officer of Seapower Trading Co., Macao

“Escalation is a very real phenomenon in addiction, with increasingly

extreme forms of stimuli needed to provide the same level of satisfaction.

Could sexbots help the situation by providing an outlet for illegal ʻfetishesʼ? This is what supporters of pornography and the sex trade – those interested in promoting male entitlement to womenʼs bodies – have been arguing for decades. Iʼm not convinced.”

「癮是會不斷升級的，要持續達到相同水平的滿足感，就需

要愈發極端的刺激。性愛機械人可否因應這種情況為不合法的

『迷戀』提供一種宣洩口？這是色情片和性行業支持者，即那

些有意推廣男性有權掌握女性身體的人數十年來的主張，但我 不信這一套。」 – Angie Ng

香港蕩婦遊行籌辦者

– Angie Ng, SlutWalk Hong Kong coordinator

“Given that the driving force behind sexbots comes from the pleasure

industry, therapeutic applications appear far less likely than the escalation of predatory behaviour. Sexualising children and women in particular, groups that are more vulnerable socially, feeds a psychological desire that isn't guaranteed to find an outlet or release. This isn't a panacea, and it would be dangerous to view it as such.”

– Keshia Hannam, Co-founder of Camel Assembly creative community

“Some advocates for sexbots argue that they might help prevent sexual

assault, as potential rapists find an outlet for their ʻneedsʼ in machines as opposed to non-consenting humans. I think this argument is pretty problematic. It makes us look upon male sexuality as some untameable force, taking the onus off men to manage their sexual appetites and impulses.”

– Sarah Karacst, Journalist and cultural critic, Hong Kong

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「性愛機械人的發展動力來自色情行業，因此它用於治療的可

能性遠低於其對好色行為的鼓動，尤其是將社會上比較脆弱的 群體——女性和兒童——性對像化，這滿足了一種本來不一定 能找到出口的心理慾望。這不是萬靈藥，而從這個角度看， 它是危險的。」

– Keshia Hannam

創意社區 Camel Assembly 聯合創辦人

「有些支持性愛機械人的人說，它們或有助防止性侵犯，因

為潛在性侵者可以在機器身上找到宣洩『需要』的出口，而不用

施之於拒絕跟他們發生性行為的真人。我認為這個說法很有問 題。這讓我們覺得男性的性衝動是不可控制的力量，免除了男 性應該管理自己性慾的責任。」

– Sarah Karacs

駐香港記者及文化評論人

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95 Taro Taro Karibe/GettyImages Karibe/GettyImages

F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

CHAIN REACTION 「 鏈 」鎖 反 應 Around the world, blockchain is powering new ways to combat human trafficking, improve the lives of refugees, and empower migrant workers. 環顧全球，這種技術正為打擊人口販賣、改善亞難民生存 狀況，以及增進外傭平等權利等方面帶來新助力。

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By Kate Springer

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E

very day, young girls in Moldova are trafficked abroad and sold to brothels as sex slaves.

Rohingya refugees flee persecution in Myanmar.

Domestic workers in Hong Kong support families back home at exorbitant personal costs.

In the fight against humanitarian crises, social entrepreneurs are turning to a new tool: blockchain.

While far from a silver bullet, the technology is already making a difference in the lives of some of the worldʼs most marginalised communities.

Despite being mostly associated with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, blockchain can record much more than economic transactions. As a distributed ledger system – a decentralised database – a public blockchain can process any piece of paperwork, personal data or votes, no matter how sensitive, thus ensuring complete transparency. In troubled societies, the tool is an indisputable source of information in the face of bribery and corruption.

“Over the past two years, weʼve seen a proliferation of companies that value the use of blockchain technology for social good,” says Cecile Baird, a blockchain startup strategist and founder of the industry think-tank and non-profit Blockchain For Good (BC4G), launched in 2015. “For profit companies have been exploring this technology for years, but weʼre now seeing more impactful blockchain projects focused on putting humanity, society, fair economics, and the environment first.”

A COLD NIGHT IN MOLDOVA It was a cold night in Grimăncăuţi, Moldova, a small village on the border with Ukraine. Shivering and scared, Mariana Dahan, then 14, ran for her life through the dark village streets. She ducked into a neighbourʼs backyard, hiding from a man wielding a knife and threatening to kill her, because she wouldnʼt consent to an arranged marriage.

That man was her father.

“I was born in what is still the poorest country in Europe,” recalls Dahan, now 38. “I witnessed domestic violence and couldn't see an end to it.”

每

一天，摩爾多瓦都有年輕女 孩被賣到外國妓院做性奴， 羅興亞難民則在逃離緬甸迫

害的路上顛沛流離，而香港的外傭為養 活自己的家庭，付出了過份的代價。

可是，社會企業家們都轉向一種新工

具——區塊鏈。這種技術雖然並非萬靈

藥，但已經為世界上某些最被邊緣化的 社群帶來變化。

談到區塊鏈，人們大多會聯想起

Bitcoin這類加密貨幣，但它能記載的

內容遠超經濟交易。作為一個分佈式分

類記帳系統——即一個去中心化的數據

庫——一個公共區塊鏈可以處理各類敏感 內容，包括文件、個人數據和選票，同 時能夠保證完全的透明度。在問題叢生 的社會中，面對賄賂和腐敗，區塊鏈可 以提供一種無可置疑的信息源。

「在過去兩年間，我們看到運用區塊

鏈技術做公益的公司遍地開花。」Cecile

Baird說。Baird是區塊鏈創業策略家， 也是於2015年開始運作的非牟利智庫 Blockchain For Good（BC4G）的創辦

人。「以營利為目標的公司已經探索這種

Dahan的父親本來打算把她嫁給他的

朋友，但Dahan想繼續讀書並出國留學。 而她面對的另一大困難就是沒有身分證， 因此不能入學，也不能獲得旅行證件。 她回憶道：「我媽媽花了很多時間

和努力才讓我拿到了出生證。因為在村 子裡拿不到，所以她不得不跑到地區政 府，然後再跑到首都。」即便如此，那 張出生證還是弄錯了Dahan的名字。

最終，Dahan設法拿到了修正版的出生

證，並用它申請入學。「每一個階段都需 要得到我父親的簽名和批准，那是很困

難的。」Dahan不想細說自己如何得到父 親的批准，但最終，她成功了。

憑著在班上名列前茅的成績，

Dahan獲得歐盟獎學金，到法國的格勒 諾布爾管理學院（Grenoble School of Management）讀書。之後她進入巴黎多 菲納大學繼續修讀碩士學位，並在ESCP

歐洲高等商學院修讀管理學和經濟學博士

學位。最終，她移居美國，在波士頓的麻 省理工學院繼續博士研究工作。

「幾句話說下來，這趟旅程似乎非常

容易，但一路走來，有好些時候我覺得

技術很多年，但我們現在看到，越來越

自己極度脆弱。」正在撰寫自傳的Dahan

道主義、社會、公平經濟和我們的生存

一個正在逃離貧困和脆弱、流落街頭的

多有影響力的區塊鏈項目正優先關注人 環境。」

摩爾多瓦的一個寒夜 一個寒夜，在摩爾多瓦靠近烏克蘭邊

境的小村莊Grimăncăuţi，才14歲的

Mariana Dahan在漆黑的村中小路上狂 奔逃命。她又冷又怕，瑟瑟發抖。她縮

進了一個鄰居的後院，躲開一個揮著刀 子、威脅要殺了她的男人，因為她不願 意奉命成婚。

那個男人是她的父親。

如今已經38歲的Dahan回憶道：

「我出生的地方至今仍然是歐洲最窮的

國家。我親眼看見家暴發生，但看不見 它結束。」

說。「在我逃離父親的時刻，我明白到

少男或少女，是何等容易就會受人販子 所害。」

今年，在蒙古烏蘭巴托沙龍舉行的

一場TEDx演講中，Dahan第一次公

開講述了她的故事。她當時正在亞洲推 廣她創辦的NGO—— World Identity

Network（WIN）的工作，即運用區塊鏈

技術，為被剝奪公民權利的人——難民、 兒童和婦女——提供安全可靠的身分系 統，以保護他們免受人口販賣之害。

「來自中東、歐洲（和東南亞）的難民

和移民非常多，當中有很多兒童在這個流

離失所和脆弱無依的惡性循環中受害。」

Dahan說區塊鏈的出現改變了她的世界

觀。「我們可以改變目前的行事方式，從 而救助兒童。」

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

HOW BLOCKCHAIN WORKS 區塊鏈如何運作 The power of blockchain comes down to transparency and immutability. 透明度高、不可修改——區塊鏈的力量來源。

Blockchain is a distributed database, where chunks of records (called blocks) are linked together using unique cryptographic hashes (a fingerprint of the data). A public ledger is decentralised and immutable, meaning it’s transparent to all involved. With these attributes, blockchain can be powerful in combatting corruption, bribery, forgery, scams… it’s a democratising tool that’s being adopted all over the world.

區塊鏈（Blockchain）是一個分佈式數據庫，在數據庫中， 大量的紀錄塊（即所謂的「區塊」）通過獨特的密碼散列 （cryptographic hash，可被理解為數據的指紋）相連。公共 帳冊（public ledger）是去中心化而且不可修改的，這意味著 所有參與者都可以看到上面的內容。擁有這些特點的區塊鏈可 以有力地對抗腐敗、賄賂、造假、詐騙……這種促進民主的工 具已遍及世界各地。

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Clearing House 清算中心

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CENTRALISED LEDGER

DISTRIBUTED LEDGER

中心化帳冊

分佈式帳冊

Dahanʼs father planned to wed her to one of his friends, but she was intent on pursuing an education and studying abroad. The teenager faced another major setback: She was born without a proof of identity and could not enroll in school or obtain a travel document without it.

“It took my mum a lot of time and effort to get me a birth certificate,” she recalls. “It couldn't be obtained in the village, so she had to travel to the district-level authorities and then to the capital.” Even then, the birth certificate was incorrect and misspelled. At last, Dahan managed to acquire a corrected version and apply to school. “At each of these stages, we needed my fatherʼs signature and approval, which was difficult.” Dahan prefers not to go into detail about how she secured his approval, but in the end, she succeeded.

At the top of her class, she earned a scholarship from the EU to study in France at the Grenoble School of Management. She continued on to postgraduate work at Paris Dauphine University, then pursued a PhD program in Management and Economic Sciences at the ESCP Europe and, finally, moved to the US for further PhD research work at MIT in Boston, United States.

“Summarised in just a few sentences, it seems like a very easy journey. But along the way, there were moments when I felt extremely vulnerable,” says Dahan, who is writing a forthcoming autobiography. “That moment when I was running from my father, I can understand just how easy it can become for a young girl or a boy, who is fleeing poverty, vulnerability, who lives on the street, to become a victim of smugglers and traffickers.”

This year, Dahan recounted her story for the first time publicly during a TEDx talk at the Ulaanbaatar Salon in Mongolia. She was in Asia to promote the work of her NGO, the World Identity Network (WIN), which harnesses blockchain technology to provide safe and secure identity systems to protect the disenfranchised – refugees, children, and women – from human trafficking.

“There are so many refugees and migrants from the Middle East, from Europe, [from Southeast Asia],” she says. “Many children become victims in this vicious cycle of displacement and vulnerability.” After blockchain came into existence, she says her world vision changed. “We can change the way things are currently done and save children.”

身分作為一種人權

並不知不覺就全心相信人販子。通常人

一張塑料身分證，我們大部份人都會隨

果他們有的話），並用這些文件來控制他

身攜帶，因此很容易被認為是理所當然

的。不過，「身分」對於世界上某一大群 人而言，並不是那麼理所當然的事。世

界銀行估計，目前全球有11億人沒有任

販子都會奪走受害者的身分證明文件（如 們。沒有任何年齡和身分證明文件的孩 子，有更大可能被迫賣淫、到工廠工作 或成為奴隸，並且求救無門。

Dahan說：「沒有正確和有效的身

何正規的身分證明文件，這使得他們淪

分證明文件，這些孩子就失去了獲得好

14歲以下的兒童和少年。

過運用這種技術，我們可以開發出安

為法律上的透明人。其中，超過一半是 在童年經歷的驅動下，Dahan決

定挑戰這一狀況。從2009年開始就在 世界銀行擔任資深幹事的她，在2014

生活的機會。但隨著區塊鏈的出現，通 全的身分證明系統，其中的信息不能 造假。」

年開創了全球性的Identification for

如何行得通

劃旨在幫助各國設計和實行數碼身分系

Dahan說，區塊鏈的力量在於其去中

Development（ID4D）計劃。這一計

統，從而使醫療衛生、教育和財政援助 等各類政府項目可以送達到該國的公民 和居民手中。ID4D給每個國家做個案

分析，然後提出設計方案，並追蹤方案

的影響。目前項目有10億美元，其數碼 身分資源服務也擴展到全球30多個國

家，目標是到2030年為全部服務使用者

心化系統。區塊鏈本身是分佈式和不可 改的分類帳，數據被處理和儲存在

「區塊」中，「區塊」相連成「鏈」。鏈上

的每一個區塊都必須依靠前一個區塊的 認證，而確認的憑證是一個獨一無二的 散列（hash），類似一個數碼指紋。

原始數據不總是存在區塊鏈中，不

提供數碼身分。

過區塊可以通過那個獨特的hash查詢

麼。Dahan之後創立了WIN，一個選

裡，你可以獲取基本的身分認證信息，

不過，這個項目還缺了一點甚

擇了不同技術平台的NGO。當ID4D

與各地政府合作，通過一個中央系統實 行數碼身分計劃，WIN則提倡建立更

為去中心化的系統，並實踐自我主權身 分的原則。

WIN將與聯合國合作，於2019

年初在摩爾多瓦推出第一個試行計

劃。Dahan說：「我的祖國是人口販賣

一個去中心化的數據庫。在那個數據庫 比如生日、國籍、眼睛和頭髮的顏色、 直系親屬等等。

在WIN的系統中，區塊鏈系統會

在目前所有出入境系統的基礎上運作，

系統會自動查詢這個區塊鏈數據庫，以 確認旅行者的身分，而毋須靠人手檢 查護照。 舉個例子，如果有人試圖偽造一個

受害者的一個主要來源地。在摩爾多瓦，

孩子的護照，假護照上面的信息和分類

薯裡偷運出去⋯⋯你偽造文件，並用一張

通知一個民間社會代表或者聯合國官

你甚至都不需要把一個人裝進一大袋馬鈴 看起來大一點的小孩照片就可以了。」

據聯合國婦女權能署統計，在全球人

口販賣受害者中，超過七成是女性和兒 童。無論是為了逃避戰禍還是虐待，年

輕的女性和脆弱的兒童都常被「到一個新 地方開始更好的生活」的虛假承諾誘騙。 面對絕境，他們往往忽視潛在的危險，

帳上的就會對不上。這時候，系統就會 員，並將這次試圖使用假證件的行為記 錄到區塊鏈上。如果有人受賄，允許

那些旅行者過關，那麼該次不正當的入 境也會被記錄在區塊鏈上，可作為日後 的證據。

Dahan說：「雖然摩爾多瓦很貧窮，

但還是履行了遵守歐洲身分認證要求的義

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Identity as a human right Itʼs easy to take for granted a plastic identity card, which most of us carry around everywhere. But ʻidentityʼ isnʼt so simple for a large segment of the worldʼs population.

Currently, the World Bank estimates that 1.1 billion people around the world lack a formal, indisputable form of identification, rendering them legally invisible. More than half are children and minors under 14 years old.

Motivated by her childhood experience, Dahan took on this challenge. Working at the World Bank as a senior operations officer since 2009, Dahan pioneered the Identification for Development (ID4D) initiative.

Launched globally in 2014, ID4D aims to help countries design and implement digital identification systems so they can deliver government programmes such as healthcare, education, and financial aid to its citizens and residents. ID4D analyses a countryʼs problem on a caseby-case basis, then offers design solutions and tracks impact. The now US$1 billion programme has expanded to provide digital identification resources in more than 30 countries worldwide, with the aim to provide digital identities for all by 2030.

But something in this approach was missing. Dahan further launched WIN, which takes a different view on which technology platform should be used. Whereas ID4D works with governments to implement digital ID programmes within a centralised system, WIN advocates for building more decentralised systems and applying principles of self-sovereign identity.

Partnered with the United Nations, the organisation is running its first pilot in Moldova in early 2019. “My home country is a prime source country for human trafficking victims,” says Dahan. “In Moldova, you donʼt even have to smuggle someone in a bag of potatoes... you forge the documents and use a picture of a child who looks older.”

Of all trafficking victims worldwide, more than 70 per cent are women and children, according to UN Women. Whether fleeing war or abuse, young women and vulnerable children are often lured by the promise of a better life in a new place. Facing desperate circumstances, they ignore the potential risks, and unknowingly put their trust in the hands of

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a trafficker. Typically, a trafficker will strip victims of their identifying documents, if they have any, and use this as leverage to control them. Without any proof of age or identity, children are more likely to be forced into sex work, factory jobs or slavery, without recourse.

“Without a valid proof of ID, these children lose their chance at a good life,” says Dahan. “But with the emergence of blockchain and by embracing this new tech system we can develop secure ID systems that canʼt be forged.”

How it works Dahan says the power of blockchain lies in its decentralised system. Blockchain itself is distributed and immutable ledger, with data processed and stored in the form of “blocks” that are linked to each other, forming a chain. Each block in the chain is reliant on the validation of the preceding block, which can be confirmed by a unique hash, akin to a digital fingerprint.

While initial data is not usually stored in the blockchain itself, the blocks can query a decentralised database using that unique hash. Within the database, you could access basic identification information, such as birth date, country of citizenship, eye and hair colour, direct family members, and so on.

In the case of WIN, the blockchain system would run on top the existing immigration systems, but instead of a human checking a physical passport, an automatic system would query the blockchain database to verify the travellerʼs identity.

If, for instance, someone tried to forge a childʼs passport, the information would not match the ledger.

At that point in time, the system could notify a civil society representative or UN officials and record the false attempt onto the blockchain. Even if a human is bribed to allow the travelers to proceed, that fraudulent entry would still be recorded on the blockchain for future evidence.

“Despite it being very poor, Moldova has been obliged to align with the identification requirements of Europe. Most people already have digital ID documents like biometric passports,” explains Dahan. “So really, blockchain comes on top of it as another layout to ensure that this is working for the benefit of the population and against corruption.”

務；大部份人已經有數碼身分文件，如生 In the rest of the world, itʼs a more complicated 物特徵護照，所以實際上，區塊鏈是一個 task: UNICEF estimates that approximately 230 有利公眾和對抗腐敗的額外保障。」 million children under the age of five lack any form of 在世界的其他地方，這項工作更為複 identification. This can cause myriad issues, such as 雜：聯合國兒童基金會估計，大約2.3億 deportation, detention, violence and abuse. Without 的5歲以下兒童沒有任何身分證明文件。 evidence of their age, it can also make it significantly 這可能導致種種問題，諸如被驅逐出境、 more challenging for authorities to rescue children 拘禁、施以暴力和虐待。由於沒有文件證 from forced marriages, brothels, or factories work. 明兒童的實際歲數，政府把他們從逼婚、 Corruption further exacerbates the issue. Human 妓院和工廠中解救出來的難度也大增。 trafficking is a US$150 billion annual business, and, in 貪腐讓問題雪上加霜。人口販賣這盤 many countries, often operates in plain sight thanks 生意每年獲利高達1,500億美元，而且， to bribery. With a distributed ledger (as opposed to 在許多國家，因為賄賂橫行，人口販賣就 a centralised database), this digital identity would 在光天化日下發生。有了分佈式總帳 be supranational, meaning itʼs outside the control of （而非中央數據庫），這種數碼身分可以 a single government or authority. In order to enable 超越國界，即不受制於任何一個政府或 citizens to protect their data, Dahan says itʼs imperative 權力當局。為了讓公民可以保護他們的 to employ a zero-knowledge proof – essentially a 數據，Dahan說必須採用一種零知識證明 cryptographic solution that validates your identity （zero-knowledge proof）——即本質上 without sharing sensitive information with others. In addition, people would have the right to be forgotten or 是加密的——方式，使得人們在被驗證身 分時毋須與他人分享敏感資訊。此外， revoke their data, if they wish, in compliance with the 如果他們想的話，人們有權根據新發佈的 General Data Protection regulations (GDPR). （GDPR），選擇被 Introduced in May, the law grants European Union 《一般資料保護規範》 遺忘，或撤銷他們的數據。 citizens control over their personal data. As such, 今年5月實施的GDPR，讓歐盟公民 companies around the world that process personal 有權控制他們的個人數據。根據規定， data have installed multi-level privacy systems and 全球各地能夠處理個人數據的公司，都已 safeguards, such as anonymisation. In addition, 經安裝了多重隱私系統和安全措施，比如 personal data cannot be shared publicly without the 匿名化。此外，如未得到數據所有者的明 explicit consent of the owner. 確同意，個人數據不能被公開分享。 In the case of WIN, any personally identifiable 在WIN的系統中，任何可以確認個 information (PII) will not be stored on the blockchain 人身分的資料（PII）都不會存在區塊鏈 itself. The blockchain will query a database for claims and 上。處理各類聲請和驗證時，區塊鏈都 validation. As the WIN system has not yet been tested, 會向一個數據庫查詢。由於WIN的系統 Dahan says that she expects to face challenges ahead. 尚未測試，Dahan說她預期將來會出現 Creating the tool is one thing, but deploying it will require political will, bulletproof cyber security, and extensive efforts 不少挑戰。創造這個工具是一件事，但 要有效使用它，則需要政治意志、萬無 to collaborate and educate government organisations. 一失的網絡安全措施，還需要付出大量 The pilot launch in Moldova will be a world first 的努力與政府組織合作，並教育它們。 and, she hopes, a catalyst for others to join the fight. 在摩爾多瓦實施的將會是全球第一 “Yes, there are challenges to overcome but we know that 個試行計劃，Dahan希望這會鼓勵其他 undocumented children are more likely to fall victim to 國家加入。「是的，未來是有困難要克服 trafficking,” says Dahan. “So inaction is not an option. We 的，但我們知道，沒有合法身分的孩子 must work toward every child having this basic human right – access and control over their own personal identity.” 有更大可能成為人口販賣的受害者。」

Dahan說。「因此，我們必須有所行動。 我們必須朝這個目標努力：讓每一個孩

子都享有他們的基本人權，即獲得和控 制他們自己的身分。」

香港的星期日 在香港的每一個週日，中環的天橋上都

擠滿了享受一週一休的外籍家傭。在每 個星期的這一天，她們可以處理一些私

事，和朋友見面，並給在故鄉的家人匯 款。外傭會把環球大廈的數十家匯款

公司都看一遍，找出最優惠的匯率，而

這個數字數十年來都由西聯匯款（西聯） 設定。

不過，在2014年11月，一個新選擇

出現了：Bitspark。這家公司由26歲的

Maxine Ryan和29歲的George Harrap 創立，是全球首個「現金進、現金出」的 加密貨幣匯款平台。和其他匯款公司一 樣，這對創業者弄了一個攤位展示他們 的匯率。「我們一把匯率放出來，人們

簡直難以置信，然後就開始排起長隊來 了，就是因為我們的匯率。」Ryan說。

平均來說，Bitspark的匯率較西聯低 2%到14%，具體則取決於市場情況。他

們的平台也受匯款服務商的歡迎。過去， 服務商就每筆匯款收取的費用有八成要

給西聯，他們自己則只能留下兩成作為收 入，但在Bitspark，他們五五分帳。

在BitShares區塊鏈的基礎上建立

的這家公司，可以運用區塊鏈和加密技 術提供更低的匯率。「你放200美元進

來，就會被換成200美元的Bit幣——這 種加密貨幣可以與任何你正在使用的貨

幣掛鈎，所以不會浮動。」Ryan說。「顧 客實際上是在購買和持有加密貨幣，直 到他們想要把錢轉給某個人，比如在印 尼——我們最受歡迎的通路之一，那時 系統就會直接兌換印尼盾，在交易另一 端的人就會受到現金。」

顧客可從兩種匯款方式選擇其一：

他們可以到Bitspark的門店匯款，或

者用Bitspark的Sendy移動應用程式在

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101

F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

SUNDAYS IN HONG KONG

手機上理財。使用程式匯款涉及3個步 驟：將現金帶到一個合作商戶那裡，

Every Sunday in Hong Kong, the elevated walkways of Central heave with 將貨幣數碼化，然後一鍵寄送回家。在 an outpouring of foreign domestic workers enjoying their weekly day off. 這背後，標準貨幣會在Bitshares區塊 Itʼs on this day that they run personal errands, catch up with friends, and 鏈上被轉換成Bit幣，然後變換成要被 send remittances home to their families overseas. Workers scan the dozens 取出的那種貨幣。 of money transfer operators at World-Wide House, looking for the best Ryan還記得他們的第一個客人， conversion rate, which for decades has been set by Western Union. 是要把1萬港幣轉到菲律賓。「看起來是 But in November 2014, a new option became available: Bitspark. Launched 很多錢，而且依照法律，我們必須詢問 by 26-year-old Maxine Ryan and 29-year-old George Harrap the venture 匯款目的是甚麼。那是她結婚的費用。」 provides the world's first cash-in, cash-out cryptocurrency remittance 她說。「通過我們匯款，她可以省出在婚 platform. Just like any other money transfer services, the pair set up a stall and 禮上招待兩個賓客的錢。那種感覺對我 displayed their conversion rate. “As soon as we put up our rate, people did a 來說很真實。」 double take,” says Ryan. “Long queues started forming, just for our rate.”

Bitspark offers transfer rates that, on average, are anywhere from 2 to 14 不僅如此 per cent lower than those of Western Union, depending on the market. Itʼs preferred by money transfer operators (MTOs), too. In the past, MTOs would Ryan和Harrap都是從澳洲坎培拉的大 pay 80 per cent of each transfer fee to Western Union, only keeping 20 per cent 學退學來做Bitspark的。當時，Ryan as revenues. But with Bitspark, they split the fee 50-50. 是國際關係科的學生，志願是到發展中 Built on the BitShares blockchain, the company can provide lower rates 國家從事人道主義項目的工作。她說： by using blockchain and crypto technology. “When you put in US$200, 「那種去中心化的概念，加上在全球推 itʼs converted to US$200 in Bit USD – cryptocurrency pegged to whatever 廣的潛力，以及沒有任何基礎建設或官 currency youʼre using, so it doesnʼt fluctuate,” says Ryan. “Customers are 僚體系可以限制它——這都讓我著迷。 actually buying and holding crypto, until they want to send it to somebody, 我能看到它的潛力，而且希望運用區塊 let's say, in Indonesia – that's one of our most popular corridors. Then the 鏈來幫助其他人。」 system trades it to IDR, and the person on the other end of the transactions 自此以後，Bitspark就從環球大廈 receives cash.” 裡的一個小攤位，發展成了匯款市場 Consumers have two methods of transfer: either they can approach a 的一個主要力量。他們目前在8個國家 Bitspark transfer agent shop, or they can use Bitsparkʼs Sendy app to manage 提供服務，包括馬來西亞、菲律賓、 money on their mobile phone. When using the app, the process involves 印尼、越南、巴基斯坦、加納和尼日利 three steps: Taking cash to a top-up partner shop, digitising the currency, 亞，且在全球有超過10萬個提款點。 and sending it home with a click of a button. Behind the scenes, the standard Ryan創立Bitspark還有一些個人動 currency will be transferred to Bit currency on the Bitshares blockchain, then 因。她在香港一個單親母親家庭長大， converted to foreign currency to be collected. 很依賴家傭Susan Bayaua。Ryan回憶 Ryan recalls their first customer, who digitised HK$10,000 to send to the 道：「我基本上是Susan帶大的，她是我 Philippines. “That seemed like quite a lot of money, and legally, we have to ask 們家的一分子，我看到她每個月都要寄 why. It was for her wedding,” she says. “By sending money through us, she 錢回家。」 could save enough for two places at her wedding. That felt very real to me.” 在香港受撫養的經歷和很早就接觸 到區塊鏈—— 這兩種經驗讓她的路向變

102

Broader implications

得清晰。「想想看，你可以創立一個應用

Both Ryan and Harrap dropped out of university in Canberra, Australia, to pursue Bitspark. At the time, Ryan was studying international relations with aspirations to work on humanitarian projects in developing countries. “The idea of having something decentralised, with the potential to be global, with

他們沒有銀行戶口，只能依賴收費昂貴

ARIANA 2018

軟件，幫那些可能沒有金融身分的人。 的匯款中介⋯⋯」

從一開始，Ryan就明白，外勞心目

中最重要的就是匯率。其次呢？監管。

IDEAS UNCHAINED

From Venezuela to Jordan, blockchain-based technologies are changing lives around the world.

解放理念

從委內瑞拉到約旦，建基於區塊鏈的技術正在 改變世界各地的生活。

DEMOCRACY.EARTH

DEMOCRACY.EARTH

A blockchain-based “liquid democracy,” Democracy.

這是一個運用區塊鏈技術改變民主形式和人類工

Earth harnesses blockchain technology to transform

作方式的「流動民主體系」，其中心系統是一個

democracy and the way people work. It revolves

使用智能合約和代幣的防腐敗投票平台。這系統

around a corruption-proof voting platform using

沒有審查，沒有不公正的選區劃分，也沒有假選

smart contracts and tokens. There’s no censorship,

民，人人都可以就最嚴峻的全球性問題發聲音。

gerrymandering, or voter fraud – everyone has a

區塊鏈創業策略家、非牟利智庫Blockchain For

voice to address pressing global issues. “That’s what

Good（BC4G）創辦人 Baird說：「這就是區塊

blockchain is all about – giving more power to the

鏈的意義——給人們更多的權力。」

people,” says Baird, a blockchain startup strategist and founder of the industry think-tank and non-profit

Learn more 詳情請看 democracy.earth

Blockchain For Good BC4G).

CRYPTO CUCUTA

CRYPTO CUCUTA

In Venezuela, the financial crisis has created

在委內瑞拉，金融危機導致了瘋狂通脹、混亂、飢

through-the-roof inflation, unrest, hunger and

餓和滿城罪案。自創立之日起，Crypto Cucuta就

widespread crime. In its wake, Crypto Cucuta is

致力於教育超過30萬的委內瑞拉難民和哥倫比亞居

aiming to educate more than 300,000 Venezuelan

民甚麼是加密貨幣。這個非牟利組織將所有募得的

refugees and Colombia residents about

捐款都通過加密貨幣分發，讓沒有銀行戶口的社群

cryptocurrency. The nonprofit is distributing all

可以有財政自由建設更好的未來。

donations in crypto, so this unbanked community has the financial freedom to build a better future.

Learn more 詳情請看 cryptocucuta.com

UN WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME

聯合國世界糧食計劃署

In the Azraq refugee camp in Jordan, the World

在約旦的阿茲拉克難民營，聯合國世界糧食計劃署

Food Programme’s “Building Blocks” project has

的「Building Blocks」項目已經利用生物識別技

recorded digital identities, using biometrics, for

術為一萬名敘利亞難民記錄他們的數碼身分。他們

10,000 Syrian refugees. Their identity is linked with

的身分與他們所得的食物援助相連，這樣他們就可

their food assistance, so they can make purchases

以通過區塊鏈帳簿在雜貨店購物。這不僅加快了流

at grocery stores on the blockchain ledger. This not

程，除去了昂貴的中間費用，還降低了資金和數據

only speeds up the process and removes the need

處理不當的風險。世界糧食計劃署計劃，到2018年

for expensive intermediaries, but also lessens the

末，這個項目要覆蓋在約旦的50萬名難民。

risk of fund or data mismanagement. By the end of 2018, the WFP plans to reach all 500,000 refugees in Jordan.

Learn more 詳情請看 rinnovation.wfp.org/project/building-blocks

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103

F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

REMITTANCE REVOLUTION

匯款革命

With Bitspark's Sendy app, you can turn cash into digital currency, then back to cash in another country. Hereʼs how. 你可以用Bitspark的Sendy應用程式將現金轉換成數碼貨幣， 之後再換成另一個國家現金。使用方法如下：

1

2

Download the Bitspark

Take cash to a local Bitspark

identify with a picture

then “top up” your account.

app and verify your

of your passport and a

3 Choose a Bitspark

partner, scan a QR code,

partner in your desired

在BITSPARK的夥伴商戶內掃

the app. Choose the

location from a list in

selfie.

描二維碼，然後將現金存入你

amount, press send.

下載BITSPARK 應用程

的帳戶。

4

5

To enable a better

When the transfer’s

converts cash to

can be collected

exchange rate, Bitspark

complete, cash

cryptocurrency, then back

at the designated 交易完成後，受款人

to the fiat currency in your

operator.

在應用程式的清單上 選擇

destination of choice.

式，以你的護照照片和自

一間位於匯款目的地你的

可在指定商戶取出

拍照片認證身份。

BITSPARK夥伴商戶，選好

BITSPARK會將現金轉換為虛 擬貨幣，之後換成匯款目的地

現金。

匯款額後匯出。

貨幣。這使得匯率更優惠。

no infrastructure or bureaucracy to hold it back – that fascinated me,” she says. “I could see the potential and wanted to use blockchain to help people.”

Since then, Bitspark has grown from that tiny stall in World-Wide House to a major player in remittances. They currently operate in eight countries, including Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Pakistan, Ghana and Nigeria and more than 100,000 cash-out locations globally.

Ryan also has personal motivations for launching Bitspark. Having grown up in a single-mother household in Hong Kong, she depended on domestic worker Susan Bayaua. “I was pretty much brought up by Susan,” recalls Ryan. “She was very much a part of the family and I saw her routine, sending money back every month.”

104

ARIANA 2018

These two experiences – her upbringing in Hong Kong and an early introduction to blockchain – made her next step clear. “Imagine being able to build an application that can help people who perhaps don't have a financial identity. They don't have banks. They rely on expensive money transfer agents....”

From the beginning, Ryan understood that the exchange rate is the main thing that overseas workers consider. The second? Oversight. In addition to saving money on transfer rates, domestic workers also have more control over where their money goes. “Sometimes they have to send money to a friend or family member who might use it unwisely,” says Ryan. “So having control over paying the bills is important.”

Bitspark is working to make it possible for women to make bill payments directly to schools, phone bills, transport, and other services. “We will connect the Sendy app to payout providers who have APIs, so that payees can make direct transfers to banks, pawnshops and convenience stores,” adds Ryan.

As a strategy for customer retention, the team is also developing a way for Sendy users to earn more money in the form of loyalty “ZEPH” coins. Just like with a credit card, every time a customer makes a transaction on the platform, they earn reward tokens. Once the user has accrued a balance, they can cash out the tokens for cash, or use them toward their next transfer.

除了能通過匯率省錢，家傭還對自己的

A better rate

上每做一次交易，就會獲得獎賞代幣。積

對Bote來說，省下來的錢可以用來

錢往哪兒去有了更大的控制權。Ryan

額外給她女兒買點甚麼，可能是做學校

胡亂花錢的朋友或者家人，所以能夠控

或者沒來由的小禮物。「假設因為高優

說：「有時他們只能把錢寄給某個可能會 制帳單支付是很重要的。」

Bitspark目前正在開發一個API（應

用程序介面），讓女傭可以直接向學校、 電話公司、交通公司或其他服務部門付

款。「我們會將Sendy與有API的支付服 務供應商相連，這樣付款人便可以直接 向銀行、當舖和便利店匯款。」

為了留住顧客，Bitspark團隊也正在

設法讓Sendy用戶可以通過ZEPH幣賺更

多錢。原理就像信用卡，一個客戶在平台 累到一定數目之後，客戶可以將代幣兌成

Kenette Tacadena Bote, 34, grew up in the Philippines in 現金，或者在下一次匯款時使用。 modest conditions. Her family could not afford to send her to university and, as a single mother, she could not 更優惠的匯率 make ends meet at home. Twelve years ago, she moved to Hong Kong to find work, while her parents took care of her 34歲的Kenette Tacadena Bote在菲 2-year-old daughter. 律賓一個基層家庭長大。她的家庭送不 “I was a single mum, and it was hard to raise my 起她上大學，而她作為一名單親母親， child and work in the Philippines,” says Bote. “You canʼt 也無法獨力養家。12年前，她到香港找 earn a high salary there, especially if you don't have your 工作，當時她的父母幫忙照顧只有兩歲 undergraduate degree from a university.” 大的女兒。 Since moving to Hong Kong, she has found employment Bote說：「我是一個單親媽媽，在 as a domestic worker. First, she looked after young children, 菲律賓很難同時照顧孩子和工作。你在 before moving to work with a family with teenagers about 那裡掙不到高工資，尤其是如果你沒有 two years ago. In her first job, Bote earned HK$3,320 a 大學本科學歷的話。」 month. Now, she makes HK$4,310 and aims to send home 來到香港之後，她成了一名家庭傭 HK$3,000 of that every month. The rest, she says, is saved 工。一開始她負責照顧小孩，數年前， for personal use or unforeseen emergencies at home. 她換到一家孩子已是少年的家庭工作。 When it comes to transferring remittances, Bote says the 第一份工，Bote每個月工資3,320元港 first thing she checks is the foreign exchange rate. “A high 幣；現在，她月薪4,310元港幣，目標 rate [of Hong Kong to Philippines pesos] can make a huge 是每個月把3,000元港幣寄回家，其餘 difference.” She read about Sendy on a flyer and decided to 則會留給自己用，或者給家裡應急。 give it a try. “The rate was like 6.83 [pesos for every Hong 至於匯款，Bote說她首先會看匯率。 Kong dollar] or something like that,” she recalls. “If I am 「（港幣兌菲律賓披索）匯率高的話，差 sending HK$1,000, when you convert it to pesos, even a few 別很大。」她在一張傳單上看到Sendy， decimal points [in the exchange rate] are going to make a big 決定一試。她回憶道：「匯率大概是6.83 difference.” （披索對1港元）左右，如果我要寄1,000 For Bote, that extra cash enables her to purchase ad hoc 港幣，換成披索的時候，即便只是（匯率 items for her daughter, be it materials for a school project, 的）幾個小數點，出來的差距也會很大。」

報告要用的素材、豐厚一點的膳食費， 惠匯率我每個月可以省下100披索，這

就意味著我可以寄更多披索回家，或者 把餘錢給我的女兒，讓她買點自己喜歡 的東西（這個應用程式）真的對我們（菲 律賓家傭）非常有幫助，因為對我們來 說，一分一毫都很重要。」

此外，Bote說她很喜歡流動匯款

的便捷，「你知道，我一週只有一天休

息。週日我們通常是在匯款店外排隊等

寄錢，有時要花上半天時間。沒人喜歡 整天都在排隊啊。」

不過，對於Bote而言，最重要的是

立即到帳，「有時我家裡會有急事，比

如我女兒可能要看醫生。過去，我家人 往往要等我到匯款店去，但那是需要時 間的，而且我會變得很擔心。那會影響 我工作。可是，現在我只需要抓住一個 空檔，上個廁所就能匯錢了。」

緬甸的黑暗一天 羅興亞人是從八世紀開始就住在緬甸的 穆斯林族群，自去年8月緬甸政府開始

對其進行殘酷的種族清洗，至今已有超 過50萬人逃離緬甸。

在邊境另一邊的孟加拉，庫圖帕朗

（Kutupalong）難民營已成為超過80

萬名羅興亞難民的臨時棲身之地。在營 地內，以水泥地板和竹竿支起的油布牆

搭成的臨時帳篷隨處可見。由於羅興亞 文化是男權主導，女性通常不能在沒有 男性陪伴下獨自外出，因此多數留在室

內。此外，難民也不准離開營地或從事 可能搶走當地居民工作的正式職業。

無論從實際上還是象徵上看，許多

難民都失去了過去的身分，而要重建

生活將需時多年。過去5年一直在緬甸 和孟加拉工作的James Song相信，他

已經找到方法，可以加快難民身分重建 的進程。

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Song說：「從一開始，我就覺得緬甸 a larger food allowance, or ʻjust becauseʼ gifts. “Letʼs 最值得投資的是教育系統，這個國家缺 say I save 100 pesos a month thanks to the good rate 乏支援教育所需的現代化基建和足夠的 exchange. That means I will be able to send more pesos 學校。」為此，Song開始尋找擴大學校 home to my family or give the extra money to my daughter, so she can buy what she likes,” she says. “[The 系統的長遠方法；但他也想加快幫助難 民。這時，區塊鏈進入了他的視野。 app] is really helpful to us [Filipino domestic workers], 「運用區塊鏈技術、預測性分析和人工 because every cent is important to us.” 智能，就可以為每個學生量身訂做最適 In addition, Bote says she appreciates the 合的教育。」Song說。 convenience of mobile transfers. “You know, we only 他將科技結合教育事業願景的努 have one day off per week,” says Bote. “We usually send 力，在平台ExsulCoin（「exsul」是拉丁 money through the remittance shop, queuing up on 文「流放」之意）上開花結果。Song希 Sundays. You spend a half day doing that sometimes. 望這個影片教育平台可將高質素的教育 No one wants to spend all day in line.” 帶給世界各地所有被邊緣化的社群。目 But the most important aspect, for Bote, is 前，他專注於羅興亞難民。他已經開發 the immediacy. “My family has little emergencies 了諸如營商訓練、早期學習教育、基礎 sometimes – my daughter might need to go to a doctorʼs appointment, for instance” she says. “In the past, I had to 英語，以及軟件開發訓練等課程。 到目前為止，公司已經創建了幾種 find time to go to the remittance shop while my family 語言版本的教育內容，包括緬甸語、克 waited. But that takes time, and I would get worried 倫語和克欽語（景頗語）。考慮到有些家 about that. It would affect my work. But now I can take a 庭無法負擔上網費用，又或者有些地方 moment and go to the bathroom to make the transfer.” 網絡訊號太弱而無法看串流影片，Song

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A DARK DAY IN MYANMAR

的團隊已經設計了另一種分發內容的方

Since August 2017, more than half a million people have fled Myanmar, after the government began its brutal ethnic cleansing of Rohingya, a Muslim community that has lived in the country since the eighth century.

Across the border in Bangladesh, Kutupalong refugee camp has become a temporary home for more than 800,000 Rohingya refugees. Scattered across the camp, makeshift tents feature concrete floors and walls of tarp held up with bamboo sticks. As the Rohingya culture is patriarchal, women typically cannot go outside without a male escort and tend to stay indoors.

In addition, refugees arenʼt allowed to leave the premises or take up formal work that could take away jobs from local citizens.

Many have lost their former identities, both literally and figuratively, and it could take years to rebuild their lives. James Song, who has been working in Myanmar and Bangladesh for the past five years, believes he has developed a way to fast-track that process.

networking）技術傳送。這種傳輸方

ARIANA 2018

法，就是利用藍芽「網狀網絡」 （mesh 式慢很多，通常一晚只能傳送四五段

Song說：「再也沒有人可以通過

賄賂老師拿全A了。在這個平台上，

完全不會有可疑行為或者腐敗的可能。 」另一方面，課程可以帶來就業。舉

個例子，如果一個學生完成了一個課 程，他可能會被邀請參與完成遠程的

Nanowork，比如設計類的工作或者 編程任務，而所得的報酬也是用XUL

幣支付的。由於加密貨幣與地點無關，

難民可以帶著它們到處去。他們也可以 選擇在孟加拉的一個交易所將這些虛擬

貨幣兌現。加密貨幣交易在孟加拉是被 明令禁止的，但Song說那仍然是一個

法律上的灰色地帶，有很多交易仍然在 進行中。

雖然嚴格來說難民工作是犯法的，

但Song表示微工作（microwork）是另

個灰色地帶，孟加拉政府目前並未干預

這種非正式的、遠程的工作。Song說：

「我設計XUL和ExsulCoin就是為了繞

過這些限制。人們參與的非正式數碼任 務並不符合大多數司法管轄區對正式受 聘的定義。」他舉例：大部份的任務都

來自多名僱主（工作來源並不單一），而 且他們並未奪走本地居民的就業機會。 對於一些人來說，遠程工作可能是

影片。

自己創業。今年早前，Song聘請了10

特殊的打分方法

程，目標是幫助她們在社交媒體上建立

不只如此。除了開課，Song的公司還

名女性，讓她們參加他的商業訓練課 一盤玉石珠寶生意，名叫Exsul。

這些女性是這個項目一半的擁有

會把學生的表現記錄在公共的以太坊區

者，她們用緬甸玉製作了高質素的手

分。XUL幣已在國際加密貨幣交易所上

傳統來說，玉石交易被用於資助緬甸

塊鏈上。他們用名叫XUL的代幣來打

市，是有實際價值的。Song說：「XUL 還被用於記錄學生的學業成績進展，且 能夠激勵他們在平台上爭取表現。」 通過記錄表現往績，學生基本上

鍊。選擇以玉石創業有著特別的力量： 軍方，這就意味著它與鎮壓羅興亞人有 關。Song說：「但現在，這是用於充權 而非鎮壓的工具。」

Song也許有一個社會理想，但他的

可以在區塊鏈上建立起自己的電子履

公司無疑是逐利的，而以以成長為價值

錄。Song說這些紀錄非常重要，因為很

質量的教育帶給世界上每一個處於弱勢

歷。他們將會擁有確立的教育和職業紀 多難民沒有身分證件或工作推薦信，這

使得他們定居下來之後幾乎不可能獲得 任何高質素的工作。

數十億美元的公司為目標：「我想將高

的人，但不止於教育，而是開闢一條新 路教育不能孤立存在，人們希望在受教 育之後能找到有意義的工作。」

Clockwise from top left: Domestic workers enjoy their day off in Hong Kong; Maxine Ryan, founder of Bitspark; Kenette Bote, a domestic worker in Hong Kong. 從左上角順時針方向：香港家傭在戶外享受假期; Bitspark創辦人Maxine Ryan; 香港外籍家傭Kenette Bote Photos by Anthony Kwan

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“From the very beginning, I thought the most important thing to invest in Myanmar is the education system,” says Song. “The country lacks a modern infrastructure and enough schools to support their education.” To that end, Song began looking at longterm ways to expand the school system. But he also wanted to impact refugees faster. Thatʼs when blockchain entered his radar. “Using blockchain technology, predictive analytics and artificial intelligence would optimise education for each student,” says Song.

His efforts to integrate the technology into his vision for broader education culminated with ExsulCoin – “exsul” meaning exile in Latin – a video education platform that Song hopes has the potential to make high-quality education available to every marginalised community around the world. For now, heʼs focused on Rohingya refugees. He has developed classes such as business training, early learning education, English fundamentals, and software development training.

To date, the company has created educational content in several languages including Burmese, Karen and Kachin. If a family canʼt afford internet, or the connection is too weak to stream videos, Songʼs team has designed another distribution method over Bluetooth called “mesh networking.” Itʼs much slower – usually transferring four or five videos overnight.

Making the grade Thereʼs another layer to it. In addition to providing classes, Songʼs company records studentsʼ performance on the public Ethereum blockchain. They issue grades in the form of a token, dubbed XUL. Listed on international cryptocurrency exchanges, XUL coins have a real value. “XUL are also used to track academic achievement, as well as incentivise performance on our platform,” says Song.

By tracking performance, students can essentially build a digital CV on the blockchain. Theyʼll have an established track record of educational achievements and professional history. Song says this is important, since many refugees donʼt have identification or job references, making it nearly impossible to secure a high-quality job if and when they resettle.

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“No one can just bribe a teacher to get straight As anymore. Thereʼs no suspicious behaviour or possibility of corruption,” says Song. Another draw: classes can lead to jobs. For example, if a student completes a course, they could be invited to complete remote Nanowork – such as design jobs or programming tasks, which are paid in XUL tokens. Since cryptocurrency is location independent, refugees can take their coins with them wherever they go. Alternatively, they can cash out the digital currency from an exchange in Bangladesh. Cryptocurrency trading is officially banned in Bangladesh, but Song says itʼs a legal grey area and many exchanges still operate.

Though itʼs technically illegal for refugees to work, Song says that microwork is another grey area. The Bangladeshi government currently does not interfere with this type of informal, remote work. “I designed XUL and ExsulCoin to work around these restrictions,” says Song. “People are engaging in non-formal digital tasks that do not meet the requirement for formal employment status in most jurisdictions.” For example, he says, most tasks come from a variety of employers – not a single source – and theyʼre not taking jobs way from citizens.

For some, remote work might mean launching a business. Earlier this year, Song hired 10 women to attend his business training courses with the goal of helping them establish Exsul – a jade jewellery business on social media.

As 50-50 owners of the business, the women craft high-quality bracelets using Myanmar jade. The choice of the stone is particularly powerful: traditionally, the jade trade has been used to fund the Myanmar military, meaning it has been tied to the oppression of the Rohingya. “But now, it is a tool for empowerment, not suppression,” says Song.

Song might have a social mission, but his company is unabashedly for-profit, with an aim to grow it into a multibillion-dollar company. “Iʼd like it to deliver high-quality education to every disadvantaged person on earth, but not just education – create a pathway for people,” says Song. “Education canʼt just live in isolation, people want to find meaningful work afterwards.” 

FOR PURPOSE OR PROFIT?

為了意義，還是為了營利？

Companies like ExsulCoin and Bitspark have faced criticism for operating for-profit businesses while serving vulnerable communities. But is profit necessarily a bad thing? We ask the people behind these businesses to share their thoughts.

像 ExsulCoin 和 Bitspark 這樣的公司，都因為透過服務弱勢

“I do not believe the structure and ethos of non-profit organizations generate

社群來獲取利潤而受到批評。然而，賺錢一定是壞事嗎？我 們邀請了這些業務背後的經營者來分享他們的想法。

「我不相信非牟利機構的架構和理念可以產生真正、可持

real, sustained and substantial impact. Think about smartphones: At one point, no one had them. Now, smartphone penetration is re-defining how people consume content. That's the power of capitalism. Everyone loves the system so long as they are able to participate fairly in it – and that's the trick: making it fair and accessible to everyone.”

續和實質的影響。想想智能手機：曾幾何時，沒人有這個

– James Song, ExsulCoin

– James Song, ExsulCoin

“By being for purpose, not for profit, we aim to deliver impact without facing

東西。現在，智能手機的佔有率正在重申定義人們接收資 訊的方式。這就是資本主義的力量。只要人們能夠平等地 參與其中，人們就會喜歡那個制度，而這就是關鍵：讓產 品對所有人都平等可享。」

「由於我們追求的是社會目的而非利潤，我們的目標是產

financial pressures from authoritarian regimes, large lobbying groups or corporations who need to see their return on investment no matter what.

Weʼre positioning ourselves as neutral knowledge brokers and aim to serve first and foremost the marginalised groups.”

生影響的同時，毋須承受來自專制政權、大型遊說團體，

– Mariana Dahan, World Identity Network

– Mariana Dahan, World Identity Network

“I don't see why there should be a divorce between having a social mission and

being for profit. Those should never be separated. If they were combined more, then more people would probably be trying to offer solutions.”

– Maxine Ryan, Bitspark

“Successful next generation businesses will be those with a clear purpose;

that can balance the needs of people and the planet with profitability. Using blockchain, we have an opportunity to rethink systems and business models.”

– Cecile Baird, Blockchain For Good

或無論如何都要看到投資回報的大公司的財政壓力。我們 對自己的定位是中立的知識中介，首要目標是服務被邊緣 化的群體。」

「我不明白為甚麼擁有社會使命和營利一定要分開。它們

本來就不應該分開的。如果它們能更多地結合，就可能會 有更多人嘗試提出解決辦法。」

– Maxine Ryan, Bitspark

「成功的新一代企業都具備清晰的目標，而且能夠在人類

和地球的需要與營利之間取得平衡。運用區塊鏈讓我們有 機會反思制度和商業的模式。」

– Cecile Baird, Blockchain For Good

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LIFE IN

2050 活在2050年

Based on real-life trends and developments, futurist Anna Simpson tells a fictional story of what life might be like for women three decades from now. 未來主義者Anna Simpson根據現實生活中的 發展趨勢，訴說了一個以30年後的女 性生活模式為主題的虛構故事。

Illustrations by Mandy Ng

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M

瑪

artha waited, practising the breathing techniques her virtual life 莎一邊等待，一邊練習虛擬 coach had taught her. After a few minutes, a smiling Relations 人生教練教導她的呼吸法。 Agent joined her, slinking towards her high table through the 數分鐘後，一名笑容可掬 hanging vines of the augmented reality lounge. 的關係顧問無聲無息地穿過擴增實境 Martha was accustomed to these artificial venues. The high temperatures, （AR）會客室懸掛著的藤蔓，來到瑪莎 poor air quality, and constant risk of storms meant people often stayed indoors. 的高腳桌前。 That was the case for most of her friends, anyway; even though they all 瑪莎早已對這類虛擬場所習以為常。 lived within the SHaM Triangle (Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Macao), she 氣溫高、空氣差、風暴威脅不斷，已使人 hardly ever saw them. They hook up their hologrammes for brunch every 們待在室內成為常態。至少瑪莎的大多數 Saturday, take virtual trips to Phuket once a year... but the times they actually 朋友就是如此：雖然大家同住「深港澳三 met in the flesh? Those days were long gone. 角」 （深圳、香港、澳門），每逢週六都會 The Relations Agent waited a moment, blinking, then spoke in a slow, 透過全像投影技術共晉早午餐，每年還 soothing tone: “Hello Martha. My name is Toni and Iʼm here to help you find 會結伴去一趟布吉虛擬之旅……但說到真 your True Family. What can I do for you today?” A bot, Martha assumed. She 正見面？這些日子已一去不返。 tried to replicate that same laid-back tone, but when she replied, her voice 關係顧問等了一會，眨了眨眼，以 tensed up, coming off a pitch too high. She felt a lump form in her throat. 緩慢而柔和的語調說：「Hello，瑪莎。 “Iʼm looking for a daughter.” 我是東尼，是來幫您尋找真正的家人 “And Iʼm sure we can find her for you, Martha. Could you start by 的。請問您有何需要呢？」這是個機械人 describing her?” 吧，瑪莎心想。她試著模仿那徐緩的語 Again, Marthaʼs voice stalled, making her think of a manual car going 調回話，結果發出的聲音卻有些緊繃， uphill in the wrong gear – a situation few these days had experienced. Describe 音調過高，就像喉嚨卡到異物一樣。 her. Her daughter Abigail, now almost 40, loomed large in her mind: her messy 「我想找個女兒。」 curly hair and ruddy cheeks, her deep, curious eyes, always questioning her 「我們一定可以幫您找到的。瑪 mother, pushing back. “What on earth are you doing?” she asked herself, taking 莎，可以請您描述一下她嗎？」 on her daughterʼs reproachful tone. Another voice piped up from her gut, 瑪莎的聲音再一次卡在喉嚨裡，這 defending her decision: “Youʼre not here anymore, Abigail. I need this.” 讓她聯想到手動排檔車上坡時換錯檔 “Sheʼs in her late 20s. Poised, smart, good sense of humour.” Her voice 的情形──這種情況現在已經很少人經 was loosening up as her dreams of a new daughter took shape. “She has 歷過的。 many interests, particularly making things – she models whole cities with 「描述一下她。」瑪莎心頭浮現她那年 her friends! And then she likes to come home and eat dinner with me. 近40的女兒艾比蓋兒的模樣：凌亂的 Sometimes we take virtual trips together. Sheʼs open-minded, easy-going...” 捲髮、紅潤的雙頰，深邃而充滿好奇的 “She sounds delightful! And what does she look like?” 眼眸，總是不斷質疑母親，跟母親唱反 Abigail, or Abi, as she called her – surged back into view: aged 12, her 調。「你到底在做甚麼啊？」瑪莎以女兒 thick plaits swinging as she pretended to be a pirate on her VR ship; aged 28, 慣用的責難語氣問自己。隨即，她心裡 her green eyes shining after swapping her screen-damaged lenses for a lab冒出另一把捍衛自己決定的聲音：「艾 grown pair; in her 30s, her hair billowing as she waved from the ferry... 比蓋兒，你已經不在這裡了，我需要一 “Short hair, brown eyes, not too tall, slim-build.” 個新女兒。」 “Let me have a look in our database... Youʼre in luck! We have a couple of 「年紀接近30歲，穩重伶俐，有幽 actresses available, so letʼs go with the best. When would you like to meet her?” 默感。」隨著理想中的新女兒逐漸在腦 “Oh, um... later this week? Is Thursday possible?” 海中成形，瑪莎的聲線放鬆下來，「她 “Thursday it is. At your house? She can come around 6.30pm, right on 興趣很廣泛，尤其喜歡動手做東西，還 time for dinner?” 會跟朋友一起製作整個城市的模型！她 “Perfect. And her name?” 也喜歡回家跟我一起吃晚飯；偶爾我們 “Thatʼs up to you!” 會一起來趟虛擬旅行；她心胸寬闊，很 “Oh. Doesnʼt she have a name?” 隨和……」

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“Sheʼs on file as Lynn.”

“Lynn it is then.”

And so it was done. Martha had a date booked with her first rent-a-daughter. She logged out of the lounge, removing her VR suit, and suddenly felt claustrophobic in her Hong Kong flat. She switched her augmented window view from cityscape to forest canopy, then sent a quick notification to her virtual life coach: task complete.

Immediately, the ʻtree of lifeʼ on her wall – a free ʻinner mirrorʼ that had come with the coaching package – bore a little pink pineapple. Nice touch, she thought.

A NEW NORMAL It had been a month since Abigail announced she was going to stay on New Hainan Island.

“Stay? You mean another year, my love?”

“No Mum, I mean stay. I just feel like my lifeʼs here now, not in Hong Kong.”

The words had hurt. ʻMy life...ʼ Martha had accepted it, of course. She had worked on letting go. She had tried to look curious, encouraging even. She felt proud of her daughter, the adventurer, spending her life developing whole ecosystems on an artificial island.

New Hainan Island had roused interest across the world, the most successful of 25 artificial new territories included in Chinaʼs 2035 Population Plan. Abigail had visited for the first time 10 years ago. She had been the youngest member of the ecosystem regeneration team, selected from thousands of specialists in the growing discipline of Living Systems Design.

“Itʼs like landscape architecture crossed with life sciences and a splash of genetics,” sheʼd explained to Martha. “The grand idea is to make conservation redundant. Instead, we create new ecosystems that can look after themselves.” Whatever it was, it had been a big career break for Abi. For Martha, it had signified her daughterʼs break-away.

“Imagine, Mum! These islands will help us cope with so many global crises! Climate refugees, population growth, urban sprawl, sea level rise, biodiversity loss, agriculture...”

China had announced the plan for the islands shortly after the terrible Sea Surge of 2034. In March

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that year, huge torrents swept through parts of Shanghai, Dongguan and Guangzhou, leaving thousands of survivors in urgent need of rehabilitation. Hong Kong had taken in as many displaced mainlanders as possible – and they kept coming.

Now it was 2050, and the old island was crammed with more than 30 million inhabitants. The picturesque peaks known as the Twins offered some of the islandʼs most sought-after housing: multi-million-dollar ʻhobbit holesʼ buried in the mountainside, looking out at sprawling 250-storey blocks below. But the endless developments had their own problems.

In 2047, the 50th anniversary of HKʼs return to China, hundreds had died from Nipah virus, a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans, its outbreak triggered by the loss of natural habitats to construction.

Abi had been outraged by this.

「聽起來很棒，那她長甚麼樣子

呢？」

艾比蓋兒，瑪莎的艾比，再一次在

瑪莎的腦海中湧現：12歲時，艾比在

虛擬（VR）船上扮海盜，粗辮子甩啊甩 的；28歲時，她以實驗室裡培育的人

工水晶體替代自己受損的眼球水晶體， 碧綠色的眼珠閃動著光芒；到了30多

歲，她在輪船上揮動雙手，頭髮隨風飄

「那就訂在週四，在您家碰面好

嗎？她大約晚上6時半到，正好一起用 晚餐？」

「太好了，她叫甚麼名字？」 「這由您決定！」

新常態 艾比蓋兒一個月前宣告自己要住在新 海南島。

「住？親愛的，你是說在那邊再待

「喔，她沒有名字嗎？」

一年嗎？」

「那就叫她琳恩吧。」

得我的人生屬於這裡，不在香港。」

「檔案中寫的是琳恩。」 就這樣，瑪莎約好了跟第一個出租

「不，媽，我的意思是長住。我覺 傷人的字眼──「我的人生……」當

舞……

女兒見面的時間。她登出虛擬會客室，

然，瑪莎如今已接受女兒這番話。她一

瘦瘦的。」

瞬間，一股幽閉恐懼感頓時襲上心頭。

好奇，甚至滿懷鼓勵。瑪莎深深為艾比

「留短髮，棕色眼睛，不會太高， 「讓我在資料庫搜尋一下……您真幸

運！我們有幾名女演員符合條件，不如 就先選擇最合適的那一位吧。您希望何 時與她碰面呢？」

「喔，嗯……這週晚一點？週四可

以嗎？」

脫下VR電子衣，在回到香港公寓現實的 她把AR窗景從城市切換成深山密林，接 著給虛擬人生教練發了一封簡訊：任務 完成。此時，牆上的「生命之樹」立刻冒 出一顆粉紅菠蘿；那是人生訓練套裝組 合贈送的「內心之鏡」，瑪莎心想，還真 有巧思。

直在學習放手，努力讓自己看起來充滿 而感到自豪：這個冒險家女兒，正付出 畢生心力為這座人工島打造完整的生 態系統。

今天，新海南島已經舉世矚目。在中

國2035年人口計劃中的25個人工新區裡， 新海南島是最成功的一個。艾比第一次到

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“It was so obviously going to happen: an exact repeat of the Nipah crisis in Kerala, almost 30 years ago in 2018! There, it was the fruit bats that lost their natural habits to rapid urbanisation, ending up in close contact with humans. But back then there wasnʼt the same awareness about how zoonotic diseases are transmitted from animals and even plants. We have no excuse today.

What made us think we could rake up the snakes without some sort of comeuppance?”

It was this sort of crisis that Abigail believed could be avoided through ecosystem design: this was her chosen

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mission. For the first few years on New Hainan Island, sheʼd been designing a habitat to withstand storm and disease. Martha would tune into HighSight (Abiʼs team satellite monitor) and find her tending mangroves to keep the soil from slipping away into the rising waters.

Later, her focus had shifted to restoring endangered and extinct species, using the island as an incubator.

Today, New Hainan Island was a global poster-child for ecosystem regeneration. Abigail had increasingly taken more pride in her work. Her decision to stay and bask in it wasnʼt all that surprising.

訪此地，並從數千名生活系統設計專家中 脫穎而出，成為新海南島生態系統重建團 隊中最年輕的成員，已是10年前的事。

「就像是景觀建築結合生命科學，

再加上一點點遺傳學。」艾比向瑪莎解 釋：「最終目標就是透過創造一個全新

「想像一下，媽！這些島嶼能幫我

們解決非常多的全球危機，就好像氣 候難民、人口增長、城市過度擴張、

海平面上升、生物多樣性消失、農業 問題……」

2034年，一場由水位暴漲引發的嚴

的、具有自我看顧能力的生態系統，讓

重水災，使得中國政府宣布計劃興建人工

統重建究竟是甚麼，對艾比來說，這肯

廣州的部份地區，成千上萬的災民因此

這裡不再需要生態保育。」不管生態系

定是一個重大的事業機會。而對瑪莎而 言，則象徵著女兒的遠離。

島。當年3月，巨浪淹沒了上海、東莞和

喪失家園，需要重新安置。香港已盡其所 能收容災民，但災民還是無止境地湧入。

到了2050年的今天，香港舊島已擠

滿了超過3,000萬居民。而風景如畫的孖 崗山，則提供了香港島最熱門的房地產

商品：每間要價數百萬元、嵌造於山腰的

「哈比洞」，可以居高臨下俯視山下雜亂

無章的250層大樓群。持續不斷的開發也 衍生了一些問題：2047年，正值香港回 歸中國50年，香港有數百人死於尼帕病

毒。尼帕病毒是一種人畜共通的疾病，由 動物傳染給人類，而爆發的原因，正是香 港近年大興土木，導致自然棲息地銳減。

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A PAST LIFE While her daughter had no problem moving to an island that was only 15 years old, Martha was from a different generation. She craved home, heritage, history. She was born in the former United Kingdom, when it was still part of Europe, to parents who indulged their easy access to splendours like the Alhambra of Granada and Avignonʼs Palais des Papes. As a child sheʼd revelled in the mysteries of such places, soaking up stories from insightful tour guides. Sheʼd studied Classics then gone into law, spending her early career in the jetsettersʼ heyday, when people constantly asked each other, ʻWhere are you from?ʼ before anything else.

Like many of her dream-catching generation, sheʼd left a trail of crumbling relationships in her wake. Her pregnancy with Abi had been a combination of her own determination, will-power, and a sperm donor. Sheʼd eventually settled in Hong Kong because a forwardthinking law firm – striving to be one of the top 10 employers of working mothers globally – had offered her a flat, a nanny and a four-day week.

There, she had found herself among a cohort of impressive women, and together they had fostered dreams of a matriarchal society, inspired by the Mosuo tribe of Lugu Lake on the Yunnan-Sichuan border. They talked about living in shared compounds and supporting each other by co-parenting on non-working days. But Chinaʼs sudden clamp-down on non-traditional families, combined with the populist backlash against LGBTQ+ rights, had stamped out their enthusiasm. Virtual reality rose to become the main refuge for diversity. Most alternative cultures now seemed more ʻaliveʼ there than in the flesh; the Virtual Pride demonstration drew billions, their encrypted anonymised hologrammes sweeping through some of the worldʼs megacities.

Abigail had grown up seamlessly crossing from virtual plains to reality. It had seemed a small miracle to Martha when her daughter started showing an interest in such things as earthworms and beetles as a child. For children of Abiʼs generation, living creatures were a novelty. Abi had hologramme teachers at pre-school; sheʼd made her closest friends through virtual circles. As she reached womanhood, Martha assumed she had even started

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taking virtual lovers. Not that it was something they ever discussed: Abi always winced when her mother asked about her intimate life. Martha had learned to fill in the gaps with the help of know-it-all infobots. “How do young women find pleasure?” sheʼd asked. The bot guessed the rest: “The most popular option for women of your daughterʼs age is Second Skin: a sensor-enabled suit, light as air, that tunes in to your sexual needs and responds with all the sensations of physical proximity.”

Martha had hastily looked it up and watched some demos. She couldnʼt help but find it impressive. There was even an option to tune your suit to someone elseʼs: the sensations created apparently so convincing, even down to the pressure of physical weight, that the experience was “exactly as if you were together.”

The word ʻexactlyʼ made Marthaʼs eyebrows twitch with cynicism. Relationships werenʼt what they used to be.

Still, she wasnʼt sure how Abigail would take the news about Lynn, her rent-a-daughter. Theyʼll hardly be calling each other sister, she thought. What had she been thinking? She felt the lump coming back in her throat again. Should she call it all off?

No. She would meet Lynn first, then see if a relationship was feasible. It couldnʼt be worse than what she had now: online encounters and virtual trips. She needed some real, live company.

REAL REVELATIONS Thursday came. Dinner was in her smart kitchenʼs capable hands, timed for 7.30pm. Sheʼd turned the wallpaper to ʻgentle rosy glowʼ, a top-scoring tone for ʻwelcomingʼ. Sheʼd ordered a beautiful orchid for the table from the urban farm on floor 99. Deep down, she knew all this effort wasnʼt for Lynn. She wanted her house to be a home again.

At 6.30pm on the dot, she opened the door to find the young womanʼs back to her, gazing out over the harbour from their 160th floor hallway. A high whitecollar shirt, long cuffs and tall boots shielded her skin from the UV rays.

“Lynn?”

For a moment, silence hung in the air. Then the strange figure turned, walking right past Martha as if sheʼd been

這種情況讓艾比十分憤怒。

意志力，以及捐精人的貢獻。後來瑪莎

當年印度喀拉拉邦尼帕病毒危機的翻

所提供她絕佳的待遇：一間公寓、一個

「這很明顯是可以預期的，完全是

版，那已經是30年前的事了！說的是

2018年！當年正是因為快速都市化，導

定居香港，是因為一家前瞻的法律事務 保姆，每週上班4天。該事務所竭力成為

看到「真的」二字，瑪莎不禁挑眉，

頗不以為然。親密關係真的跟以前大不 相同了……

雖然如此，瑪莎還是無法肯定艾比聽

在職母親的全球10大最佳僱主。

到出租女兒琳恩的事時會有甚麼反應。

人類比鄰而居，才會引發疫情。可是當

常優秀的女性。她們受到中國雲南和

她到底在想甚麼呢？此時她喉嚨裡好像

病的認識不深，並不清楚疾病會如何透

著一個建立母系社區的夢想，希望大家

致果蝠的棲息地大幅減少，結果果蝠與

時跟現在不一樣，人們對於人畜共通疾 過動物，甚至植物傳染給人類。今天我

們根本沒有藉口，到底為甚麼大家認為 剿滅蛇窩不會有任何報應呢？」

艾比深信這類危機可以透過生態系

統設計避免，這也是她選擇的志業。剛

搬去新海南島的數年，她忙於設計能夠 抵禦暴風雨和疾病的棲息地。那時候， 瑪莎會切換到「HighSight」畫面，即艾

比所屬團隊的衛星監測器，看女兒保育

紅樹林，防止泥土滑進不斷上漲的海水 裡。後來，艾比的重心轉移到瀕臨絕種 以及絕種生物的復育工作上，並以島嶼

在這間事務所中，瑪莎遇到一群非

四川邊界瀘沽湖畔的摩梭族啟發，懷

又卡住了。該不該取消約會呢？

不，她會先跟琳恩見面，看看能否建

可以住在共享社區，互相支援，共同撫

立關係，這總比現在只是網上碰面和虛

然而，中國對非傳統家庭突如其來的打

的人在身邊陪伴。

養，在各自的休假日照顧社區的孩子。

壓，加上民粹主義者對於多元性別族群

擬旅行要好。她需要一個真實、活生生

權益的強烈反對，徹底澆熄了她們的熱

吐真情

難所。如今，比起現實世界，多數的另

轉眼已到星期四。晚餐的烹調交由智慧

Virtual Pride線上遊行吸引了數十億人

餐。瑪莎將壁紙切換到「柔和微亮玫瑰

情，虛擬世界自此成為了多元族群的避

類文化在虛擬世界中更為「生氣勃勃」； 觀看，其研發的加密匿名全像投影技術 亦風靡全球許多大都市。

艾比在成長過程中，早已習慣無縫地

作為孵化基地。如今，新海南島已成為

穿梭於虛擬與現實世界。她小時候對於蚯

越引以為傲，所以她決定要定居和獻身

言可說是個小小的奇蹟。對於艾比那一代

全球生態系統重建的典範，艾比也越來

她想，那兩人不太可能以姊妹相稱吧？

蚓或甲蟲等生物特別感興趣，這對瑪莎而

廚房來打理，並已設定好晚上7時半用

色」，是「歡迎賓客」分類中評價最高的色 調。她也從99樓的城市農場訂了美麗的 蘭花，用來擺設餐桌。在內心深處，她 知道張羅這一切並不是為了琳恩，而是 想讓自己的房子再一次有家的感覺。

6時半，瑪莎準時打開家門。一名年

的孩子來說，活著的生物可是非常新奇

輕女性背對瑪莎，正從兩人所在的160層

舊世代

投影老師。艾比最要好的知己，也是透

領白襯衫，長袖口，搭配一雙長靴，以

女兒很輕易便能遷居到一個只有15年歷

瑪莎覺得她應該也有些虛擬戀人。不過

於新海南島，也並不令人意外。

史的島嶼，相比之下，瑪莎則是來自一

個迥異的世代：她嚮往家庭生活，熱愛 古跡與歷史。瑪莎生於當時仍是歐洲一 部份的英國，父母親常帶她到西班牙格

拉拿達的阿爾罕布拉宮、南法亞維農的 教皇宮等世界名勝遊覽。在孩童時期， 她便陶醉於這些歷史遺跡的神秘世界

中，沉浸於學識豐富的導遊所述說的故

事裡。瑪莎一開始學習古典文學，後來 專攻法律，早年的職業生涯都在跟富商

名流打交道。那時候，人們碰面時總會 第一時間問對方：「你是哪裡人？」

瑪莎跟屬於這個追夢世代的其他人

一樣，也曾經在愛情路上跌跌撞撞。她

能懷上艾比，全因她擁有過人的決心與

的。在幼稚園時期，跟艾比互動的是全像 過虛擬社交圈結交的。艾比長大成年後， 她們母女並不會談這類話題，每當瑪莎問

大樓走廊凝視遠方的海港。她身穿高衣 保護肌膚不受紫外線傷害。 「是琳恩嗎？」

沉默的空氣凝結了片刻，接著陌生

起艾比的私密生活，艾比總是顧左右而言

女子轉身，越過瑪莎直接進內，就像她

案，「年輕女生會怎麼找樂子？」機械人猜

坐，輕拍一下，然後在瑪莎還沒想到要

他。瑪莎學會轉向全知諮詢機械人尋求答 出言外之意，回答：「與您女兒同齡的女

性，最熱門的選擇是『第二膚』。這是一種

電子傳感衣，輕如空氣，可以調整至符合 您的性需求，並會將所有肉體接觸能夠產 生的快感傳到使用者身上。」

瑪莎立刻上網查詢相關資料，看了

幾段示範影片，不由得為之驚嘆。這套 電子衣甚至能夠連接他人的電子衣：這

功能產生的感覺極為真實，甚至連肉體

重量的壓迫感都能逼真體現，「就像兩人 真的交融在一起」。

已經來過無數次一樣。女子往沙發上一 招待她甚麼時，便已主動召喚自動飲料 車到身旁。

「喔，回家真好！今天真忙，你今

天過得怎麼樣？」女子的聲音像笛音般

溫潤悅耳。接著，她再度轉頭，直望瑪 莎，眼神充滿暖意。只是，瑪莎實在無 法裝作兩人已經認識的樣子。她迴避了 這個問題。

「琳恩，不如你跟我聊聊關於你的

事好嗎？你今天為甚麼會來這裡？你一 直以來都想當演員嗎？」

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to visit a thousand times. She sank into the sofa, tapping it and beckoning the self-driving drinks trolley over, before Martha could even think to offer her anything: “Ah, so good to be home! That was quite a day. How was yours?” Her voice was melodious, flute-like. She turned to look directly at Martha again. Her eyes exuded warmth. But Martha couldnʼt act as if they knew each other. She dodged the question: “Lynn, how about you tell me something about you?

Whatʼs brought you here today? Did you always want to be an actress?”

At that, the young womanʼs eyes grew even wider and she gulped, seemingly taken aback. Her easy confidence seemed to vanish, and, when she replied, she sounded almost shy: “You know, most people just want me to act like their absent relatives... Itʼs rare I get to be myself.”

Martha hesitated: the sudden shift both softened her feelings and heightened her skepticism. Could she ever bond with a rental daughter? She started to think she would look back on the whole evening as a form of entertainment, nothing more. She would even tell Abi and they would laugh about it together.

聽到這個問題，女子睜大雙眼，嚥

下口水，似乎大出意料之外，剛進門的 怡然自信瞬間消失，開口時甚至有些羞 怯：「你知道嗎，多數人只是希望我裝

作他們不在身邊的親人……我很少做自 己。」

瑪莎有些猶豫，這突然的轉變讓她

心情比較放鬆，同時也令她更懷疑，自

己是否真的能跟出租女兒建立感情？她 開始想，日後回望之時，她想必會當這

一切不過是個週四晚上固定進行的餘興 活動，如此而已。她甚至會跟艾比提起 這件事，然後兩個人一同大笑。

「琳恩，繼續說。」瑪莎鼓勵她：

「做自己！」

「老實說，我喜歡演戲，但是演員

賺不了甚麼錢」琳恩此時聽起來比較有自

信了，「我想要追隨母親的腳步，當一個 企業家，經營家族事業。你可能也聽過

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“Go on, Lynn,” she prompted. “Be yourself!”

“To be honest, I liked the idea of acting but there was no money in it,” Lynn said, this time sounding surer of herself. “I wanted to follow my motherʼs footsteps, be an entrepreneur. Run the family business. Youʼve probably heard of it – at least, judging by your outfit.”

“My outfit?”

“Yes. That top fits you so beautifully, itʼs no doubt enhanced with sensors that mirror your curves precisely.

Either that, or it has been selected for you by an expert algorithm.”

“Youʼre right!” Martha exclaimed. “So, youʼre from the family behind Fibrous? This one is ʻsensor-fitʼ. It was a birthday present from my daughter. She chose your labgrown silk weave for it, the one you developed to avoid harming spiders and silkworms...”

Martha checked herself, feeling conscious that sheʼd brought her ʻother daughterʼ into the room, then decided to let go of her worries. There was no use pretending she didnʼt have a daughter. Plus, it felt good to talk about Abi. And Lynn didnʼt seem fazed, smiling as she carried on with her story:

我們的品牌，從你的打扮可以看出來。」

二手衣服能再造升級。當時是20年代早

「對，上衣剪裁非常適合你，肯定

球的H&M和Zara，甚至憑著率先引進

「我的打扮？」

是以感應器精確勾勒你的身體曲線，要 不然就是透過專業演算法挑選衣服。」 「你說的沒錯！」瑪莎驚呼，「所以

你來自擁有Fibrous技術研發公司的家族

期，我還沒出生，公司已把布料賣給全 機械人生產，以及重新訓練員工的裝飾

藝術美感，讓品牌具有『工匠水準』，贏 得全球最具永續性的團隊獎。」

「所以我媽可以說是循環經濟的先

囉？這件衣服具有『感應合身』功能，是

鋒，可惜的是，她沒料到即將來臨的轉

室研發的絲質產品，這種技術可以避免

遽下降，因為大家開始互相展示衣物的

我女兒送的生日禮物。她選了你們實驗 傷害蜘蛛與蠶……」

瑪莎停頓了一下，意識到自己提到了

「另一個女兒」，但又立刻掃除疑慮。假 裝自己沒有女兒，其實完全無濟於事，

何況能聊聊艾比的事，感覺還不錯呢。

而且，這似乎對琳恩毫無影響。她臉上 掛著笑容，繼續講自己的故事：

「這些纖維基本上是我母親公司的

主力產品。她在深圳開設纖維工廠，讓

變。」琳恩繼續說：「新衣服的需求急

碳足跡，以換取社交平台的獎勵。購物

自此不再流行了，大家希望衣服買的越

少越好，只會投資在能穿一輩子的衣服

上，所以公司的經營模式需要改變，這

時我剛好派上用場。當時我才16歲，但 是已經開始尋找不受這種大規模行為模

式改變影響的經營方式，並向公司董事 會推銷了一些提案。他們同意讓我推出

租借衣服的品牌，結果大受歡迎！我們

“Those fibres were basically a lifeline for my motherʼs business. She set up a fabric factory in Shenzhen, upcycling used fabrics. This was in the early 20s, before I was born.

They sold textiles to all the H&Ms and Zaras of the world – they even won an award for the most sustainable workforce, when they managed to simultaneously pioneer robotics and reskill their workers in decorative arts to give the ʻartisanal edgeʼ brands wanted.”

“So my mum was a pioneer of the Circular Economy.

What she didnʼt see coming,” Lynn went on, “was the dramatic fall in demand for new clothing. As soon as people started sharing their wardrobeʼs carbon footprints in exchange for social rewards, shopping went out of fashion. People wanted to buy as little as possible and would only invest in clothes that last a lifetime. The whole business model had to change. This is where I came in. I was only 16, but I started looking for a new way of working that could survive this massive behavioural shift and pitched a few plans to the company board. They agreed to let me start my own clothes-onloan brand – and it was a hit! We matched outfits to our clientsʼ shape and style precisely with the help of

algorithms. Just like your top, we made these clothes with microbiotic sensor-fit fabrics, that both fit like a living glove and maintain themselves with self-cleaning bacteria and self-healing fibres.”

“Thatʼs quite a reinvention,” Martha replied, impressed. “But I donʼt get how this brings you here. I mean, youʼre successful. What are you doing working for an agency like True Family?”

“Working? Iʼm entertaining myself. With smart algorithms and self-healing fibres, the business hardly needs me. You, on the other hand...”

Martha gazed out of the window. The word ʻneedʼ was hanging in the air. Sheʼd never set out to be needy.

Perhaps the time had come for her to make some concrete life changes herself. Doesnʼt life begin at 70, after all?

Could she finally be the tour guide sheʼd played as a child?

Maybe she could do virtual tours of disappearing sites?

Again, her mind wandered to the conversation sheʼd have later, with Abi. Perhaps she wouldnʼt start by mentioning Lynn. Perhaps sheʼd begin: “Abi, youʼll never believe it, but Iʼve had an epiphany! Iʼve figured out what I want to do with my life! My next chapter, that is...” 

用演算法精準配對客戶的身型與穿搭風格，就像是你這件上衣

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

一樣，這些衣服以微生物感應纖維製成，不但完美合身，而且 不需要費心保養，因為衣服上具有自我清潔功能的細菌以及自 我修復的纖維。」

「好厲害的再發明！」瑪莎十分驚豔：「但是我不知道為甚

麼你會來這裡，我的意思是說，你的事業很成功，為甚麼還要 替『忠實家庭』這類中介公司工作？」

「工作？我是在娛樂自己，有了智慧演算法和自我修復纖

維，公司已很少需要我，但你就不一樣了……」

瑪莎遠眺窗外，「需要」二字在空氣中飄盪。她從不是個很

黏人的母親，但也許她是時候為自己的人生做出具體的改變

了。畢竟人家不是說，人生70才開始嘛！她會不會終於能成為 小時候曾經扮演許多次的導遊？也許她可以帶著虛擬旅行團到 已經消失的歷史古蹟一遊？

Anna Simpson is the director of foresight and innovation company Flux Compass and curator of the Futures Centre, a global community tracking signals of change to accelerate sustainability.

She is the author of two books, most recently The InnovationFriendly Organization (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).

關於作者 安娜辛普森是前瞻創新公司Flux Compass的總監，同時也是 未來中心（Futures Centre）的管理者。該中心是一個全球社 群，旨在追蹤全球變遷訊息，以加速永續發展。安娜辛普森已 撰寫過兩部著作，包括 最近出版的 The Innovation-Friendly

Organization（Palgrave Macmillan, 2017）。

此時，瑪莎又想到之後會跟艾比對話的內容，也許她不會

馬上提起琳恩的事，也許她會說：「艾比，你絕對不會相信，

但是我剛剛頓悟了！我知道以後要做些甚麼了！我的人生新篇 章，就是……」

Learn more 詳情請看 fluxcompass.org | thefuturescentre.org

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F E AT U R E 專 題 故 事

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ARIANA 2018

This is a fictional story set in 2050. The world it

這是一個以2050年為背景的虛構故事，當中所

describes is not a forecast but a possibility, based on

描述的世界並非純屬作者的預測；按目前已擺

signals of change already emerging today.

在眼前的變遷跡象看來，這一切確實有可能在 末來成真。

China is building artificial islands in the South China Sea by dredging up sand and placing it on

中國正在南海建造人工島，將挖出來的海沙

existing foundations, such as rocks or reefs.

堆積在岩石或珊瑚礁等基底上。

In May 2018, the average sea level on China’s

2018年5月，中國沿海的平均海平面高度達

coast, home to 24 million people, was at the

到1980年代以來的新高點，而沿海地區人口

highest level since the 1980s.

高達2,400萬。

Shanghai and Hong Kong are among the 10

根據美國研究機構「氣候中心」（Climate

global megacities most at risk from sea level rise,

Central）估計，全球十大巨型都市中，上

according to Climate Central.

海與香港是受海平面上升影響風險最高的

Japan is seeing a rise in rental agencies for family

地區。

members. One agency, Family Romance, started in

日本已有越來越多的「出租家人」仲介

2009 and now employs 1,200 actors.

公司，其中有一間「浪漫家族（Family

In Kerala, India, many people died in 2018 from zoonotic disease outbreaks caused by habitat loss and rapid urbanisation.

Advances in DNA preservation make habitats for previously extinct species a strong possibility.

Hologramme entertainment is on the rise. Swedish band ABBA plans to perform its 2019 tour as digital hologrammes.

Sensor-enabled body suits such as the Teslasuit and Xsens already enable you to feel motion and sensations.

The market for smart home furnishings is growing.

Romance）」成立於2009年，目前旗下已 有1,200名演員。

2018年，印度的喀拉拉邦爆發人畜共通傳染 病，導致多人染病死亡，原因是快速都市化 導致生物棲息地減少。

DNA 保存技術的進展可望讓已絕種生物 重生。

遙距娛樂產業日益興起。瑞典樂隊ABBA 將於2019年巡演舞台上，以全像投影技術 表演。

市面上的Teslasuit或是Xsens等傳感電子衣 已可模擬出動作與感知體驗。

Design concepts include nanotechnology-enabled

智慧家具擺設的市場持續成長，設計概念

Wallsmart paint.

包括運用納米科技的智慧油漆（Wallsmart

Fashion brand Style Theory lets you rent unlimited

paint）。

designer pieces, and uses algorithms to ensure a

時尚品牌Style Theory則是讓消費者無上

good fit.

限租借設計師服裝，並採用演算法確保完

Increasingly, companies are developing adaptive

美合身。

materials that change shape in response to stimuli,

自適應材料目前正處於研發階段。這類材料

such as temperature and light.

能依據溫度、光線等外在刺激改變形狀。

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LOCAL VOICES 本地之聲

UP TO CODE 科技界性別新編程 Globally, there are far more men than women in tech. But the traditionally male-dominated industry will miss out on a world of talent if it doesnʼt encourage women to participate.

We checked in with experts in Hong Kong and Macao to learn what's happening locally. 全球科技界的男性遠比女性多，但如果這個傳統上由男性主導的行業不鼓勵更多女性加入， 它將會錯失大量的人才。我們訪問了香港和澳門的相關專業人士，以了解本地業界的情況。

By Andrea Lo and Cathy Lai | Infographics by Fernando Chan

-Hong KongThe National Center for Women & Information (NCWI) in the US predicts that 3.5 million computing-related jobs will be available worldwide by 2026. But if more young women donʼt pursue science, technology, engineering and mathematics degrees – the so-called STEM subjects – they might be left out of the conversation.

The fact that the tech industry has long been a boysʼ club is not breaking news. From Silicon Valley to Shenzhen, gender imbalance has been a distinctive trait in the industry, with significantly lower numbers of female employees compared to male.

In the US, just 26 per cent of the computing workforce are women, as of April 2018, according to the NCWI, and a recent report from law firm Fenwick & West LLP revealed that women hold just 11 per cent of executive positions at Silicon Valley companies.

Hong Kong is no exception to this phenomenon. The government does not outline statistics on women working in tech or STEM, but anecdotal evidence suggests the circumstances reflects worldwide trends. We ask thought leaders and industry veterans to share their insights on the topic.

“Girls grow up being bombarded with gender stereotypes. This often involves

美國國家女性與資訊中心（NCWI）預計，到2026年，全球將會

有350萬個與電腦相關的職位。不過，如果沒有更多年輕女性攻 讀科學、技術、工程和數學（STEM）領域的學位，她們將無法 從中分一杯羹。

科技業長期是男子俱樂部，已不是甚麼新聞。從矽谷到深

圳性別比例失衡都是的一個顯眼特點。在這個行業中，女性員 工人數遠遠少於男性員工。

據NCWI統計，截至2018年4月，美國的電腦產業勞動力

中，只有26％是女性。而泛偉律師事務所（Fenwick & West

LLP）最近發表的一份報告指出，在矽谷的企業中，只有11% 的行政管理層職位是由女性擔任。

香港也不例外。雖然政府並未單獨統計在科技或STEM行

業就職的女性數目，但不少業界人士指出，香港的狀況與全球

的趨勢並無二致。我們邀請了思想領袖和資深業界人士分享他 們對這個狀況的看法。

「在成長過程中，女生會不斷受到性別定型的轟炸。這常常

encouraging behaviours that are not necessarily prized in a male-dominated competitive workplace culture, such as humility, deference, kindness, and politeness.”

包括鼓勵女生遵循一定的言行舉止，如謙卑、恭順、善良和

“Itʼs what I call ʻpinkification. Although attitudes are changing, historically girls

「我把這叫『粉色化』。雖然人們的態度在改變，但一直以來，

were simply not encouraged – and often discouraged – to pursue STEM subjects.

So many girls and women assume that a career in STEM-related industries is either not possible or limited.”

– Farzana Aslam, Director of Kintillo, an executive coaching and training organisation

122

-香港-

ARIANA 2018

禮貌，但這些作風在男性主導的職場競爭文化中不一定會獲 得賞識。」

女生就不被鼓勵攻讀STEM學科，甚至是常常被勸阻。而且很 多女性都假定，自己不可能在STEM相關行業中發展事業，或 者會受到限制。」

– Farzana Aslam

職場行政培訓機構Kintillo總監

“While women comprise more than half of the student

population across the cityʼs universities, they make up only 29.5 per cent of engineering and technology students.

Results [from The Womenʼs Foundationʼs 2018 Gender Differences in Hong Kongʼs STEM Education report] suggest that not only are girls less likely to take STEMrelated electives in the DSE curriculum, but they are also less likely to consider STEM majors in higher education and work in the STEM fields so women risk losing out on tomorrowʼs best job opportunities.”

– Fiona Nott, CEO of The Womenʼs Foundation

「雖然本地大學超過一半學生是女生，但在工程和技術學科

中，只有29.5%的學生是女生。（據婦女基金會出版的2018香港

STEM教育性別差異報告）結果顯示，在STEM人才輸送管道的 較後階段，女生比男生更有可能流失。女性也因此承受著失去 未來最佳工作機會的風險。」

– Fiona Nott

婦女基金會行政總裁

ROLL CALL 企業盤點 We asked a few of Hong Kong’s largest STEM corporations what percentage of their board members are women. Here’s the breakdown. 我們向香港幾間最大型的STEM集團了解其董事會的女性比 例。數字如下：

25% 18% 15% 12.5%

0%

MTR Corporation Limited 香港鐵路有限公司

Swire Pacific Limited 太古股份有限公司 CLP Holdings Limited 中電控股有限公司 PCCW Limited 電訊盈科有限公司

Tencent Holdings Limited 騰訊控股有限公司

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LOCAL VOICES 本地之聲

“For the past 10 years, there has been a steady increase in the number of females working

in biomedical research. However, only a few female scientists become professors in STEM-related careers – probably because of commitments to raising families.”

“In my observations, gender bias prevails mainly in engineering fields that have poor

environments for fieldwork. Also, fields that involve complicated computing models tend to be more male-dominated. In the universityʼs computer services department, for example, we do not have any female staff.”

Professor Kenneth Ka Ho Lee, Chief of Developmental and Regenerative Biology Thematic Research Programme, Chinese University of Hong Kong

「過去10年，從事生物醫學研究的女性不斷增

加。不過，只有少數女性科學家成為 STEM相 關事業的教授，也許是因為她們要承擔照顧家 庭的責任。」

「據我觀察，性別偏見看來主要在工程領域存

在，這些領域的實地工作環境較差。此外，涉及 複雜運算模型的領域也更多由男性主導，例如在 大學的電腦部門，我們就沒有任何女同事。」

– 香港中文大學發育及再生生物學主題研究組主管

BACK TO SCHOOL 回到校園 50

Experts say that the dearth of women in tech and science is partly a pipeline problem, so we took a look at the percentage of women studying STEM at Hong Kong universities. 有專家指，科技業缺乏女性員工，部份原因在於輸送管道的人才 「滲漏」，所以我們列舉了香港各大學攻讀STEM的女性比例。

Faculty of Science and Engineering 科學與工程系

Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港中文大學

Faculty of Science 科學系

University of Hong Kong 香港大學

10

科學、建築、環境及工程系

20

Hong Kong Polytechnic University 香港理工大學

30

Faculty of Science, Construction, Environment, and Engineering

40

0

124

2009

2017

2009

2017

2013

2017

31%

22%

40%

43.8%

32%

31%

ARIANA 2018

「要吸引女性投身這個行業，並在她們變得資深和踏入人

“It is a challenge... to attract women into the field and retain them as they

become more senior and go through different stages in life, [such as starting a family]. A lot of these issues raise a point about womenʼs traditional roles. Even small things – like having a room at work to pump breast milk – are something so new to everyone. But this is crazy, because humans have been breastfeeding for thousands of years. The perspective [that coding is for boys] has no logical foundation. Coding is problem-solving, basically – something thatʼs certainly never been a male-only prerogative.”

生不同階段時（如成家）留住她們，是一大挑戰。這些問題許

多都指向女性的傳統角色定位。即便只是一些小事，比如在 辦公室有專門的房間讓她們泵奶，對於大家來說都還是新

鮮事。這簡直令人難以置信，人類母乳餵哺已有數千年歷史 了。這種（科技就是男孩玩意的）看法完全沒有邏輯。編程基 本上就是解難，而這絕非男性的特權。」

– 辛婥琳 教小孩編程的創業公司First Code Academy創辦人

– Michelle Sun, Founder of First Code Academy, a coding start-up for children “I specialise in the cyber security industry, so my experience is limited to this

field. Iʼve observed that women in cyber security are virtually non-existent in Hong Kong – in the past five years, Iʼve met less than seven women.”

「我是從事網絡安全行業的，因此我的經驗也囿於這個領

域。我的觀察是，在香港的網絡安全行業中幾乎沒有女性。 過去5年，我見過不到7位。」

– James Kung inSecurity Limited 創辦人

Education University 香港教育大學

Faculties of Science and Technology 科技系

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 香港科技大學 Faculty of Science 科學系

Faculty of Science 科學系

Hong Kong Baptist University 香港浸會大學

James Kung, Founder, inSecurity Limited

2009

2016

2013

2017

2013

2017

38%

48%

34%

44%

23%

40% ARIANA 2018

125

LOCAL VOICES 本地之聲

BY THE NUMBERS

看數說話

2 MILLION

computing-related jobs available worldwide by 2020 2020年全球電腦相關工作數目

26%

of the computing workforce in the US are women 在美國從事電腦行業的女性比例

11%

of executive positions at Silicon Valley companies are held by women 矽谷公司的女性高層比例

17%

of Fortune 500 Chief Information Officer positions held by women in 2017 2017年《財富》500强企業女性首席信息官比例

51.8%

of female students in Hong Kong choose STEMrelated secondary school electives 選修STEM科目的香港女中學生比例

13.9%

of women in Hong Kong pursue STEM majors at university 攻讀STEM專業的香港女性比例

35%

of all female students worldwide graduate from STEM subjects at university 全球畢業於STEM專業的女大學生比例

126

ARIANA 2018

-MacaoMacao and Hong Kong both see gender imbalances when it comes to careers in STEM but within Macaoʼs secondary school streaming system the gap begins as early as 14. Before they begin senior secondary school (form 4), the majority of students must choose between three main ʻstreamsʼ – arts, science and commerce – as the main focus of their studies and, possibly, the foundation of their future professional development.

The “Curriculum Framework for Formal Education of Local Education System”, established by Macaoʼs Education and Youth Affairs Bureau, requires students majoring in one stream to obtain basic knowledge of the other streams through additional classes. However, switching between streams is not easy. During early secondary school, students are encouraged to focus on selected stream subjects, meaning they would likely be too far behind to change directions. Of the cityʼs secondary schools, 34 of 46 follow this optional practice.

Although the Macao government does not track statistics on STEM education or career paths, professors, professionals and current science students agree that gender imbalance in STEM-related university degrees and subsequent careers, results from these early formative decisions. We hear their thoughts and experiences.

-澳門澳門和香港的STEM職場上都存在著性別失衡的問題，但在澳門的中學分科 制度下，這種性別差距早在14歲時便出現了。澳門的年輕人在升讀高中（中

四）前，便要從文科、理科和商科這3大範疇中挑選其一，作為他們日後的學 習重點，甚至未來職業發展的基礎。

澳門教育暨青年局制定了《本地學制正規教育課程框架》，確保學生在主

修其中一個範疇的同時，也能夠學習到其他範疇科目的基礎知識。儘管如

此，學生日後若打算轉換專修範疇，還是絕不容易。這是由於學生早在高中 時期已被鼓勵專注於自己選定範疇的科目，以致在其他科目的學習進度上遠

遠落後，造成日後難以轉換學習方向。澳門共有46間中學，其中34間便採用 了這種分科制度。

雖然澳門政府沒有記錄與STEM教育或職業有關的數據，但不少大學教

授、專業人士和在讀理科生都認為，在STEM的相關大學課程及接下來的職 業領域中出現的性別失衡，都是源於這些早年時的決定。以下是他們的一些 想法與經驗。

“Men and women have different perspectives. Their diversities can stimulate

creativity, and a better understanding of human needs on a broader spectrum.

In the long-term, female scientists can play an important role in encouraging more young girls to enter the field. This is very important for future generations, as we need to be diversified.”

– Maggie Hoi, Associate Professor at University of Macauʼs Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

“The science stream tends to generally have more male students. Female

students have an advantage in literature and language, so many of them enrol in the arts stream. Thatʼs why we tend to have fewer girls in the former. [In our school] we also provide an arts-science stream as a curriculum option, where we combine subjects from the two. In this stream, we see a good mix of male and female students.”

– Dr. Kou Kam Fai, Principal of co-education Pui Ching Middle School

“It starts with early education and societal expectations. By default, society

makes many girls feel like the ʻprincessʼ life – and marrying a prince – is what they should be aspiring to. Growing up, girls are usually not exposed to toys that are more related to logical thinking. Itʼs a systemic divide that has repercussions later on. Even though more girls study engineering nowadays, the overall numbers of male engineers still out rates female engineers. Itʼs a hard environment for women, because males are so dominant.”

– Vinnci Lou, San Francisco Studio Director and Design Lead, Impossible Labs; Engineering graduate, University of Macau

“Macaoʼs high schools care a lot of about marks – many of them determine whether

「男性和女性看事物的眼光不一樣。他們的差異可以激 發創意，讓人們能從更廣的角度更好地理解人類的需

求。長遠而言，女性科學家在鼓勵更多年輕女性進入科 學領域的方面，可以扮演重要角色。這對於未來的世代 非常重要，因為我們需要多元化。」

– 許貝文 澳門大學中華醫藥研究院副教授

「理科通常男生居多。女生在文學和語言方面有優勢，

因此她們當中許多人會選修文科。這就是為甚麼通常讀

理科的女生比較少。（在我們學校，）我們也有提供融合 了兩個專修範疇科目的文理科課程，在當中，我們看到 男女學生的比例較為均勻。」

– 高錦輝博士 培正中學校長

「一切從早期教育和社會期望開始。社會的預設讓許多女

生覺得過上 『公主式』 的生活——並嫁給一個王子——就是

她們的人生目標。在成長的過程中，女生通常不會接觸到

與邏輯思考較為相關的玩具。這種系統性的分野會在之後 產生不良的影響。雖然現在有更多女生修讀工程學，但整 體而言，男性工程師仍然遠遠多於女性工程師。這對於女 性而言是一個艱難的環境，因為男性太佔主導地位了。」 – 盧穎智 Impossible Labs三藩市工作室總監兼首席設計師； 澳門大學工程系畢業生

「澳門的中學很重視成績，其中不少就是靠分數判斷一

their students are suitable for the science stream by their marks. [I personally think] this is wrong. After I started university, I realised that girls can also be very good scientists. Because they are very attentive to details, they can outperform male students in terms of system analysis, sorting data and writing literature reviews.”

個學生是否適合攻讀理科。（我個人認為）這是不對的。

– Chi-man Leong, Entomologist, Macao

– 梁志文 澳門昆蟲學者

上大學之後，我發現女生也可以成為非常優秀的科學

家。因為她們非常重視細節；在系統分析、數據分類和 撰寫論文評述方面，她們比男生做得更好。」

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TO A CHILD YET TO BE BORN

待生之子

You miss the heavy heat in summer and the hasty traffic honks, the hearts that ache because of you, and hundreds of unappreciated songs.

你懷念夏天裏

You miss the change of our writing script in schools and restaurants, and the frisson of protesting in the streets.

你錯過了

You miss the ease of streaming films, but most of all, the thrill of dreaming.

沉重的炎熱 著急的響安 因為你

而赤痛的心 幾百首

不知好歹的歌

在學校和餐廳裏 書寫簿的轉變 還有街頭

抗爭的摩擦 你錯過了

下載電影的便利

而你錯過最多的是 作夢的刺激

Poetry Tammy Ho Lai-Ming | Photography Joan Monis Pabona | Translation Chris Song

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A LANGUAGE IN CLOTHING The fierce nonchalant afternoon sun has driven most to moor themselves indoors.

In chilled rooms, women welcome the illusion of winter and put on elegant cardigans.

The street is a different setting, exposed to the elements.

Those who physically labour (like other intelligent organisms) – construction workers, sweepers, movers, and more – have learned to adapt to the scorching concrete environment: covering their whole bodies for protection from the sun (save their eyes to see and nose to breathe) or tying their shirts up to their chests, proudly cooling their bellies.

衣語 午後陽光猛烈而冷漠 把很多人趕回家中

在涼爽的房間裡，女人迎接 冬天幻象，穿上 優雅的羊毛衫

街道則是別樣光景 暴露在天氣裏

那些從事體力勞動的人

（就像其他智慧生物）—— 建築工人，清道夫

搬運工人等等——學會了適應 炎熱的水泥圍城：

把整個身體覆蓋起來 以圖防曬

（把眼睛留來看望，把鼻子留來呼吸） 把襯衫綁到胸口 驕傲地透涼肚子

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DANCING SILHOUETTES Every year, thousands of Southeast Asian women leave their families to come to work in Hong Kong.

In the news you read about the abuses (verbal, physical, sexual) they suffer.

They mind othersʼ children, while peering at their own, stored on phone screens.

Some sleep in unconventional spaces that exhaust prepositions: under stairs, on balconies, between shelves, in closets.

They now number 380,000 in Hong Kong, and steadily increasing, just as the cityʼs average age rises. One hopes that not all of their stories are grey, entirely about hardships and trying to make their exile pay.

For, after all: Iʼve seen their striking faces, Sunday beams, and dazzling dancing silhouettes.

Iʼve heard their singing, animated conversations, Laughter that propels you to also seize the day.

Iʼve felt their collective energy – rigorous life – moving this city forward in their unique, significant way, no less noble than the moneyed.

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剪影舞 每年數以千計東南亞婦女 離鄉別井來香港工作 從新聞報紙上 讀到她們受到

各種虐待（言語、身體、性）。 她們關心他人的孩子 同時看著自己的孩子 在手機中的照片 她們睡覺的空間 介詞無從描述

椅子下，露台上 格架間，衣櫥裏

在香港，她們的人數是380,000

並且在穩定增長，就像城市人口的 平均年齡。希望

她們的故事不都是灰暗 不都是苦難

使流離有所值 因為，畢竟： 我見過她們的臉孔，週日的陽光 剪影耀目地起舞

我聽過她們歌唱，她們生動地聊天

她們的笑聲促使你也珍惜自己的時光

我感覺到過她們集體的能量——嚴峻的 生活——

推動城市前行

以她們獨有而重要的方式 並不比富人低賤。

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DOT

點

Hong Kong is a dot (Tiny, in the pale blue dot) Seven million

（細小，在淡藍的點之中）

And more of us: heads Mostly held high and hopeful We intersect, smile

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香港是一點 七百萬

我們之中的多數：頭 多數抬起，充滿希望 我們互相之間 交換微笑

To one another Or donʼt. Each confined In the human frame

或者不笑。每個人都受限於

Both natural and frail Not divine, but immortal Like schooling of fish

並不神聖，卻又不死

人類的框架

既自然，又脆弱 猶如魚兒上學

I catch bright glimpses – People, living the moment Not borrowed, before

我捕捉到明亮的瞥見——

A typhoon – city Awash in breathtaking rain Almost whimsical

並不是借來的——城市

Is there room for us?

Humble dot south of China Breathing Hong Kong air

那裡還有我們的空間嗎？

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人們，在颱風

來臨以前，活於當下

被喘不上氣的雨洗滌 近乎詼諧

中國以南謙遜的一點 呼吸著香港的空氣

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THE MESSAGE

信息

I see familiar shapes of seniors gather in parks, playgrounds, open spaces. Across the city they perform their quiet rallying cry through practised, unhurried morning exercises.

The message: Iʼm alive.

我看到長者熟悉的身影

Other equally elderly and early risers start work on flattening flavourless soda cans under their feet, origamiing cardboard boxes marked with bright brand logos into widths that fit their sturdy makeshift carts.

The message: Iʼm alive.

其他長者一早起身工作

In that housing estate or this, those left behind by married children now pass the time – alone, with friends – in modest air-conditioned malls or on time-worn benches, picking their remaining teeth expertly with a toothpick after breakfast.

The message: Iʼm alive.

Then there are the unseen, in caged cubicles, subdivided flats, coffin houses.

The beginning of the day lets in little light or lightness.

Yet they also rise, awake forlorn in the city they know to be their only home.

聚在公園裡，遊樂場裡 空地上。他們全城起舞 做著熟練從容的早操 發出安靜劃一的聲音 信息：我活著

將無味的汽水罐踩扁

將印著耀目名牌商標的紙皮

摺成能放在手推車上的大小 信息：我活著

還有長者被已婚子女留在

其中一個屋邨，在過日神——

或獨自一人，或與友共度——或在普通 的冷氣商場

或在歷經滄桑的長椅，拿著牙籤 像專家一樣撩著還剩下的牙 信息：我活著

還有那些看不見的長者

在隔間，在劏房，在棺材屋

一天開始，透入很少陽光或亮度

但是他們也起身了，在城市中獨自醒來 這是他們所知唯一的家 信息：我還活著

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About the Contributors 關於貢獻者

Tammy Ho Lai-Ming

Hong Kong poet Tammy Ho Lai-Ming is a founding co-editor of the Hong 何麗明是香港國際刊物Cha：An Asian Kong-based international publication Cha: An Asian Literary Journal, an Literary Journal的共同創辦人兼編輯、 editor of the academic journals Hong Kong Studies and Victorian Network, 《香港研究》和《維多利亞網絡》學術期刊 and the Vice President of PEN Hong Kong. Her second poetry collection 的編輯，以及香港筆會的副主席。她即將 Too Too Too Too and her first collection of short stories Her Name Upon the 推出第二部詩集Too Too Too Too和第 Strand are forthcoming. 一部短篇故事選 Her Name Upon the Strand。 Learn more 詳情請看 sighming.com

Pen Hong Kong

The mission of PEN Hong Kong is to bring together writers, editors, publishers, booksellers, translators, journalists, academics and others working in the field of the written word to celebrate and promote literature and creative expression.

Learn more 詳情請看 penhongkong.org

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香港筆會旨在結集一眾文字創作界人

士，包括作者、編輯、出版人、書商、翻譯

員、記者及學者，攜手推廣文學及創新表 達方式。

Joan Monis Pabona

Joan Monis Pabona is a Filipina street photographer and domestic worker based in Hong Kong who captures the throng of street life and experiences of women and foreigners. She is currently a Fujifilm Philippines influencer and was first runner-up in the National Geographic Wheelock Properties Youth Photo Competition 2017 for her shots in the “People and Happenings in Hong Kong” category.

Joan Monis Pabona是來自菲律賓的街頭攝影師，也是一名家 庭傭工，常以鏡頭捕捉人煙稠密的街道景況，以及女性和外國

人在香港的生活體驗。Joan目前是Fujifilm Philippines的網

絡名人，並獲得2017國家地理會德豐青年攝影大賽「香港人和 事」組別的亞軍。

Learn more 詳情請看 instagram.com/joanpabona

Lensational

Founded in 2013, Lensational is a social enterprise that empowers women in marginalised communities around the world by arming them with professional photography and video training. For each photograph sold through to partner agencies through Lensationalsʼ online platform, students receive 50 per cent of the revenues.

社會企業Lensational創辦於2013年，致力透過傳授專業

攝影錄像技術，協助全球邊緣社區的婦女自強。每一張透過

Lensational線上平台出售予夥伴機構的攝影作品，都會將 50%的利潤分配予學員。 Learn more 詳情請看 lensational.org

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LAST WORD 流芳之語

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I N H E R WA K E 自

之後

Nearly a century ago, Dr Ellen Li began blazing a trail for womenʼs rights in Hong Kong.

近一個世紀前，李曹秀群博士已為香港女性權益事業開創先河。

By Mark O'Neill and Jamie Ha Illustrations by Lauren Crow “Something dramatic, dynamic, and farsighted.”

「（香港需要）一些振奮人心、朝氣勃勃

That is how Ellen Li began her remarks on the need to improve equal rights for women and subvert conservative Chinese traditions in a 1968 Legislative Council debate in Hong Kong.

She was the only woman to speak in the Council, and the first to occupy a seat in the chamber.

Surrounded by a male audience, Li pressed onwards, listing off possibilities for change. She was unfazed by the contrary reactions around her. Eager for change, she demanded action.

和富有遠見的好事。」

THIS WASN’T THE FIRST TIME

她要求行動。

Before 1966, the year she was appointed to the Legislative Council, Li had already made an unapologetic name for herself as one of the strongest female voices in Hong Kong.

In 1938 she made strides by founding the Hong Kong Chinese Womenʼs Club. A decade later, she was named the first woman Justice of the Peace. She established the Hong Kong Family Planning Association in 1951 and, in 1964, became the first Chinese woman on the Urban Council. Five years later in 1969, she became first woman to receive an Honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Hong Kong. In 1974 she became the first female to receive Commander of the Order of the British Empire in Hong Kong – all this while also being a wife, mother and grandmother.

In 1999, she was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the International Womenʼs Forum. By all measurements, Li led a remarkable life. One that shaped many others that followed.

這已不是她的第一項成就

這是1968年香港立法局（立法會前

身）的一場辯論上，李曹秀群的開場白。 她指出，香港需要顛覆保守的華人傳 統、增進女性的平等權益。

她是當時唯一能在議事堂上發言的女

性，也是香港史上第一位在立法局中佔 一席位的女性。

面對清一色的男聽眾，李曹秀群繼續

侃侃而談，列出各種變革的可能，絲毫 不為周遭的否定而動搖。她渴求改變，

早在1966年被任命為立法局議員之前， 李曹秀群已不負眾望，成為香港女性中 最有力的發聲者。

1938年，她成立香港中國婦女會。

十年之後，她被任命為香港第一位女太

平紳士。1951年，她成立了香港家庭計 劃指導會（家計會）。1964年，她成為市 政局的第一位華人女性議員。五年之後

的1969年，她成為第一位獲香港大學頒 授榮譽法學博士學位的女性。1974年， 她成為第一位獲授大英帝國司令勳章的 香港女性。此40年間，她還是一位妻 子、母親和祖母。

1999年，李曹秀群榮登國際婦女論

壇名人堂。無論從哪方面看，李曹秀群 博士的一生都非同凡響，而且對後世影 響深遠。

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ON THE FRONTLINE

站在第一線

Born Tsao Sau-kuan on 22 July 1908 in Ho Chi Minh 1908年7月22日，在越南西貢（今稱胡志 City – then Saigon – into a wealthy Fujianese family 明市）一個來自福建廈門的華僑望族裡， from Xiamen, Li was educated at St. Stephenʼs Girlsʼ 有一名女嬰誕生，取名為曹秀群，她就 College in Hong Kong. She later moved to mainland 是後來的李曹秀群博士。曹秀群早年受 China, graduating in business administration from the 教於香港聖士提反女子中學，之後移居 University of Shanghai as one of the first women in that 中國內地，成為上海滬江大學工商管理 faculty. In 1934, she moved back to Hong Kong, and 科首批女性畢業生之一。1934年，她回 began her career in banking as an English secretary – 到香港，投身銀行界成為英文秘書—— a position then filled mostly by men. 當時這種職位大多由男性擔任。 Two years later, she married her life-long 兩年之後，曹秀群與城中名醫、養 companion, Li Shu Pui, one of the cityʼs most illustrious 和醫院開拓者之一李樹培結百年之好。 doctors and a pivotal figure in the establishment of the 這段69年到白頭的婚姻為兩人帶來兩兒 Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital. They were married 一女，也使兩人攜手成為德高望重的菁 for 69 years with two sons and one daughter. Together, 英伉儷。 they grew into a widely respected power couple. 李曹秀群在其職業生涯之初已展露 Liʼs progressive outlook shone from the very 出的如炬目光，加上貢獻社會的滿腔熱 beginning of her professional life, and her passion drove 誠，使她決意離開銀行業，轉而在社會 her to leave banking and pursue a career in social services. 服務方面發展。她從一開始就關注女 Her focus from the start was on women. Social progress 性，並堅信為女性爭取社會進步的最佳 for her gender, she believed, could be best achieved by 方法，就是通過香港既有制度開展工 working within the existing system in place in Hong 作。在1976年的一次訪問中，李曹秀群 Kong. “Slow and steady progress is more effective here,” 說：「對香港來說，緩慢而穩定的改革步 she advised during an interview in 1976. “Women in 伐更加有效。香港女性必須與男性合力 Hong Kong must fight along with the men for social 爭取社會進步和改革，以及爭取修例和 progress and reform, fighting for amendments and new 訂立新法。」 legislation.”

1938年，她成立了香港中國婦女會 In 1938, she established the Hong Kong Chinese （婦女會），為抗日前線提供支援。婦女 Womenʼs Club to support the anti-Japanese war efforts 會幫助難民和傷兵，並在戰後為數千名 on the frontline. The association helped refugees and 初到香港的女性移民提供資助和訓練。 wounded soldiers and, after the end of the war, provided 婦女會也組織運動，爭取女性在工作環 means and training to thousands of female migrants 境、薪酬待遇、婚姻和遺產繼承方面享 in Hong Kong. It also campaigned for the equality of 有平等權利，以及要求當局加強規管性 women in the work place, in wages, in marriage and 交易和賭博。之後，婦女會更開設老人 inheritance, and for stricter regulation of prostitution 院、兒童中心、中小學，以及4所為缺乏 and gambling. The club went on to set up old peopleʼs 正規教育的女性而設的免費夜校。 homes, a childrenʼs centre, primary and secondary 這些都只是李曹秀群為女性爭取平 schools, and four free night schools for women with 權的第一步。為推廣家庭計劃觀念， limited formal education. 提升社會中下階層的生活水平，李曹 It was only the first step on Liʼs agenda for 秀群創辦了家庭計劃指導會。無論是對 equal rights. The funding of the Family Planning 這一社會倡議的推進，甚至對香港整 Association, which promoted family planning and 體而言，家計會的成立都是一項重大的 raising living standards of the middle and lower strata of 成就。

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society was another major accomplishment for the social advocate – and the city at large.

But her greatest achievement was perhaps the passing of the 1971 Marriage (Amendment) Bill, which made polygamy illegal in Hong Kong. It was the culmination of a 20-year-long campaign for Li, and an uphill battle against a practice – that of concubinage – dating back to the Great Qing Legal Code.

The abolition of the practice was nothing short of a historical milestone. Today, it also frames Li as a woman very much aware of the potential held by Hong Kong in terms of socio-cultural progress at the time.

“Transnational business contacts, a colonial structure shaken by war and revolution, and a new industrial society in the making, provided Li the space to make a life that was fulfilling and meaningful,” commented Helen F. Siu in her 2010 book Merchantsʼ Daughters: Women, Commerce and Regional Culture in South China, a study on gender theories in the country. “What she enjoyed could have been rare opportunities in an uncertain time, but postwar Hong Kong has had a liberalised and expanded economy that has allowed rapid social mobility for an entire generation.”

不過，說到李曹秀群的最大成就，大

概要算在其推動下於1971年通過的《婚姻 制度改革條例》，正式訂明一夫多妻在香 港為非法。這是李曹秀群與繼承自大清

律例的納妾制度鏖戰20年的顛峰成果。

廢除一夫多妻制絕對是一座歷史里

程碑。時至今日，這一成就仍然證明，

李曹秀群非常了解當時香港推動社會文 化進步的潛力。

人類學家蕭鳳霞在她主編、2010年

出版的中國性別研究著作《商人之女：

華南女性、商業與地區文化》 （暫譯）中 如此評述：「跨國的商業聯繫、被戰爭

和改革撼動的殖民地體制，以及正在形 成中的新工業社會，都為李曹秀群提供 了寬裕的空間，去開創豐盛而有意義的

一生。她所享有的機遇，如果換著是在 一個動盪的時代，可能是極為罕見的，

“If all mothers gave their daughters the same chances as their sons, there would be no more problems regarding the status of women.” 「如果所有母親給她們

的女兒和兒子平等的機 會，女性地位就不會再 有問題。」

但在戰後香港，自由而擴張的經濟讓一 整代人可以急速向上層社會流動。」

天生女戰士

A NATURAL BORN FIGHTER

李曹秀群在性別議題上堅韌不拔的努

Liʼs resilience and unwavering approach to gender issues made her a true pioneer for womenʼs rights in Hong Kong. But she was also a fighter in her private life.

Diagnosed with breast cancer in 1962, she pushed back against the illness, more concerned about working for her social causes than her diagnosis.

“The ten years between 1964 and 1974 were the busiest and most fruitful years of my life ... I was so absorbed in my work that I never gave my health a thought. I was sure God was with me. He gave me back my life, and it must have been for a good reason. My fight for womenʼs rights and free education was what He wanted me to do, and I succeeded within the 10-year period,”she wrote in her autobiography Lifeʼs Journey – An Autobiography, published in 1993.

Her story didnʼt end there. Liʼs appointment to the Urban Council first and Legislative Council in the 1960s not only allowed her to be an instrumental figure for equality and change, but also paved the way for the generations of women who came after.

先鋒。而她在個人生活上，也是一名堅

力，使她成為香港女性平權運動的真正 強的戰士。

1962年，李曹秀群確認罹患乳癌，

但她沒有因此而顧影自憐，反而勇敢抗

疾，並將更多的心力灌注於社會工作。 在1993年出版的自傳英文版Lifeʼs

Journey—An Autobiography by Ellen Li中，她這樣寫道：「1964至1974的10 年，是我人生中最忙碌，也是最有成果 的10年......我如此醉心於工作，無暇關

顧自己的健康。我堅信上帝與我同在。

我認為這是上帝主意，他給我重生的機 會，必有使命。我為女性權益和免費教

育所作的抗爭，是上帝要我做的事，而

且我在那10年間取得了成功。」 （譯文） 李曹秀群的故事至此仍未結束。

1960年代，她先後被任命為市政局和立 法局議員。這不僅讓她成為推動平等和

改革的功臣，還為此後數代女性參政議 政開拓新道路。

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LAST WORD 流芳之語

She died at 96 years old in 2005 – the same year the Dr. Ellen Li Charitable Foundation was established at the Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital in her honour. Still active today, the foundation is dedicated to fostering the development of medicine in teaching, patient care, academic research and health education, as well as finding ways to combat breast cancer, the third leading cause of cancer deaths among women in Hong Kong.

“If all mothers gave their daughters the same chances as their sons, there would be no more problems regarding the status of women,” were Liʼs closing words in a 1976 interview. “Prejudice exists in the mind, so if people are treated the same within the family, they will not grow up to think of men and women as being different.” 

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2005年，李曹秀群以96歲高齡辭世；

同年，養和醫院成立李曹秀群博士慈善基

金以茲紀念。基金會至今仍在運作，致力 於加強醫學教學、病患照顧、學術研究、 健康教育等方面的發展，並尋找對抗乳癌 的辦法。在香港，乳癌是女性的第三大癌 症殺手。

在1976年的一次訪問中，李曹秀群如

此總結：「如果所有母親給她們的女兒和

兒子平等的機會，女性地位就不會再有問

題。偏見生於人心，所以如果每個人在家

庭中所受的待遇相同，他們長大後就不會 認為男女應受到差別對待。」