Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting for Just Sustainability in the Salia Sahi Settlement, Odisha, India
Sayeeda Akhtari Bano, 1001400880 and Ayushi Mavuduru, 100697492
PLAN 4320-001
May 13, 2022
Abstract
Inequities in water access persist in informal settlements in the coastal Indian city of Bhubaneswar due to intermittent, inadequate, and contaminated supplies from groundwater wells. This paper explores how rooftop rainwater harvesting systems can further just sustainability by addressing the challenges of existing communal and groundwater-based infrastructure in Bhubaneswar’s largest informal settlement- Salia Sahi. Through a literature review and sustainability assessment, the paper also considers how rainwater harvesting in informal settlements can mitigate environmental impacts of over-reliance on groundwater in Bhubaneswar. The literature review illustrates benefits and challenges unique to informal settlements, as well as best practices in implementing rainwater harvesting. The sustainability assessment evaluates the performance of a proposed RWH system based on monthly harvestable rainwater yield. The results indicate the system can meet all water needs through the rainy season from June to October, drinking water only from November to May. The paper then considers how to implement rainwater harvesting in Salia Sahi as a participatory upgrading program through Odisha’s MUKTA scheme.
1. Introduction
Just sustainability is described as the equal integration of four concerns: quality of life, present and future generations, justice, and equity, and living within the limits of the ecosystem (Agyeman 2008). Barriers to water access result in public health, financial, environmental, and social challenges in informal settlements in the global south. Equitable water provisioning is a fundamental step in achieving just sustainability in the global south. Informal settlements in the coastal Indian state of Odisha are especially harmed by poor water management and lack of safe and affordable drinking water due to regular flooding and cyclones (Prava 2020a). The state lags
Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi 3
others in India in terms of water and sanitation facilities in informal settlements. Odisha is one of the only states in which less than two-thirds of informal settlements in which tap water was the residents’ primary drinking source, and had highest percentage of open drainage, and lowest percentage of functioning latrines in its informal settlements (Jaiswal 2016).
30 percent of the 1.2 million residents in Bhubaneswar, Odisha’s state capital, reside in informal settlements. Of those in informal settlements, only 13.5% have access to tap water in their homes (Lenka 2018). Most residents rely on communal water sources and thus face issues of intermittent supply, long walking distances, and contamination (Satapathy 2012). By mitigating social and environmental shortcomings of the current water infrastructure in informal settlements, rooftop rainwater harvesting systems have the potential to bring Bhubaneswar closer to just sustainability. This paper proposes a design and evaluates the potential performance for a rainwater harvesting system in Salia Sahi, a cluster of 31 informal settlements in Bhubaneswar.
Water is especially crucial to accomplishing just sustainability in South Asia due to the persistence of caste discrimination as a barrier to equitable water access. The concept of castebased untouchability perpetuates the segregation of communal water sources between Dalit, Other Backwards Castes (OBC), and upper caste communities. Even today, more than 20% of Dalits, referred to as Schedule Caste (SC) in government documents, do not have access to safe drinking water (Minority Rights Group and International Dalit Solidarity Network 2019). Caste oppressed groups like Dalits, Other Backwards Castes, and Tribal groups have long faced violence and exclusion from public water sources (Jadhav 2018).
Caste-oppressed groups are overrepresented in India’s informal settlements because of economic marginalization and displacement due to violence. A 2018 survey indicates that 41.5% of Bhubaneswar informal settlement residents belonged to Other Backwards Castes, 20% were
Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi 4 of Scheduled Castes, and 15% were of Scheduled Tribes (Lenka 2018). Extremist violence has displaced caste-oppressed groups in Odisha and contributed to their migration to Salia Sahi. In 2008, violence erupted in the Kandhamal district, displacing SC and OBC Christians after Hindu extremist attacks (Apoorvanand 2020). Many Salia Sahi residents interviewed in 2016 explain that they migrated from Phulbani, the administrative seat of Odisha’s Kandhamal district, due to the past mob violence (Patnaik and Thakur 2016).
To resolve issues of exclusion from communal water sources, the potential for rainwater harvesting in Salia Sahi will be evaluated in the form of rooftop systems for individual households. Implementing rainwater harvesting on household level empowers Salia Sahi families by eliminating the need to negotiate water consumption with a large group. Proposals for the implementation of rainwater harvesting will expand upon existing state government programs for participatory upgrading to ensure decision making rests with the informal settlement residents. The proposed implementation process will also include recommendations for the role of self-help groups in partnerships between the city and state government with residents.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting seeks to fulfill one or both of the following goals: collection of clean water for drinking and domestic use, and the recharge of natural aquifers (Qi et al 2019). Overall, rainwater harvesting has less harmful impacts and greater benefits than the borewells and tube wells predominant in Salia Sahi. While both the transport of rainwater and groundwater generally require electric pumps, the former requires less electricity for this purpose (Islam et al 2011). As rainwater is usually free of geogenic pollutants like iron, the demand for energyintensive filtration systems is also reduced. Furthermore, using catchments as part of a broader
Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi 5 water management strategy mitigates issues of groundwater contamination that result from high urban runoff volumes and saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers (Qi et al 2019). Rainwater harvesting holds long term economic benefits for informal settlements. A feasibility study of four informal settlements in Dhaka city- a coastal location with a monsoonal climate like Bhubaneswar- found that while the current water tariff on municipal wells ranges from 0.15 to 0.25 BDT per liter, the cost of rainwater harvesting over a twenty-year period would be a third of this- only 0.089 BDT per liter (Islam et al 2011).
2.2 Challenges of Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi
Studies of current water infrastructure conditions South Asia indicate the following challenges in implementing rainwater harvesting in informal settlements: lack of political investment, informational barriers, design constraints, and covering initial costs. Political investment in water and sanitation facilities in South Asia has focused on rural areas rather than urban informal settlements in part due to less space constraints in villages (Islam et al 2011; Jaiswal 2016). When investment in urban areas occurs, as it has in the city of Mumbai, initiatives focus solely on wealthy residents often increase their water consumption following the adoption of rainwater harvesting (Button 2017). As the resources available to and the constraints within informal settlements differ from rural villages and high-income urban neighborhoods, many of the solutions implemented in other South Asian locations with comparable climates may not be suited to the informal settlements of Bhubaneswar.
Design and cost constraints of catchment construction are interlinked issues. Most houses in informal settlements in the state of Odisha are constructed of low-quality material such as mud or thatch (Jaiswal 2016). While houses in informal settlements may have corrugated metal roofs, such as those in Dhaka city, paint and rust on these roofs also limits their safety as rainwater
Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi 6 catchments (Islam et al 2011). Issues with building quality in informal settlements thus require upgrading of roofs that will be used as catchments- a more costly solution; or the creation of separate catchments- less costly but will require open ground space. Multiple sources have found that in informal settlements there is a need for outside actors- whether it is governments, NGOs, or private companies- to fill the upfront cost of RWH system construction. However, surveys of households in four informal settlements of Dhaka city show that most residents were willing to repay the estimated 12,000 BDT to construct a system within five years (Islam et al 2011). A key difficulty with funding rainwater harvesting is obtaining government funding, as cost recovery in informal settlements is perceived as a larger challenge than it may be (Sinharoy et al 2019). For this reason, NGO involvement or private investment may be more suitable solutions. Many successful rainwater harvesting projects in coastal locations in the global south have taken place with private sector and research institution support.
2.3 Successful Rainwater Harvesting Projects in the Global South
2.3.1 Public Works
One successful corporate-funded rainwater harvesting initiative was TATA Steel’s rainwater infiltration garden. The project sought to mitigate aquifer depletion in the rural community of Joda Town, India. The water table in Joda Town had decreased by 3 meters from 2009 to 2015, prior to the TATA steel project. The garden TATA steel built in 2016 covers an expanse of 3.5 acres with a catchment surface area of 250,000 square meters, and a massive storage cum percolation (SCP) pond with a capacity of 29,000 kiloliters. The annual recharge to the natural aquifers from the SCP is a staggering 87,000 kiloliters. Since the addition of the park the ground water level increased by 4.42 meters from 2015 to 2019 (Krishna et al 2020). This
Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi 7 project clearly displays the potential of rainwater harvesting in the form of infiltration ponds to recharge aquifers.
The state of Odisha’s Housing and Urban Development Department has completed a substantial number of rainwater harvesting projects through the Mukhya Mantri Tatpara Abhiyan (MUKTA) scheme. Statewide, the MUKTA scheme facilitated the creation of 10,000 public rainwater harvesting systems in 75 days (10,000 Rainwater Harvesting... 2021). Projects under the MUKTA scheme are funded by Odisha’s state government through the Jaga Mission- also known as Odisha’s Livable Habitat Mission (Chakrabarty 2020; Eicker 2021). The current MUKTA scheme has its origins in the 2020 Urban Wage Employment Initiative (UWEI). The program, which lasted from April 2020 to September 2020, sought to employ construction workers and migrant workers in the informal sector after pandemic restrictions resulted in a loss of workdays (Chakrabarty 2020). The UWEI program was so successful that the state government transformed it into the permanent MUKTA scheme as part of the JAGA Mission’s goal of infrastructure upgrading. MUKTA projects like infiltration gardens in public greenspaces and rooftop rainwater harvesting for community centers are implemented through partnerships with Mission Shakti self-help groups. (BMC Creates... 2021). More than 13,5000 of the womenled Mission Shakti groups have partnered with Odisha’s HUDD to execute rainwater harvesting projects of up to 1 million rupees (ANI 2021).
2.3.2 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting for individual households
Universities have found innovative ways to develop rainwater harvesting systems for potable needs on a residential scale. Students from Engineers Without Borders (EWB) and National Autonomous University of Mexico collaborated to create a RWH system for Tlalpan, Mexico City. The filtration system incorporates a first flush, a sediment filter, followed by a
Harvesting in Salia Sahi 8 carbon filter. The sediment filter removes sediments under 50 microns, while the carbon filter removes other more minute contaminants (Nolan and Lartigue 2017).
In 2017 the University of Agriculture & Technology at Bhubaneswar conducted a study on the rainwater harvesting potential of households in Odisha. The researchers selected a household of 6 in Marjita, Odisha, located east of Bhubaneswar. Marjita was deemed suitable for rainwater harvesting as the district the city is in has elevated levels of iron and salt contamination in the groundwater supply. The University designed the rooftop rainwater harvesting system including a catchment area of 280 square meters. The study estimated that annually a total of 185,400 liters were required out of which 5400 liters were allocated for potable use - 3 liters of water per day for each inhabitant. The constructed rainwater harvesting system was able to provide 148,320 liters of water, 80 percent of the estimated demand. The district supply system covered the remaining 20 percent (Mohanty et al 2018). In this way, it is possible to supplement municipal water supplies in Bhubaneswar with rainwater. As rainwater is relatively free of contaminants (Qi et al 2019), in cases like that of the Marjita household where rainwater cannot cover all uses, it can be allocated for drinking while municipal groundwater is used for nonpotable purposes.
3. Sustainability Assessment
This sustainability assessment considers how rooftop rainwater harvesting can improve water provisioning in the informal settlements of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The study first examines existing conditions of water infrastructure and housing in select informal settlements of the city to determine the design characteristics of a suitable rainwater harvesting system.
The assessment then evaluates the performance of the proposed rainwater harvesting system based on monthly and cumulative harvestable yield and demand. Based on the high
Harvesting in Salia Sahi 9 variability in monthly yield, an appropriate rainwater harvesting solution seeks to cover all water needs for five months but can provide drinking water year-round.
The sustainability assessment will then consider the social and environmental benefits of rainwater harvesting in Bhubaneswar, as well as the limits and future challenges of rainwater harvesting as a component of water provisioning in the city’s informal settlements.
3.1 Current Conditions
Only 13.5% of residents in all informal settlements of Bhubaneswar have tap water in their homes (Lenka 2018). The communal nature of existing water sources, over reliance on groundwater, and lack of waste management strategies hinder equitable and sustainable access to water in Bhubaneswar. The State of Odisha’s Public Health and Engineering Organization (PHEO) provides water to informal settlements through 155 tube wells, 92 wells, and 365 standpipes (Misra 2014). Water supply provided by municipal authorities is intermittent and inadequate due to the substantial number of households –typically thirty to forty- sharing a single water source (Satapathy 2012). Odisha’s Urban Water Policy requires standpipes to be located within 100 meters of all residents in informal settlements (Housing and Urban Development Department 2013). However, 35.5% of residents walk over 100 meters and 20% walk close to 500 meters to a water source (Lenka 2018).
Salia Sahi residents have used informal practices such as borewell construction to supplement limited municipal water supplies. In 1988, the Salia Sahi was recognized by Odisha’s government, but was not considered an authorized settlement. Nevertheless, government recognition resulted in 90% of residents having a formalized electricity connection by 1999 (Johansson and Josefson 2011; Misra 2014). This allowed for self-provisioning of water through groundwater wells. Like municipal sources, borewells are also communal, with ten to
Harvesting in Salia Sahi 10
fifteen families sharing a well and paying rs50 to rs300 a month to cover the cost (Patnaik and Thakur 2016; Misra 2014). For comparison, a formalized PHEO tap connection in informal settlements costs rs500 per month (Satapathy 2012). Due to extensive groundwater extraction, Bhubaneswar increasingly faces water shortages. During the summer, the water table drops up to ten meters below its normal depth of twelve to fifteen meters. Though a 2011 groundwater regulation bill made many of the constructed borewells illegal, there were still over 4,000 group managed borewells in Salia Sahi in 2014 (Misra 2014). Even more innovative solutions in Bhubaneswar like “water ATMs,” which provide ten liters of bottled water a day from a onetime rs25 subscription, do not enable individual access to water in homes (Ramnath 2016).
Rooftop rainwater harvesting systems have the potential to bring year-round, individual access to potable water without placing additional strain on Odisha’s aquifers during the summer.
3.2 Design
66.5% of houses in Bhubaneswar’s informal settlements are made of unfinished materials. (Lenka 2018). To keep harvested rainwater free of contaminants and to maximize
Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi 11
efficiency, it is not feasible to use the existing roof structures of thatch, cardboard, and rusted metal as catchments. Freestanding structures consisting of plastic sheeting and wooden poles are often used in situations where roofs cannot function as a catchment. However, such structures can be prone to damage in intense winds (Burt and Keiru 2009). As the existing roofs are also vulnerable to damage during heavy rains in the monsoon season, the proposed RWH system includes upgrading to a corrugated metal roof. Rooftop RWH is overall the more appropriate solution for Bhubaneswar’s informal settlements due to space constraints- using roof catchments allows for greater catchment size. Roof structures in Salia Sahi, the largest informal settlement of the city, range from six to ten meters in both width and length (Google Earth 2021). For this reason, a 6-meter by 8-meter catchment was used to develop the rainwater harvesting system.
Several measures have been implemented to ensure rainwater can be filtered on site for potable use. Leaf guards will be installed in the gutters along the catchment. The first flush device is designed to flush 27 liters of water prior to additional treatment and filtration (McCarton et al. 2021). To minimize disruption of potential sediment at the bottom of the tank a calming inlet was selected. To further ensure water quality, submersible pump and floating inlet are used inside the tank. Two additional filters- a sediment filter, and a carbon filter, are used to ensure that harvested rainwater is safe for drinking (Nolan and Lartigue 2017)
3.3
Calculations
Because of the high variability in rainfall in Bhubaneswar, demand and harvestable yield were analyzed on a month-to-month basis. Monthly water demand, ����,��, is represented by the equation:
Harvesting in Salia Sahi 12
����,��, the demand per person per day in liters, was identified for all domestic uses and potable use only. Demand of 100 liters was determined for all uses as per the most recent World Health Organization guidelines (De Albuquerque 2010). The recommended daily water intake is 3.7 liters for men and 2.7 liters for women (Mayo Clinic 2020). An average of 3.2 liters was therefore used as the daily potable demand per resident. The household size, n, was identified as 4 people based on surveys of Salia Sahi (Patnaik and Thakur 2016).
Monthly harvestable yield is based on average monthly rainfall data of the city of Bhubaneswar, and is calculated as follows:
The surface yield coefficient, e, accounts for rainwater is lost as runoff from the catchment. This value is identified as 0.9 because the proposed catchment is corrugated metal, one of the most efficient surfaces. The treatment coefficient of 0.9, η, accounts for water loss due to the first flush and the additional filtrations.
3.4 Performance
The proposed rainwater harvesting system can cover 43.9% of all estimated water requirements for an average household. The system can also provide over thirteen times the annual drinking water demand for a single household.
Figure Two: Graph comparing monthly harvestable rainwater yield to proposed water use strategy
Due to the high variability in precipitation, cumulative harvestable yield from the system does not exceed the estimated monthly demand of 12 cubic meters until June. From June through October, Bhubaneswar sees intense rainfall and exceeds the monthly water demand for all needs by 3.59 and 2.42 cubic meters in July and August, respectively. In the five-month period from June to November, the system can produce a cumulative harvestable yield of 61.16 cubic meters. As this cumulative yield is a close match to the cumulative demand for five months- 60 cubic meters, with appropriate storage, it is possible to meet all water needs from June through November. As the estimated harvestable yield for the month of June is 9.37 cubic meters, an additional 2.63 cubic meters of rainwater stored from previous months would be required to cover all needs beginning June. Thus, to design a feasible rainwater harvesting system, it would be necessary to have a tank that is greater than 2.63 cubic meters- typically 3 cubic meters (3000
Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi 14 liters), in size. A 3000-liter tank will allow for water storage for all needs for up to 12 days without rain.
For the remaining months, the rainwater harvesting system can still meet potable needs, while existing surface and groundwater sources can provide for domestic use. The rainwater harvesting system can successfully cover a demand profile of 100 lpcpd for 5 months during the rainy season and 3.2 lpcpd for 7 months during the dry season.
3.5 Impact
Rainwater harvesting systems in Bhubaneswar’s informal settlements present social and environmental benefits. The proposed system will improve water access to residents of informal settlements by reducing the need to travel to communal sources. Bhubaneswar faces biological and iron contamination in its groundwater supplies (Misra 2014). Prioritization of filtered rainwater for potable use will enhance the health and safety of residents. Moreover, because rainwater is free of contaminants compared to groundwater and surface water, treatment of rainwater for potable use is less energy and cost intensive (Qi et al 2019). As the rainwater harvesting system can cover all water needs during the five months of the monsoon season in Bhubaneswar, it will reduce pressure on local aquifers, as well as the need to drill deeper wells due to dropping water tables in the summer. Collection and use of rainwater will mitigate damage to homes and reduce waterlogging during the monsoon season. Corrugated steel- the selected catchment material- will provide better protection to homes against heavy rain than the existing unfinished roof structures.
Rainwater harvesting can only cover part of residents’ water needs. Therefore, it is also crucial to address sanitation and waste management. Poor waste management results in
Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi 15
contamination of groundwater and surface water, both of which must remain key components of water supplies in the city even after introducing rainwater harvesting.
Table 1: Positive Impacts of Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi
Category Impact
Social
Environmental
• Eliminates year-round need to walk to communal drinking water source
• Reduction illness due to bacterial and iron contamination of drinking water
• Individualized units address social exclusion and lack of transparency in group provisioning methods
• Better protection to homes during monsoons and cyclone events
• Less energy intensive treatment process
• Removes strain on local aquifers during summer months
• Mitigates waterlogging
• Alleviates surface water contamination due to runoff
4. Proposal
The governments of India, Odisha, and Bhubaneswar have all identified safe drinking water and upgrading of informal settlements in this regard a top budgetary priority (Housing and Urban Development Department 2013). Rooftop rainwater harvesting in Salia Sahi can be implemented through the existing Mukhya Mantri Karma Tatpara Abhiyan (MUKTA) scheme
created by Odisha’s Housing and Urban Development Department (HUDD). Elements of Odisha’s engagement strategy for centralized tap connection programs, such as partnerships with women-led self-help groups and the practice of holding information fairs- can be adapted to ensure Salia Sahi residents lead the decision making and implementation of rainwater harvesting in their community.
The MUKTA scheme should be expanded to include rooftop rainwater harvesting systems on individual residences in Salia Sahi and other informal settlements in Bhubaneswar. The workers hired under the MUKTA scheme have been highly efficient in constructing larger scale, labor intensive rainwater harvesting projects than individual units in Salia Sahi will entail. For this reason, construction of individual units in Salia Sahi will not require significant training or additional education of those employed through the MUKTA scheme. The proposal for rainwater harvesting in Salia Sahi will follow the same process and partnerships as previous projects executed under MUKTA. Salia Sahi residents will be involved in the project implementation as workers already employed through MUKTA or as members of Mission Shakti and other self-help groups. As the proposal involves individual households rather than public works as previous self-help group projects under MUKTA, Odisha’s HUDD should work to cross-subsidize the initial construction of the rainwater harvesting systems. Previous financing proposals have typically had beneficiaries pay 10 to 15 percent of the project cost, and have the remainder covered by a combination of state, national, and corporate funding (Johansson and Josefson 2011). To truly accomplish just sustainability through rainwater harvesting in Salia Sahi, it is appropriate to have lower subsidy rates for marginalized communities such as Schedule Caste, Schedule Tribe, and Other Backwards Castes. The 2011 Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP), which Bhubaneswar was not included in, had the national government pay 80 percent of costs, while states contributed a smaller portion. The program had beneficiaries contribute 12 percent of the cost, but had Schedule Caste, Schedule Tribe, and Other Backwards Castes contribute 10 percent (Satapathy 2012).
The implementation process of rainwater harvesting in Salia Sahi would begin with state and city governments establishing a cross-subsidy plan with the private sector. TATA steel is a corporation that has previously supported the Odisha state government and other Indian states in
Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi 17 water infrastructure projects (Odisha Sun Times 2014). The Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation would present the project proposal to Salia Sahi’s self-help groups and Slum Dwellers Association. These groups will adjust the proposal according to conditions and needs in Salia Sahi and approve the project for implementation through MUKTA. As in previous MUKTA projects, self-help groups will be responsible for giving work orders to MUKTA workers to complete construction of the rainwater harvesting systems. Rainwater harvesting systems will be constructed by local MUKTA workers for individual households. Odisha’s Public Health and Engineering Organization has held similar events called connection-melas (fairs) to install taps for households below the poverty line (Satapathy 2012). The BMC will inform Salia Sahi residents of the opportunity for rainwater harvesting through similar information fairs.
As with the PHEO’s tap connection program, self-help group members will play a key role in long term use of the rainwater harvesting system. Jalsathis are women from Mission Shakti self-help groups who have previously been responsible for collecting payments, educating residents on water conservation, and collecting data regarding water consumption (Government of Odisha 2020). Once rainwater harvesting is implemented in Salia Sahi, Jalsathis will take on similar responsibilities for education residents on the appropriate water consumption strategy that prioritizes filtered rainwater for drinking. As the MUKTA scheme is permanent, Jalsathis will also work with residents to give local MUKTA workers work orders for repairs or maintenance as needed.
The role Jalsathis play in data collection and monitoring water quality will also be relevant to rainwater harvesting in Salia Sahi as thorough monitoring of successful outcomes provides the opportunity for the state of Odisha to be reimbursed by the Indian government
Rainwater Harvesting in Salia Sahi 18 through the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT). While Indian government’s AMRUT 2.0 program has a three-part outcomes-based funding structure for state water projects, the broader AMRUT mission also provides money to state governments for achieving specific outcomes without the initial use of national funds (Amrut Mission Directorate 2021).
Odisha’s Housing and Urban Development department should rely on state government funds and private corporations to cross-subsidize initial construction rather than begin the rainwater harvesting program in Salia Sahi through AMRUT 2.0. Projects initiated through AMRUT 2.0 are subject to national approval and require specific outcomes before additional funding is released. As a result, such projects can suffer from delays and over emphasize outcomes, which removes decision-making from Salia Sahi residents and self-help groups. To ensure resident participation in the implementation of rainwater harvesting, it is better to complete the project through partnerships between self-help groups, the state, and corporation, and later request reimbursement from the national government if rainwater harvesting results in the achievement of AMRUT 2.0 milestones for water provisioning.
5. Conclusion
Rooftop rainwater harvesting will bring improved social, health, and environmental outcomes to the informal settlement of Salia Sahi. The system provides decentralized, less energy intensive access to drinking water year-round, and water for all domestic uses from June to October. Reducing Salia Sahi residents’ dependence on groundwater during the summer months will allow for the recharge of natural aquifers. and remove the need to walk long distances for the acquisition of water. The individual household structure will allow for residents to independently manage their water collection and consumption while also providing a more
Harvesting in Salia Sahi 19
permanent shelter from wind and weather damage in the cyclone-prone coastal region. Using the MUKTA scheme to establish a resident-led process through partnerships between local women's self-help groups, workers in the informal sector, and the BMC’s engineering wing will ensure the creation of rainwater harvesting systems that are feasible in the long term and work towards just sustainability in Salia Sahi.
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