Landscape Capacity Study - Whiteadder Catchment Area

Design; Landscape Planning and Ecology Landscape Capacity Study - Whiteadder Catchment Area Jock Breckenridge (1426863) Lok Chi Audrey Chan (1433555) Usaid Tariq (1448644) Luca Toth (1454630)

Page of Contents Landscape Charcter Assessment.......................................................1 Introduction and Methodology.........................................................2 Wind Energy........................................................................................3

Introduction.............................................................................................................4

General......................................................................................................................5 Suitability............................................................................................................................5

Hydroelectric Energy...................................................................................23

Introduction..........................................................................................................................24

Archimedes Screw Turbine.................................................................................................25 Suitability..........................................................................................................................................25 Sensitivity..........................................................................................................................................26 Capacity.............................................................................................................................................27

Pumped Storage Scheme.....................................................................................................28 Suitability..........................................................................................................................................28

Sensitivity............................................................................................................................6

Sensitivity..........................................................................................................................................29

Capacity..............................................................................................................................7

Capacity.............................................................................................................................................30

Sensitivity............................................................................................................................9

Sensitivity..........................................................................................................................................32

Capacity............................................................................................................................10

Capacity.............................................................................................................................................33

Sensitivity..........................................................................................................................12

Biomass..........................................................................................................34

Introduction...........................................................................................................................35

Capacity............................................................................................................................13

Solar Energy.......................................................................................14

Introduction...........................................................................................................15

Sensitivity..........................................................................................................................................37

Domestic...................................................................................................................8 Suitability............................................................................................................................8

Commercial.............................................................................................................11 Suitabilty............................................................................................................................11

General, Domestic and Commerial Suitability..................................................16

General....................................................................................................................17

Sensitivty..........................................................................................................................17

Capacity............................................................................................................................18

Domestic.................................................................................................................19

Sensitivity.........................................................................................................................19

Capacity............................................................................................................................20

Commercial............................................................................................................21

Sensitivity.........................................................................................................................21

Capacity............................................................................................................................22 Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Generating Energy from Water Supply..............................................................................31 Suitability..........................................................................................................................................31

Energy Crops........................................................................................................................36

Suitability..........................................................................................................................................36

Capacity.............................................................................................................................................38

Page of Contents

Short Rotation Coppice.....................................................................................................39 Suitability........................................................................................................................................39 Sensitivity.......................................................................................................................................40 Capacity..........................................................................................................................................41

Short Rotation Forestry.....................................................................................................42 Suitability........................................................................................................................................42 Sensitivity.......................................................................................................................................43 Capacity..........................................................................................................................................44

Conclusion..................................................................................................45 Reference.....................................................................................................46

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Landscape Character Assessment

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

1

Introduction and Methodology

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Introduction

Methodology

Landscape Capacity Study is an official publication document in the aims of analyzing the landscape and recommending the best sites to excavate more resources for human activities, not limiting to tourism and recreational purpose such as golf courses or beach resorts, or energy excavation such as implementation of wind farms, solar farms or hydrological energy such as pumped storage devices.

It studies the suitability and sensitivity of the different landscape characters in the region, in which the region is divided into different types based on the Landscape Character Assessment in the area. Suitability is to what extent does this particular landscape character is suitable, physically and culturally, for excavation for a certain activity. Sensitivity means two things: The significance and the environmental impact of implementing such energy development, also the consequences on the entire experience of the landscape after the development are built. These two main analyses are determined by scoring in a set of criteria composed of geophysical, cultural, multi-sensorial aspects.

This document is particularly focused in the energy aspect, where the landscape is analyzed according to the different types of renewable energy that can potentially be implemented, including wind energy, solar energy, hydrological energy and biomass. Each types of renewable energy are thoroughly researched, and divided into different sections of the document, which discusses their availability and potential of being implemented onto the landscape.

This document can be utilized as a reference to investors and stakeholders in the process of negotiating the change of land use, and altering the location of where the energy devices is going to be implemented.

The entire Tweed Catchment area is divided into different patches of area according to their landscape character type. Each landscape character can have very contrasting difference from one another therefore the suitability and sensitivity shall differ one from another. Both suitability and sensitivity of the landscape is going to be measured through a rubric created by the development team, which take accounts of all factors such as social significance, ecological values of the current landscape in oppose to the altered landscape if a certain type of development is implemented. Different scores shall be given to different landscape characters and shall conclude the capacity of each landscape character in implementing development, without intterupting the operation of the region and in balance with preserving the value of the current region.

The landscape character in the catchment area have been numbercoded, please refer to the table below: 1 - Heather Moorland 2 - Grassy Moorland 3 - Wind Turbines 4 - Upland Grassland

Solar exposure in the Tweed Catchment, extracted from BA2 Group 4

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

5 - Lowland Grassland 6 - Improved Grassland 7 - Pastoral Land 8 - Arable Field

9 - Ancient Woodland 10 - Plantation Woodland 11 - Designed Landscape 12 - Moss Area

13 - Riverside Farmland 14 - Riverside Grassland 15 - Settlements 16 - Hydro-energy

Wind Speed map taken into account for wind energy

2

Wind Energy

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

3

Wind Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Introduction and Assessment Rubrics Introduction

Criterias to Wind Energy

There are two main types of wind turbines. The traditional one, in the shape of a windmill is called a horizontal axis turbine, where the other one is called vertical axis which takes the shape of an egg mixer. Both convert electrical energy from wind energy that travels across the blades, which then turns the generator inside the gear box. The energy is then transported to any power station through a convertor box and to the national grid power lines.

Criterias were set up to measure the suitability and sensibility of the landscape character, to what extent these different areas are appropriate to invest windfarms:

These turbines can be placed in both domestic and commercial scale. Wind farms are currently one of the most important renewable energy in the United Kingdom and it is still expanding to slowly replace the consumption of non-renewable fuels such as natural gas, oil and coal. Families would install small turbines that can be placed on top of rooftops, or separately in their land. The energy generated is then sold to the responsible power company, and act as a top-up credit for the family’s consumption whenever needed. On the other side, the pressure of investing more commercial wind farm is increasing due to political factors such as the Kyoto protocol and other environmental treaties cosigned by United Kingdom. Examples can be seen from the provisional expansion in one of the wind farms in this region.

The different components in a wind turbine, which takes the responsibility to convert wind energy to electrical energy.

Suitability Criteria Wind Speed

Reason of why this criteria Wind turbines need at least 5 m/s windspeed to operate

Topography

Wind farms would usually be placed on a higher altitude to increase windspeed

Proximity to national grid

The energy produced has to go onto the national grid and if the new development can connect to existing lines there is no need for extending it.

Proximity to obstacles

The blades are long and rotating at a high speed they have to be placed away from trees and houses

History

Many landscapes in the catchment have high historic value being part of the scenery from certain estates therefore it is important not to ruin these views

Sensitivity

Wind energy investment is vital for Scotland energy supply.

Commercial windfarms have been expanding in the Scotland landscapes

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Criteria Ecology

Reason of why this criteria Does the area contain any endangered species both animals or plants?

Land Use

Is the current land use more valueable than it would be after installing new infrastucture?

Aesthetics/ Visibility

Would the wind turbines ruin the views of the landscape? are there any important views to protect?

Sensory Experience

Can for example noise pollution have a bad effect on the perception of the landscape?

Nature of Viewing

How would it effect people’s perception moving at different speeds?

4

Wind Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

General Suitability Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area is suitable for placing small amount of wind turbine units, with 1 being least suitable and 3 the most suitable areas. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any wind turbine development around that area, including existing windfarms.

High Suitability for general wind energy use: Heather Moorland- Due altitude of which the heather moorland is located, the area is much more exposed, especially to high wind speed on site. This with the range towards the national grid makes it more accessible to the power provided. This space is highly more suited to Commercial farming due to exposure, allowing for scale and lack of settlement. Additionally there is no historical sites or even diverse planting.

Arable Land- The arable land is situated in the flattest locations of the Scottish Borders. The area also has a low wind speed. The fields are very close to the national grid and many structures, including settlement and farm houses. Domestic wind farming is best applied on this site based on wind speed, topography and potential gain in energy. But, commercial windfarms can be applied due to vastness of site, but not as suitable compared to domestic and their potential energy gain.

Not Applicable groups: Wind Turbines- These areas already house large and wide spread commercial farms.

Area Wind Topog- Proximspeed raphy ity to national grid 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 N/A N/A N/A 4 3 2 2 5 2 1 1 6 2 2 1 7 3 3 1 8 1 3 3 9 1 1 1 10 1 2 1 11 1 2 2 12 3 2 1 13 1 1 3 14 1 1 3 15 1 3 2 16 N/A N/A N/A

Proxim- Commeri- Domestic ity to cal Windwindobstacles farms Scale farms Scale 3 3 1 3 3 1 N/A N/A N/A 2 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 N/A N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

History 3 2 N/A 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 3 1 1 3 N/A

Conclu- Rounds General sion up Wind Energy Suitability 2.571 3 High 2.429 2 Medium N/A N/A N/A 2.000 2 Medium 1.429 1 Low 1.714 2 Medium 2.000 2 Medium 2.571 3 High 1.286 1 Low 1.143 1 Low 1.714 2 Medium 2.286 2 Medium 1.714 2 Medium 1.286 1 Low 2.000 2 Medium N/A N/A N/A

Hydro Energy- Due to location, windfarms in general are not applicable on this site. Hydrological energy will be best suited among this water body and surrounding watercourses.

Existing windfarms sitting in the catchment area 5

Wind Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

General Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of wind turbines in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

High sensitivity areas are explained below: Heather Moorland: The Heather Moorlands are ecologically important and also provide opportunity for sports (shooting). The visual experience is unique and valuable both on small and big scale. However it can only be explored in depth on foot therefore it can be a monotone landscape if you drive through it. In conclusion the area is sensitive to both ecological and visual change.

Ancient Woodland: Ancient Woodlands are very important in terms of ecology because they provide habitat for many animals and have a high biodiversity. They also provide great sensory experience but mainly for cyclists and walkers as you cannot drive through most of them. For its ecological and land use importance it has high sensitivity.

Plantation Woodland: Although the biodiversity in flora is lower than in ancient woodland there is still a wide range of animals that live in plantation woodlands. These areas are also important from the perspective of timber production and they give a good sensory experience for both drivers, cyclists and walkers therefore they have high sensitivity.

Area Ecology

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

3 3 N/A 2 2 1 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 N/A

Land Use

Aesthetics (Visibility)

Sensory Experience

3 2 N/A 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 N/A

3 2 N/A 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 N/A

3 2 N/A 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 N/A

Nature of Nature of viewing viewing - Cyclist/ Drivers Walkers 3 1 3 1 N/A N/A 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 1 N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Conclusion 2.667 2.167 N/A 2.000 2.000 1.667 2.000 1.500 2.500 2.667 2.833 2.167 2.500 2.400 1.667 N/A

Rounds General Wind up Turbines Sensitivity 3 2 N/A 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 N/A

High Medium N/A Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High Medium High Medium Medium N/A

Designed Landscapes: Designed landscapes are intended to have great aesthetic and visual effects. They are usually estates, gardens, golf courses or parks designed to please the human eye or give opportunity for some kind of activity. Moreover some of them are Sites of Special Scientific Interest or Special Areas of Conservation therefore they have high ecological value as well as high overall sensitivity.

Riverside Grassland: Riverside Grasslands are important from an ecological perspective and give good visual experience for people travelling on foot, bike or in a car. But they have low land use value due to lack of exploitage. In spite of that they still have a high sensitivity.

6

Wind Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

General Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inverted in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

and 0 still stands for not suitable in any way to invest energy And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High In general the majority of this landscape is suitable for biomass production particularly in lowland areas where there is better weather conditions as well improved soils. However, other areas such as the heather moorland utilise the land then burn seasonally not to produce energy but to ensure that a more diverse range of species return the following year. Other areas include grasslands which cover more upland areas, therefore these areas are similarly suited to this type of land cultivation. On the other hand, SSS’s are not suitable for such land use as these areas contain a rich variety of flora and fauna which is protected by Scottish Natural Heritage.

Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Domestic Wind Turbines Suitability N/A N/A N/A Medium Low N/A Medium High N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium N/A Medium N/A

Domestic Wind Turbines Sensitivity N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A Low Low N/A N/A N/A N/A High N/A Low N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Domestic Wind Turbines Capacity N/A N/A N/A Medium Low-Medium N/A Medium-High High N/A N/A N/A N/A Low-Medium N/A Medium-High N/A 7

Wind Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Domestic Suitabilty Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area is suitable for placing large amount of wind turbine units, with 1 being least suitable and 3 the most suitable areas. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any wind turbine development around that area, including existing windfarms.

Medium Suitability is explained as below, as it is almost identical to the general suitatbility: Improved Grassland- “Collectively” the wind speed on the whole of the improved grassland is lower than that of the higher sites. However the majority the patches are on very flat sites having an effect on the overall topography. Provided power can be applied by the national power grid which is close by. Most of these sites are heavily managed to develop for agriculture. This has left essentially little to no historical sites among them.

Domestic wind farming is the best option available to use due to the scale of the sites and range towards certain structures and housing.

Pastoral Land- These lands are very flat with high wind speed due to their location. They are far from obstacles in their open landscapes, but far from the national grid. However commercial wind energy is more suitable than domestic due to the nature of this site described.

Designed Landscape- Many of the designed landscapes are situated on low lying sites where there is little speed. Also due to vegetation cover wind speed is also reduced. They are quite close to the national grid and roughly far from obstacles. They are quite suitable for domestic wind energy as compared to commercial.

Moss Area- The location of the moss area has very high wind speed despite lying on an essentially flat site.

It is quite close to a settlement, old structures and far from the national grid. These sites can become waterlogged and unsuitable for development of both the different wind energies.

Area

Wind Speed

Topography

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

N/A N/A N/A 3 2 N/A 3 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1

N/A N/A N/A 2 1 N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1

14 15 16

N/A 1 N/A

N/A 3 N/A

Proximity Proximity History to National to Obstacles Grid N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 1 2 1 N/A N/A N/A 1 3 1 3 3 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 2 1 N/A 2 N/A

N/A 1 N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

N/A 3 N/A

Scale

Average

Roundup

Suitability

N/A N/A N/A 1 1 N/A 1 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3

N/A N/A N/A 1.833 1.333 N/A 2.000 2.500 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.833

N/A N/A N/A 2 1 N/A 2 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

N/A N/A N/A Medium Low N/A Medium High N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium

N/A 3 N/A

N/A 2.167 N/A

N/A 2 N/A

N/A Medium N/A

Settlements- Overall majority of settlements in areas of low wind speed and a flat landscape. They are very close to the national grid and are best for domestic windfarms developments.

8

Wind Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Domestic Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of wind turbines in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

Highly sensitive areas include:

Ancient Woodland- These high ecological site lie on low/flat lands and have little wind speed. It is also far from the national grids. Both the Domestic and Commercial wind energy have a very low potential gain among this site. These woodland are also close to watercourses and are not as suitable.

Plantation Woodland- These areas have a low winds speed and lies on the rolling and flat landscapes. They are far from obstacles and situated a great distance from the power grid. They are unsuitable for domestic and commercial wind energy. Also due these woodlands being non-native and unnatural they possess very little historical sites.

Riverside Farmland- Area has low wind speed and flat landscape. They are very close the river and unsuitable for commercial development. However, can be supplied from the national grid. They are close to farmhouses, however and suitable for domestic farming.

Area

Ecology

Land Use

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

N/A N/A N/A 2 2 N/A 2 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3

N/A N/A N/A 3 2 N/A 2 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1

Aesthetics Sensory (Visibility) Experience N/A N/A N/A 2 1 N/A 1 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

N/A N/A N/A 2 1 N/A 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3

Nature of viewing - Cyclist/ Walkers N/A N/A N/A 1 2 N/A 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3

14 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 15 1 2 1 1 1 16 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Nature of Conclusion Rounds viewing up Drivers N/A N/A N/A 1 1 N/A 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3

N/A N/A N/A 1.833 1.500 N/A 1.333 1.167 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.500

N/A N/A N/A 2 2 N/A 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3

Domestic Wind Turbines Sensitivity N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A Low Low N/A N/A N/A N/A High

N/A 1 N/A

N/A 1.167 N/A

N/A 1 N/A

N/A Low N/A 9

Wind Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Domestic Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inverted in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

and 0 still stands for not suitable in any way to invest energy And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High There is a diverse mix of capacity in this catchment area. Except for the fragile ancient woodland and plantation woodland (9 & 10), the riverside grassland and farmland also has a low capacity mainly because of its ecological value and limited portion of conditions.

However, since it is small scale installation of wind turbine, there is a lot more landscape character that has a medium capacity or above.

Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Domestic Wind Turbines Suitability N/A N/A N/A Medium Low N/A Medium High N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium N/A Medium N/A

Domestic Wind Turbines Sensitivity N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A Low Low N/A N/A N/A N/A High N/A Low N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Domestic Wind Turbines Capacity N/A N/A N/A Medium Low-Medium N/A Medium-High High N/A N/A N/A N/A Low-Medium N/A Medium-High N/A

For arable land, it has a high capacity because the fields are very close to the national grid and many structures, including settlement and farm houses. Domestic wind farming is best applied on this site based on wind speed, topography and potential gain in energy. Despite the other factors because of its land use value it falls under medium sensitivity.

10

Wind Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Commercial Suitability Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area is suitable for placing large turbine units which require large areas, with 1 being least suitable and 3 the most suitable areas. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any wind turbine development around that area, including existing windfarms.

Heather Moorland- Due altitude of which the heather moorland is located, the area is much more exposed, especially to high wind speed on site. This with the range towards the national grid makes it more accessible to the power provided. This space is highly more suited to Commercial farming due to exposure, allowing for scale and lack of settlement. Additionally there is no historical sites or even diverse planting.

Grassy Moorland- This area is directly linked and situated alongside the Heather Moorland. Suitability is then similar based on topography and wind-speed for large commercial windfarms. Site is basically empty in terms of settlement. However, in terms of history, there are small clusters of old structures that define part of the landscape.

Arable Land- The arable land is situated in the flattest locations of the Scottish Borders. The area also has a low wind speed. The fields are very close to the national grid and many structures, including settlement and farm houses. Domestic wind farming is best applied on this site based on wind speed, topography and potential gain in energy. But, commercial windfarms can be applied due to vastness of site, but not as suitable compared to domestic and their potential energy gain.

Moss Area- The location of the moss area has very high wind speed despite lying on an essentially flat site. It is quite close to a settlement, old structures and far from the national grid. These sites can become waterlogged and unsuitable for development of both the different wind energies.

Area

Wind Speed

Topography

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

3 3 N/A 3 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

3 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A

Proximity Proximity History to National to Obstacles Grid 3 3 3 3 3 3 N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 3 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

N/A N/A N/A

Scale

Average

Roundup

Suitability

3 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

3.000 2.667 N/A 2.167 N/A N/A 2.167 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

3 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

High High N/A Medium N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A 11

Wind Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Commercial Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of wind turbines in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

The graphical results seems to differ from what the table is informing: one-third of the map has a low sensitivity but there is only one landscape character that has a low sensitivity; even the table is showing a domination of high sensitivity landscape character over landscape characters with moderate to low sensitivity, the distribution of areas are very evenly spread. This is because the Scotish rural landscape is very predominant in agriculture, which influenced the arable land in the landscape character map very predominant.

The rest of the map shows a significant difference between the response of different landscape character to commerical windfarms. Moorland (1 & 2) are highly sensitive to implement commercial windfarm because it is an important habitat for Black Grouse, which is endangered in UK and it is intensely used by game keepers and hunters who goes to sporting in seasons.

Area

Ecology

Land Use

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

3 3 N/A 3 N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

3 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Aesthetics Sensory (Visibil- Experience ity) 3 2 N/A 1 N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

3 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Nature of viewing - Cyclist/ Walkers 3 3 N/A 3 N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

14 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 15 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 16 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Nature of viewing Drivers

Conclusion

1 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

2.667 2.500 N/A 2.167 N/A N/A 2.167 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A

Rounds Commericial up Wind Turbines Sensitivity 3 High 3 High N/A N/A 2 Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A 12

Wind Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Commercial Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inverted in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

and 0 still stands for not suitable in any way to invest energy And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High Overall, majority of the region are dominated with land that has moderate capacity to installing large scale commercial windfarms, however the exception of arable land as high capacity. This is due to a high level of solar exposure throughout the daytime and a flat landscape allows self-adjustable solar panels to absorb insolation from all directions.

In addition, the large ratio of arable land to other landscape character is an advantage of developing solar farms.

However, the Common Agricultural Policy is a very heavy force in balnacing the economy of these stakeholders.

By taking sustainable actions or cultivating certain crops to restore the original appearance of the Scottish landscape, farmers receives incentives as a reward, therefore balancing the economic profit for the farmers is crucial if actions are confirmed on arable land.

Area

Commericial Wind Turbines Suitability

Commericial Wind Turbines Sensitivity

Commericial Wind Turbines Capacity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

High High N/A Medium N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

High High N/A Medium N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Medium Medium N/A Medium N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

13

Solar Energy

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

14

Solar Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Introduction Introduction

Solar Energy can be converted into two types of energy: Heat energy that is widely used in heating hot water for domestic use, and electrical energy which converts solar energy through photovoltaic panels, then transport to the reposnsible power supplier. Both heat and electricity is converted through a photocoltaic panel.

Due to the natural condition of low insolation in the winter, United Kingdom generaly does not do any commercial solar farm due to low intensity of sunlight. However, environmental policies are implemented so it is encouraged for households to plant solar panels on any south-facing roof tops on their houses, which can decrease their electricity bills. It is widely seen that a lot of these rural households have adapted to this policy, therefore domestic solar panels capacity should be quite high.

Criterias

Criterias were set up to measure the suitability and sensibility of the landscape character, to what extent these different areas are appropriate to invest windfarms:

Suitability Criteria Sun Exposure

Reason of why this criteria As they generate energy from sunlight sun exposure it an important factor

Topography

South facing slopes or roofs are the most desireable

Proximity to national grid

The energy produced has to go onto the national grid and if the new development can connect to existing lines there is no need for extending it.

Proximity to structures

For maintenance it is important that they are easily accessible

Proximity to transport network:

For easier transportation and insallation

Sensitivity

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Criteria Ecology

Reason of why this criteria Does the area contain any endangered species both animals or plants?

Land Use

Is the current land use more valueable than it would be after installing new infrastucture?

Aesthetics/ Visibility

Would the wind turbines ruin the views of the landscape? are there any important views to protect?

Sensory Experience

Can for example noise pollution have a bad effect on the perception of the landscape?

Nature of Viewing

How would it effect people’s perception moving at different speeds?

15

Solar Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

General, Domestic and Commercial Suitibility Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area is suitable for placing solar panels in high density on top of big fields, with 1 being least suitable and 3 the most suitable areas. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for areas that does not have any settlements or buildings.

Arable land (8) and Settlements (15) have the highest suitability in implementing solar panel at all scales, explanations are as below: Arable Land- On average all the arable lands have a certain level of sun exposure, particularly, those close to the south of the Border. The flat land and open landscape makes easy for establishment and provides a higher chance of capturing sunlight. It isn’t far from the national grid, very close to a built structure, and surrounded by road networks. The closer an area is to built structure, makes it more suitable for domestic renewable energy compared to commercial.

Settlements- Very high levels of exposure and fair topography. Most are very close to the grid and contain almost all built structure and road, providing ease in supply and benefit from solar power.

Area

Sun exposure

Topography

Proximity to national grid

Proximity of Structure

1 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 3 1 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 2 2 2 1 5 2 1 2 2 6 2 1 1 2 7 2 3 1 1 8 2 3 2 3 9 1 2 2 1 10 1 2 1 1 11 3 3 1 2 12 2 2 1 1 13 3 1 2 2 14 2 2 1 1 15 3 1 3 3 16 N/A N/A N/A N/A Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Proximity to Transport Network 1 2 N/A 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 N/A

Conclusion 1.800 2.000 N/A 1.800 2.000 1.600 1.800 2.600 1.600 1.200 2.400 1.400 2.000 1.400 2.600 N/A

Rounds up Suitablity to 2 2 N/A 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 N/A

Medium Medium N/A Medium Medium Medium Medium High Medium Low Medium Low Medium Low High N/A

16

Solar Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

General Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of solar panels in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

Arable land (8) and Settlements (15) have the highest suitability in implementing solar panel at all scales, explanations are as below: Arable Land- On average all the arable lands have a certain level of sun exposure, particularly, those close to the south of the Border. The flat land and open landscape makes easy for establishment and provides a higher chance of capturing sunlight. It isn’t far from the national grid, very close to a built structure, and surrounded by road networks. The closer an area is to built structure, makes it more suitable for domestic renewable energy compared to commercial.

Settlements- Very high levels of exposure and fair topography. Most are very close to the grid and contain almost all built structure and road, providing ease in supply and benefit from solar power.

Area

Ecology

Land use

History

Visibility

Conclusion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

2 1 N/A 2 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 N/A

2 1 N/A 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 N/A

1 1 N/A 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 1 2 N/A

2 1 N/A 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 N/A

1.750 1.000 N/A 2.000 2.000 1.500 2.250 2.000 2.500 2.000 2.250 2.750 1.500 1.500 1.250 N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Rounds up to 2 1 N/A 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 N/A

Domestic Solar Energy Sensitivity Medium Low N/A Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High Medium Medium High Medium Medium Low N/A 17

Solar Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

General Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inversed in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High In terms of Solar Energy, there are certainly areas of this landscape which are able to produce it. Patches of grassland which are south facing would provide energy companies with open space. Areas in lowland valleys again with correct aspect can be used for solar energy. These areas will also be exposed to less extreme weather conditions comapared to upland areas therefore solar equpment will not be damaged as much in lowlieing parts of the landscape. Patches of Heather moorland in which have poor soils and aspect would not be capable of producing a sufficient amount of solar energy.

Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Suitability Medium Medium N/A Medium Medium Medium Medium High Medium Low Medium Low

Sensitivity Medium Low N/A Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High Medium Medium High

Capacity Medium Medium High N/A Low-Medium Low-Medium Medium Medium Medium High Low-Medium Low-Medium Medium Low

13 14 15 16

Medium Low High N/A

Medium Medium Low N/A

Medium Low-Medium High N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

18

Solar Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Domesitic Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of Domestic solar panel in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

When analyzing the sensetivity of domestic solar energy, there is very specific patches of this landscape which would be suitable for this. Settlements such as duns and chirnside are examples of villages in which local people try to produce solar energy. Generally this is done on roofing on houses which can provide electricity for the people living there and for the national grid. The areas that are highlighted in grey show areas in which are sensetive as these are areas in which do not have settlements or for reasons such as ecology and location are not capable of producing solar energy. It is certainly possible that people living in current settlements can introduce solar energy into their homes which will not only benfefit the environement but will lower electricity costs for people living there.

Area

Ecology

Land use

History

Visibility

Conclusion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.250 N/A N/A N/A 1.250 N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Rounds up to N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A

Domestic Solar Energy Sensitivity N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A Low N/A 19

Solar Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Domestic Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inversed in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High

The word ‘Domestic’ suggests that it should be close to settlement, this is coherently shown in the capacity map since there is a high capacity of implementing domestic solar panels. However there is also a medium-high capacity across the uplands such as the grassy moorland lowland in the arable fields.

An interesting note to a medium-high capacity in wind turbines. This is possible to develop if photovoltaic panels can be ustomed in size and put on top of the pillar of the wind turbine, however it is questionable whether enough power can be produced from those panels.

Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Suitability N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A High N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Sensitivity N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A Low N/A

Capacity N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A High N/A

20

Solar Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Commercial Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of Domestic solar panel in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

Due to the area it takes for planting commercial scale solar farm, all landscape characters have a sensitivity of moderate or highly sensitive to such implementation.

Looking at the detailed result, one of the key reason that raised the sensitivity is the visual impact which commercial solar farn would bring. It would cover a large piece of landscape and ruins a rural view. They also disrupt habitats such as moorland and riparian areas.

This region is also particularly sensitive as a whole since it has quite a few Site of Special Scientific Interest, which requires maximum protection and least disturbance from human activities. Solar Panel poses a hazard to the region if there are any leakage in the chemcials inside the panels as it is highly toxic.

Area

Ecology

Land use

History

Visibility

Conclusion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A 3 N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A

N/A 2 N/A 3 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A

N/A 1 N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A

N/A 3 N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A

N/A 2.250 N/A 3.000 2.750 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.000 N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Rounds up to N/A 2 N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A

Commericial Solar Energy Sensitivity N/A Medium N/A High High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A 21

Solar Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Commercial Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inversed in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High It has been mentioned that commercial solar farms are not necessary in the study, but this shows a very coherent pattern to the domestic solar panel capacity map. Settlements continues to be one of the most favourable landscape for solar panel or farms, in which even they even have less concentration of sunlight from the upland.

This map also emphasizes on the facing slopes, where there tends to have a higher insolation on south facing slope, hence the slope that faces north have a lower capacity such as low-medium on moorlands and pastoral land.

Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Suitability N/A Medium N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Low N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Sensitivity N/A Medium N/A High High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A

Capacity N/A Medium N/A Low-Medium Low-Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Low-Medium N/A N/A 22

Hydroelectrical Energy

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

23

Hydroelectrical Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Introduction

Criterias

Introduction Hydroelectrical energy provides a high potential to settlements near waterbodies, especially to those ones adjacent to towns like the edge of Duns.

There are three types of hydroelectrical energy availabile to be invested into the region: Archimedes Screw Turbines, the traditional pumped storage scheme and generating power from water supply. Each of them possess high potential but high impact on the environment if implemented.

Archimedes screw turbines are one of the latest technologies thats takes a sloped screw form, running from two given points on a slope with running water in one of them. They are generally 5-8m wide and at variable length.

They only works at low head and high flow sites, and they produce at least 5000W of power. However there is a slight concern over environmental impact as it produces noise pollution, which can be seen from existing structures.

The traditional pumped storage scheme requires high geo-engineering since it requires a dramatically height difference to make the turbines run. Dams and reservoirs is implemented with generators inside the plant, when the water exceeds the water level of the reservoir, it releases water to the lower ground. However as it disrupts the natural order of a stream, it severely affects the environment, such as salmon and fishes in the river which migrate back to freshwater to breed.

Generating power from water supply introduces generators that applies the excess water pressure in water supply lines into electricity, it is one of the best options for the region especially when there is so little places that need water supply lines and replacing parts of the water supply network should be more convenient. However, there would be a high amount of ground engineering within the settlement and it might cause temporary water shortage.

(Left Top) Archimedes Screw Generator (Right Top) Traditional Pumped Storage Scheme (Left) Pressure generator on top of main water

supply lines

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Criterias were set up to measure the suitability and sensibility of the landscape character, to what extent these different areas are appropriate to invest windfarms:

Suitability Criteria Flow

Reason of why this criteria Velocity of the water at certain sections of the stream, schemes need either low or high flow to operate properly

Topography

The flow can depend on the topography also changes in the river might accur differetly on certain topographies.

Head Proximity to national grid

The height difference between two given points.

The energy produced has to go onto the national grid and if the new development can connect to existing lines there is no need for extending it.

History

Many landscapes in the catchment have high historic value being part of the scenery from certain estates therefore it is important not to ruin these views

Sensitivity Criteria Ecology

Reason of why this criteria Does the area contain any endangered species both animals or plants?

Land Use

Is the current land use more valueable than it would be after installing new infrastucture?

Aesthetics/ Visibility

Would the wind turbines ruin the views of the landscape? are there any important views to protect?

Fish Movement

Their movement can be blocked by the schemes, however fish ladders can be installed

Barrier Risk

The devices might kill fishes which is accidentally caught onto the engines

Sensory Experience

Can for example noise pollution have a bad effect on the perception of the landscape?

Nature of Viewing

How would it effect people’s perception moving at different speeds?

24

Hydrological Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Archimedes Screw Turbines- Suitability Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area is suitable for placing any hydroelectrical devices near streams of water, with 1 being least suitable and 3 the most suitable areas. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for areas that does not have any settlements or buildings.

As the Whiteadder River does not flow through each landscape area with enough velocity Archimedes Screw Turbines are not suitable everywhere. However it has a high suitability on upland areas because of the topography and proximity to the National Grid but also because these landscapes have less historic value. And there are also some with medium suitability on the lowlands where the river is slower and there are more protected landscapes.

Area

Flow

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A 3 N/A 3 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 N/A

Proximity to national grid N/A 3 N/A 2 2 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 2 N/A

Head

Topography

History

Scale

Conclusion

Rounds up

Suitability

N/A 3 N/A 3 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 2 1 N/A

N/A 2 N/A 3 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 N/A

N/A 1 N/A 1 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 3 N/A

N/A 3 N/A 3 2 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 N/A

N/A 2.500 N/A 2.500 2.000 N/A 1.667 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.667 1.833 1.500 N/A

N/A 3 N/A 3 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 2 N/A

N/A High N/A High Medium N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium Medium N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

25

Hydrological Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Archimedes Screw Turbine- Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of hydroelectric energy devices in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

All landscapes have either a high or a medium sensitivity as Archimedes Screw Turbines can damage the sensory experience as well as have a negative effect on fish movement and aesthetical value. Other than the areas that are unsuitable the Grassy Moorlands, the Pastoral Lands and the Riverside Grasslands have high sensitivity as their sensory and aesthetic value could be severely damaged if the turbines get installed. However there are landscapes with lower sensitivity such as Settlements, Riverside Farmlands, Upland Grasslands and Lowland Grasslands.

Area

Ecology

Land use

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A 2 N/A 2 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 1 N/A

N/A 3 N/A 2 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 2 1 N/A

Aesthetics Fish move- Barrier (Visibility) ment Risk N/A 3 N/A 2 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 3 3 N/A

N/A 3 N/A 3 3 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

N/A 3 N/A 2 1 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 2 N/A

Sensory Experience N/A 3 N/A 3 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 1 N/A

Conclusion N/A 2.833 N/A 2.333 1.833 N/A 2.500 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.333 2.667 1.500 N/A

Rounds Sensitivup ity N/A 3 N/A 2 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 2 N/A

N/A High N/A Medium Medium N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium High Medium N/A 26

Hydrological Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Archimedes Screw Turbine- Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inversed in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High As the region is mostly suitable for the installation of Archimedes Screw Turbines it is also mostly sensitive.

Therefore most landscapes will have a medium or low-medium capacity. However the Upland Grasslands have a Medium-High rating since the current land use is not as valuable and it has little historic importance but it possesses all the factors to be suitable for such schemes.

Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Archimedes Screw Turbine Suitability N/A High N/A High Medium N/A Medium N/A

Archimedes Screw Turbine Sensitivity N/A High N/A Medium Medium N/A High N/A

Archimedes Screw Turbine Capacity N/A Medium N/A Medium-High Medium N/A Low-Medium N/A

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium Medium N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium High Medium N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Low-Medium Medium N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

27

Hydrological Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Pumped Storage Scheme- Suitability Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area is suitable for placing any hydroelectrical devices near streams of water, with 1 being least suitable and 3 the most suitable areas. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for areas that does not have any settlements or buildings.

Pumped Storage Schemes can only be installed next to reservoirs or other waterbodies therefore most of the catchment is not suitable. However new waterbodies can be established to aid further development.

The Grassy Moorlands have the highest ranking as the two existing waterbodies the Whiteadder Reservoir and the Watch Water Reservoir are located in that landscape. The others have medium suitability because they can either take part in Pumped Storage Schemes or there is an opportunity to establish man-made waterbodies.

Area

Flow

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 N/A N/A

Proximity to national grid N/A 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 N/A N/A

Head

Topography

History

Scale

Conclusion

Rounds up

Suitability

N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 2 N/A N/A

N/A 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 N/A N/A

N/A 1 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 N/A N/A

N/A 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A

N/A 2.500 N/A 2.333 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.000 2.167 N/A N/A

N/A 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 N/A N/A

N/A High N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

28

Hydrological Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Pumped Storage Scheme- Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of hydroelectric energy devices in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

As these schemes require much working with heavy machinery they have a bigger effect on the landscape therefore although these landscapes are suitable for Pumped Storage Scheme establishment they are also highly sensitive as they have a high ecological and aesthetic value. Also in the lowlands these schemes can keep the fish from moving further upstream that could lead to a downfall in their numbers.

Area Ecology Land use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 N/A N/A

N/A 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 2 N/A N/A

Aesthetics Fish move- Barrier (Visibility) ment Risk N/A 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 N/A N/A

N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 2 N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

N/A 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 N/A N/A

Sensory Experience N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 N/A N/A

Conclusion N/A 2.500 N/A 2.500 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.000 2.500 N/A N/A

Rounds Sensitivity up N/A 3 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 N/A N/A

N/A High N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium High N/A N/A 29

Hydrological Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Pumped Storage Scheme- Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inversed in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High As soon on the map the landscapes capacity for a pumped storage scheme is very suitable in the Scottish Borders. This method is surprisingly more suitable among the lowlands of the catchment. The higher capacity is essentaqilly based on the arable fields and grasslands of the area. What is very interesting about this the topography of the landscape is fairly flat. Now pumped storage schemes usually use the topography to store water and generate elecvtricity, as the water flows and is being pumped between the storage holders.

Area 1

Suitability N/A

Sensitivity N/A

Capacity N/A

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

High N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A

High N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A

Medium N/A Low-Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium High N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Low-Medium N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

30

Hydrological Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Generating Energy from Water Supply- Suitability Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area is suitable for placing any hydroelectrical devices near streams of water, with 1 being least suitable and 3 the most suitable areas. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for areas that does not have any settlements or buildings.

Water is transported from reservoirs in the rural areas to areas with higher population density and water is needed. When too much pressure builds up in these pipes water can flow into houses. This system balances the pressure level out while generating energy at the same time. As the lower parts of the catchment has a higher population density those parts would benefit from this system more. However most landscapes have only a medium ranking because they are further away from the National Grid or do not have the right velocity.

Area

Flow

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A 3 2 1 2 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 N/A

Proximity to national grid N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 1 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 2 N/A

Head N/A N/A N/A 3 2 1 2 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 2 1 N/A

Topogra- History phy N/A N/A N/A 3 2 1 2 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

N/A N/A N/A 1 2 1 2 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 3 N/A

Scale

Conclusion

Rounds up

Suitability

N/A N/A N/A 1 2 3 2 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 3 3 N/A

N/A N/A N/A 2.167 2.000 1.333 1.833 1.500 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.000 2.167 1.833 N/A

N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 2 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 2 N/A

N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium Low Medium Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium Medium N/A 31

Hydrological Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Generating Energy from Water Supply- Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of hydroelectric energy devices in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

As this system will not disturb the surface and current pipes will have to be changed in the near future anyway the sensitivity of most landscapes are low. However in settlements the work needed to change the pipes can cause temporary disturbances.

Area

Ecology

Land use

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 2 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 N/A

N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 1 2 N/A

Aesthetics Fish move- Barrier (Visibility) ment Risk N/A N/A N/A 2 1 1 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 2 2 N/A

N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 N/A

Sensory Experience N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 1 2 N/A

Conclusion

Rounds up

Sensitivity

N/A N/A N/A 1.167 1.000 1.000 1.167 1.000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.333 1.500 1.500 N/A

N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 2 2 N/A

N/A N/A N/A Low Low Low Low Low N/A N/A N/A N/A Low Medium Medium N/A 32

Hydrological Energy

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Generating Energy from Water Supply- Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inversed in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High

As this method will not disturb the landscape permanently most areas have a medium-high capacity. The only ones that have a medium ranking are ones with sensitive habitats or some kind of valuable current land use that cannot be disturbed by the installation of the pipes.

Area 1

Suitability N/A

Sensitivity N/A

Capacity N/A

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

N/A N/A Medium Medium Low Medium Medium

N/A N/A Low Low Low Low Low

N/A N/A Medium-High Medium-High Medium Medium-High Medium-High

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium Medium N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Low Medium Medium N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium-High Medium Medium N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

33

Biomass

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

34

Biomass

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Introduction Agricultural activity has been existing in this region for a long history. It has always been under the pressure of Common Agricultural Policy which sends incentive to land owners or farmers that maintain their land in favor of the policy. However, with the increasing pressure of renewable energy investments, different types of crops can be applied to these lands.

Energy crops are seasonal crops that can be burned or extracted energy from. Farmers harvest seasonally and these crops can even be stored before they are needed. More by-products can also be produced for a certain type of crops, for examples sugar palms for tropical climate biomass investments.

Short Rotation Soppice are three year cycle crops where trees like willow are planted around 2m apart from one another, which then is harvested after they are 3 years old. They also possess high ecological values that it can act as a part of ecological restoration planning in short term.

Shoer Rotation Forestry are 20 year cycle trees where trees are planted for a 20 year span. When they are mature, they are then harvested. They are useful to also act as a part of medium-timescale ecological restoration projects and valuable habitats for animals to reside.

Criterias

Criterias were set up to measure the suitability and sensibility of the landscape character, to what extent these different areas are appropriate to invest windfarms:

Suitability Criteria Soil Conditions

Reason of why this criteria Plantations will only be successful on fertile soils

Proximity to Road

For easier transportation of the chopped off wood or coppice

Precipitation

For ideal plant growth a good amount of rainfall is required

Sensitivity Criteria Ecology

Reason of why this criteria Does the area contain any endangered species both animals or plants?

Land Use

Is the current land use more valueable than it would be after installing new infrastucture?

Aesthetics/ Visibility

Would the wind turbines ruin the views of the landscape? are there any important views to protect?

History

Many landscapes in the catchment have high historic value being part of the scenery from certain estates therefore it is important not to ruin these views

Machinery Sounds

Will the machiery required to maintain the plantation cause noise pollution

(Left Top) Short Rotation Forestry (Right Top) Short Rotation Coppice (Left) Energy Crops

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

35

Biomass

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Energy Crops- Suitability Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area is suitable for planting any types of biomass on different areas, with 1 being least suitable and 3 the most suitable areas. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for areas that does not have any settlements or buildings.

In general the majority of this landscape is suitable for biomass production particularly in lowland areas where there is better weather conditions as well improved soils. However, other areas such as the heather moorland utilise the land then burn seasonally not to produce energy but to ensure that a more diverse range of species return the following year. Other areas include grasslands which cover more upland areas, therefore these areas are similarly suited to this type of land cultivation. On the other hand, SSS’s are not suitable for such land use as these areas contain a rich variety of flora and fauna which is protected by Scottish Natural Heritage.

Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Soil conditions Proximity to roads N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 2 3 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A

Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

Crops Type N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.000 2.500 1.500 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.000

N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium High Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium

2 N/A N/A

1 N/A N/A

1.500 N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A

Medium N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Conclusion Rounds up to Suitability

36

Biomass

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Energy Crops- Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of biomass plantation in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

It’s intriguing to see that sensitivity according to the Biomass changes in this landscape. In small pockets such as riparian woodland near the river systems these areas are significantly more sensitive. This is primarily as these are arable areas in which producing energy crops may destroy soil quality as well as fertilizers which are frequently used which can seep into river systems. Upland areas of heather moorland are also sensitive to this energy crops as their soils are poor but contain a wide range of plants and animal species.

Area

Ecology

Land use

History

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 1 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 1 N/A N/A

Aesthetics Machinary (Visibility) Sound N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 2 3 1 3 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 2 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Conclusion N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.400 1.400 2.200 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.800 2.000 N/A N/A

Rounds up Sensitivity to N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 Medium 1 Low 2 Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 Medium 2 Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A 37

Biomass

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Energy Crops- Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inversed in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High In terms of landscape capacity, there are only certain areas within this landscape which are capable of sustaining this type of landscape use. Conditions in lowland arable areas are ideal for this due to rich and well drained soils. These areas are also in close proximity to the main river system which contains alluvium rich soils. All grassland areas as well as moorlands are less capable of containing these as undulating land makes it more difficult to establish the crops.

Area 1

Suitability N/A

Sensitivity N/A

Capacity N/A

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

N/A N/A N/A Medium High Medium N/A

N/A N/A N/A Medium Low Medium N/A

N/A N/A N/A Medium High Medium N/A

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

38

Biomass

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Short Rotation Coppice- Suitability Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area is suitable for planting any types of biomass on different areas, with 1 being least suitable and 3 the most suitable areas. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for areas that does not have any settlements or buildings.

For short rotation coppice lowland arable farming lands are most suitable for this type of land use. Short rotation coppice is useful for areas bordering arable fields in which are lacking in plant diversity. Therefore plant short rotation coppice as well as reintroducing an alternative plant species into the landscape, increases the quality of soils and also provides shelter for surrounding settlements.

Area

Proximity to roads N/A N/A N/A 3 2 3 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

Precipitation N/A N/A N/A 3 2 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

Crops Type

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Soil conditions N/A N/A N/A 3 2 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

N/A N/A N/A 1 3 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

N/A N/A N/A 2.500 2.250 2.250 N/A 2.500 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.000

N/A N/A N/A 3 2 2 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2

N/A N/A N/A High Medium Medium N/A High N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium

14 15 16

1 N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A

1.750 N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A

Medium N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Conclusion Rounds up to

Suitability

39

Biomass

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Short Rotation Coppice- Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of biomass plantation in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

In terms of sensitivity, short rotation coppice is one technique in which does not fit well with all areas within this landscape. Riparian woodlands as well as large water bodies within this site are sensitive areas in which short rotation coppice should not be planted in. Firstly, in these areas you would struggle to establish these crops due to environmental conditions. Secondly, short rotation coppice is an energy crop which requires fertilizer which in turn would seep into water bodies such as the Blackadder and Whiteadder.

Area

Ecology

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A 3 3 2 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 N/A N/A

Land use N/A N/A N/A 2 2 2 N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 N/A N/A

History N/A N/A N/A 3 3 1 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 N/A N/A

Aesthetics Machinary (Visibility) Sound N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 3 2 3 2 2 N/A N/A 3 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 3 2 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Conclusion N/A N/A N/A 2.800 2.600 1.800 N/A 2.000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.400 2.000 N/A N/A

Rounds up Sensitivity to N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 High 3 High 2 Medium N/A N/A 2 Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 Medium 2 Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A 40

Biomass

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Short Rotation Coppice- Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inversed in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High As mentioned previously, arable farming is areas which are best suited to grow short rotation coppice. With existing and intensive farming methods, this land is capable of sustaining and benefiting from this landscape use. However, in upland areas such as moorlands and grasses, short rotation coppice would struggle to thrive and would impact negatively on this landscape.

Area 1

Suitability N/A

Sensitivity N/A

Capacity N/A

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

N/A N/A High Medium Medium N/A High

N/A N/A High High Medium N/A Medium

N/A N/A Medium Low-Medium Medium N/A Medium-High

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

41

Biomass

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Short Rotation Foresty- Suitability Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area is suitable for planting any types of biomass on different areas, with 1 being least suitable and 3 the most suitable areas. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for areas that does not have any settlements or buildings.

Forestry is a predominant feature of Scotland’s rural landscape in the last 30 years. This site has some existing plantation forests which are well suited to their environment. Upland areas in this site where you would generally find grasslands are areas which are well suited to forestry. Soils due to steepness are relatively thin which coniferous trees have no issue with growing on. These tree species (Scots Pine) taking around 20-50years and grow well in areas of poor soils.

Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Soil conditions Proximity to roads N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 2 3 N/A N/A 3 2 3 2 2 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 1 N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A

Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 N/A 2 1 2 N/A N/A 2

Crops Type N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 2 N/A 1 2 3 N/A N/A 1

N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.250 2.250 N/A 2.000 2.000 2.000 N/A N/A 1.750

N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 2 N/A 2 2 2 N/A N/A 2

N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A Medium Medium Medium N/A N/A Medium

2 N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A

1.750 N/A N/A

2 N/A N/A

Medium N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Conclusion Rounds up to Suitability

42

Biomass

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Short Rotation Foresty- Sensitivity Based on the criteria listed in the table, a score of 1 to 3 is given to each criteria in consideration of whether this area would be sensitive to change such as implement of biomass plantation in the area, with 1 being least sensitive to 3 being the most sensitive. ‘Not applicable’ (N/A) is given when there is minimal possibility for any development around that area.

There are several locations within this site in which plantation woodland could be grown. However, areas of riparian woodland would not establish well if combined with coniferous woodland as they would outcompete the broad-leafed woodland for resources. Different animal species also inhabit each forest type therefore attempting to link these would disrupt animal habitats in this landscape. Areas such as the SSSI’S in the south are also highly sensitive as these areas contains a rich source of plant and invertebrate species which are already struggling to survive.

Area

Ecology

Land use

History

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 N/A 1 2 1 N/A N/A 2 2 N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 N/A 3 1 2 N/A N/A 2 1 N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 1 N/A 2 2 1 N/A N/A 2 1 N/A N/A

Aesthetics Machinary (Visibility) Sound N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 3 3 3 N/A N/A 3 2 1 3 1 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3 3 2 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Conclusion N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.400 2.200 N/A 2.200 1.800 1.400 N/A N/A 2.400 1.800 N/A N/A

Rounds up Sensitivity to N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 Medium 2 Medium N/A N/A 2 Medium 2 Medium 1 Low N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 Medium 2 Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A 43

Biomass

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

Short Rotation Foresty- Capacity Capacity of a landscape holds a positive correlation to landscape suitability, and a negative correlation to landscape sensitivity. Therefore to achieve high capacity in a given area, one must possess a high suitability and low sensitivity. Scores given to sensitivity of a landscape is inversed in the calculation of the capacity of a landscape, where: 1 = Highly sensitive

2= Moderately sensitive

3 = Low sensitive

And the suitability score are kept the same. Average of the two scores shall define the capacity of a landscape according to the boundaries below: 0-1.24 = Low, 1.25-1.74=Low-Medium, 1.75-2.24 = Medium, 2.25-2.74 = Medium-High and 2.75-3.00=High Plantation forestry can be seen in large patches throughout the site. These areas are intensely utilised and are felled in patches every 20-30years. In upland areas where forests such as these are best suited, there are several areas close by which the plantation areas could be extended. These areas are generally grasslands that touch the boundaries of the heather moorland. Opportunities to expand the areas of forestry around the existing patches would benefit plant and animal species found within these environments.

Area 1

Suitability N/A

Sensitivity N/A

Capacity N/A

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A Medium

N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A Medium

N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A Medium

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Medium Medium N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

Medium Low N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

Medium Medium-High N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

44

Conclusion

Usaid Tariq, Luca Toth, Jock Breckenridge, Lok Chi Audrey Chan

General Capacity in Energy Development

Area Domestic Wind Turbines Capacity 1 N/A 2 N/A 3 N/A 4 Medium 5 Low-Medium 6 N/A 7 Medium-High 8 High 9 N/A 10 N/A 11 N/A 12 N/A 13 Low-Medium 14 N/A 15 Medium-High 16 N/A

Commericial Wind Turbines Capacity Medium Medium N/A Medium N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Landscape Capacity Study- Whiteadder Catchment Area

Archimedes Screw Turbine Capacity N/A Medium N/A Medium-High Medium N/A Low-Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Low-Medium Medium N/A

Pumped Storage Generating EnScheme Capacity ergy from Water Supply Capacity N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A Low-Medium Medium-High N/A Medium-High N/A Medium N/A Medium-High N/A Medium-High N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium-High Low-Medium Medium N/A Medium N/A N/A

Domestic Solar Capacity N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium N/A N/A N/A High N/A

Commercial Solar Capacity N/A Medium N/A Low-Medium Low-Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Low-Medium N/A N/A

EC Capacity N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium High Medium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

SRC Capacity N/A N/A N/A Medium Low-Medium Medium N/A Medium-High N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

SRF Capacity N/A N/A N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A Medium Medium Medium-High N/A N/A Medium Medium N/A N/A

45

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