Ali Veterinary Wisdom Newsletter - November 2022

EDITOR'S DESK

Mortality in livestock or poultry farms is very serious threat for our environment It have multiple facets and long lasting percussions if we try to realize Mortality means that rearing management is not right, animal or birds are not in their right health state There could be some issues with biosecurity or feed quality Immune breakdown due to mycotoxins and viral diseases cannot be undermine Dead livestock and birds are shear wastage of our scarce natural resources If we only look at water wastage, 1kg of modern broiler require 800g of maize besides other ingredients. This much maize requires 1600 liters of water to grow If a 3 month goat kid is died that would consumed nearly 10kg of maize (grains), it wasted 16k liters of water, in addition to that it left more than 39kg of carbon foot print in terms of carbon dioxide In India data shows that up to 10% mortality in goat kid's is normal up to 3 months of age. Cherry on cake is blind use of antibiotics to save dying animal & birds in such situations which causes

NATIONAL LIVESTOCK MISSION

compiled by Ali Veterinary Wisdom

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

NLM or National Livestock Mission is a central government scheme for the promotion of mainly backyard poultry & small ruminant (goat and sheep) production along with some other components like fodder resources development and insurance It is an umbrella scheme which certainly increase employment generation, improves food security and enhances animal productivity. Although this scheme is pretty old but last year (2021) it is again revised and realign by the Department of Animal Husbandry.

BRIEF OUTLAY

To stimulate growth in the livestock sector, making animal husbandry more profitable for the 10 crore farmers involved in the sector The central government will invest Rs 9,800 crore on livestock development over the next five years in an effort to attract nearly Rs 55,000 crore outside investment It involves share of different institutions like Central Government, State Governments, State Cooperatives, Financial institutions, External funding agencies and other stakeholders

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE

NLM was launched in the 2014 15 financial year and seeks to ensure quantitative and qualitative improvement in livestock production systems and capacity building of all stakeholders. The scheme is being implemented as a sub scheme of White Revolution Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana from April 2019 The NLM scheme has been revised and realigned from F/Y 2021 22 with the aim of development of employment, entrepreneurship & animal productivity to increase food security in the country.

CONCEPT

With NLM our government aimed to produce more The more we produce, the more we can feed ourselves. When we produce more food, our domestic food security increases, which means that we’ll have more to offer to our export market. This in turn increases demand for our products and gives us greater access to foreign currency and resources In this post, I will share my three top tips for organizing markets: traceability and education

Organizing markets ensures traceability and education for both farmers and consumers. It also allows for efficient use of feed and fodder and reduces environmental burden in the process It also makes it easier to manage income streams and climate change. When you organize markets, you ' re opening up access to markets for farmers who might not otherwise have been able to sell their produce due to insufficient infrastructure or lack of funds. A well organized market allows farmers to sell their products at a fair price with little risk involved on either side of the transaction

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

his process of organization in NLM also help reduce antibiotic resistance by making sure that all farmers have access to effective treatment when they need them most education ensuring that those same antibiotics aren't overused so as not to create unnecessary strains of bacteria resistant to known antibiotics I am connecting this point because learned and educated young entrepreneurs are more vigilant and responsible for environment

In addition to these benefits, organizing markets has been shown to contain emerging diseases like IBR, PPR, BVD virus, contain E. coli bacteria, help prevent climate change by reducing carbon emissions, reduce resource utilization by using less land and water resources, help improve animal welfare through better feed management practices such as good nutrition or feeding animals locally sourced grains instead of importing them from other countries away from their home farms where they would otherwise be fed outside of their natural habitat; all of which contribute to improving animal welfare overall which leads us down a more sustainable path forward in terms of reducing our environmental impact on Earth's ecosystem

NLM - MISSION OBJECTIVES

Employment generation through entrepreneurship development in small ruminant, poultry and piggery sector & Fodder sector

Increase of per animal productivity through breed improvement

Increase in production of meat, egg, goat milk, wool and fodder

Increasing availability of fodder and feed to substantially reduce the demand through strengthening the fodder seed supply chain and availability of certified fodder seeds

Encouraging establishment of fodder processing units to reduce the demand supply gap

Promoting risk management measures including livestock insurance for farmers

Promoting applied research in prioritized areas of poultry, sheep, goat, feed and fodder

Capacity building of state functionaries and livestock owners through strengthened extension machinery to provide quality extension service to farmers.

Promoting skill based training and dissemination of technologies for reducing cost of production, and improving production of livestock sector

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

MISSION DESIGN

Mainly 3 components are there in this scheme:

Breed Development of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Fodder Development Innovation and Extension

Point 1 proposes to bring sharp focus on entrepreneurship development and breed improvement in poultry, sheep, goat and piggery by providing the incentivization to the Individual, FPOs, FCOs JLGs, SHGs, Section 8 companies for entrepreneurship development and also to the State Government for breed improvement infrastructure

Second point aims towards strengthening of fodder seed chain to improve availability of certified fodder seed required for fodder production and encouraging entrepreneurs for establishment of fodder Block/Hay Bailing/Silage Making Units through incentivization Third point if for universities and institutions, aims to incentivize the Institutes, Universities, Organizations carrying out research and development related to sheep, goat, pig and feed and fodder sector, extension activities, livestock insurance and innovation

INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE

Empowered Committee (EC) Members are from DADH. The Empowered Committee will be responsible for overall monitoring of the progress of the scheme, approval of the scheme guidelines, provide policy direction, and approve necessary changes if any It will have the power to update the cost norms of different activities as required from time to time The EC will also have power to delegate responsibilities to the Project Approval Committee for approval of projects

Project Approval Committee (PAC) It have members of central and state governments The PAC will examine, verify the feasibility, viability of the project received from the SLEC appraised by the Project Appraisal and Monitoring Unit and recommend for release of grants. The PAC will also

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

monitor the implementation of project(s) at the ground level The PAC will also be empowered to suggest changes inguidelines which will be approved by the Empowered Committee

State Level Executive Committee (SLEC) Members from central and state governments. It examine the project proposals submitted by beneficiaries and State agencies through SIA, for approval and will confirm the availability of State Share and beneficiary contribution if any as per the specific scheme guidelines and will forward the same to NLM division of DADH, GOI for consideration and approval.

State Implementing Agency (SIA) -

State Implementing Agency of the State Animal Husbandry Department will invite proposals through Expression of Interest (EOI) from eligible beneficiaries/agencies including the Entrepreneurship proposal.

SIA is also the NLM implementing agency established under the State Animal Husbandry Department.

FUNCTIONS OF SIA

This is the agency to which one has to submit its business proposal and applications shall invite the names of entrepreneurs/ eligible entities through expression of interest.

This agency scrutinize the proposals and applications and if they are satisfied than they will recommend the application of the entrepreneurs/ eligible entities to avail balance (loan) financing for the project through scheduled banks or financial institutions.

Once the funding of loan is approved by the bank or financial institution, proposal will be placed before the State Level Executive Committee (SLEC) for approval of subsidy

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

After the approval of the projects by the SLEC, the projects will be sent to the Central Government through online portal developed for uploading applications under NLM. It is again send to PAC, they look in to the project and it is PAC who releases subsidy grants.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR THE ENTREPRENEURS/ ELIGIBLE ENTITIES TO AVAIL BENEFIT UNDER NLM

Entrepreneurs or entities must be trained in the area in which they are seeking help under NLM or they have some expert member of that area in their team or have advisor/consultant. Have got the sanction loan for project by the bank or financial institutions furnished bank guarantee from scheduled bank along with appraisal of project for its validity by bank where it is holding the account Entrepreneurs/ Eligible Entities should have own land or lease land KYC documents

PROJECT APPROVAL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAMMES:

Entrepreneurs submit application to SIA through NLM portal. Application will be scrutinize by SIA and it will recommend it for loan by scheduled bank. After SIA approval bank will consider application for loan. Once loan is approved, SIA send proposal to SLEC for recommending the application to central government When SLEC approve it, proposal will be send by SIA to DADH & they release subsidy grant through PAC.

EDUCATING THE FARMERS OF THE NATION

FUND FLOW FOR THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAMMES (CENTRAL SECTOR COMPONENT)

All the subsidy amount will be channelized through the Small Industries Development Bank of India(SIDBI).

DADH transfer grants to SIDBI and SIDBI send in to the account of applicant which is in loan providing bank or financial institution.

The SIDBI on receipt of the subsidy component, shall release the first instalment of subsidy to the appropriate account of Entrepreneurs/ Eligible Entities after the release of first instalment of loan.

SIDBI have to open a dedicated account of applicant and in that account it will get subsidy from DADH.

In case of the self financing project, the first instalment of back ended subsidy will be provided by SIDBI to the lending scheduled bank where the beneficiary has account

The first instalment of subsidy will be released only when the beneficiary has made expenditure of 25% cost for the

project towards infrastructure and has been verified by the State Implementing Agency

If beneficiaries in self financing mode require more capital beyond subsidy, they need to provide Bank Guarantee from the scheduled bank for the remaining cost of the project.

This Bank Guarantee shall be valid for three years and to be drawn in favor of DADH. The original Bank Guarantee is to be kept in the safe custody of the State Implementing Agency.

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

Ali Veterinary Wisdom, running by Dr Ibne Ali is famous online portal for livestock and poultry farmers where they get technical knowledge and first hand help for their successful livestock and poultry ventures We conduct online trainings for capacity building among farmers, make YouTube videos and write articles We have expertise in Animal Health and Nutrition.

The application for entrepreneurship project and also the Central Sector projects will be accepted through online portal to be developed by the DAHD through Small Industries Development Banks of India (SIDBI).

SUBMISSION OF PROJECTS UNDER CENTRAL SECTOR FODDER SEED MULTIPLICATION SUBCOMPONENTS:

Application for this part is only taken from organizations and not from individuals, this document is written only for the components which are available for individuals.

SUB-MISSION ON BREED DEVELOPMENT OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY:

POULTRY Objectives

Bringing unorganized rural poultry farming sector into organized sector

Promotion of entrepreneurship in the field of rural poultry in a sustainable manner

Establishment of forward and backward linkages Popularizing the different alternative non conventional low cost feeding

SALIENT FEATURES

The Entrepreneurship in tis scheme will be developed by inviting the individual, Self Help Group (SHG)/Framers Producer Organizations (FPO)/Farmers Cooperatives (FCOs)/Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) and Section 8 companies.

They are encourage establishment of Parent Farm, Rural Hatchery, brooder cum mother unit for Production of Hatching Eggs, and Chicks and rearing of the said chick up to four week in the mother unit.

Emphasis will be given to those entrepreneurs who will be able to establish forward and backward linkage

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

The Central Government will provide 50% capital subsidy for the cost of the project for establishment of Parent Farm, Rural hatchery and Mother Unit with minimum 1000 parent layers.

The Entrepreneurs / Eligible Entities need to arrange the remaining amount through bank loan or from the financial institution or self financing. No commercial broiler or layer unit can be made it is only for the bird maintained in the parent farm of Low Input Technology Birds or such kind of bird which will be sustained at the free range management system.

CARI, CPDO State University farms will provide birds with certificates

One Time 50% capital subsidy of the total project cost will be provided with maximum subsidy up to Rs. 25 lakh for each unit. It means total 50lakh project. Subsidy will be the capital subsidy and provided in two equal instalments. First instalment will be released upfront to the scheduled bank by SIDBI (credited to the Entrepreneurs’ account after the bank or financial institution releases First Instalment of loan to the beneficiary and its confirmation by State Implementing Agency.

Beneficiaries will be eligible for release of the second instalment by SIDBI after completion of the project and certified so by the State Implementing Agency. In case of the self-financing project, the project needs to be appraised by the bank where the Entrepreneurs/ Eligible Entity have account. The first instalment of 50% subsidy will be provided into the lending bank by SIDBI where the beneficiary has account. The subsidy will be released only when the beneficiary has made expenditure of 25% cost for the project towards infrastructure and has been verified by the State Implementing Agency. Remaining amount of 50% subsidy will be provided y SIDBI after completion of the project and verified by State Implementing Agency

ESTABLISHMENT OF ENTREPRENEUR FOR BREED DEVELOPMENT IN SMALL RUMINANT SECTOR

SHEEP & GOAT FARMING

Objectives

To develop entrepreneurs in small ruminant sector

To develop the sustainable business model on sheep goat

To incentivize Individuals

Entrepreneurs, FPOs, FCOs, SHGs, JLGs, and Section 8 companies for development of integrated rural sheep goat production system.

Conversion of the small ruminant sector from unorganised sector to organised sector through promotion of entrepreneurship & investment and creation of forward & backward linkages Spreading awareness about scientific rearing practices, nutrition, disease prevention etc

Promotion of stall feeding model of sheep and goat rearing.

(SHEEP AND GOAT FARMING):

The Entrepreneurs / Eligible Entities can establish sheep and goat breeding unit with minimum 500 females and 25 males. The sheep and goat unit to be established with the High Genetic Variety used for producing Goat milk, meet and fine wool quality. The breed of sheep and goat can be selected from the list provided with this guideline or in consultation with the State Government

The Central Government will provide up to 50% back ended subsidy for the capital cost of the project.

The Entrepreneurs / Eligible Entities need to arrange the remaining amount through bank loan or from the financial institution or self financing.

50% capital subsidy up to Rs 50 lakh in two instalments Subsidy will be the capital subsidy and provided in two equal instalments, total project cost will be around 1Cr. Subsidy will be the capital subsidy and provided in two equal instalments, procedure is just like poultry as stated above.

State Implementing agency will follow up the project for the period of 2 years after completion with regards to its operation

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

ADVANCE RUMINANT NUTRITION

Ionophores, Potassium, B Vitamins (Thiamine & Niacin), Choline, Buffers & Branch chain fatty acids

Recent advances in ruminant nutrition cover a wide range of topics. The widespread use of highly concentrated diets has resulted in a completely new set of nutritional issues and deficiencies. The scope of this review does not allow us to do justice to the numerous developments that have enabled and continue to enable us to improve the rate and efficiency of meat, milk, and wool production

Of the many advances in ruminant nutrition made in recent times the change from dilute roughage based feeds to highly concentrated grain rich diets has probably had the greatest single impact on ruminants and on their rate of production This change has been associated with many new and unexpected nutritional problems. This article deals with the role and uses of the ionophores, the B vitamins, buffers and branched chain fatty acids in such concentrated production diets for ruminants It is evident from this review that intensified animal production and factors such as the use of new drugs, feed additives and recent developments such as the greater use of bypass proteins have an important bearing on the ruminant's requirement for nutrients There is therefore a need to re examine established nutrient standards and principles continually as further intensification of ruminant production will influence these requirements and interrelationships in currently unforeseen ways

ADVANCE RUMINANT NUTRITION

Polyether antibiotics, also known as ionophores, were widely used after it was discovered that they had such a profound effect on ruminant production. The effects of ionophores on microbial growth, microbial metabolism, nutrient digestibility, and nutrient utilization are the main areas of ionophore activity in ruminants. The well known increase in feedlot gain efficiency and better pasture fed animal growth appears to be the net result of these many effects acting in concert.

Ionophores improve animal performance by favourably altering the growth of specific bacterial strains Lasalocid is toxic to bacteria that produce lactate, butyrate, formate, or hydrogen as a major end product. Increased propionate production not only improves feed utilisation efficiency but because propionic acid is gluconeogenic, it is a more versatile energy source

Ionophores give a slight to moderate increase in the digestibility of dry matter and/or starch under many conditions. Increases in nitrogen digestibility in animals fed both low and high protein diets have been reported Factors such as feed intake, rumen fill, and rate of passage may influence the results. Monensin reduces dietary protein breakdown significantly and allows more undegraded feed protein to bypass the rumen. Lower rumen ammonia levels reflect this decreased deamination.

Biological effects of ionophores

Greater ruminal propionate concentration

Lower ruminal acetate concentration

Lower ruminal butyrate concentration

Lower ruminal lactate in stressed animals

Higher ruminal pH in stressed animals

Less ruminal methane production

Decreased intake of grain diets

Increased intake of forage diets

Increased ruminal forage fill

Decreased ruminal rate of passage

Increased dry matter digestibility

Increased protein digestibility

Decreased ruminal deamination

Decreased ruminal proteolysis

Protein sparing effect

Modified ruminal escape of protein

Modified ruminal escape of starch

Modified rumen microbial population

Increased body glucose turnover

Modified substrate gluconeogenesis

Reduced 3 methylindole production

Earlier puberty in heifers

Reduced fly pupae in faeces

As a result, the total amount of amino acid nitrogen reaching the abomasum increases

Mode of action of ionophores

The ability of ionophores to bind and facilitate the transport of ions across biological membranes is their primary mode of action. One unanswered question is whether ionophores affect the availability and uptake of ions from feedstuffs and mineral supplements

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

ADVANCE RUMINANT NUTRITION

This is an important question in the context of trace elements, particularly those considered toxic The normal uptake, transport, and utilisation of divalent minerals in the animal body is accomplished through a variety of endogenous 'ionophore' transport routes. Elsasser investigated the possibility that the exogenous ionophores lasalocid and monensin might alter the normal uptake of divalent metal ions (1984) These findings imply that the addition of these agents may alter bioavailability, gut uptake, and tissue deposition.

Potassium nutrition

The mineral potassium (K) is the third most abundant in the animal body. Until recently, its inclusion in ruminant diets was thought to be unnecessary. With the increasing use of grain or grain byproducts, these perspectives must be reconsidered. K supplementation in high concentrate diets for beef and dairy cattle, as well as sheep, is gaining popularity Stressed cattle fed diets containing 1.4% K outperformed control groups fed diets containing only 1 0% K Cattle pre fed on 55% concentrate diets responded to K much less in the subsequent feedlot adaptation period. Hutcheson concluded that for the first two weeks after arrival in the feedlot, shipped cattle should receive 24.7 g K/l00 kg body mass. This is 20% more than the requirement for non transported animals.

For a long time, nutritionists took the K requirement of dairy cows for granted. Increased cow productivity and increased use of grain or rain byproducts have led to a re evaluation of the need for K supplementation. In practice, borderline K deficiency causes appetite loss and reduced milk production Under farm conditions, symptoms of Frank K deficiency such as a rapid decrease in feed and water intake, a drop in milk and blood plasma K levels, loss of vitality, pica, and death are unlikely to be seen.

Researchers from the University of Florida studied the effects of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) in the diets of shaded and unshaded dairy cows. Cows fed K deficient rations had significantly lower milk yield and pica, which was quickly reversed by feeding adequate K (1.1%). There was a NaiK interaction, with 0 7% Na and 1 58% K producing the highest yields and feed conversion Excessive levels of K, while not toxic, may reduce performance. Increasing K increased calcium and N absorption but phosphorus absorption was not affected. The largest decrease in magnesium absorption occurred when K levels increased from 1 2 to 4%

B complex vitamins in cow nutrition

Until recently, it was thought that ruminants with a functional rumen did not require B vitamin supplements.

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

ADVANCE RUMINANT

The observation by Theiler, Green, and Viljoen (1915) and subsequent studies showing that net B Vitamin synthesis occurs in the rumen is the main reason for this belief These responses, combined with known cases of specific vitamin deficiencies and the unknown effect of many modern feed additives on vitamin synthesis and metabolism, necessitate a reconsideration of the role of B Vitamin supplementation in ruminant diets.

Thiaminase II simply cleaves the vitamin, producing thiazole and pyrimidine, whereas thiaminase I not only destroys the vitamin but also produces thiamine analogue. The analogue then inhibits one or more of the thiamine requiring enzymes required for energy metabolism in the central nervous system in the presence of suitable cosubstrates. PEM can be treated with large intravenous thiamine injections if detected early enough.

Since Davies, Pill, Collings, Venn, and Bridges first demonstrated that thiamine administration cures polioencephalomalacia, there has been a lot of interest in thiamine for ruminants

Thiamine supplementation of feedlot diets is frequently recommended in practical feedlot situations Lusby and Brent used 150 mg thiamine per day to prevent PEM in lambs, but PEM developed shortly after thiamine withdrawal.

ADVANCE RUMINANT NUTRITION

This suggests that in the presence of thiaminase I, approximately 1 g thiamine/day is required to prevent PEM in cattle According to Edwin and Jackman, the activity of thiaminase enzymes can be so high that it can destroy 1 mg thiamine per minute.

Feeding thiamine to prevent PEM does not appear to be very practical because such high levels of thiamine are required to compete with the inhibiting analogues. According to Brent and Bartley, high levels of thiamine in the diet will result in more thiamine circulating, and if the concentrations of thiaminase I and co substrate are not limiting the rate of thiaminase I reaction, feeding thiamine will increase thiamine analogue synthesis and could potentially precipitate PEM. Miller, Goodrich, and Meiske discovered that monensin reduces ruminal thiamine loss over time.

Niacin supplementation in cows

Niacin can be produced by rumen microorganisms and the animal itself from tryptophan. When niacin is supplemented at a rate of about 6 g per cow per day, most studies show a positive response in milk production (250 300 p p m ) The response is higher in postpartum cows than in mid lactation cows, and it is higher in cows fed natural protein than in cows fed urea.

The effect of niacin on milk production and ketosis in dairy cows can be explained in part by its ability to increase blood glucose levels while decreasing plasma or serum concentrations of ketones and free fatty acids. Brent et al. hypothesised that heating soybean meal would reduce the availability of niacin or tryptophan to bacteria in the rumen. The addition of niacin increased bacterial protein synthesis by 10 9%

Choline

Although choline is not a vitamin, it is an important source of biologically active methyl groups Choline is gaining popularity among ruminant researchers due to its potential lipotropic effect in high producing dairy cows. Butterfat test, feed intake, and fat corrected milk production have all improved in cows fed choline fed diets, according to research.

Buffers

The use of buffers in ruminant feeds has been extensively studied over the last 25 years. Saliva plays an important role in neutralizing the volatile fatty acids produced during rumen fermentation by providing buffers (sodium and potassium bicarbonates). High grain, low fiber diets result in low rumen pH values, which are linked to lower butterfat percentages in dairy cows.

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

ADVANCE RUMINANT NUTRITION

Any decrease in saliva efflux will result in a more acidic rumen. Concentrated diets also ferment faster and produce higher levels and concentrations of volatile fatty acids. These conditions not only cause rumen papillae clumping, parakeratosis, and liver abscesses, but also lactic acidosis during the adaptation period following abrupt changes to more concentrated diets. Finally, high grain, low fibre diets that result in low rumen pH values are linked to lower butterfat percentages in dairy cows The response obtained from the feeding of buffers can be expected to be influenced by many factors, such as the kind of buffers in use (sodium bentonite, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, dolomitic limestone and magnesium oxide to mention but a few), the levels used the stage of production tested (such as early lactation, feedlot adaptation periods, etc.), the natural buffering capacity of the basal diet, the level of concentrate fed, the kind of animal fed, and whether or not silage is included in the feed

Branched-chain fatty acids

Branched-chain fatty acids (isobutyric, isovaleric, and 2 methylbutyric) and valeric, a straight chain acid, are essential bacterial nutrients that promote cellulytic bacteria growth. One or more of the following features were improved in the most of the

trials involving these acids: feed intake, cellulose digestion, nitrogen retention, microbial growth, and mass gains

Earlier research on the effects of these acids on animal production focused primarily on steers, growing heifers, and sheep fed high cellulose, urea diets Earlier studies focused on the effects of single or limited combinations of these acids on rumen production and metabolism. Only recently has research on dairy cattle fed standard production rations been conducted.

Effect of ammonium salts of branched fatty acids (AS VFA) on dairy cows over a full lactation were investigated S VFA consisted of a mixture of three C 5 volatile fatty acids namely isovaleric, 2 methylbutyric and valerie acids and ammonium isobutyrate fed at various blends Cows receiving the optimum blend peaked higher, produced more milk and more 4% fat corrected milk, milk protein and total solids than control cows

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

COLOR OF YOLK

Egg yolk pigmentation is a practical topic for the egg production industry, which requires eggs with an appropriate pigmentation level and homogeneous colour distribution to meet food industry demands Since laying hens cannot synthesise egg yolk pigments, the colour of the yolk is strongly reliant on the fat soluble pigments in the diet. Because carotene is almost entirely converted to vitamin A or otherwise metabolised in poultry, oxycarotenoids (xanthophylls) in feed ingredients play a significant role in egg yolk pigmentation. The primary sources of xanthophylls are corn, corn gluten meal, and dehydrated alfalfa meal.

Concentrated pigments can also be induced from natural sources, such as fall leaves (mulberry), flowers (narcissus, marigold), fruits (pineapple, citrus fruits, paprika), vegetables (carrots, tomatoes), insects (ladybugs), bird plumage (flamingo, cock of the rock, ibis, canary), marine animals (crustaceans, salmon), and yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma) These pigments provide different colors, from light yellow to dark red. Lutein in xanthophylls gives a lemon yellow color, whereas zeaxanthin in xanthophylls gives a golden yellow color

Studies shows that egg yolk color was improved by the use of a paprika extract. The yolk color depends not only on the levels of xanthophylls present in the feed but also on the type and ratio of these compounds

Many researchers have indicated that the primary compounds with a coloring role in poultry products are carotenoids, namely, xanthophyll, the concentrated extracts from marigold meal (natural xanthophyll), capsanthin, and canthaxanthin. Animals, including poultry, absorb carotenoids from their diets and store them after having modified their structure by oxidative metabolism. For this reason, high levels of natural or synthetic pigments are usually added to the diet of commercial layers as yellow or red xanthophylls to achieve the desired yolk color and make eggs more appealing for consumers and more suitable for the egg products industry. The use of pigments has gradually changed from synthetic colorants to natural ones

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com

ALFALFA IS MOSTLY USED FOR PIGMENTING EGGS AND MEAT, DUE TO ITS HIGH CONTENT OF CAROTENOIDS, WHICH ARE PARTICULARLY EFFICIENT FOR COLOURING EGG YOLK AND BODY LIPIDS.

PIGMENTSAREAFEEDADDITIVETHATCAN INCREASETHECOLOROFBROILERSKINAND EGGYOLK.THEYCANNOTBESYNTHESIZEDIN ANIMALBODIES,BUTTHEYCANBE TRANSFORMEDANDMETABOLIZED,SOTHEY MUSTBEINGESTEDFROMFEED

COLOR OF YOLK

Besides this synthetic forms of these oxycarotenoids are available to color the egg yolks The synthetic forms include beta-apo-8 carotenal (BAC), beta apo 8 carotenoic acid ethyl ester (BACE) canthaxanthin (CHX) and citranaxanthin (CTX) which are now manufactured on a commercial scale and are available for use in poultry rations.

SOURCE OF PIGMENT

Algal meals

(i) Chlorella sp

(ii) Spongiococcum sp

TOTALCAROTENOIDS (MG/KG)

Berseem meal (Trifolium alexandrinum)

Clover meal

Crustaceans

Grass meal

Leucaena leucocephala meal

Lucerne meal

Maize

Maize gluten meal

Marigold meal (Tageteserecta)

Orange peel meal

Paprika meal

Pelleted lucerne meal

Seaweed meal Yeast (Phaffia sp )

4000 2200 310 500 80 200 760 1600 100 550 8 50 100 300 4275 60 275 1650 46 60 700 340

Only those oxycarotenoids which possess functional groups containing oxygen such as hydroxyl, keto or ester groups pigment egg yolks Carotene which does not contain a functional group is not deposited in the yolk in a significant quantity Lutein and zeazanthin are the predominant oxycarotenoids in maize, maize gluten meal, lucerne meal, grass meal, marigold petals and algae.

The ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin varies from 2:1 in maize and maize gluten meal to 11:1 in lucerne and 24:1 in marigold petalmeal

Researchers found that lucerne meal, marigold meal and two algae meals were less effective than corn gluten meal in pigmenting yolks. This is due to the higher ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin in the former than in the latter meal It is known that lutein imparts a lemon yellow colour while zeaxanthin imparts the more desirable golden-yellow colour to egg yolks. At daily intakes of between 0.3 and 1.0 mg of natural oxycarotenoidsper hen, about 35to45% oftheintakeisdepositedintheyolk whileonly 15to 20% of the intakeis deposited when the daily intakeof natural oxycarotenoids per hen is 5.0 mg or more.

Due to the rise in the prices of maize farmers have been shifted to other grains like rice and bajra which do not have much pigment content To overcome the shortage of natural carotenoids, synthetic carotenoids were prepared. Canthaxanthin is the preferred synthetic red xanthophyll in poultry farming available as Carophyll® Red (DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland) or Lucantin® Red (BASF, Germany). Organic KEM GLO™ (Kemin), a source of orange/red pigment from organically grown paprika, improves egg yolk color. Either synthetic or natural both are safe to use in layer diets at recommended doses.

Connect us to get latest information @ www.aliveterinarywisdom.com For consultancy and project advice ibnester@gmail.com