Bamboo as Building Material: Early Findings in Badaraksa Kidul Village [1] [2]
Usie Fauzia Anniza, S.T. Fransiska Mutiara Damarratri, S.T.
Architecture Sans Frontières Indonesia [1] [2] Email : usie.fauzia@gmail.com, m.damarratri@gmail.com
Abstract Sustainability aspect of bamboo as material does not only belong to modern scientific findings. The culture and history of Indonesia, specifically Sundanese society, indicate a deep understanding of its sustainability and benefit to the ecosystem. Aesthetic, strength, and flexibility of bamboo material support the extent of usage possibility. However, modernization of materials in industrial goods has progressively transformed the long standing bamboo culture in many areas. Bamboo sustainability strongly correlates to ecology, economy and sociocultural aspects. The presence of bamboo clumps contribute to soil condition as well as fresh water availability. A society that connects their livelihood and activities around bamboo culture has the potential to preserve local nature, wisdom, and sufficiency. Bamboo planting and harvesting management support macro sustainability issues. Badaraksa Kidul is a kampung of settlements on the hillsides located in the south of Bandung city. Its suburban and rural transitional context is formed by many elements. The culture and economy of the community are transforming continuously due to modernization. Bamboo plantings in its hills have great potentials to contribute to the transformation in a positive way. The research is primarily directed to find the influence of bamboo plantings in ecology, economy and sociocultural aspects in Badaraksa Kidul. The finding is formulated to appraise the potential of the community to be a self-sufficient and sustainable bamboo supplier community. Bamboo still plays important role but only to few residents and not yet extensively to the whole community. The challenge is the insufficient understanding of bamboo potentials. Another critical point in the transformation is the land use conversion after private sector acquired lands into plantations and mining sites. Bamboo of great quantity had faced clearance to make way for new land uses. Ecologically, bamboo clumps in Badaraksa Kidul have impact to soil condition and ecosystem. The residents now face fresh water availability problem. Badaraksa Kidul store potentials to be bamboo supplier community, observed from the ecology, economy and sociocultural aspects. Development of entrepreneurship, knowledge intensification, and on the ground bamboo plantings treatments could then be identified. Bamboo culture would help the upgrading of ecosystem in a kampung-scale. Key Words: bamboo, potentials, community, self-sufficient, ecology, economy, sociocultural, Badaraksa
Introduction The choice of bamboo as future construction material is new. In contemporary publications, bamboo earns the title of “green steel� due to its tensile strength and high flexibility, proportionate to its density. The main excellence of bamboo compared to other materials, though, lies on its sustainability. The regeneration age of its mature culm is relatively short, 2,5 to 4 years. The keyword sustainability was made known in Our Common Future, a 1987 report published by World Commission on Environment and Development. The document, known also as the Brundtland report, calls for three pillars of sustainable development; economic development, social equity, and environmental protection (Diagram 1). As there is no economy outside of the society (Flint, 2001), both society and economy system is also an intrinsic part of the environment.
2 A model of those aspects points to an economy which protects and enhance natural resources, an understanding of natural processes and landscape integrity, as well as equity of access for all people (Flint, 2001).
Diagram 1. Directionality that guides cross sector thinking (Flint, 2001).
The bamboo plants are not peculiar to the eyes of Indonesian people. Bamboo in Indonesian archipelago spread abundantly. From around 1250 species of bamboo found and identified by latest research (Ohrnberger, 1999), 135 species can be found in Indonesia (Widjaja, 1997). Since a long time ago, bamboo has been an integral part in Indonesian society. Many of tools that support the life and culture; from building shelter, clothing production, and food preparation, are made from bamboo material. Bamboo life cycle capability is fast, therefore it lasts and is far from extinction. However, the prospect of sustainability is not widely understood in some Indonesian communities, even the non-urban that are living nearby bamboo forest. Bamboo is only used as secondary materials. Even the harvest carried out is still methodologically rampant. The potentials that were known to the older generation have been being forgotten. They do not identify bamboo potentials in modern construction. One of them is the process of bamboo preservation that can be developed into economy commodity. The potential can be both achieved in household or wider village-level. Bandung Regency is a transitional zone between suburban and rural context, with villages, forests, and plantations. The village of Badaraksa Kidul (6°57'55.76"/ 107°31'34.46") is a kampung that owns bamboo forest with good potentials. This village is situated in the administrative area of Desa Jelegong, Kutawaringin Subdistrict, Bandung Regency, West Java Province. The main access to Badaraksa Kidul is through the inter-district road of Soreang-Cipatik. It consists of one rukun warga (RW) that is composed by smaller neighborhood units of four rukun tetangga (RT). Among four rukun tetangga, RT 01 has the most extensive land with bamboo. This article is part of an ongoing research with objectives, include : 1. To find the impact of bamboo forests in ecology, economy, and sociocultural aspects in Badaraksa Kidul community, Bandung Regency, West Java, 2. To assess the potential of Badaraksa Kidul as self-sufficient bamboo supplier community. Began in May 2015 as part of a longer term program in Badaraksa supported by Architecture Sans Frontières Indonesia.
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Usie Fauzia Anniza, S.T. Fransiska Mutiara Damarratri, S.T. Bamboo Potential Utilization as Building Material in Badaraksa Kidul Village, Bandung Regency, West Java
Bamboo Main area of bamboo distribution is in the tropics. According to 2005 World Bamboo report, 65% of bamboo resources are in Asia continent. Indonesia, the third biggest bamboo producing nation in Asia, accounts for 2.081.000 hectares area of bamboo. There are 70 endemics species of bamboo in Indonesia (Widjaja, 1997). There are two kinds of bamboo groupings; clumping (sympodial) and running (monopodial). Sympodial or clumping group is the majority bamboo group (Rabik, 2009). A clump of bamboo may host up to 100 culms. The general parts of a bamboo clump are rhizome/roots network, shoots/the young culms, culm sheath, the culms, branches, and leaves. A culm is constituted of nodes and internodes. The base of a culm has roots and buds, the mid-section is the rigid part, and the upper-section is the flexible part, exhibiting branches and leaves. Bamboo in general has big amount of biomass. For one hectare of bamboo, there would be 10 tons of biomass. It is estimated that 25% of biomass in the tropics is from bamboo plants alone (Janssen, 2000). Bamboo is an integral part of forest ecosystem according to its ecological contributions, such as holding the soil with its root network and helping water absorption with its fallen leaves (Rabik, 2009). Several superiorities of bamboo compared to other materials (Rabik, 2012): 1. Bamboo is a natural building material that can be cultivated. Bamboo clusters can grow continuously, 2. Raw bamboo materials can be exploited in environmentally friendly ways through selective and scheduled harvesting (when the starch level is lowest), 3. Bamboo forest is a better water catchment area compared to other kinds of main production forest, although not better than the declining natural tropical rainforest. From the points mentioned, it is succinct that bamboo usage as materials supports sustainability issue if properly managed. The management of bamboo can also provide profits for its society.
Bamboo as Building Material With advanced technology, structural applications of bamboo are diverse. With certain manufacture or hands-on processing, one can build for flooring, strand-boards, glue-laminated members, reinforcement, and framing. Reinforcing with whole and partial culms can be done for concrete and masonry. Fibers of bamboo can be reinforcements for mortars and polymers (Harries, 2012). For architectural finishes, bamboo can be processed for walls or partitioning, ceiling, roofing, etc. The mid-section of a whole bamboo culm is the part that can be used as building materials. This is due to its straightness, length, and rigidity. The ring nodes give rigidity to bamboo culm. The nodes of bamboo are containing radial fibers, while the internodes fibers are vertical (Image 1 and 2). The internodes fibers are tensile fibers, holding to the ring of nodes above and below (Rabik, 2009). Local building traditions throughout the world of may share similar structure and forms because of the restricting material properties of bamboo culms.
Image 1 Cross section through wall of culm (Schott, 2005)
Image 2 Longitudinal cut through wall of culm (Schott, 2005)
Parahyangan Catholic University| 3 Bandung, West Java Indonesia, July 31, 2015
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Image 3. Indonesian vernacular construction: detail of bamboo stilt flooring (Hidalgo-Lopez, 2003).
Image 4. Traditional means of bamboo crafting: gedek and krepyak. (Hidalgo-Lopez, 2003)
Image 5. Bamboo weaving as wall panels (Hidalgo-Lopez, 2003).
Architectural bamboo heritage of Indonesia unfolds throughout the archipelago, in traditional as well as vernacular practice. Each ethnical group has specific traditional house. The basic structural system usually employs post-lintel-beam arrangements with timber or bamboo piles as load bearing members (Dawson, 1994). Raised floor is commonplace (Image 3); providing for storage space and cool air movement. Tropical climate encourage for materials that allow built spaces to breath. Porous, light partitions allow better humidity and temperature natural regulation (Image 4 and 5). Traditionally, bamboo joints and connections use natural pegs and lashes rather than nails (Image 6 and 7). Flexible joints are a feature of safe construction in earthquake prone areas like Indonesia. The fibers of external side of bamboo culm are hard and strong; supportive for lashes joinery. Green natural fibers that are used as lashes will be stronger and tighter around the joints through the years (DeBoer, 2000). Modern steel bolt connections frequently needs mortar filling inside the bamboo tube, so the forces on the bamboo wall can be surmounted.
Image 6 Post and beam connection with lashing and dowel (Govt. of Bihar, 2010).
Image 7 Bamboo joinery: diagonal lashing (Govt. of Bihar, 2010).
A bar of constructional steel of the quality St 37, having a cross-sectional area of 1 cm 2 and a length of 1,0 m, weights 0,785 kp; it will fail under tensile load of ca. 4.000 kp. A wooden specimen of the same length and weight has a cross-sectional area of 13,5 cm 2 and fractures under a tensile stress of ca. 8.000 kp. An analogous bamboo member has a cross-sectional area of 12,0 cm 2 and will break under a tensile load of ca. 24.000 kp. With regard to its mechanical/technological properties bamboo is superior to constructional timber (softwood) and also to constructional steel in terms of the ratio of liveload/deadweight. (Dunkelberg, 1985)
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Usie Fauzia Anniza, S.T. Fransiska Mutiara Damarratri, S.T. Bamboo Potential Utilization as Building Material in Badaraksa Kidul Village, Bandung Regency, West Java
Location Description Badaraksa Kidul is located in the west side of Soreang-Cipatik main road (Image 8). This kampung consists of four rukun tetangga of 198 head of households or 728 inhabitants. Amid four rukun tetangga, RT 01 has the most extensive area consisting of 53 households of 198 inhabitants. Situated at the elevation of 710-755 m above sea level, RT 01 is also the highest among the other. The area is comprised of settlements, bamboo yards, residents owned plantation, and privately owned teak and chili plantation. The access from main asphalt road to RT 01 area is through paved paths of one meter width (Image 9). The main pathways throughout the kampung were the output of government Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri in 2012.
Image 8. Satellite imagery of Kampung Badaraksa Kidul.
The settlements in RT 01 are divided into three areas. Houses located at 710 m above sea level are dense and connected by alleyways. The second area is the forest settlements. To reach those houses, the residents use pathways around the plantation directing to the inside of the forest (Image 10). The third area is the settlements situated at 750 m above sea level. Accessing the third area can be carried out through the main pathway. The settlements in the second and third area are not as dense as the first area. The second and third areas are adjacent to teak and chili plantation owned by private sector.
Image 9. Main road access to Kampung Badaraksa Kidul.
Image 10. Inner kampung pathways connect all rukun tetangga.
Parahyangan Catholic University| 5 Bandung, West Java Indonesia, July 31, 2015
2 From interviews gathered, the community of Badaraksa Kidul is facing the problem of fresh water availability. The matter can be traced to the rise of forest land conversions done by the residents or by private sector after the year 1998. The wells in the kampung are 9 to 20 meters in depth. Other method done is using water pumps to draw ground water to the surface. Some residents are allowed to fetch water from private plantation company area. During wet seasons, the residents can fetch water from seasonal rain-fed rivers. A public well in communal bath and wash facility is available in unsafe condition. In the community, some household still utilize the communal bath and wash facility.
Ecological Aspect The location of bamboo forests in RT 01 is relatively not scattered (Image 11). The ownership of bamboo clumps is determined from the ownership of the land where they are growing. In average bamboo owners’ houses are near to the bamboo yards or located in the same terrain. The amount of land with bamboo clumps is declining because of land conversion into private plantation. Most of residents owned lands in the kampung perimeters have been sold to the private sector. The area of bamboo forests left behind in RT 01 is approximately 130 tumbak (1820 m2). As shown in Image 9, the spread of the community bamboo yards is concentrated in central area of RT 01, close to the owners’ houses. The central area of RT 01 is still sustained with residents owned forests and fields. The westernmost of RT 01 is dominated by houses adjacent to private plantation. The border between were overgrown with bamboo.
Image 11. Participatory mapping result of RT 01 in Kampung Badaraksa Kidul shows the spread of bamboo yards.
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Usie Fauzia Anniza, S.T. Fransiska Mutiara Damarratri, S.T. Bamboo Potential Utilization as Building Material in Badaraksa Kidul Village, Bandung Regency, West Java
Four bamboo species is indicated by observation in 130 tumbak bamboo yard owned by RT 01 inhabitants. The distribution of various bamboo species in RT 01 is described in Table 1. Table 1. The distribution of bamboo species in RT 01 Kampung Badaraksa Kidul.
Local Name Bambu gombong
Scientific Name Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea
• • •
Bambu haur
Bambusa tuldoides
• •
Bambu temen
Gigantochloa atter
• •
Bambu hitam
Gigantochloa atroviolacea
• •
Properties 15-20 cm in diameter 15 m height Green colored with yellow streaks (at adult age)
Photo
Distribution 60%
5-10 cm in diameter Dark green culms
30%
7-10 cm in diameter Dark green culms
7%
7-10 cm in diameter Black/dark colored culms
3%
Parahyangan Catholic University| 7 Bandung, West Java Indonesia, July 31, 2015
2 The bamboo clumps ownership is inherited within the families. Local knowledge about bamboo is maintained by some owners, such as to harvest in specified months. But extensive familiarity in the community is generally absent. Bamboo is self-sufficient at growing fast and vast. Thus, the community considers bamboo as wild plantings. Moreover, bamboo plants abundance and quality do not need such act of soil fertilizing or loosening the rhizomes. Some owners combine their clumps in the yard with other wood plants such as mahogany or albasiah (Albizia falcataria). Around 60% of the bamboo is Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea or bambu gombong. The high availability is a great start for further economy commodity development, whether fresh or processed. The quality of bambu gombong in Badaraksa Kidul is also better than other variety growing there. Ecologically, bamboo clumps that are growing in the forest environment can actively influence natural cycles that leads to micro-macro habitat stability. The stability is caused by bamboo ability to repair its own habitat as a form of adaptation. The process of adaptation stabilizes the fluctuation in the system. Bamboo grove contributes to erosion control, waterside protection, landslide prevention and land rehabilitation. (Janssen, 2000) Thus bamboo forests have high ecological resilience degree (Rabik, 2012). The adaptive processes that have good impact to the surrounding are: 1. Bamboo acts as natural aquifer. The roots spread vastly and deeply into the soil as far as 15 meter from the center. The roots hairs catch water by creating pores in the soil, 2. The network of bamboo roots binds the sectional soil; its structure and strength is intensified and fixed, 3. Bamboo produces energy in the form of organic substances. The substances are formed from leaves residue, dead roots or rotting humps on the soil surface. The substances increase the soil nutrient so its fertility is preserved. The impact bamboo gives to its surrounding ecosystem can reach maximum if its growth get supported by some external factors. The factors are temperature, soil humidity, water drainage, sunlight, rainfall, and topography (Rabik, 2012). In the research case, temperature and elevation of the area are sufficient for support; 20oC temperature and 750 m above sea level elevation. However the clumps grow in relatively flat contour (not in slopes) and soil with low humidity. Low soil humidity takes effect in mulch and organic substances level that relate to soil fertility, structure and capacity for water catchment. Indirectly, soil humidity relates to water availability in the area. Other external factors are pests and human behaviors. Generally, only 5% of the bambu gombong clumps that are infested by caterpillar pests or locally known as cangkilung (Image 12). Bamboo culms attacked by cangkilung can not be sold or used (Image 13). The segments will develop in irregular length (Image 14), affecting the infested culm quality. However the caterpillar does not usually affect other healthy culms.
Image 12. Cangkilung or Erionota thrax. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erionota_thra x, accessed in 2015)
Image 13. Cangkilung nest in a segment
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Image 14. Impacted irregular segments
Usie Fauzia Anniza, S.T. Fransiska Mutiara Damarratri, S.T. Bamboo Potential Utilization as Building Material in Badaraksa Kidul Village, Bandung Regency, West Java
Since the year 1998 bamboo forests in Badaraksa Kidul have been decreasing due to land use conversion to private plantation. Almost half of the bamboo in Badaraksa Kidul have been diminishing since 1998. The remaining bamboo clumps are owned by families that have been using it as source of income. Land conversion and the diminishing area of bamboo forest could be the cause of fresh water availability problem in Badaraksa Kidul. Other than that, in the long run soil humidity will also decrease. Soil humidity decrease implicate to soil fertility and bearing capacity.
Economy Aspect Since the land procurement by private sector, the residents of RT 01 do not farm to support their main living needs anymore. The community is restricted from farming. They become field workers of the private land. The community can only make use of the private land by way of mining its unplanted portions or by fetching water from its well. The main employments in RT 01 are construction or factory workers and unskilled labors such as porters in local market. The clearance of bamboo clumps performed following land use and ownership conversion has been influencing the bamboo utilization by the community. In general, bamboo is utilized as secondary economy commodity after farms and plantation. Other than for personal use, bamboo can be sold per culm when there is a demand. Before the modern construction of concrete and brick era, the community use bamboo as for shelter material of stilt houses. The usage of bamboo in housing material diminished because of construction and cultural development, as well as the immediate availability of bamboo for all residents. Bamboo is an economy commodity of bamboo clumps owners in RT 01, although not as a primary commodity. Four bamboo clumps owner in RT 01 can be classified into two groups: 1. Type-1 are the bamboo clumps owners that utilize bamboo as primary commodity. They got the ownership from family inheritance, therefore some local wisdom related to planting and harvesting is a part of their daily life. The locations of bamboo clumps are adjacent to the house and post-harvest processing workshop. Type-1 owners usually have regular costumers that will buy culms periodically. These owners also process their bamboo into products such as textile clippers, skewers, woven panels, furniture materials or bamboo battens for roofing (Image 15 and Image 16), 2. Type-2 are bamboo clumps owners that utilize bamboo as secondary livelihood. These owners do not usually plan to utilize bamboo maximally. Bamboo is being sold per culm without pre planning. The bamboo clumps are viewed as accidentally growing plants in their yard. The primary livelihood of Type-2 owners is averaging from wood plantation, sand miners or merchants. The common practice of bamboo owners is to sell their bamboo per culm. The price offered by the owners differs from Type-1 to Type-2, as shown in Table 2. Table 2. Bamboo price per culm according to variety and owners.
Type Type-1 Type-2
Variety Temen and haur Gombong Gombong
Price Rp 15.000,00 – Rp 25.000,00 Rp 30.000,00 – Rp 50.000,00 Rp 30.000,00 – Rp 40.000,00
Type-1 owners are widely known in and outside of the community as main supplier of bamboo. There are cases where Type-2 owners sell their culms to Type-1 owners. This is usually caused by the shortage of supply due to selective harvesting. Regular costumers of Type-1 owners are furniture craftsmen, fish cages makers, skewers retailers, and textile industry. Parahyangan Catholic University| 9 Bandung, West Java Indonesia, July 31, 2015
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Image 15. Bambu gombong processed to be textile clippers and chicken coops.
Image 16. A bundle of 100 pieces of textile clippers for industrial use.
Sociocultural Aspect Before the arrival of private investments that had acquired some land in the kampung perimeter in 1998, most families have own lands with bamboo clumps growing. Until then, bamboo is inseparable from the community life. The community of RT 01 is located in the highest area near the hill top. Transportation of external material from the main road below to their settlement area was deemed difficult. Bamboo was used as main supporting columns, roof structures, wall panels, and yard fencing. Bamboo is used bamboo as building material because of its locality and practicality (Image 17). The decreasing amount of bamboo clumps because of land use conversion has been in parallel with the change of architectural preference in the community e.g. the change in materials for house construction. In the year 2004, the community was starting to change the build of their houses from stilt houses of wood and bamboos to concrete and brick building. Although the floor surfaces were not finished with ceramic tiles (Image 18). Some stilt houses remain until now. One of them is owned by a bamboo owner (Image 17). Bamboo trading and processing activities are also decreasing in frequency. The youth of Badaraksa seek livelihood from far flung economies of manufacture and construction industries.
Image 17. One of the residents’ house that is still using bamboo as material.
Image 18. Majority of the house buildings in Badaraksa Kidul have already used concrete and brick materials.
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Usie Fauzia Anniza, S.T. Fransiska Mutiara Damarratri, S.T. Bamboo Potential Utilization as Building Material in Badaraksa Kidul Village, Bandung Regency, West Java
The gradual loss of bamboo culture in the community could be caused by technology and urban culture invasion that have been embraced openly. The location of the kampung itself contribute in its vicinity to the inter-district street; relating to the transportation of goods and human movement. Goods with industrial material such as plastics is then considered to be more practical; replacing goods and tools made from local bamboo. The owners who inherited their bamboo still value bamboo culture as legacy from their parents. This legacy is beneficial and economical, therefore it is still relevant to keep it for the future generations. To maintain and sustain bamboo plants, the owners are doing selective harvesting. For the best quality, bamboo is planted and harvested twice in a year, in January and August. The best of those two months is August. After harvesting, bamboo will be stored or sold directly to incoming costumers. The owners suggest this cycle of harvest to costumers. If the demands are still coming outside the harvest months, the owners are then forced to cut their bamboos, but only for small amounts. To cover the demand, they buy from other owners. Therefore, growing bamboo culms that are waiting to be harvested decrease in number because of the interruptions. This harvest custom is done by Type-1 owners, because bamboo is the primary commodity of their economy.
Conclusion Conclusion to answer the research objectives: 1. Bamboo plantings in Badaraksa Kidul have important role in economy aspect to few residents, and not extensively to the whole village, 2. From ecological aspect, the decreasing number of bamboo plantings in Badaraksa Kidul has enough impact in water availability and soil fertility in the ecosystem 3. From sociocultural aspect, there is a gradual loss of bamboo culture in the community daily life. The materials for housing and household tools are now non-organic. This can also be linked to the decreasing number of land with bamboo plantings. 4. The community still has potential as bamboo supplier community because there are residents still connected economically. Bamboo still have important role. Therefore, marketability of bamboo needs to be worked at together. The community could then see its economic potentials and rekindle the bamboo history and culture, repairing natural environment and ecosystem by kampung-scale in the process.
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