Year-Round Thermal Comfort Through a Network of Seasonally-Responsive Spaces by Baha Sadreddin

YEAR-ROUND THERMAL COMFORT THROUGH A NETWORK OF SEASONALLY-RESPONSIVE SPACES BASED ON LESSONS FROM THE TRADITIONAL CENTRAL COURTYARD HOUSES OF IRAN

BAHA SADREDDIN MASTER IN DESIGN STUDIES ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTS MAY 2015 HARVARD UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN FACULTY ADVISOR DR. HOLLY SAMUELSON

ABSTRACT The adverse climate conditions of Central Iran, characterized by long, hot and dry summers and cold winters, resulted in distinctive climateresponsive building traditions in cities such as Yazd, Shiraz and Esfahan. These vernacular traditions often take advantage of the thermal properties of locally available building materials, such as mud brick, coupled with a strong understanding of diurnal temperature shifts, seasonal wind temperatures and controlled access to solar radiation to create indoor micro-environments that often substantially deviate away from the thermal stress present in the outdoor environment. The most prevalent traditional housing typology in the region, the central courtyard house, is a notable example of such design traditions. The placement of the courtyard and its clear view of the sky provides each room (Persian: otagh) that surrounds the courtyard with varying degrees of exposure to the outdoor climate. These differentiations create a series of seasonal rooms with unique thermal responses to climatic variations over the course of the year. By creating a comprehensive thermal-comfort-based occupancy map of the seasonal rooms as an interconnected network of spaces within the central courtyard house, this study analyzes the effectiveness of the system, as a whole, in providing annual indoor thermal comfort through passive means in climates in which majority of outdoor hours are uncomfortable. The results are supplemented by an in-depth sensitivity analysis that illustrates the extent to which a seasonal roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s orientation, materiality and exposure to outside climate elements affects its thermal behavior over the course of the year.

1.0

INTRODUCTION

SECTION OVERVIEW This section includes an introduction to the traditional Iranian central courtyard typology. Through a overview of the previous literature on the topic, the current shortcomings in understanding the thermal behavior of seasonal rooms are explained in terms of methodology and approach. The research proposal section identifies how the author aims to provide solutions to the shortcomings through a new approach.

1.1

INTRODUCTION

THE TRADITIONAL CENTRAL COURTYARD HOUSES OF IRAN The adverse climate conditions of Central Iran, characterized by long, hot and dry summers and cold winters, resulted in distinctive climateresponsive building traditions evident in the vernacular dwellings of cities such as Yazd, Shiraz, and Esfahan. The process took advantage of the thermal properties of locally available building material, such as mud bricks, coupled with a strong understanding of diurnal shifts, seasonal wind temperatures and directions and controlled access to solar radiation to improve indoor thermal conditions. The results were mosques, bazaars, caravanserais and houses with indoor microenvironments that often substantially deviated away from the thermal stress present in the outdoor environment. The most prevalent housing typology in the region (Foruzanmehr, 2014), the central courtyard house, is a notable example of the local building design traditions imbued with Persian cultureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intricacies. On an urban scale, Iranian central courtyard houses, often single-story, form clusters of dense buildings with touching perimeters accessible with narrow alleys from the main streets (Memarian & Brown, 2003). The dense formation of the buildings helps shade the public alleys while minimizing the surface area exposed to solar radiation. Traditionally, adobe and mud brick were the main building materials, supplemented by baked bricks in the past century (Memarian & Brown, 2003).

The central courtyard, open to the sky, is enclosed by rooms (Persian: otaghs) that typically open up into the courtyard (Foruzanmehr, 2014; Memarian & Brown, 2003) on two, three or all four sides. Many spaces, such as the talar and the ivan have specific climate-related functions (Memarian & Brown, 2003). The shaded semi-outdoor talar on the south of the courtyard acts as a transitional space into a summer room and has a basement (Persian: zirzamin) underneath (Memarian & Brown, 2003). The zirzamin, often the coolest space in the house, acts as a thermal shelter for the family in the hottest days of summer (Memarian & Brown, 2003). Because of their modularity and the small amount of furniture, rooms offered the flexibility to change function according to daily or seasonal variations (Memarian & Brown, 2003) expanding the adaptability of the house in response to climate and programmatic usability. These vernacular strategies, refined over centuries of cultural and architectural adaptations, are currently in a state of decline and negligence. Over the past few decades, the central courtyard typology has quickly disappeared from the local building palette in favor of other â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;modernâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; counterparts (Foruzanmehr & Vellinga, 2011). The outcome is an urban fabric with generic buildings that hardly respond to the cultural context, the climate and the geographical location that are constructed in. Failing to mitigate the outside, the new buildings rely on tremendous amounts of resources to provide thermally comfortable indoor environments. Source: arthut.co

1.2

INTRODUCTION

KNOWLEDGE GAP The existing literature on the thermal properties of the traditional Iranian central courtyard house is often divided into two main categories. One commonly found viewpoint, seen over the past few decades, describes this vernacular typology as a response to the local climatic conditions and focuses on the architecture and the building traditions of the culture. Von Hardenberg (1982) intricately defines his observations of the design principles of the Lari house in Yazd and the Mosavarolmolki house in Esfahan in regards to solar response and airflow control (Von Hardenberg, 1982). Taghi (1990) describes the characteristics on traditional houses in Ardakan in response to the desert climate (Taghi, 1990). Memarian and Brown (2003) look into a number of historic dwellings is Shiraz and Yazd to identify the link between the impacts of climate and religion in shaping the central courtyard typology (Memarian & Brown, 2003). While this body of work provides essential insights into the climate-responsive design strategies of the typology, it does not support the findings with appropriate thermal data or measurements.

Source: maps.bing.com

A second more scientific approach, rising in the recent years, aims to quantify the thermal performance of these structures through modern techniques and analysis tools. Majority of the research in this area has been conducted by Bahadori, Yaghoobi and Foruzanmehr. Bahadori and Yaghoobi (2007) analyze the thermal effects of ventilation and natural cooling systems in the traditional buildings of Iran. Foruzanmehr (2012)

evaluates summer-time thermal comfort in a series of central courtyard houses in Yazd at two typically hot periods of the year (Foruzanmehr, 2012). Additionally, Foruzanmehr (2014) investigates the practicality of separate summer and winter rooms present in the typology (Foruzanmehr, 2014). Because of the rapid disappearance of the central courtyard typology in modern architecture of Iran, these investigations on the thermal performance of such houses is often based on short durations (e.g. weekly) of thermal data collected from still standing historic structures in their present form. As a result, annual analysis is typically not present. Without thermal data covering the course of the whole year, the complex thermal behavior of the typology could be greatly distorted. For instance measurements from â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the design weeksâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, perhaps biased based on modern day energy needs and requirements, provide a undervalued image of the central courtyard house as a combination of isolated spaces.

Source: maps.bing.com

1.3

INTRODUCTION

PROPOSAL In order to bridge the present knowledge gap, this research aims to link thermal comfort to not only the climate and the architectural characteristics of the typology but also to the specific usage patterns and seasonal adaptations of the culture that inhabited the building. On-site thermal measurements (Foruzanmehr, 2012; Foruzanmehr, 2014) and preliminary thermal simulations by the author suggest that as an isolated element, a single space within the house is thermally comfortable only at certain times but not throughout the year. Considering that inhabitants traditionally followed a micro-migratory pattern between different spaces within the house, the goal of this thesis study is: A. Develop an appropriate methodology for analyzing the thermal behavior of the traditional Iranian central courtyard typology. B. Create a comprehensive comfort map of the seasonal rooms as a network of spaces to understand whether such seasonal spaces, as a whole system, succeed in providing annual thermal comfort in a climate where majority of the outdoor hours are uncomfortable. C. Analyze the design flexibility of the typology (e.g. building orientation, materiality, glazing ratio) through an in-depth sensitivity study while maintaining its intended thermal behavior. D. Examine the validity of the methodology in a different climate.

2.0

METHODOLOGY

SECTION OVERVIEW This section provides an overview of the research methodology, human thermal comfort, human thermo-regulation, and the thermal effects of personal factors such as activity level and clothing. The benefits and downsides of two thermal comfort quantification methods (Fangerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Predicted Mean Vote and the Adaptive Comfort Standard) are weighed to identify an appropriate method for this research. An explanation is provided on why computerized thermal simulations are used and how through a new approach, the research aims to resolve current issues in understanding the thermal behavior of seasonal rooms such as access to year-round hourly thermal. Next, an overview of the developed data visualization methodology provides explanations for thermal and comfort graphs used throughout the research

2.1

METHODOLOGY

OVERVIEW The overall process includes the following steps: 1. Precedent studies

A. Study the traditional central courtyard typology. B. Identify usage pattern and programmatic elements based on available data (architectural drawings, historic preservation data, existing literature). 2. Base case

A. Building design follows the traditional central courtyard typology. B. Building is of appropriate scale. C. Building has a sufficient spaces variety. D. Building has a basement. 3. Thermal Simulations

A. Compare EPW data to historic weather data to ensure accuracy. B. Create DesignBuilder thermal simulation model. C. Model each side of the building (north, south, east, and west) as separate building blocks to accommodate changes in height. D. Model basements for each side of the building as separate building blocks to accommodate changes in height. 1m

10m

E. Assign construction types and thicknesses.

F. Set ground adjacencies for basement walls and floors. G. Set exterior walls adjacent to neighboring buildings as adiabatic because of the negligible heat transfer between physically adjacent buildings. H. Model all fenestrations as windows to allow for appropriate solar heat gain and scheduling for natural ventilation. I. Perform simulations with all mechanical HVAC systems disabled. 4. Seasonal room thermal behavior

A. Perform thermal comfort analysis for seasonal spaces. B. Calculate adaptive thermal comfort for every hour of the year. C. Visualize annual thermal performance and adaptive comfort. D. Compare results to reach conclusions. 5. Sensitivity analysis

A. Understand the effect of solar orientation on each seasonal room. B. Understand the thermal complications of increasing and reducing the amount of thermal mass. C. Understand the thermal complications of increasing and reducing the window to wall ratio.

6. Optimization

A. Understand the effect of material changes (concrete, rammed earth). B. Analyze thermal behavior based on glazing type. 6. Discussion and conclusions

2.2

METHODOLOGY

THERMAL COMFORT This study relies on linking thermal comfort to overall spatial occupancy and migratory patterns of the inhabitants. As a result, a clear understanding of the concepts related to thermal comfort play a crucial role throughout the research. Thermal comfort is defined as â&#x20AC;&#x153;that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environmentâ&#x20AC;? (ASHRAE, 2013). This means that the person would be unconscious of how the body is losing heat to the environment (Grondzik, Kwok, Stein, & Reynolds, 2009). According to Povl Ole Fanger, air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative air velocity and humidity (vapor pressure in ambient air) are the four main measurable environmental factors constituting the thermal environment. Measurable personal factors that influence the human thermal comfort include activity level and thermal resistance of clothing (Fanger, 1973; Grondzik et al., 2009). In addition to measurable environmental and personal factors, other personal factors such as the ability to migrate to a more comfortable place also affect our thermal comfort but are more difficult to quantify (Grondzik et al., 2009). These factors, while being familiar tools of the designer, are neglected because of difficulty in quantification (Grondzik et al., 2009) and often ignored in thermal analysis and simulations. While in the state of thermal discomfort, transitioning away from the thermal stress resulted

by the uncomfortable environment is felt as pleasant (ASHRAE, 2013). As a result, a person’s ability to adapt to the thermal environment is another aspect influencing the human thermal comfort. These adaptations include a series of three processes: physiological adaptations, psychological adaptations and behavioral adjustments (Yau & Chew, 2014). Because of the biological processes, the human body generates heat as a by-product. This additional heat must be dissipated from the system in order to maintain almost constant internal temperatures and prevent overheating or hyperthermia (ASHRAE, 2013; Lechner, 2009). Similarly, excessive heat loss can result in unnecessary body cooling or hypothermia (ASHRAE, 2013). An internal temperature of approximately 37°C (98.6°F) is constantly maintained by the hypothalamus, an area at the base of the brain that produces hormones that, among many other tasks, regulate body temperature (Lechner, 2009; Wisse, 2013). The hypothalamus’s hot and cold sensors read the average internal body temperature from arterial blood and through additional sensors in the skin (ASHRAE, 2013). Controlling blood flow to the skin in response to deviations from set-point temperatures is the most common physiological process used in order to regulate body temperature (ASHRAE, 2013). While it is critical that core body temperatures be maintained at approximately 37°C, the temperature of the skin and extremities can vary largely (Blazejczyk et al., 2013). When internal temperatures go above the set point, vasodilation increases blood flood to

the skin to maximize heat loss to the environment. Reversely, when internal temperatures fall below the set point, vasoconstriction minimizes heat loss to the environment through reduced blood flow to the skin (ASHRAE, 2013). Heat Loss from the human body is through a combination sensible and latent heat losses. As internal temperatures raise farther about the setpoints, sweating promotes heat loss through latent processes (ASHRAE, 2013). After the water in sweat evaporates, the remaining salt on the skin reduces the vapor pressure of water and delays evaporation of additional sweat (ASHRAE, 2013). This results in increased wetness of the skin. Energy Balance Formula (ASHRAE, 2013) M - W = q_sk + q_res + S M - W = (C+ R+E_sk ) + (C_res+E_res ) + (S_sk+S_cr) Where M= rate of metabolic heat production, W/m2 W= rate of mechanical work accomplished, W/m2 Q_sk= total rate of heat loss from skin, W/m2 Q_res= total rate of heat loss through respiration, W/m2 C+R= sensible heat loss from skin, W/m2 E_sk= total rate of evaporative heat loss from skin, W/m2 C_res= rate of convective heat loss from respiration, W/m2 E_res= rate of evaporative heat loss from respiration, W/m2 S_sk= rate of heat storage in skin compartment, W/

2.3

METHODOLOGY

PERSONAL FACTORS Most of the heat produced because of the human bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biological processes is released to the environment through the skin; as a result, metabolic activity is characterized by the amount of heat produced per unit area of skin (ASHRAE, 2013). This heat is approximately 100 W for a resting adult male. Since the average European male has a body surface area of approximately 1.8 m2, he dissipates about 58.1 W/m2 of body surface area at rest (Lechner, 2009). 58.1 W/m2 defines 1 met, the unit of metabolic rate. The chart here shows some of the common activities performed in a house and their corresponding heat generations and metabolic rates.

0 clo

0.4 clo

0.36 clo

0.57 clo

0.61 clo

0.75 clo

1.00 clo

1.30 clo

Clothing minimizes heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation from the body to the surrounding environment. Insulation properties of clothing are measured in clo units (Grondzik et al., 2009). The concept of clo was developed in 1941 based on the clothing insulation value of the typical American manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s business suit during that period and is equal to 1.55 m2 K/W (Grondzik et al., 2009). Insulation value of clothing can be estimated based on weight at 0.35 clo per kilogram of clothing (Grondzik et al., 2009). As mentioned, this methodology introduces migration to a more comfortable space as a third personal factor affecting

2.4

METHODOLOGY

PMV VS. ADAPTIVE COMFORT In this section, we compare two widely accepted thermal comfort models to understand their benefits and downfalls. Taking into account the characteristics of each model together with the intentions of the research, we then identify the adaptive comfort model as the most appropriate method for this study. Povl Ole Fanger (1934-2006) created the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) in 1970 based on climate chamber and laboratory studies on human subjects (Charles, 2003). An advantage of the PMV model is that it has the flexibility to take into account the four major environmental variables (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative air velocity and humidity) and the two main personal factors (activity level and clothing) that affect thermal sensation (Charles, 2003; Fanger & Toftum, 2002). The physiological scale used in the PMV model ranges from cold (-3) to hot (+3) in which neutral (0) is the midpoint of the scale (Fanger, 1973). The Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD), which quantifies the degree of discomfort, is then determined as a function of PMV (Fanger, 1973). The PPD curve created by Fanger in 1970 is based on studies compromising 1300 human subjects (Fanger, 1973). According to Fanger, because of the biological variance in a group of people, it may not be possible to provide thermal satisfaction for everyone at the same time in the same space (Fanger, 1973). The minimum value in the PPD curve, five percent, is the lowest percentage of dissatisfied persons that can be expected from this model (Fanger, 1973).

Therefore, the aim is to provide the highest possible percentage of thermally comfortable occupants. The adaptive comfort model was first proposed in the 1970s and is based on findings of field surveys of human subjects in their normal surroundings (Yao, Li, & Liu, 2009). It relies on the following adaptive principle: If a change occurs such as to produce discomfort, people react in ways which tend to restore their comfort (Nicol, 2011; Yao et al., 2009). Field studies have shown that the PMV method does not provide an accurate thermal sensation for occupants of naturally ventilated buildings (Brager & de Dear, 1998; Nicol, 2011; Yau & Chew, 2014). The adaptive comfort model aims to present a solution to concerns regarding the failure of the heat balance comfort models to define a range of comfortable temperatures in naturally ventilated buildings where indoor temperature are more variable (Nicol, 2011). This method takes into account a series of three adaptive processes: physiological adaptations, psychological adaptations and behavioral adjustments (Yau & Chew, 2014). Physiological adaptation includes vasodilation, vasoconstriction and perspiration (Yao et al., 2009; Yau & Chew, 2014). Psychological adaptation is based on thermal perception shaped by past experiences and the reduction of thermal sensitivity over a period of exposure to a certain thermal level (de Dear & Brager, 2002; Yau & Chew, 2014). Behavioral adjustments are possible personal actions that change the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heat balance in order to achieve

thermal comfort (Yau & Chew, 2014).

2.5

METHODOLOGY

WHY COMPUTERIZED SIMULATIONS? In order to obtain appropriate thermal data for the study, the base case is to be analyzed in conditions comparable to the typologyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original design, occupancy and building use conditions. As a result, it is necessary to have access to hourly thermal data over the course of a full year throughout the study. Through a series of precedent studies, it became evident that for the remaining stock of the traditional central courtyard typology, the original conditions have been modified in various forms. A. Building layout: because of the old age of these structures, some have fallen into despair. In many of the still occupied examples, the architectural layout and physical characteristics of the building have been modified. B. Building occupancy and use: present occupancy and buildings use is different. C. Building systems: mechanical cooling and heating systems have replaced the passive systems and the building is not operated as originally intended. To resolve these complications, computerized methods are used to simulate the thermal behavior of the typology based on the original use (residential), occupancy and without active mechanical systems. Source: DesignBuilder

3.0

SEASONAL ROOMS

SECTION OVERVIEW This section provide a detailed insight into the year-round thermal behavior of each seasonal room. The five seasonal rooms include the summer room, the east facing room, the winter room, the west facing room and the basement. The thermal behavior of each seasonal space is often unique reflecting the characteristics of the traditional central courtyard typology. Hourly operative temperature is calculated based on hourly air temperature and mean radiant temperature for each space over the course of the whole year. Outdoor air temperatures and operative temperatures are then used to calculate adaptive thermal comfort for each space.

3.1

SEASONAL ROOMS

THE SUMMER ROOM

THERMAL BEHAVIOR AND COMFORT Traditionally, the thermal intentions behind the design of the summer room or the summer section (Persian: tabestan neshin) of a larger house has been to deviate away from the high thermal stress of the outside during the months of June to September when nearly all other spaces within the house fail to do so. The summer room takes advantage of different strategies to reduce heat gains. Because of its placement to the south of the courtyard and the adjacent semi-outdoor transitional space, the north facing summer room is self-shading throughout the year and diffused daylight access ensures minimal solar heat gains. Having the highest floor to ceiling height among all the spaces within the house further results in an optimal temperature gradient as hot air rises above the occupied portion of the room. The effect of the thermally massive walls together with night cooling and diurnal shifts result in mean radiant temperatures that are often below the air temperature during the summer. Accordingly, as illustrated in the graphs, the summer room’s operative temperature is often lower than the indoor air temperature during the hottest months of the year. The number of hours in the lower range of below 16°C indicates an annual percentage decrease from 45.1% (outdoor air) to 23.9% (summer room operative) with majority of hours during coldest periods of the year from December to March. The number of hours in the mid-lower range of 16°C to 20°C show an annual percentage increase from 11.7% (outdoor air) to 17.8% (summer

OUTDOOR | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 3955 hrs | 45.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1024 hrs | 11.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 1590 hrs | 18.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 894 hrs | 10.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1297 hrs | 14.8 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2042 hrs | 23.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1935 hrs | 22.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2807 hrs | 32.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1427 hrs | 16.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 549 hrs | 6.3 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2152 hrs | 24.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1456 hrs | 16.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2592 hrs | 29.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 2311 hrs | 26.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 249 hrs | 2.8 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

room operative) with majority of hours from March to April and November to December. This shows an improvement in indoor conditions as majority of the outdoor hours during these colder months of the year fall below 16°. The number of hours in the optimum range of 20°C to 26°C indicates an annual percentage increase from 18.2% (outdoor air) to 33.3% (summer room operative) with majority of hours from April to June and September To November. The number of hours in the mid-upper range of 26°C to 30°C shows an annual percentage increase from 10.2% (outdoor air) to 20.4% (summer room operative) with majority of hours from June to September. This indicates an improvement indoor conditions as a large portion of the outdoor hours during the same period reach over 30°C.

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

The number of hours in the upper range of above 30°C indicates an annual percentage decrease from 14.8% (outdoor air) to 4.7% (summer room operative) with majority of hours during the afternoons in July and August. This shows a significant reduction in the temperature range during the hottest periods of the year. When we calculate adaptive comfort based on mean monthly outdoor air temperature and hourly indoor operative temperature, majority of thermally comfortable hours are from mid-April to mid-November.

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON

During the winter as a result of reduced heat gains, the summer room has a low seasonal comfort

MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

percentage of only 14.2% with no hours meeting the adaptive comfort criteria from December to March. During the spring, majority of the indoor hours meet the adaptive comfort criteria resulting in a seasonal comfort of 79.0%. During the summer, the thermal behavior of the summer room shows a clear seasonal differentiation compared to the rest of the year with the largest percentage of comfortable hours at 89.5%. The results prove that the summer roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thermal behavior is as intended providing thermal comfort for majority of the hours during the hot periods of the year. As shown in the adaptive comfort chart, the space fails to meet the adaptive comfort criteria only in approximately 10.5% of the hours of the summer belonging to the hottest afternoons in July and August. During the fall, the summer roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s seasonal comfort is at 63.2%. From mid-November as majority of the outdoor hours begin to fall below 16Â°C, the summer room starts to feel cold.

3.2

SEASONAL ROOMS

THE EAST FACING ROOM

THERMAL BEHAVIOR AND COMFORT Traditionally, the east and west facing sections of the central courtyard house were allocated to secondary functions such as sleeping areas and storage. The orientation of the east facing room results in a non-symmetrical thermal behavior as it receives maximum solar exposure during the morning hours with no direct exposure during the afternoon hours. Because of their less significant programmatic functions, the east and west facing rooms are often smaller in size and have the lowest floor to ceiling height among all above ground spaces. When we compare the thermal behavior of the east facing room to the outside, the number of hours in the lower range of 16°C and below indicates an annual percentage decrease from 45.1% (outdoor air) to 24.3% (east facing room operative) with majority of hours belonging to the coldest periods of the year from December to March. The number of hours in the mid-lower range of 16°C to 20°C shows a slight annual percentage increase from 11.7% (outdoor air) to 12.7% (east facing room operative) with majority of hours during the early mornings and evenings from March to April and during the afternoons from mid-November to December. The number of hours in the optimum range of 20°C to 26°C indicates an annual percentage increase from 18.2% (outdoor air) to 30.7% (east facing room operative) with majority of hours from April to mid-May and mid-September to mid-

OUTDOOR | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 3955 hrs | 45.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1024 hrs | 11.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 1590 hrs | 18.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 894 hrs | 10.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1297 hrs | 14.8 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON

November.

MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2069 hrs | 23.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1201 hrs | 13.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3155 hrs | 36.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1375 hrs | 15.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 960 hrs | 11.0 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE EVENING

The number of hours in the mid-upper range of 26°C to 30°C shows an annual percentage increase from 10.2% (outdoor air) to 20.0% (east facing room operative) with majority of hours beginning from the afternoons in May and ending in the afternoons in September.

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2188 hrs | 25.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1013 hrs | 11.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2329 hrs | 26.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1765 hrs | 20.1 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1465 hrs | 16.7 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

The number of hours in the upper range of above 30°C has a slight annual percentage decrease from 14.8% (outdoor air) to 12.3% (east facing room operative) with majority of hours during the afternoons and early-evenings of June to September. By comparing the outdoor air temperature chart to the operative temperature chart, it becomes evident that during the hottest periods of the summer, the east facing room drastically underperforms compared to the summer room and at points creates indoor conditions that are worse than the outside. The adaptive comfort calculations for the east facing room show that the majority of thermally comfortable hours are from March to midNovember. When compared to the summer room, the east facing room begins to provide comfortable conditions earlier in the year beginning in the last month of winter. In the winter, the east facing room has a low seasonal comfort percentage of 18.9% with no hours meeting the adaptive comfort criteria during from December to late-February. However, this percentage is still higher than the summer room’s performance (14.2%) during the same period.

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

During the spring, the east facing room shows its highest percentage of comfortable hours compared to the rest of the year at 85.5% of the season outperforming the summer room (79.0%) during the same period. This indicates that the east facing room can act as one of the most comfortable spaces in the central courtyard house during majority of the spring. Throughout the summer, the east facing room fails to meet the adaptive comfort criteria during the hot afternoon hours resulting in a seasonal comfort of 55.2% drastically underperforming compared to the summer room (89.5%). During the fall, the east facing roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s seasonal comfort is at 66.3%. This does not match performance of the space during the spring because of the lower fall temperatures but is still slightly higher than the summer roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance (63.2%) during the same period.

3.3

SEASONAL ROOMS

THE WINTER ROOM

THERMAL BEHAVIOR AND COMFORT Traditionally, the thermal design of the winter room or the winter section (Persian: zemestan neshin) of a larger house aims to minimize or eliminate the need for space heating in the cold periods of the year. This is achieved through the placement of the space to the north of the central courtyard resulting in a south-facing orientation that maximizes solar exposure during the coldest months of the year by allowing the low-angle winter sun to penetrate deep into the space. The thermally massive envelope helps keep the heat from sun and other internal gains (e.g. occupancy) for a longer period of time. Additionally, because of the thermal mass effect, the operative temperature is typically higher than the air temperature during the coldest periods of the year. In contrast to the summer room, the winter room takes advantage of a lower ceiling height in order to keep the hot air from rising above the occupied portion of the room. Comparing the thermal behavior of the winter room to the outside, the number of hours in the lower range of below 16Â°C shows a significant annual percentage reduction from 45.1% (outdoor air) to 1.9% (winter room operative) minimizing the lower range of temperatures that contribute to the need for space heating. This percentage (1.9%) is drastically different than those of the summer room (23.9%) and the east facing room (24.3%). These figures prove the effectiveness of the winter room in increasing and maintaining higher indoor temperatures in the coldest months of the year during which other seasonal rooms fall well below 16Â°C.

OUTDOOR | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 3955 hrs | 45.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1024 hrs | 11.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 1590 hrs | 18.2 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 894 hrs | 10.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1297 hrs | 14.8 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 254 hrs | 2.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2148 hrs | 24.5 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 4062 hrs | 46.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1515 hrs | 17.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 781 hrs | 8.9 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE EVENING

The number of hours in the mid-lower range of 16°C to 20°C shows a annual percentage increase from 11.7% (outdoor air) to 24.6% (winter room operative) with majority of hours from midDecember to March. During the same period of the year, the outside, the summer room and the east facing room are below 16°C.

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 67 hrs | 0.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2169 hrs | 24.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3431 hrs | 39.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 2276 hrs | 26.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 817 hrs | 9.3 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

The number of hours in the optimum range of 20°C to 26°C has an annual percentage increase from 18.2% (outdoor air) to 43.1% (winter room operative) with majority of the hours from March to late-May and mid-September to mid-December. The number of hours in the mid-upper range of 26°C to 30°C indicates an annual percentage increase from 10.2% (outdoor air) to 21.9% (winter room operative) with majority of the hours beginning in the afternoons in May and ending during the afternoons in early-October. The number of hours in the upper range of above 30°C shows an annual percentage decrease from 14.8% (outdoor air) to 8.5% (winter room operative) with majority of the hours during the afternoons and early-evenings of July and August. This percentage (8.5%) indicates that during the hottest periods of the year, the winter room’s performance does not meet that of the summer room (4.7%) in reducing the upper range of temperatures yet has a lower percentage compared to the east facing room (12.3) during the same period.

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON

Based on the adaptive comfort calculations for the winter room, thermally comfortable hours

MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

cover at least a portion of every month of the year; however, the roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance does not meet the adaptive comfort criteria during the early morning and evening hours from mid-December to late-February (too cold) as well as parts of the afternoon and evening hours during the summer (too hot). Overall, the winter room has the largest percentage of overall annual comfort compared to the summer room and the east facing room. During the winter, the winter room has a seasonal comfort percentage of 68.2% highly outperforming the summer room (14.2%) and the east facing room (18.9%) during the same period but still unable to eliminate the need for heating throughout the whole season. During the spring, the winter room shows a very high percentage of comfortable hours at 95.2% of the season outperforming the summer room (79.0%) and the east facing room (85.5%). In the summer, the winter room fails to meet the adaptive comfort criteria during most of the hot afternoon hours resulting in a seasonal comfort of 69.0% with a much lower performance compared to the summer room (89.5%); however, the winter room still outperforms the east facing room (55.2%) during the summer. In the fall, the winter room reaches a substantial seasonal comfort of 97.9% practically maintaining comfortable temperatures throughout the whole season which is significantly higher than the summer room (63.2%) and the east facing room (66.3%) during the same period.

3.4

SEASONAL ROOMS

THE WEST FACING ROOM

THERMAL BEHAVIOR AND COMFORT Similar to the east facing room, the west facing section of the central courtyard house often serves secondary functions. Because of its west facing orientation, it has a non-symmetrical thermal behavior as it receives minimal solar exposure during the morning hours but maximized direct exposure during the late afternoon hours. Because of its less significant programmatic functions, the west facing room follows the same spatial design characteristics as the east facing room and is often smaller in size and has a low ceiling height. In some examples, the west facing section of the courtyard house is completely omitted and replaced by false walls. When we compare the thermal behavior of the west facing room to the outside, the number of hours in the lower range of 16°C and below shows an annual percentage reduction from 45.1% (outdoor air) to 19.2% (west facing room operative) reducing the lower range of temperatures that contribute to the need for space heating. The majority of the hours for this range are from mid-December to lateFebruary. The number of hours in the mid-lower range of 16°C to 20°C has a annual percentage increase from 11.7% (outdoor air) to 15.8% (west facing room operative) with majority of the hours from midNovember to mid-December and during the early mornings and late-evenings in March. The number of hours in the optimum range of 20°C to 26°C indicates an annual percentage

OUTDOOR | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 3955 hrs | 45.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1024 hrs | 11.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 1590 hrs | 18.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 894 hrs | 10.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1297 hrs | 14.8 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1698 hrs | 19.4 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1404 hrs | 16.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3252 hrs | 37.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1323 hrs | 15.1 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1083 hrs | 12.4 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1667 hrs | 19.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1369 hrs | 15.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2468 hrs | 28.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1803 hrs | 20.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1453 hrs | 16.6 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

increase from 18.2% (outdoor air) to 32.2% (west facing room operative) with majority of the hours beginning in the afternoon in March and ending in afternoon in mid-November. The number of hours in the mid-upper range of 26°C to 30°C shows an annual percentage increase from 10.2% (outdoor air) to 19.6% (west facing room operative) with majority of the hours beginning from the afternoons in April and ending during the afternoons in October. The number of hours in the upper range of above 30°C shows a slight annual percentage decrease from 14.8% (outdoor air) to 13.2% (west facing room operative) with majority of hours during the afternoons and evenings of June to early September. This indicates that similar to the east facing room, the west facing room severely underperforms in reducing temperature ranges during the hottest hours of summer. As illustrated in the adaptive comfort graph for the west facing room, annually, the majority of thermally comfortable hours are from March to midNovember as well as some afternoon hours until mid-December. In the winter, the west facing room has a comfort percentage of 21.5% of the hours of the season outperforming the summer room (14.2%) and the east facing room (18.9%) while underperforming compared to the winter room (68.2%) during the same period.

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING

During the spring, the west facing room

EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

has a seasonal comfort percentage of 83.7% outperforming the summer room (79.0%) and slightly underperforming compared to the east facing room (85.5%) during the same period. However, the roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spring comfort percentage is well below that of the winter room (95.2%). In the summer, the west facing room does not meet the adaptive comfort criteria during majority of the afternoon and early-evening hours resulting in a seasonal comfort of 55.3%. This is well below the performance of the summer room (89.5%) yet nearly identical to the east facing room (55.2%). The west facing roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s summer comfort percentage is also lower than the winter room (69.0%). During the fall, the west facing room has a seasonal comfort of 71.8%. The roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fall performance is higher than the summer room (63.2%) and the east facing room (66.3%) but significantly lower than the winter room (97.9%) during the same period of the year.

3.5

SEASONAL ROOMS

THE BASEMENT

THERMAL BEHAVIOR AND COMFORT Among the seasonal spaces within the central courtyard house, the basement has a unique thermal behavior. Traditionally, the basement acts as a thermal shelter in the hottest afternoons of the summer during which no other space is thermally comfortable. Deeper into the ground, soil temperatures become more uniform throughout the year nearing the mean annual outdoor air temperature. Because of the adjacency of its walls and floors to the ground, thermally massive surfaces and minimal to no exposure to direct sun, the basement maintains uniform temperatures throughout the year. As illustrated in the operative temperature graph, the basement practically eliminates the lower range of below 16°C, the mid-upper range of 26°C to 30°C and the upper range of above 30°C and reduces the mid-lower range of 16°C to 20° form 11.7% (outdoor air) to 6.7% (basement operative) of the hours of the year. The most impressive improvement is the increase in the optimum range of 20°C to 26°C from 18.2% (outdoor air) to 93.3% (basement operative) of the hours of the year. This results in the near uniform annual temperature range that the basement benefits from. Based on the adaptive comfort calculations for the basement, annually the majority of thermally comfortable hours are from late-August to late May. In the winter, the basement reaches a comfort percentage of 100.0% of the hours of the season outperforming the summer room (14.2%), the

OUTDOOR | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 3955 hrs | 45.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1024 hrs | 11.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 1590 hrs | 18.2 %

Sep

AUG

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 894 hrs | 10.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1297 hrs | 14.8 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

Sep

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8760 hrs | 100.0 %

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1747 hrs | 19.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 7013 hrs | 80.1 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

During the spring, the basement has a seasonal comfort percentage of 86.7% outperforming the summer room (79.0%) and showing a slight improvement compared to the east facing room (85.5%) and west facing room (83.7%) during the same period; however, the basement’s spring comfort percentage is below the 95.2% for the winter room. Interestingly, in the summer, the basement shows the low percentage of comfort at 43.7% of the season. This is well below the performance of the summer room (89.5%), the east facing room (55.2%), the winter room (69.0%) and the west facing room (55.3%) during the same period; however, a drastic difference in this case is that based on the adaptive comfort criteria, the basement is the only space that feels too cold during the hottest hours of the year. This is a significant deviation separating the basement’s thermal behavior from other seasonal spaces as all others do not meet the adaptive comfort criteria because of overheating. In a way, in this specific case, the basement still acts as a cool shelter during the hottest hours of the summer. During the fall, the basement once again reaches a seasonal comfort percentage of 100% outperforming the summer room (63.2%), the east facing room (66.3%), the west facing room (71.8%) and even the winter room (97.9%) during the same

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

Jan

east facing room (18.9%), the winter room (68.2%) and the west facing room (21.5%) during the same period.

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

period of the year. Analyzing the seasonal comfort percentage, it is crucial to take into consideration that while the basement often manges to outperform the thermal behavior of other seasonal rooms, because of its less-than-optimal spatial qualities such as minimal access to daylight, it may not permanently replace the spatial functions of the above ground spaces. The ultimate spatial purpose of the basement is to fill the thermal comfort gap during the times in which all other above ground rooms fail to do so. Traditionally, because of its low temperatures, the basement also served as a space for storing food and perishable material. Thermally, the existence of the basement further contributes to an improvement in the thermal performance of the above ground rooms as a result of its uniform temperatures throughout the year.

OUTDOOR | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 3955 hrs | 45.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1024 hrs | 11.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 1590 hrs | 18.2 %

Sep

AUG

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 894 hrs | 10.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1297 hrs | 14.8 %

3.6

CONCLUSIONS

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

Sep

AUG

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING

Comparing the indoor operative temperature ranges for all spaces to the outdoor air temperature ranges, it becomes evident that overall all seasonal rooms provide indoor environments that largely deviate away from the thermal stress present in the outdoor environment. This level of deviation, however, is dependent on the thermal and design characteristics of each room.

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

Sep

AUG

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

Sep

AUG

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

In terms of winter occupancy, with the summer room at 14.2%, the east facing room at 18.9%, the winter room at 68.2%, the west facing room at 21.5% and the basement at 100.0%, we realize that among the above ground spaces, the

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

AUG

When comparing the lower temperature range of below 16°C, which often results in the need for heating, the outdoor percentage of 45.1% is reduced to 23.9% in the summer room, 24.3% in the east facing room, 1.9% in the winter room, 19.2% in the west facing room and 0.0% in the basement. The results indicate that while all rooms have an improved thermal condition compared to the outside environment, the winter room and the basement have the most optimum performance in reducing the number of hours that contribute to the need for heating. When comparing the upper temperature range of above 30°C, which often results in the need for cooling, the outdoor percentage of 14.8% is reduced to 4.7% in the summer room, 12.3% in the east facing room, 8.5% in the winter room, 13.2% in the west facing room and 0.0% in the basement. Accordingly, the summer room and the basement have the most optimum performance in reducing the number of hours that contribute to the need for cooling.

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

128

WHOLE SYSTEM | BASE CASE | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8661 hrs | 98.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3408 hrs | 38.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 99 hrs | 1.1 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

winter room has the highest percentage winter occupancy. However, among all seasonal spaces, the basement has the highest percentage of winter occupancy. Considering spring occupancy, with the summer room at 79.0%, the east facing room at 85.5%, the winter room at 95.2%, the west facing room at 83.7% and the basement at 86.7%, we observe that among all seasonal spaces, above and below ground, the winter room has the highest percentage of spring occupancy. In terms of summer occupancy, with the summer room at 89.5%, the east facing room at 55.2%, the winter room at 69.0%, the west facing room at 55.3% and the basement at 43.7%, we realize that among all seasonal spaces, above and below ground, the summer room has the highest percentage of summer occupancy. For fall occupancy, with the summer room at 63.2%, the east facing room at 66.3%, the winter room at 97.9%, the west facing room at 71.8% and the basement at 100.0%, we realize that among the above ground spaces, the winter room has the highest fall occupancy. However, among all seasonal spaces, the basement has the highest percentage of fall occupancy.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

The product of the developed methodology that takes into account a thermal-comfort-based migration pattern in the central courtyard house together with thermal and comfort data for all seasonal rooms is the whole system comfort-based occupancy map shown at the top left. Using the chart, we can test out the original thesis question of whether the central courtyard house as a whole system can provide annual thermal comfort. As observed in the graph, the system, as a whole, provides thermal comfort for 98.9% of the year practically covering

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

129

4.0

ORIENTATION

SECTION OVERVIEW Traditionally, the Iranian central courtyard typology relies only on passive climate-responsive strategies to mediate the outside climate. Accordingly, the typologyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s construction on a north-south axis plays an important role in its thermal behavior. The north facing summer room is exposed to minimal direct solar radiation to reduce unwanted heat gains while the winter roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s south facing orientation allows for maximum direct solar exposure. The east facing room has a greater solar heat gain in the mornings while the west facing room is exposed to direct sun in late afternoons. As a result, solar orientation is one of the primary elements that shapes the daily and seasonal thermal variations in each space. This section analyzes the thermal effects of solar orientation and a deviation from the north-south for each seasonal room. The aim is to understand how limitation in selecting the most optimum orientation, for instance in a dense urban fabric or grid system, can affect the overall performance of the system. The provided adaptive comfort charts in the following sections provide details on the thermal effects of a deviation from the true north-south access. The chart at the top of the page or the base case is based on an exact north-south orientation for the central courtyard house. The three charts show the effects of orientation deviations at 15 degree increments on seasonal thermal comfort.

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

APR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

4.1

ORIENTATION

THE SUMMER ROOM

DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

SUMMER ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1751 hrs | 79.3 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1962 hrs | 88.9 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1384 hrs | 63.4 %

Among all the above ground seasonal rooms, the summer room receives minimal to no direct solar radiation throughout the year. As explained in the Seasonal Rooms section, this is one of the reasons behind the space’s minimal overheating during the hot summer months. However, the north facing orientation also contributes to the room’s lower than average temperatures during the colder months. As a result, seasonal thermal comfort in the summer room shows minimal to no changes as a result of 15, 30 or 45 degree deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction. The space’s base winter occupancy of 14.2% (true N-S) shows minimal to no change at 15° E (14.2%) or 30° E (14.1%) and a slight increase to 15.0% at 45° E. The space’s base spring occupancy of 79.0% has a slight increase to 79.3% at 15° E, 80.2% at 30° E and 81.1% at 45° E.

SUMMER ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 304 hrs | 14.1 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1770 hrs | 80.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1972 hrs | 89.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1389 hrs | 63.6 %

SUMMER ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING

The space’s base summer occupancy of 89.5% shows a slight decrease to 88.9% at 15° E, 89.3% at 30° E and 89.3% at 45° E. The space’s base fall occupancy of 63.2% shows a slight increase to 63.4% at 15° E, 63.6% at 30° E and 63.5% at 45° E. Overall, the seasonal occupancy does not show statistically significant differences as a result of a deviation toward the east direction.

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 324 hrs | 15.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1791 hrs | 81.1 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1972 hrs | 89.3 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1386 hrs | 63.5 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

APR

Apr

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

Left. Changes in the summer room’s operative temperature based on orientation deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction.

SUMMER ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2085 hrs | 23.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1558 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2916 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1768 hrs | 20.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 433 hrs | 4.9 %

SUMMER ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2106 hrs | 24.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1523 hrs | 17.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2925 hrs | 33.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1781 hrs | 20.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 425 hrs | 4.9 %

SUMMER ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2113 hrs | 24.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1510 hrs | 17.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2920 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1786 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 431 hrs | 4.9 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

APR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

SUMMER ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 303 hrs | 14.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1738 hrs | 78.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1917 hrs | 86.8 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1382 hrs | 63.3 %

Overall, seasonal thermal comfort in the summer room, especially during the summer, shows greater differences as a result of deviations of the central courtyard house toward the west direction. This is most likely the result of overheating due to exposure to the west sun during the hot lateafternoons in the summer. On the other hand, the smaller percentage change caused by a deviation toward the east direction is most likely the result of the lower morning temperatures that reduce the risk of overheating even after exposure to the morning sun. As a result of an orientation deviation toward west, the summer room’s winter occupancy of 14.2% in the base case (true N-S) shows a slight decrease to 14.0% at 15° W and 13.9% at 30° W. Winter comfort shows a slight increase to 15.9% at 45° W. The summer room’s spring comfort of 79.0% in the base case has a slight decrease to 78.7% at 15° W. Spring comfort has a slight increase to 79.8% at 30° W and 82.6% at 45° W.

SUMMER ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 301 hrs | 13.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1762 hrs | 79.8 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1834 hrs | 83.1 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1394 hrs | 63.8 %

SUMMER ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING

The summer room’s summer comfort of 89.5% in the base case shows a slight increase to 86.8% at 15° W. The summer comfort percentage shows a decrease to 83.1% at 30° W and yet a greater decrease to 77.9% at 45° W. This is the first indication of a significant change in the summer room’s seasonal comfort. The summer room’s fall comfort of 63.2%

EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 344 hrs | 15.9 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1824 hrs | 82.6 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1720 hrs | 77.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1408 hrs | 64.5 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

APR

Apr

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

in the base case shows an insignificant increase to 63.3% at 15° W, 63.8% at 30° W and 64.5% at 45° W.

Left. Changes in the summer room’s operative temperature based on orientation deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction.

SUMMER ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2103 hrs | 24.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1542 hrs | 17.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2891 hrs | 33.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1739 hrs | 19.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 485 hrs | 5.5 %

SUMMER ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2133 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1486 hrs | 17.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2869 hrs | 32.8 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1717 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 555 hrs | 6.3 %

SUMMER ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2091 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1455 hrs | 16.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2859 hrs | 32.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1700 hrs | 19.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 655 hrs | 7.5 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

APR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

4.2

ORIENTATION

THE EAST FACING ROOM

DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

EAST FACING ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base winter occupancy of 18.9% (true N-S) shows considerable percentage increases to 22.2% at 15° E, 32.2% at 30° E and 48.0% at 45° E.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 480 hrs | 22.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1961 hrs | 88.8 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1197 hrs | 54.2 %

Because of its orientation, the east facing room receives a larger amount of direct solar exposure in the morning and minimal exposure in the evening. As a result of a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction, the space’s seasonal thermal comfort shows an overall improvement leading to increased seasonal occupancy percentages. This is a result of a greater exposure of the space to direct radiation during the cooler morning hours as the sun rises in the sky. The room’s summer comfort shows negligible changes as a result of these deviations.

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1491 hrs | 68.3 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 85.5% shows percentage increases to 88.8% at 15° E, 90.9% at 30° E and 92.8% at 45° E.

EAST FACING ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 696 hrs | 32.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2006 hrs | 90.9 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1207 hrs | 54.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1751 hrs | 80.2 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.2% shows slight percentage decreases to 54.2% at 15° E, 54.7% at 30° E and a slight percentage increase to 57.3% at 45° E. The space’s base fall occupancy of 66.3% shows considerable percentage increases to 68.3% at 15° E, 80.2% at 30° E and 94.1% at 45° E. Overall, the east facing room appears to largely benefit from a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1037 hrs | 48.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2050 hrs | 92.8 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1265 hrs | 57.3 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2055 hrs | 94.1 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

APR

Apr

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

the east direction.

Left. Changes in the east facing room’s operative temperature based on orientation deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction.

EAST FACING ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1864 hrs | 21.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1103 hrs | 12.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2925 hrs | 33.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1744 hrs | 19.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1124 hrs | 12.8 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1062 hrs | 12.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1641 hrs | 18.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3171 hrs | 36.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1751 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1135 hrs | 13.0 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 549 hrs | 6.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1936 hrs | 22.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

20°C to 26°C | 3434 hrs | 39.2 %

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1796 hrs | 20.5 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1045 hrs | 11.9 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

APR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

OCT

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

The space’s base winter occupancy of 18.9% (true N-S) shows percentage decreases to 16.1% at 15° W, 12.9% at 30° W and 10.8% at 45° W.

EAST FACING ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 347 hrs | 16.1 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1794 hrs | 81.3 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1235 hrs | 55.9 %

Based on a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction, during winter, spring and fall, the east facing room’s seasonal thermal comfort is reduces leading to lower seasonal occupancy percentages. This is a result of a lower exposure of the space to direct radiation and lower indoor temperatures in the colder months; However, the room’s summer comfort shows an improvement as a result of lower temperatures that cause less overheating during the hot summer afternoons.

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1435 hrs | 65.7 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 85.5% shows percentage decreases to 81.3% at 15° W, 77.6% at 30° W and 76.7% at 45° W. The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.2% shows percentage increases to 55.9% at 15° W, 61.8% at 30° W and a slight percentage increase to 68.2% at 45° W.

EAST FACING ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 279 hrs | 12.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1713 hrs | 77.6 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1365 hrs | 61.8 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1420 hrs | 65.0 %

The space’s base fall comfort of 66.3% shows slight percentage decreases to 65.7% at 15° W, 65.0% at 30° W and 64.5% at 45° W. Based on the data, Considering the overall annual comfort percentage, the east facing room does not benefit from a deviation of the central courtyard house toward the west direction.

EAST FACING ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 234 hrs | 10.8 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1693 hrs | 76.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1505 hrs | 68.2 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1409 hrs | 64.5 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

APR

Apr

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

Left. Changes in the east facing room’s operative temperature based on orientation deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction.

EAST FACING ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2228 hrs | 25.4 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1237 hrs | 14.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2528 hrs | 28.9 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1693 hrs | 19.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1074 hrs | 12.3 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2294 hrs | 26.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1322 hrs | 15.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2512 hrs | 28.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1627 hrs | 18.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1005 hrs | 11.5 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2346 hrs | 26.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1315 hrs | 15.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2564 hrs | 29.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1662 hrs | 19.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 873 hrs | 10.0 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

APR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

4.3

ORIENTATION

THE WINTER ROOM

DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

WINTER ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base winter occupancy of 68.2% (true N-S) shows a slight increase to 68.6% at 15° E, and a reduction to 67.9% at 30° E and 60.0% at 45° E.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1481 hrs | 68.6 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2089 hrs | 94.6 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1512 hrs | 68.5 %

Among all seasonal spaces, the south facing winter room receives the largest and most uniform amount of solar exposure throughout the year. As a result, the room maintains a higher average temperature throughout of the year making it the most comfortable space in the colder months. As a result of deviation of the courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction, the winter room’s seasonal comfort shows an overall performance reduction throughout the year with the largest drop in comfort percentage during the winter.

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2134 hrs | 97.7 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 95.2% shows a slight reduction to 94.6% at 15° E, 94.3% at 30° E and 94.1% at 45° E.

WINTER ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 69.0% shows a slight reduction to 68.5% at 15° E, 67.9% at 30° E, 67.2% at 45° E.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1466 hrs | 67.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2083 hrs | 94.3 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1499 hrs | 67.9 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2134 hrs | 97.7 %

WINTER ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

Overall, the winter room’s seasonal occupancy does not benefit from a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1295 hrs | 60.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2077 hrs | 94.1 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1484 hrs | 67.2 %

Oct

The space’s base fall occupancy of 97.9% shows a slight reduction to 97.7% at 15° E, 97.7% at 30° E and 97.3% at 45° E.

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2126 hrs | 97.3 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

APR

Apr

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

Left. Changes in the winter room’s operative temperature based on orientation deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction.

WINTER ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 151 hrs | 1.7 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2172 hrs | 24.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3754 hrs | 42.9 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1913 hrs | 21.8 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 770 hrs | 8.8 %

WINTER ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2188 hrs | 25.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3714 hrs | 42.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1907 hrs | 21.8 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 785 hrs | 9.0 %

WINTER ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 262 hrs | 3.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2205 hrs | 25.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3581 hrs | 40.9 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1907 hrs | 21.8 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 805 hrs | 9.2 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

APR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

The space’s base winter occupancy of 68.2% (true N-S) shows a significant reduction to 64.4% at 15° W, 51.8% at 30° W and 36.7% at 45° W.

WINTER ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1391 hrs | 64.4 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2107 hrs | 95.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1456 hrs | 65.9 %

Overall, the winter room’s seasonal comfortbased occupancy does not benefit from a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction, and the largest drop in seasonal occupancy is in the winter months during which the space plays an essential role as the main occupied space. As a result of a deviation of the central courtyard house from the northsouth axis toward the west direction, the thermal comfort calculations for the winter room indicate the following results:

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2133 hrs | 97.7 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 95.2% shows a slight increase to 95.4% at 15° W, 95.5% at 30° W and slight reduction to 94.2% at 45° W. The space’s base summer occupancy of 69.0% shows a reduction to 65.9% at 15° W, 63.2% at 30° W, 59.8% at 45° W.

WINTER ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1119 hrs | 51.8 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2109 hrs | 95.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1395 hrs | 63.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2104 hrs | 96.3 %

The space’s base fall occupancy of 97.9% shows a reduction to 97.7% at 15° W, 96.3% at 30° W and 89.2% at 45° W.

WINTER ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 793 hrs | 36.7 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2081 hrs | 94.2 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1320 hrs | 59.8 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1949 hrs | 89.2 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

APR

Apr

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

Left. Changes in the winter room’s operative temperature based on orientation deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction.

WINTER ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 240 hrs | 2.7 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2115 hrs | 24.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3699 hrs | 42.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1896 hrs | 21.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 810 hrs | 9.2 %

WINTER ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 424 hrs | 4.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2071 hrs | 23.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3516 hrs | 40.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1887 hrs | 21.5 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 862 hrs | 9.8 %

WINTER ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 847 hrs | 9.7 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1850 hrs | 21.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

20°C to 26°C | 3268 hrs | 37.3 %

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1843 hrs | 21.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 952 hrs | 10.9 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

APR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

OCT

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

4.4

ORIENTATION

THE WEST FACING ROOM

DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

The space’s base winter occupancy of 21.5% (true N-S) shows a considerable reduction to 19.4% at 15° E, 16.3% at 30° E and 13.0% at 45° E.

WEST FACING ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 418 hrs | 19.4 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1807 hrs | 81.8 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1223 hrs | 55.4 %

Overall, the west facing room’s seasonal comfort-based occupancy does not benefit from a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction with the largest drop in seasonal occupancy during the winter. As a result of a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction, the thermal comfort calculations for the west facing room indicate the following results:

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1464 hrs | 67.0 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 83.7% shows a reduction to 81.8% at 15° E, 79.7% at 30° E and 76.9% at 45° E. The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.3% shows an increase to 55.4% at 15° E and 57.6% at 30° E, 61.7% at 45° E.

WEST FACING ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 351 hrs | 16.3 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1759 hrs | 79.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1271 hrs | 57.6 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

The space’s base fall occupancy of 71.8% shows a reduction to 67.0% at 15° E, 65.7% at 30° E and 64.7% at 45° E.

Fall Occupancy | 1434 hrs | 65.7 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 281 hrs | 13.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1699 hrs | 76.9 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1362 hrs | 61.7 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1413 hrs | 64.7 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

APR

Apr

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

Left. Changes in the west facing room’s operative temperature based on orientation deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction.

WEST FACING ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2048 hrs | 23.4 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1177 hrs | 13.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2693 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1697 hrs | 19.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1145 hrs | 13.1 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2226 hrs | 25.4 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1232 hrs | 14.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2560 hrs | 29.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1659 hrs | 18.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1083 hrs | 12.4 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2301 hrs | 26.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1301 hrs | 14.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2505 hrs | 28.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1654 hrs | 18.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 999 hrs | 11.4 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

APR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

OCT

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

The space’s base winter occupancy of 21.5% (true N-S) shows a considerable increase to 26.8% at 15° W, 39.8% at 30° W and 59.3% at 45° W.

WEST FACING ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 578 hrs | 26.8 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1926 hrs | 87.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1187 hrs | 53.8 %

Overall, the west facing room’s seasonal comfort-based occupancy largely benefits from a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction with the largest increase in seasonal occupancy during the winter, spring and fall. As a result of a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction, the thermal comfort calculations for the west facing room indicate the following results:

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1755 hrs | 80.4 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 83.7% shows an increase to 87.2% at 15° W, 89.4% at 30° W and 91.1% at 45° W. The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.3% shows a slight reduction to 53.8% at 15° W and 55.0% at 30° W and a slight increase to 56.7% at 45° W.

WEST FACING ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 860 hrs | 39.8 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1974 hrs | 89.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1215 hrs | 55.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2007 hrs | 91.9 %

The space’s base fall occupancy of 71.8% shows a considerable increase to 80.4% at 15° W, 91.9% at 30° W and 94.7% at 45° W.

WEST FACING ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1281 hrs | 59.3 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2012 hrs | 91.1 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1251 hrs | 56.7 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2068 hrs | 94.7 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

APR

Apr

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

Left. Changes in the west facing room’s operative temperature based on orientation deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction.

WEST FACING ROOM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1221 hrs | 13.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1599 hrs | 18.3 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3000 hrs | 34.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1733 hrs | 19.8 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1207 hrs | 13.8 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 725 hrs | 8.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1836 hrs | 21.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3274 hrs | 37.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1769 hrs | 20.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1156 hrs | 13.2 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 312 hrs | 3.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2034 hrs | 23.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

20°C to 26°C | 3535 hrs | 40.4 %

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1789 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1090 hrs | 12.4 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

APR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

4.5

ORIENTATION

THE BASEMENT

DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

Overall, the west facing room’s seasonal comfort-based occupancy does not show statistically significant differences based on a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction. As a result of a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction, the thermal comfort calculations for the basement indicate the following results: The space’s base winter occupancy of 100.0% (true N-S) remains unchanged at 100.0% at 15° E, 100.0% at 30° E and 100.0% at 45° E.

BASEMENT | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING

The space’s base spring occupancy of 86.7% shows remains practically unchanged with 86.9% at 15° E, 86.8% at 30° E and 86.6% at 45° E.

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1918 hrs | 86.9 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 999 hrs | 45.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 43.7% shows a slight increase to 45.2% at 15° E and 46.1% at 30° E, 44.2% at 45° E.

BASEMENT | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base fall occupancy of 100.0% remains unchanged at 100.0% at 15° E, 100.0% at 30° E and 100.0% at 45° E.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1917 hrs | 86.8 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1018 hrs | 46.1 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

BASEMENT | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1912 hrs | 86.6 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 977 hrs | 44.2 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Left. Changes in the basement’s operative temperature based on orientation deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction.

BASEMENT | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 606 hrs | 6.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8154 hrs | 93.1 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 584 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8176 hrs | 93.3 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 699 hrs | 8.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 8061 hrs | 92.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

APR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

BASEMENT | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1918 hrs | 86.9 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1065 hrs | 48.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

Overall, the basement’s seasonal comfortbased occupancy shows insignificant differences throughout the year except for the summer during which the space largely benefits from a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction. This is a result of higher temperatures with additional heat gains from the above-ground spaces that transform some of the summer hours in the basement from cold to thermally comfortable. As a result of a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction, the thermal comfort calculations for the basement indicate the following results: The space’s base winter occupancy of 100.0% (true N-S) remains unchanged with 100.0% at 15° W, 100.0% at 30° W and 100.0% at 45° W. The space’s base spring occupancy of 86.7% remains practically unchanged with 86.9% at 15° W, 87.1% at 30° W and 87.7% at 45° W.

BASEMENT | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1923 hrs | 87.1 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1200 hrs | 54.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

BASEMENT | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 43.7% shows a considerable increase to 48.2% at 15° W and 54.3% at 30° W and 67.1% at 45° W. The space’s base fall occupancy of 100.0% remains unchanged with 100.0% at 15° W, 100.0% at 30° W and 100.0% at 45° W.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1936 hrs | 87.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1481 hrs | 67.1 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Left. Changes in the basement’s operative temperature based on orientation deviations of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction.

BASEMENT | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 604 hrs | 6.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8156 hrs | 93.1 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 680 hrs | 7.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8080 hrs | 92.2 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1397 hrs | 15.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 7363 hrs | 84.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

WHOLE SYSTEM | BASE CASE | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8661 hrs | 98.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3408 hrs | 38.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 99 hrs | 1.1 %

4.6

ORIENTATION

WHOLE SYSTEM

DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

The thermal analysis data for the whole system indicates that as a result of a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the east direction, the annual comfort based occupancy is not significantly affected. We observe that through a slight deviation toward the east, the system as a whole has practically the same performance. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: The percentage of annual hours in which at least one seasonal space is comfortable shows a slight change from 98.9% of the year to 99.1% at 15° E, 98.9% at 30° E and 98.6% at 45° E.

WHOLE SYSTEM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8678 hrs | 99.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3432 hrs | 39.2 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 82 hrs | 0.9 %

The percentage of annual hours in which all seasonal spaces are comfortable at the same time is increased from 38.9% of the year to 39.2% at 15° E, 39.6% at 30° E and 39.4% at 45° E.

WHOLE SYSTEM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8666 hrs | 98.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3471 hrs | 39.6 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

The percentage of annual hours in which all seasonal spaces are uncomfortable shows a slight change from 1.1% of the year to 0.9% at 15° E, 1.1% at 30° E and 1.4% at 45° E.

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 94 hrs | 1.1 %

WHOLE SYSTEM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD EAST | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8641 hrs | 98.6 %

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3452 hrs | 39.4 %

SEP

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 119 hrs | 1.4 %

WHOLE SYSTEM | BASE CASE | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8661 hrs | 98.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3408 hrs | 38.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 99 hrs | 1.1 %

DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

Similar to the previous data, the thermal analysis data for the whole system indicates that as a result of a deviation of the central courtyard house from the north-south axis toward the west direction, the annual comfort based occupancy is not significantly affected. We see that through a slight deviation toward the west, the system as a whole has practically the same performance. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: The percentage of annual hours in which at least one seasonal space is comfortable is reduced from 98.9% of the year to 98.5% at 15° W, 98.3% at 30° W and 98.2% at 45° W.

WHOLE SYSTEM | 15 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8631 hrs | 98.5 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3408 hrs | 38.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 129 hrs | 1.5 %

WHOLE SYSTEM | 30 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The percentage of annual hours in which all seasonal spaces are comfortable at the same time is unchanged/increased from 38.9% of the year to 38.9% at 15° W, 40.1% at 30° W and 41.7% at 45° W.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8610 hrs | 98.3 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3514 hrs | 40.1 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 150 hrs | 1.7 %

The percentage of annual hours in which all seasonal spaces are uncomfortable is increased from 1.1% of the year to 1.5% at 15° W, 1.7% at 30° W and 1.8% at 45° W.

WHOLE SYSTEM | 45 DEGREE DEVIATION TOWARD WEST | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8601 hrs | 98.2 %

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3650 hrs | 41.7 %

SEP

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 159 hrs | 1.8 %

5.0

THERMAL MASS

SECTION OVERVIEW This section provides results for the effects of incremental changes in the amount of thermal mass on the thermal behavior and occupancy of each seasonal rooms. The results can inform how architectural decisions in terms of wall thickness and thermal mass affect the performance of seasonal rooms.

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

5.1

THERMAL MASS

THE SUMMER ROOM

INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the summer room indicates that as a result of an increase in the amount of thermal mass, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space is improved except during the coldest months of the year in which a reduction in performance is observed. The largest improvements are during summer and spring occupancy. The increase in summer occupancy is specifically notable as it makes the summer room practically comfortable throughout the whole season. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

SUMMER ROOM | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING

The space’s base winter occupancy of 14.2% (500mm brick envelope) shows a reduction to 12.1% at +25%, 9.2% at +50% and 6.0% at +75%.

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 262 hrs | 12.1 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1733 hrs | 78.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 2022 hrs | 91.6 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1434 hrs | 65.7 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 79.0% shows a slight reduction to 78.5% at +25%, 78.5% at +50% and 75.6% at +75%.

SUMMER ROOM | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 89.5% shows an increase to 91.6% at +25%, 94.2% at +50% and 97.6% at +75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 199 hrs | 9.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1733 hrs | 78.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 2079 hrs | 94.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1497 hrs | 68.5 %

The space’s base fall occupancy of 63.2% shows an increase to 65.7% at +25%, 68.5% at +50% and 71.9% at +75%.

SUMMER ROOM | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 130 hrs | 6.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1669 hrs | 75.6 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 2155 hrs | 97.6 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1570 hrs | 71.9 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

Left. Changes in the summer room’s operative temperature based on incremental increases in the overall amount of thermal mass.

SUMMER ROOM | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2004 hrs | 22.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1624 hrs | 18.5 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2971 hrs | 33.9 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1791 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 370 hrs | 4.2 %

SUMMER ROOM | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1909 hrs | 21.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1698 hrs | 19.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3033 hrs | 34.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1812 hrs | 20.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 308 hrs | 3.5 %

SUMMER ROOM | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1847 hrs | 21.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1747 hrs | 19.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3083 hrs | 35.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1867 hrs | 21.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 216 hrs | 2.5 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the summer room indicates that as a result of a reduction in the amount of thermal mass, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows an overall decline with significant drop at 75% reduction in thermal mass. The decline in thermal comfort is a result of larger fluctuations in indoor temperatures because of smaller amounts of thermal mass compared to the base case scenario. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: SUMMER ROOM | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base winter occupancy of 14.2% (500mm brick envelope) shows a slight increase to 15.3% at -25%, 14.4% at -50% and a slight reduction to 13.2% at -75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 330 hrs | 15.3 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1730 hrs | 78.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1964 hrs | 88.9 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1351 hrs | 61.9 %

SUMMER ROOM | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base spring occupancy of 79.0% shows a reduction to 78.4% at -25%, 77.7% at -50% and a considerable reduction to 66.7% at -75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 310 hrs | 14.4 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1715 hrs | 77.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1873 hrs | 84.8 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1285 hrs | 58.8 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 89.5% shows a reduction to 88.9% at -25%, 84.8% at -50% and a considerable reduction to 64.0% at -75%. The space’s base fall occupancy of 63.2% shows a reduction to 61.9% at -25%, 58.8% at -50% and a considerable reduction to 48.2% at -75%.

SUMMER ROOM | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 285 hrs | 13.2 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 66.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1413 hrs | 64.0 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1053 hrs | 48.2 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

Left. Changes in the summer room’s operative temperature based on incremental reductions in the overall amount of thermal mass.

SUMMER ROOM | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2197 hrs | 25.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1454 hrs | 16.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2883 hrs | 32.9 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1811 hrs | 20.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 415 hrs | 4.7 %

SUMMER ROOM | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2267 hrs | 25.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1419 hrs | 16.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2827 hrs | 32.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1776 hrs | 20.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 471 hrs | 5.4 %

SUMMER ROOM | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2313 hrs | 26.4 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1490 hrs | 17.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2647 hrs | 30.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1396 hrs | 15.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 914 hrs | 10.4 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

5.2

THERMAL MASS

THE EAST FACING ROOM

INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the east facing room indicates that as a result of an increase in the amount of thermal mass, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows insignificant changes throughout the year except during the winter in which a larger reduction in performance is observed. As a result, the space does not seem to benefit enough from the additional material and resources required for the increased thermal mass. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: EAST FACING ROOM | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base winter occupancy of 18.9% (500mm brick envelope) shows a reduction to 17.6% at +25%, 15.8% at +50% and 13.2% at +75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 381 hrs | 17.6 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1927 hrs | 87.3 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1215 hrs | 55.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1466 hrs | 67.1 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.2% is practically unchanged at 55.0% at +25%, 55.9% at +50% and shows a slight increase to 57.3% at +75%.

EAST FACING ROOM | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 342 hrs | 15.8 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1973 hrs | 89.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1235 hrs | 55.9 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 85.5% shows an increase to 87.3% at +25%, 89.4% at +50% and 88.9% at +75%.

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1489 hrs | 68.2 %

The space’s base fall occupancy of 66.3% shows a slight increase to 67.1% at +25%, 68.2% at +50% and 69.0% at +75%.

EAST FACING ROOM | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 285 hrs | 13.2 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1962 hrs | 88.9 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1266 hrs | 57.3 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1506 hrs | 69.0 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

Left. Changes in the east facing room’s operative temperature based on incremental increases in the overall amount of thermal mass.

EAST FACING ROOM | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2103 hrs | 24.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1156 hrs | 13.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2694 hrs | 30.8 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1740 hrs | 19.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1067 hrs | 12.2 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2089 hrs | 23.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1233 hrs | 14.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2646 hrs | 30.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1779 hrs | 20.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1013 hrs | 11.6 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2074 hrs | 23.7 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1332 hrs | 15.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2574 hrs | 29.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1827 hrs | 20.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 953 hrs | 10.9 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the east facing room indicates that as a result of a reduction in the amount of thermal mass, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows an overall decline with the most significant drops at 75% reduction in thermal mass. Similar to the summer room, the decline in thermal comfort is a result of larger fluctuations in indoor temperatures because of smaller amounts of thermal mass compared to the base case scenario. The results indicate that compared to an increase in thermal mass, a reduction in thermal mass has a larger impact on thermal behavior of the room. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

EAST FACING ROOM | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 402 hrs | 18.6 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1829 hrs | 82.8 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1252 hrs | 56.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1411 hrs | 64.6 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 85.5% shows a reduction to 82.8% at -25%, 81.1% at -50% and a considerable reduction to 67.6% at -75%.

EAST FACING ROOM | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 398 hrs | 18.4 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1797 hrs | 81.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1298 hrs | 58.8 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 18.9% (500mm brick envelope) is practically unchanged at 18.6% at -25%, 18.4 at -50% and a shows a slightly larger reduction to 17.2% at -75%.

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1373 hrs | 62.9 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.2% shows an increase to 56.7% at -25%, 58.8% at -50% and a slight reduction to 53.4% at -75%. The space’s base fall occupancy of 66.3% shows a reduction to 64.6% at -25%, 62.9% at -50% and a considerable reduction to 54.0% at -75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 372 hrs | 17.2 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1493 hrs | 67.6 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1180 hrs | 53.4 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1180 hrs | 54.0 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

Left. Changes in the east facing room’s operative temperature based on incremental reductions in the overall amount of thermal mass.

EAST FACING ROOM | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2217 hrs | 25.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1122 hrs | 12.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2611 hrs | 29.8 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1748 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1062 hrs | 12.1 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2190 hrs | 25.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1174 hrs | 13.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2633 hrs | 30.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1680 hrs | 19.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1083 hrs | 12.4 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2140 hrs | 24.4 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1340 hrs | 15.3 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2555 hrs | 29.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1404 hrs | 16.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1321 hrs | 15.1 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

5.3

THERMAL MASS

THE WINTER ROOM

INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the winter room indicates that as a result of an increase in the amount of thermal mass, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space is largely improved especially during the coldest months of the year in which a significant increase in performance is observed. The largest improvement is during winter occupancy and is specifically notable as it makes the winter room comfortable almost throughout the whole cold season. As a result of the improvements, the winter room’s occupancy practically covers the whole spring and fall seasons with minimal to no need for additional heating. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

WINTER ROOM | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1632 hrs | 75.6 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2131 hrs | 96.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1529 hrs | 69.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2151 hrs | 98.5 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 68.2% (500mm brick envelope) shows a considerable increase to 75.6% at +25%, 87.6% at +50% and 91.4% at +75%. The space’s base spring occupancy of 95.2% shows an increase to 96.5% at +25%, 98.9% at +50% and 99.4% at +75%.

WINTER ROOM | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1892 hrs | 87.6 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2183 hrs | 98.9 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1580 hrs | 71.6 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2153 hrs | 98.6 %

WINTER ROOM | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 69.9% remains practically unchanged at 69.2% at +25% and shows an increase to 71.6% at +50% and 74.9% at +75%. The space’s base fall occupancy of 97.9% shows a slight increase to 98.5% at +25%, 98.6% at +50% and 98.8% at +75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1974 hrs | 91.4 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2194 hrs | 99.4 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1653 hrs | 74.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2158 hrs | 98.8 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

Left. Changes in the winter room’s operative temperature based on incremental increases in the overall amount of thermal mass.

WINTER ROOM | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 76 hrs | 0.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2103 hrs | 24.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3926 hrs | 44.8 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1913 hrs | 21.8 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 742 hrs | 8.5 %

WINTER ROOM | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1803 hrs | 20.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 4315 hrs | 49.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1937 hrs | 22.1 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 705 hrs | 8.0 %

WINTER ROOM | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

16°C to 20°C | 1709 hrs | 19.5 %

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

20°C to 26°C | 4443 hrs | 50.7 %

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1957 hrs | 22.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 651 hrs | 7.4 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the winter room indicates that as a result of a reduction in the amount of thermal mass, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows an overall decline. In contrast to the other seasonal rooms, there is a large drop in winter occupancy even with 25% reduction in thermal mass; however, spring, summer and fall occupancy remain practically unchanged with a small reduction in thermal mass. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: WINTER ROOM | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base winter occupancy of 68.2% (500mm brick envelope) shows a considerable reduction to 59.2% at -25%, 48.0% at -50% and 41.6% at -75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1278 hrs | 59.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2088 hrs | 94.6 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1567 hrs | 71.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2132 hrs | 97.6 %

WINTER ROOM | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base spring occupancy of 95.2% remains practically unchanged at 94.6% at -25%, shows a reduction to 89.1% at -50% and a considerable reduction to 71.9% at -75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1037 hrs | 48.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1967 hrs | 89.1 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1516 hrs | 68.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2065 hrs | 94.6 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 69.0% shows a slight increase to 71.0% at -25%, , remains practically unchanged at 68.7% at -50% and shows a considerable reduction to 57.7% at -75%. The space’s base fall occupancy of 97.9% remains practically unchanged at 97.6% at -25%, show a reduction to 94.6% at -50% and a considerable reduction to 74.1% at -75%.

WINTER ROOM | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 898 hrs | 41.6 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1588 hrs | 71.9 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1274 hrs | 57.7 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1619 hrs | 74.1 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

Left. Changes in the winter room’s operative temperature based on incremental reductions in the overall amount of thermal mass.

WINTER ROOM | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 273 hrs | 3.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2213 hrs | 25.3 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3622 hrs | 41.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1937 hrs | 22.1 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 715 hrs | 8.2 %

WINTER ROOM | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 487 hrs | 5.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2207 hrs | 25.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3408 hrs | 38.9 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1878 hrs | 21.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 780 hrs | 8.9 %

WINTER ROOM | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1079 hrs | 12.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1835 hrs | 20.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3141 hrs | 35.9 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1521 hrs | 17.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1184 hrs | 13.5 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

5.4

THERMAL MASS

THE WEST FACING ROOM

INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the west facing room indicates that as a result of an increase in the amount of thermal mass, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows insignificant changes throughout the year except during the fall in which a slightly larger change in thermal performance is observed. Similar to the east facing room, the west facing room does not appear to benefit enough from the additional material and resources required for the increased thermal mass. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

WEST FACING ROOM | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 439 hrs | 20.3 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1879 hrs | 85.1 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1208 hrs | 54.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1618 hrs | 74.1 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 21.5% (500mm brick envelope) shows a slight reduction to 20.3% at +25%, 18.9% at +50% and 18.1% at +75%. The space’s base spring occupancy of 83.7% shows an increase to 85.1% at +25%, 87.4% at +50% and 88.7% at +75%.

WEST FACING ROOM | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1930 hrs | 87.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1218 hrs | 55.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1657 hrs | 75.9 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.3% is practically unchanged at 54.7% at +25%, 55.2% at +50% and 55.8% at +75%. The space’s base fall occupancy of 71.8% shows an increase to 74.1% at +25%, 75.9% at +50% and 77.3% at +75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 392 hrs | 18.1 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1958 hrs | 88.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1232 hrs | 55.8 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1689 hrs | 77.3 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

Left. Changes in the west facing room’s operative temperature based on incremental increases in the overall amount of thermal mass.

WEST FACING ROOM | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1666 hrs | 19.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1412 hrs | 16.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2817 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1707 hrs | 19.5 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1158 hrs | 13.2 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1651 hrs | 18.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1487 hrs | 17.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2770 hrs | 31.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1730 hrs | 19.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1122 hrs | 12.8 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1619 hrs | 18.5 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1552 hrs | 17.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2763 hrs | 31.5 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1756 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1070 hrs | 12.2 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the west facing room indicates that as a result of a reduction in the amount of thermal mass, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows an overall decline with the most significant drops at 75% reduction in thermal mass. Similar to the east facing room, the results indicate that compared to an increase in thermal mass, a reduction in thermal mass has a larger impact on thermal behavior of the west facing room with smaller changes in comfort at smaller thermal mass percentage reductions. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

WEST FACING ROOM | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 457 hrs | 21.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1808 hrs | 81.9 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1261 hrs | 57.1 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1498 hrs | 68.6 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 21.5% (500mm brick envelope) remains practically unchanged with 21.2% at -25%, 20.9 at -50% and a shows a slightly larger reduction to 19.6% at -75%. The space’s base spring occupancy of 83.7% shows a reduction to 81.9% at -25%, 79.6% at -50% and a considerable reduction to 67.2% at -75%.

WEST FACING ROOM | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 452 hrs | 20.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1758 hrs | 79.6 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1326 hrs | 60.1 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1451 hrs | 66.4 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.3% shows an increase to 57.1% at -25%, 60.1% at -50% and 57.5% at -75%. The space’s base fall occupancy of 71.8% shows a reduction to 68.6% at -25%, 66.4% at -50% and a considerable reduction to 56.8% at -75%.

WEST FACING ROOM | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 424 hrs | 19.6 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1483 hrs | 67.2 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1270 hrs | 57.5 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1241 hrs | 56.8 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

Left. Changes in the west facing room’s operative temperature based on incremental reductions in the overall amount of thermal mass.

WEST FACING ROOM | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1824 hrs | 20.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1348 hrs | 15.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2753 hrs | 31.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1716 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1119 hrs | 12.8 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1893 hrs | 21.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1347 hrs | 15.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2758 hrs | 31.5 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1657 hrs | 18.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1105 hrs | 12.6 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1995 hrs | 22.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1439 hrs | 16.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2649 hrs | 30.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1446 hrs | 16.5 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1231 hrs | 14.1 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

5.5

THERMAL MASS THE BASEMENT

INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the basement indicates that as a result of an increase in the amount of thermal mass, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space is significantly improved. The largest increase in comfort based occupancy is during the summer making the basement practically comfortable throughout the whole season. At 75% increase in thermal mass, the basement is capable of providing adaptive comfort almost throughout the whole year. As a result, the basement appears to show the largest benefit in occupancy compared to the other rooms from the additional materials and resources required for an increase in thermal mass. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

BASEMENT | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1973 hrs | 89.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1966 hrs | 89.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 100.0% (500mm brick envelope) is unchanged with 100.0% at +25%, 100.0% at +50% and 100.0% at +75%.

BASEMENT | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base spring occupancy of 86.7% shows an increase to 89.4% at +25%, 90.5% at +50% and 91.3% at +75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1999 hrs | 90.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 96.9 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

BASEMENT | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 43.7% shows a highly significant increase to 89.0% at +25%, 96.9% at +50% and 99.1% at +75%. The space’s base Fall occupancy of 100.0% is unchanged with 100.0% at +25%, 100.0% at +50% and 100.0% at +75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2015 hrs | 91.3 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 2188 hrs | 99.1 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Left. Changes in the basement’s operative temperature based on incremental increases in the overall amount of thermal mass.

BASEMENT | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 202 hrs | 2.3 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8558 hrs | 97.7 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8760 hrs | 100.0 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

16°C to 20°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 8760 hrs | 100.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the basement indicates that as a result of a reduction in the amount of thermal mass, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows an overall significant decline with a reduction in thermal mass. The reduction in performance is visible even at a 25% reduction in thermal mass. At a 75% reduction in thermal mass, the basement becomes practically uncomfortable throughout the whole summer and shows a highly significant drop in spring occupancy. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

BASEMENT | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1728 hrs | 78.3 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 480 hrs | 21.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2175 hrs | 99.6 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 100.0% (500mm brick envelope) remains unchanged with 100.0% at -25%, 100.0% at -50% and 100.0% at -75%. The space’s base spring occupancy of 86.7% shows a highly significant reduction to 78.3% at -25%, 61.4% at -50% and 44.9% at -75%.

BASEMENT | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1356 hrs | 61.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 359 hrs | 16.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1944 hrs | 89.0 %

BASEMENT | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING

The space’s base summer occupancy of 43.7% shows a highly significant reduction to 21.7% at -25%, 16.3% at -50% and 1.1% at -75%. The space’s base fall occupancy of 100.0% shows a slight reduction to 99.6% at -25%, and considerable reductions to 89.0% at -50% and 88.8% at -75%.

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 992 hrs | 44.9 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 24 hrs | 1.1 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1939 hrs | 88.8 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Left. Changes in the basement’s operative temperature based on incremental reductions in the overall amount of thermal mass.

BASEMENT | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1350 hrs | 15.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 7410 hrs | 84.6 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2118 hrs | 24.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 6642 hrs | 75.8 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 3305 hrs | 37.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 5455 hrs | 62.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

WHOLE SYSTEM | BASE CASE | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8661 hrs | 98.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3408 hrs | 38.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 99 hrs | 1.1 %

5.6

THERMAL MASS

WHOLE SYSTEM

INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the whole system indicates that as a result of an increase in the amount of thermal mass, the annual comfort based occupancy is improved. Even with a slight increase in thermal mass, the system as a whole is now capable to cover 100.0% of the year. Overall, the whole system would benefit from an increase in thermal mass. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: The percentage of annual hours in which at least one seasonal space is comfortable is increased from 98.9% of the year to 100.0% at +25%, 100.0% at +50% and 100.0% at +75%.

WHOLE SYSTEM | 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8760 hrs | 100.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3934 hrs | 44.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

The percentage of annual hours in which all seasonal spaces are uncomfortable is reduced from 1.1% of the year to 0.0% at +25%, 0.0% at +50% and 0.0% at +75%.

WHOLE SYSTEM | 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8760 hrs | 100.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 4053 hrs | 46.3 %

Oct

The percentage of annual hours in which all seasonal spaces are comfortable at the same time is increased from 38.9% of the year to 44.9% at +25%, 46.3% at +50% and 46.1% at +75%.

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

WHOLE SYSTEM | 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8760 hrs | 100.0 %

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 4036 hrs | 46.1 %

SEP

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

WHOLE SYSTEM | BASE CASE | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8661 hrs | 98.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3408 hrs | 38.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 99 hrs | 1.1 %

REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS The thermal analysis data for the whole system indicates that as a result of a reduction in the amount of thermal mass, the annual comfort based occupancy shows a large decline. Especially, through a large reduction in thermal mass, the system as a whole is now only capable to cover 88.8% of the year with all spaces uncomfortable for 11.2% of the year. Overall, the whole system would not benefit from a reduction in thermal mass. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: WHOLE SYSTEM | 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The percentage of annual hours in which at least one seasonal space is comfortable is reduced from 98.9% of the year to 97.1% at -25%, 96.0% at -50% and 88.8% at -75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8507 hrs | 97.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3178 hrs | 36.3 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 253 hrs | 2.9 %

WHOLE SYSTEM | 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The percentage of annual hours in which all seasonal spaces are comfortable at the same time is reduced from 38.9% of the year to 36.3% at -25%, 28.5% at -50% and 19.1% at -75%.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8408 hrs | 96.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 2500 hrs | 28.5 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 352 hrs | 4.0 %

The percentage of annual hours in which all seasonal spaces are uncomfortable is increased from 1.1% of the year to 2.9% at -25%, 4.0% at -50% and 11.2% at -75%.

WHOLE SYSTEM | 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 7778 hrs | 88.8 %

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 1671 hrs | 19.1 %

SEP

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 982 hrs | 11.2 %

6.0

GLAZING RATIO

SECTION OVERVIEW In this section, we perform a sensitivity analysis based on incremental changes in the window to wall ratio for every seasonal room. The amount of glazing often has a direct impact on the amount of solar heat gains and internal heat losses which contribute to changes in indoor temperature ranges. As a design guideline, the results from the analysis can inform how aesthetic requirements or design limitations in terms of glazing percentage might affect the thermal performance of a seasonal room.

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

6.1

GLAZING RATIO

THE SUMMER ROOM

INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO The thermal analysis data for the summer room indicates that as a result of an increase in the window to wall ratio, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows a uniform decline throughout all seasons. Overall, increased glazing percentage in the summer room results only in a reduction in performance. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: The space’s base winter occupancy of 14.2% (35% WWR) shows a slight reduction to 13.5% at +5% WWR, 12.5% at +10% WWR and 12.1% at +15% WWR.

SUMMER ROOM | 5% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 292 hrs | 13.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1723 hrs | 78.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1919 hrs | 86.9 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1370 hrs | 62.7 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 79.0% shows a slight reduction to 78.0% at +5% WWR, 76.5% at +10% WWR and 75.0% at +15% WWR. The space’s base summer occupancy of 89.5% shows a reduction to 86.9% at +5% WWR, 84.2% at +10% WWR and 81.8% at +15% WWR.

SUMMER ROOM | 10% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 269 hrs | 12.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1690 hrs | 76.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1860 hrs | 84.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

The space’s base fall occupancy of 63.2% shows a slight reduction to 62.7% at +5% WWR, 62.4% at +10% WWR and 61.7% at +15% WWR.

Fall Occupancy | 1363 hrs | 62.4 %

SUMMER ROOM | 15% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 261 hrs | 12.1 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1657 hrs | 75.0 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1807 hrs | 81.8 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1347 hrs | 61.7 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

Left. Changes in the summer room’s operative temperature based on incremental increases in window to wall ratio.

SUMMER ROOM | 5% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2130 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1523 hrs | 17.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2924 hrs | 33.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1714 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 469 hrs | 5.4 %

SUMMER ROOM | 10% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2178 hrs | 24.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1491 hrs | 17.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2904 hrs | 33.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1671 hrs | 19.1 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 516 hrs | 5.9 %

SUMMER ROOM | 15% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2192 hrs | 25.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1508 hrs | 17.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2890 hrs | 33.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1621 hrs | 18.5 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 549 hrs | 6.3 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO The thermal analysis data for the summer room indicates that as a result of a reduction in the window to wall ratio, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows a uniform improvement throughout all seasons. Overall, increased glazing percentage in the summer room results a slight to moderate increases in comfort with the largest increase during summer occupancy. At 15% reduction in WWR, which results in a total of 20% WWR, the summer room becomes practically comfortable throughout the whole summer with minimal to no overheating. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

SUMMER ROOM | 5% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 322 hrs | 14.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1778 hrs | 80.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 2051 hrs | 92.9 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1406 hrs | 64.4 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 14.2% (35% WWR) shows a slight increase to 14.9% at -5% WWR, 15.7% at -10% WWR and 16.2% at -15% WWR. The space’s base spring occupancy of 79.0% shows a slight increase to 80.5% at -5% WWR, 82.2% at -10% WWR and 83.7% at -15% WWR.

SUMMER ROOM | 10% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 340 hrs | 15.7 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1815 hrs | 82.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 2097 hrs | 95.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1442 hrs | 66.0 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 89.5% shows an increase to 92.9% at -5% WWR, 95.0% at -10% WWR and 97.3% at -15% WWR. The space’s base fall occupancy of 63.2% shows a slight increase to 64.4% at -5% WWR, 66.0% at -10% WWR and 66.5% at -15% WWR.

SUMMER ROOM | 15% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 350 hrs | 16.2 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1847 hrs | 83.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 2148 hrs | 97.3 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1453 hrs | 66.5 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

Left. Changes in the summer room’s operative temperature based on incremental reductions in window to wall ratio.

SUMMER ROOM | 5% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2039 hrs | 23.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1598 hrs | 18.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2920 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1858 hrs | 21.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 345 hrs | 3.9 %

SUMMER ROOM | 10% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1982 hrs | 22.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1616 hrs | 18.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2943 hrs | 33.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1917 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 302 hrs | 3.4 %

SUMMER ROOM | 15% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1928 hrs | 22.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1665 hrs | 19.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2900 hrs | 33.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 2017 hrs | 23.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 250 hrs | 2.9 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

6.2

GLAZING RATIO

THE EAST FACING ROOM

INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO The thermal analysis data for the east facing room indicates that as a result of an increase in the window to wall ratio, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows negligible changes with slight declines in performance over the course of the year. Overall, the east facing room does not appear to benefit from an increase in glazing percentage. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: The space’s base winter occupancy of 18.9% (35% WWR) remains practically unchanged at 18.8% at +5% WWR, 19.0% at +10% WWR and 18.9% at +15% WWR.

EAST FACING ROOM | 5% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 407 hrs | 18.8 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1876 hrs | 85.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1172 hrs | 53.1 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1443 hrs | 66.1 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 85.5% shows a slight reduction to 85.0% at +5% WWR, 84.0% at +10% WWR and 82.4% at +15% WWR. The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.2% shows a slight reduction to 53.1% at +5% WWR, 51.3% at +10% WWR and 50.5% at +15% WWR.

EAST FACING ROOM | 10% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 411 hrs | 19.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1854 hrs | 84.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1133 hrs | 51.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1435 hrs | 65.7 %

The space’s base fall occupancy of 66.3% remains practically unchanged at 66.1% at +5% WWR, 65.7% at +10% WWR and 65.1% at +15% WWR.

EAST FACING ROOM | 15% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1819 hrs | 82.4 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1114 hrs | 50.5 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1421 hrs | 65.1 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

Left. Changes in the east facing room’s operative temperature based on incremental increases in window to wall ratio.

EAST FACING ROOM | 5% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2132 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1070 hrs | 12.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2721 hrs | 31.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1664 hrs | 19.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1173 hrs | 13.4 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 10% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2139 hrs | 24.4 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1031 hrs | 11.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2715 hrs | 31.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1633 hrs | 18.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1242 hrs | 14.2 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 15% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2155 hrs | 24.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1014 hrs | 11.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2682 hrs | 30.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1602 hrs | 18.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1307 hrs | 14.9 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO The thermal analysis data for the east facing room indicates that as a result of a reduction in the window to wall ratio, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows an overall improvement. While winter and spring occupancy remains practically the same, spring and summer occupancy shows an improvement with the largest increase in performance during the summer months. Overall, the east facing room would benefit from a reduction in glazing percentage. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

EAST FACING ROOM | 5% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 406 hrs | 18.8 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1930 hrs | 87.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1286 hrs | 58.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

The space’s base winter occupancy of 18.9% (35% WWR) remains practically unchanged at 18.8% at -5% WWR, 18.5% at -10% WWR and 18.1% at -15% WWR.

Fall Occupancy | 1455 hrs | 66.6 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 85.5% shows a slight increase to 87.4% at -5% WWR, 88.5% at -10% WWR and 89.2% at -15% WWR.

EAST FACING ROOM | 10% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 399 hrs | 18.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1955 hrs | 88.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1376 hrs | 62.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1459 hrs | 66.8 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.2% shows a considerable increase to 58.2% at -5% WWR, 62.3% at -10% WWR and 68.5% at -15% WWR. The space’s base fall occupancy of 66.3% remains practically unchanged at 66.6% at -5% WWR, 66.8% at -10% WWR and 67.2% at -15% WWR.

EAST FACING ROOM | 15% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 392 hrs | 18.1 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1970 hrs | 89.2 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1512 hrs | 68.5 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1467 hrs | 67.2 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

Left. Changes in the east facing room’s operative temperature based on incremental reductions in window to wall ratio.

EAST FACING ROOM | 5% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2120 hrs | 24.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1153 hrs | 13.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2693 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1788 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1006 hrs | 11.5 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 10% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2096 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1209 hrs | 13.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2683 hrs | 30.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1853 hrs | 21.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 919 hrs | 10.5 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 15% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2082 hrs | 23.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1271 hrs | 14.5 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2658 hrs | 30.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1929 hrs | 22.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 820 hrs | 9.4 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

6.3

GLAZING RATIO

THE WINTER ROOM

INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO The thermal analysis data for the winter room indicates that as a result of an increase in the window to wall ratio, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows a decline throughout all seasons except during the winter in which a slight increase is observed. Overall, the winter room does not benefit from an increase in glazing percentage and the downsides outweigh the slight increase during the winter. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: The space’s base winter occupancy of 68.2% (35% WWR) shows a slight increase to 70.1% at +5% WWR, 71.6% at +10% WWR and 71.1% at +15% WWR.

WINTER ROOM | 5% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1514 hrs | 70.1 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2087 hrs | 94.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1448 hrs | 65.6 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2126 hrs | 97.3 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 95.2% shows a slight reduction to 94.5% at +5% WWR, 93.5% at +10% WWR and 92.3% at +15% WWR.

WINTER ROOM | 10% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 69.0% shows a reduction to 65.6% at +5% WWR, 61.8% at +10% WWR and 60.3% at +15% WWR.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1547 hrs | 71.6 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2065 hrs | 93.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1364 hrs | 61.8 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2114 hrs | 96.8 %

The space’s base fall occupancy of 97.9% shows a slight reduction to 97.3 at +5% WWR, 96.8% at +10% WWR and 95.8% at +15% WWR.

WINTER ROOM | 15% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1535 hrs | 71.1 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2037 hrs | 92.3 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1331 hrs | 60.3 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2093 hrs | 95.8 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

Left. Changes in the winter room’s operative temperature based on incremental increases in window to wall ratio.

WINTER ROOM | 5% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 158 hrs | 1.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2089 hrs | 23.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3820 hrs | 43.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1863 hrs | 21.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 830 hrs | 9.5 %

WINTER ROOM | 10% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 156 hrs | 1.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2010 hrs | 22.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3844 hrs | 43.9 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1819 hrs | 20.8 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 931 hrs | 10.6 %

WINTER ROOM | 15% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 192 hrs | 2.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1962 hrs | 22.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

20°C to 26°C | 3825 hrs | 43.7 %

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1798 hrs | 20.5 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 983 hrs | 11.2 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO The thermal analysis data for the winter room indicates that through a reduction in the window to wall ratio, the comfort based occupancy in the space shows contrasting seasonal results. Winter occupancy sees a considerable decline from the reduced solar heat gains while summer occupancy sees a considerable improvement because of less overheating during the hot period. Overall, since winter occupancy is the main intention behind the thermal design of the winter room, a reduction in window to wall ratio would not be not beneficial to the thermal performance of the whole system. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

WINTER ROOM | 5% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1426 hrs | 66.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2115 hrs | 95.8 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1606 hrs | 72.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2150 hrs | 98.4 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 95.2% remains practically unchanged at 95.8% at -5% WWR, 96.2% at -10% WWR and 96.0% at -15% WWR.

WINTER ROOM | 10% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1331 hrs | 61.6 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2125 hrs | 96.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1727 hrs | 78.2 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 68.2% (35% WWR) shows a considerable reduction to 66.0% at -5% WWR, 61.6% at -10% WWR and 55.4% at -15% WWR.

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2159 hrs | 98.9 %

WINTER ROOM | 15% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING

The space’s base summer occupancy of 69.0% shows a considerable increase to 72.7% at -5% WWR, 78.2% at -10% WWR and 84.3% at -15% WWR. The space’s base fall occupancy of 97.9% remains practically unchanged at 98.4% at -5% WWR, 98.9% at -10% WWR and 98.9% at -15% WWR.

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1197 hrs | 55.4 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2120 hrs | 96.0 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1861 hrs | 84.3 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2161 hrs | 98.9 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

Left. Changes in the winter room’s operative temperature based on incremental reductions in window to wall ratio.

WINTER ROOM | 5% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 176 hrs | 2.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2213 hrs | 25.3 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3718 hrs | 42.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1978 hrs | 22.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 675 hrs | 7.7 %

WINTER ROOM | 10% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 197 hrs | 2.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2288 hrs | 26.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3657 hrs | 41.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 2009 hrs | 22.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 609 hrs | 7.0 %

WINTER ROOM | 15% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 227 hrs | 2.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2375 hrs | 27.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3539 hrs | 40.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 2057 hrs | 23.5 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 562 hrs | 6.4 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

6.4

GLAZING RATIO

THE WEST FACING ROOM

INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO The thermal analysis data for the West facing room indicates that as a result of an increase in the window to wall ratio, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows minimal changes with slight increases during winter occupancy and declines in performance during spring and summer occupancy. Overall, the east facing room does not appear to benefit from an increase in glazing percentage and the declines in performance outweigh the improvements. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: WEST FACING ROOM | 5% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base winter occupancy of 21.5% (35% WWR) shows a slight increase to 22.8% at +5% WWR, 23.9% at +10% WWR and 24.9% at +15% WWR.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 492 hrs | 22.8 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1815 hrs | 82.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1182 hrs | 53.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1579 hrs | 72.3 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 83.7% shows a reduction to 82.2% at +5% WWR, 80.8% at +10% WWR and 78.3% at +15% WWR.

WEST FACING ROOM | 10% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.3% shows a slight reduction to 53.5% at +5% WWR, 52.3% at +10% WWR and 51.0% at +15% WWR.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 516 hrs | 23.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1783 hrs | 80.8 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1155 hrs | 52.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1559 hrs | 71.4 %

The space’s base fall occupancy of 71.8% remains practically unchanged at 72.3% at +5% WWR, 71.4% at +10% WWR and 70.2% at +15% WWR.

WEST FACING ROOM | 15% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 538 hrs | 24.9 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1728 hrs | 78.3 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1126 hrs | 51.0 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1534 hrs | 70.2 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

Left. Changes in the west facing room’s operative temperature based on incremental increases in window to wall ratio.

WEST FACING ROOM | 5% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1651 hrs | 18.8 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1376 hrs | 15.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2828 hrs | 32.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1680 hrs | 19.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1225 hrs | 14.0 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 10% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1623 hrs | 18.5 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1365 hrs | 15.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2821 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1675 hrs | 19.1 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1276 hrs | 14.6 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 15% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1620 hrs | 18.5 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1356 hrs | 15.5 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2791 hrs | 31.9 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1661 hrs | 19.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1332 hrs | 15.2 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO The thermal analysis data for the west facing room indicates that as a result of a reduction in the window to wall ratio, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows an overall improvement. While winter and spring occupancy remains practically the same, spring and summer occupancy shows an improvement with the largest increase in performance during the summer months. Overall, the east facing room would benefit from a reduction in glazing percentage. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

WEST FACING ROOM | 5% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 445 hrs | 20.6 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1882 hrs | 85.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1264 hrs | 57.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

The space’s base winter occupancy of 21.5% (35% WWR) shows a slight reduction to 20.6% at -5% WWR, 19.7% at -10% WWR and 19.2% at -15% WWR.

Fall Occupancy | 1561 hrs | 71.5 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 83.7% shows a slight increase to 85.2% at -5% WWR, 86.9% at -10% WWR and 87.6% at -15% WWR.

WEST FACING ROOM | 10% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 426 hrs | 19.7 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1918 hrs | 86.9 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1341 hrs | 60.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1547 hrs | 70.8 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 15% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.3% shows an increase to 57.2% at -5% WWR, 60.7% at -10% WWR and 64.9% at -15% WWR. The space’s base fall occupancy of 71.8% remains practically unchanged at 71.5% at -5% WWR, 70.8% at -10% WWR and 70.5% at -15% WWR.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 414 hrs | 19.2 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1935 hrs | 87.6 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1434 hrs | 64.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1539 hrs | 70.5 %

100

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

Left. Changes in the west facing room’s operative temperature based on incremental reductions in window to wall ratio.

WEST FACING ROOM | 5% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1740 hrs | 19.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1390 hrs | 15.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2810 hrs | 32.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1740 hrs | 19.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1080 hrs | 12.3 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 10% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1793 hrs | 20.5 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1407 hrs | 16.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2765 hrs | 31.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1815 hrs | 20.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 980 hrs | 11.2 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 15% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1846 hrs | 21.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1435 hrs | 16.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2718 hrs | 31.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1895 hrs | 21.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 866 hrs | 9.9 %

101

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

6.5

GLAZING RATIO

THE BASEMENT

INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO OF ABOVE GROUND SPACES The thermal analysis data for the basement indicates that as a result of an increase in the window to wall ratio of the above ground spaces, the seasonal comfort based occupancy has a considerable improvement during the summer. The increase in comfort is a result of the additional heat gains from the above ground spaces which makes the summer hours that previously felt too cold based on the adaptive comfort criteria, fall within the comfort criteria. Overall, the basement would benefit from an increase in glazing ratio of the above ground spaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

BASEMENT | 5% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1923 hrs | 87.1 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1073 hrs | 48.6 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 100.0% remains unchanged at 100.0% at +5% WWR, 100.0% at +10% WWR and 100.0% at +15% WWR. The space’s base spring occupancy of 86.7% remains practically unchanged at 87.1% at +5% WWR, 87.7% at +10% WWR and 87.8% at +15% WWR.

BASEMENT | 10% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1937 hrs | 87.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1252 hrs | 56.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

BASEMENT | 15% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 43.7% shows an increase to 48.6% at +5% WWR and considerable increases to 56.7% at +10% WWR and 61.2% at +15% WWR. The space’s base fall occupancy of 100.0% remains unchanged at 100.0% at +5% WWR, 100.0% at +10% WWR and 100.0% at +15% WWR.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1939 hrs | 87.8 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1352 hrs | 61.2 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

102

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Left. Changes in the basement’s operative temperature based on incremental increases in window to wall ratio.

BASEMENT | 5% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 572 hrs | 6.5 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8188 hrs | 93.5 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 10% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 557 hrs | 6.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8203 hrs | 93.6 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 15% INCREASE IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 559 hrs | 6.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 8201 hrs | 93.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

103

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

Apr

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO OF ABOVE GROUND SPACES The thermal analysis data for the basement indicates that as a result of a reduction in the window to wall ratio, the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space shows insignificant changes throughout all seasons except during the summer in which a large drop in occupancy is observed because now more hours in the basement feel too cold as a result of the lower heat gains. This condition is only applicable to the basement. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

BASEMENT | 5% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING

The space’s base winter occupancy of 100.0% remains unchanged at 100.0% at +5% WWR, 100.0% at +10% WWR and 100.0% at +15% WWR.

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1905 hrs | 86.3 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 828 hrs | 37.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

BASEMENT | 10% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base spring occupancy of 86.7% remains practically unchanged at 86.3% at +5% WWR, 86.1% at +10% WWR and 85.7% at +15% WWR.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1901 hrs | 86.1 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 713 hrs | 32.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 43.7% shows a considerable reduction to 37.5% at -5% WWR, 32.3% at -10% WWR and 30.4% at -15% WWR. The space’s base fall occupancy of 100.0% remains unchanged at 100.0% at +5% WWR, 100.0% at +10% WWR and 100.0% at +15% WWR.

BASEMENT | 15% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1892 hrs | 85.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 671 hrs | 30.4 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

104

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Left. Changes in the basement’s operative temperature based on incremental reductions in window to wall ratio.

BASEMENT | 5% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 622 hrs | 7.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8138 hrs | 92.9 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 10% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 697 hrs | 8.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8063 hrs | 92.0 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 15% REDUCTION IN WINDOW TO WALL RATIO | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 771 hrs | 8.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 7989 hrs | 91.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

105

7.0

THERMAL INSULATION

SECTION OVERVIEW This section goes through an experimental analysis with thermally insulating materials that were not available during the time in which the central courtyard house was the prevailing housing typology in Central Iran. The experiments explore how the addition of insulation on the inside or the outside layer of the thermal mass changes the thermal behavior of each seasonal room compared to its original construction conditions. The aim of the insulation integration analysis is to understand the applicability of thermal properties of modern material in improving the performance of seasonal rooms. The findings can help guide a material optimization process that may lead to, for instance, a smaller amount of thermal mass required and thinner walls in exchange for minimal amounts of thermal insulation.

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

7.1

THERMAL INSULATION

THE SUMMER ROOM

THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES The thermal analysis data for the summer room indicates that the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed exterior surfaces results in considerable improvements in the seasonal comfort based occupancy in the space especially during the summer and spring months. Interestingly, even the addition of a 25 mm EPS insulation on the outside layer of the thermal mass, increases the summer occupancy to practically the whole season. Overall, the summer room would largely benefit from the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed exterior surfaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

SUMMER ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 339 hrs | 15.7 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1822 hrs | 82.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 98.9 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1483 hrs | 67.9 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 14.2% shows a slight increase to 15.7% at 25 mm EPS insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces, 17.5% at 50 mm insul-ext and 18.8% at 75 mm insulext.

SUMMER ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 379 hrs | 17.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1864 hrs | 84.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 2193 hrs | 99.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1606 hrs | 73.5 %

SUMMER ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON

The space’s base spring occupancy of 79.0% shows an increase to 82.5% at 25 mm insulext, 84.4% at 50 mm insul-ext and 85.4% at 75 mm insul-ext. The space’s base summer occupancy of 89.5% shows a considerable increase to 98.5% at 25 mm insul-ext, 99.3% at 50 mm insul-ext and 99.2% at 75 mm insul-ext. The space’s base fall occupancy of 63.2% shows a considerable increase to 67.9% at 25 mm

MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 406 hrs | 18.8 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1886 hrs | 85.4 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 2191 hrs | 99.2 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1704 hrs | 78.0 %

107

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

insul-ext, 73.5% at 50 mm insul-ext and 78.0% at 75 mm insul-ext. Left. Changes in the summer room’s operative temperature based on the addition of insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces of the room and incremental increases in the amount of insulation.

SUMMER ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1756 hrs | 20.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1848 hrs | 21.1 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3126 hrs | 35.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1929 hrs | 22.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 101 hrs | 1.2 %

SUMMER ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1466 hrs | 16.7 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2067 hrs | 23.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 3275 hrs | 37.4 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1936 hrs | 22.1 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 16 hrs | 0.2 %

SUMMER ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1187 hrs | 13.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2303 hrs | 26.3 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3365 hrs | 38.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1902 hrs | 21.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 3 hrs | 0.0 %

108

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES The thermal analysis data for the summer room indicates that the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed interior surfaces results in considerable reduction in the comfort based occupancy in the space during the summer months. Since this change is negatively affecting the main seasonal occupancy (summer) for the space, the summer room would not benefit from the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed interior surfaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

SUMMER ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 427 hrs | 19.8 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1632 hrs | 73.9 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1263 hrs | 57.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1485 hrs | 68.0 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 14.2% shows a considerable increase to 19.8% at 25 mm EPS insulation on the exposed interior surfaces, 24.4% at 50 mm insul-int and 27.6% at 75 mm insulint. The space’s base spring occupancy of 79.0% shows a considerable reduction to 73.9% at 25 mm insul-int, 70.3% at 50 mm insul-int, and 67.1% at 75 mm insul-int.

SUMMER ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 528 hrs | 24.4 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1553 hrs | 70.3 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1173 hrs | 53.1 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1498 hrs | 68.6 %

SUMMER ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base fall occupancy of 63.2% shows an increase to 68.0% at 25 mm insul-int, 68.6% at 50 mm insul-int and 67.8% at 75 mm insulint.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 597 hrs | 27.6 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1481 hrs | 67.1 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1121 hrs | 50.8 %

Oct

OCT

The space’s base summer occupancy of 89.5% shows a very considerable reduction to 57.2% at 25 mm insul-int, 53.1% at 50 mm insul-int and 50.8% at 75 mm insul-int.

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1481 hrs | 67.8 %

109

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

Left. Changes in the summer room’s operative temperature based on the addition of insulation on the exposed interior surfaces of the room and incremental increases in the amount of insulation.

SUMMER ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1622 hrs | 18.5 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1787 hrs | 20.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2950 hrs | 33.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1353 hrs | 15.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1048 hrs | 12.0 %

SUMMER ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1423 hrs | 16.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1914 hrs | 21.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3004 hrs | 34.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1302 hrs | 14.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1117 hrs | 12.8 %

SUMMER ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1301 hrs | 14.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2035 hrs | 23.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2982 hrs | 34.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1287 hrs | 14.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1155 hrs | 13.2 %

110

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

7.2

THERMAL INSULATION

THE EAST FACING ROOM

THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES The thermal analysis data for the east facing room indicates that the addition of thermal insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces results in considerable improvements in seasonal comfort based occupancy throughout the year with the largest increase during the summer months. Overall, the east facing room would largely benefit from the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed exterior surfaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: EAST FACING ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 412 hrs | 19.1 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2084 hrs | 94.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1429 hrs | 64.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

The space’s base winter occupancy of 18.9% shows minimal increases to 19.1% at 25 mm EPS insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces, 19.8% at 50 mm insul-ext and 20.5% at 75 mm insulext.

Fall Occupancy | 1511 hrs | 69.2 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 85.5% shows a considerable increase to 94.4% at 25 mm insul-ext, 97.4% at 50 mm insul-ext and 98.1% at 75 mm insul-ext.

EAST FACING ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 427 hrs | 19.8 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2151 hrs | 97.4 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1620 hrs | 73.4 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1569 hrs | 71.8 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.2% shows a very considerable increase to 64.7% at 25 mm insul-ext, 73.4% at 50 mm insul-ext and 79.8% at 75 mm insul-ext. The space’s base fall occupancy of 66.3% shows an increase to 69.2% at 25 mm insul-ext, 71.8% at 50 mm insul-ext and 74.3% at 75 mm insulext.

EAST FACING ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 442 hrs | 20.5 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2166 hrs | 98.1 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1763 hrs | 79.8 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1622 hrs | 74.3 %

111

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

Left. Changes in the east facing room’s operative temperature based on the addition of insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces of the room and incremental increases in the amount of insulation.

EAST FACING ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1898 hrs | 21.7 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1187 hrs | 13.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2978 hrs | 34.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1848 hrs | 21.1 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 849 hrs | 9.7 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1724 hrs | 19.7 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1290 hrs | 14.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3108 hrs | 35.5 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1923 hrs | 22.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 715 hrs | 8.2 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1589 hrs | 18.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1378 hrs | 15.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3188 hrs | 36.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1957 hrs | 22.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 648 hrs | 7.4 %

112

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES The thermal analysis data for the east facing room indicates that the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed interior surfaces results in considerable reductions in the comfort based occupancy in the space especially during the spring. Overall, the east facing room would not benefit from the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed interior surfaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: The space’s base winter occupancy of 18.9% shows a slight increase to 21.3% at 25 mm EPS insulation on the exposed interior surfaces, 21.5% at 50 mm insul-int and 21.4% at 75 mm insulint.

EAST FACING ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 460 hrs | 21.3 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1606 hrs | 72.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1053 hrs | 47.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1440 hrs | 65.9 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base spring occupancy of 85.5% shows a very considerable reduction to 72.7% at 25 mm insul-int, 68.6% at 50 mm insul-int, and 66.9% at 75 mm insul-int.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 464 hrs | 21.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1514 hrs | 68.6 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1036 hrs | 46.9 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1387 hrs | 63.5 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.2% shows a reduction to 47.7% at 25 mm insulint, 46.9% at 50 mm insul-int and 46.5% at 75 mm insul-int. The space’s base fall occupancy of 66.3% shows a slight reduction to 65.9% at 25 mm insulint, 63.5% at 50 mm insul-int and 62.3% at 75 mm insul-int.

EAST FACING ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 462 hrs | 21.4 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1477 hrs | 66.9 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1027 hrs | 46.5 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1361 hrs | 62.3 %

113

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

Left. Changes in the east facing room’s operative temperature based on the addition of insulation on the exposed interior surfaces of the room and incremental increases in the amount of insulation.

EAST FACING ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1878 hrs | 21.4 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1223 hrs | 14.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2764 hrs | 31.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1465 hrs | 16.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1430 hrs | 16.3 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1867 hrs | 21.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1273 hrs | 14.5 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2735 hrs | 31.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1353 hrs | 15.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1532 hrs | 17.5 %

EAST FACING ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1877 hrs | 21.4 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1267 hrs | 14.5 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2735 hrs | 31.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1308 hrs | 14.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1573 hrs | 18.0 %

114

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

7.3

THERMAL INSULATION

THE WINTER ROOM

THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES The thermal analysis data for the winter room indicates that the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed exterior surfaces results in highly significant improvements in the seasonal comfort based occupancy over the course of the whole year. Interestingly, by adding enough insulation on the outside layer of the thermal mass, the reduced internal heat loss in the cold months and the reduced solar heat gain in the hot months can make the winter room thermally comfortable practically throughout the whole year. Overall, the winter room would largely benefit from the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed exterior surfaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

WINTER ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1856 hrs | 85.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2187 hrs | 99.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1987 hrs | 90.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2171 hrs | 99.4 %

WINTER ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING

The space’s base winter occupancy of 68.2% shows a very considerable increase to 85.9% at 25 mm EPS insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces, 93.1% at 50 mm insul-ext and 97.0% at 75 mm insul-ext.

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2012 hrs | 93.1 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2198 hrs | 99.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 2127 hrs | 96.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2178 hrs | 99.7 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 95.2% shows an increase to 99.0% at 25 mm insulext, 99.5% at 50 mm insul-ext and 99.6% at 75 mm insul-ext. The space’s base summer occupancy of 69.0% shows a very considerable increase to 90.0% at 25 mm insul-ext, 96.3% at 50 mm insul-ext and 98.2% at 75 mm insul-ext.

WINTER ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2095 hrs | 97.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2199 hrs | 99.6 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 2168 hrs | 98.2 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2180 hrs | 99.8 %

115

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

The space’s base fall occupancy of 97.9% shows a slight increase to 99.4% at 25 mm insul-ext, 99.7% at 50 mm insul-ext and 99.8% at 75 mm insulext. Left. Changes in the winter room’s operative temperature based on the addition of insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces of the room and incremental increases in the amount of insulation.

WINTER ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 14 hrs | 0.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1881 hrs | 21.5 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 4383 hrs | 50.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 2091 hrs | 23.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 391 hrs | 4.5 %

WINTER ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1569 hrs | 17.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 4787 hrs | 54.6 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 2234 hrs | 25.5 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 170 hrs | 1.9 %

WINTER ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

16°C to 20°C | 1337 hrs | 15.3 %

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

20°C to 26°C | 5085 hrs | 58.0 %

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 2268 hrs | 25.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 70 hrs | 0.8 %

116

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES The thermal analysis data for the winter room indicates that the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed interior surfaces results in a uniform and highly considerable reductions in the comfort based occupancy in the space during the whole year. Overall, the winter room’s performance would be drastically decline and the space would not benefit from the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed interior surfaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: WINTER ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1232 hrs | 57.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1648 hrs | 74.6 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1131 hrs | 51.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1764 hrs | 80.8 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 68.2% shows a very considerable reduction to 57.0% at 25 mm EPS insulation on the exposed interior surfaces, 52.0% at 50 mm insul-int and 49.4% at 75 mm insul-int. The space’s base spring occupancy of 95.2% shows a very considerable reduction to 74.6% at 25 mm insul-int, 67.8% at 50 mm insul-int, and 65.4% at 75 mm insul-int.

WINTER ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1123 hrs | 52.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1498 hrs | 67.8 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1115 hrs | 50.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1566 hrs | 71.7 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 69.0% shows a very considerable reduction to 51.2% at 25 mm insul-int, 50.5% at 50 mm insul-int and 50.0% at 75 mm insul-int. The space’s base fall occupancy of 97.9% shows a very considerable reduction to 80.8% at 25 mm insul-int, 71.7% at 50 mm insul-int and 66.1% at 75 mm insul-int.

WINTER ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 1067 hrs | 49.4 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1444 hrs | 65.4 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1103 hrs | 50.0 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1444 hrs | 66.1 %

117

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

Left. Changes in the winter room’s operative temperature based on the addition of insulation on the exposed interior surfaces of the room and incremental increases in the amount of insulation.

WINTER ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 575 hrs | 6.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1678 hrs | 19.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3723 hrs | 42.5 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1364 hrs | 15.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1420 hrs | 16.2 %

WINTER ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 837 hrs | 9.6 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1493 hrs | 17.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3664 hrs | 41.8 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1241 hrs | 14.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1525 hrs | 17.4 %

WINTER ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 977 hrs | 11.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1389 hrs | 15.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

20°C to 26°C | 3641 hrs | 41.6 %

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1177 hrs | 13.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1576 hrs | 18.0 %

118

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

7.4

THERMAL INSULATION

THE WEST FACING ROOM

THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES The thermal analysis data for the west facing room indicates that the addition of thermal insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces results in considerable improvements in seasonal comfort based occupancy throughout the year with the largest increase during the fall. Overall, the west facing room would largely benefit from the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed exterior surfaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: WEST FACING ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base winter occupancy of 21.5% shows an increase to 25.1% at 25 mm EPS insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces, 28.7% at 50 mm insul-ext and 31.4% at 75 mm insul-ext.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 542 hrs | 25.1 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2015 hrs | 91.3 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1351 hrs | 61.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1731 hrs | 79.3 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base spring occupancy of 83.7% shows a considerable increase to 91.3% at 25 mm insul-ext, 94.0% at 50 mm insul-ext and 95.2% at 75 mm insul-ext.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 620 hrs | 28.7 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2075 hrs | 94.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1453 hrs | 65.8 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1841 hrs | 84.3 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.3% shows a considerable increase to 61.2% at 25 mm insul-ext, 65.8% at 50 mm insul-ext and 68.9% at 75 mm insul-ext. The space’s base fall occupancy of 71.8% shows a very considerable increase to 79.3% at 25 mm insul-ext, 84.3% at 50 mm insul-ext and 87.9% at 75 mm insul-ext.

WEST FACING ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 678 hrs | 31.4 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2101 hrs | 95.2 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1522 hrs | 68.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1920 hrs | 87.9 %

119

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

Left. Changes in the west facing room’s operative temperature based on the addition of insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces of the room and incremental increases in the amount of insulation.

WEST FACING ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1305 hrs | 14.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1594 hrs | 18.2 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3083 hrs | 35.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1813 hrs | 20.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 965 hrs | 11.0 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1041 hrs | 11.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1742 hrs | 19.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3257 hrs | 37.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1839 hrs | 21.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 881 hrs | 10.1 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 871 hrs | 9.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1829 hrs | 20.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3371 hrs | 38.5 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1873 hrs | 21.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 816 hrs | 9.3 %

120

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES The thermal analysis data for the west facing room indicates that the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed interior surfaces results in contrasting seasonal results. While winter comfort shows an considerable increase, other seasons see a considerable reductions in the comfort based occupancy in the space with the largest reduction during the spring. Overall, the west facing room would not benefit from the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed interior surfaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

WEST FACING ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 704 hrs | 32.6 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1485 hrs | 67.3 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1091 hrs | 49.4 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1437 hrs | 65.8 %

The space’s base winter occupancy of 21.5% shows a considerable increase to 32.5% at 25 mm EPS insulation on the exposed interior surfaces, 32.0% at 50 mm insul-int and 31.5% at 75 mm insul-int. The space’s base spring occupancy of 83.7% shows a very considerable reduction to 67.3% at 25 mm insul-int, 65.0% at 50 mm insul-int, and 63.7% at 75 mm insul-int.

WEST FACING ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 691 hrs | 32.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1435 hrs | 65.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1095 hrs | 49.6 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1386 hrs | 63.5 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

The space’s base fall occupancy of 71.8% shows a reduction to 65.8% at 25 mm insul-int, 63.5% at 50 mm insul-int and 62.9% at 75 mm insulint.

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 680 hrs | 31.5 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1406 hrs | 63.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 1099 hrs | 49.8 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

The space’s base summer occupancy of 55.3% shows a reduction to 49.4% at 25 mm insulint, 49.6% at 50 mm insul-int and 49.8% at 75 mm insul-int.

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1373 hrs | 62.9 %

121

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

Left. Changes in the west facing room’s operative temperature based on the addition of insulation on the exposed interior surfaces of the room and incremental increases in the amount of insulation.

WEST FACING ROOM | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1465 hrs | 16.7 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1444 hrs | 16.5 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2984 hrs | 34.1 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1291 hrs | 14.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1576 hrs | 18.0 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1526 hrs | 17.4 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1351 hrs | 15.4 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3084 hrs | 35.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1153 hrs | 13.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1646 hrs | 18.8 %

WEST FACING ROOM | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1572 hrs | 17.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1301 hrs | 14.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3104 hrs | 35.4 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1115 hrs | 12.7 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1668 hrs | 19.0 %

122

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

7.5

THERMAL INSULATION

THE BASEMENT

THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES The thermal analysis data for the basement indicates that the addition of thermal insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces results in very significant reduction in the seasonal comfort based occupancy of the basement during the spring and the summer. Overall, the basement is the only seasonal space that would not benefit from the addition of thermal insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows: BASEMENT | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1773 hrs | 80.3 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 554 hrs | 25.1 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

The space’s base winter occupancy of 100.0% remains unchanged at 100.0% at 25 mm EPS insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces, 100.0% at 50 mm insul-ext and 100.0% at 75 mm insul-ext.

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 86.7% shows a reduction to 80.3% at 25 mm insulext, 78.9% at 50 mm insul-ext and 78.5% at 75 mm insul-ext.

BASEMENT | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1743 hrs | 78.9 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 491 hrs | 22.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

The space’s base summer occupancy of 43.7% shows a very considerable reduction to 25.1% at 25 mm insul-ext, 22.2% at 50 mm insul-ext and 22.0% at 75 mm insul-ext. The space’s base fall occupancy of 100.0% remains unchanged at 100.0% at 25 mm insul-ext1, 100.0% at 50 mm insul-ext and 100.0% at 75 mm insul-ext.

BASEMENT | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1734 hrs | 78.5 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 485 hrs | 22.0 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

123

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Left. Changes in the basement’s operative temperature based on the addition of insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces of the room and incremental increases in the amount of insulation.

BASEMENT | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 23 hrs | 0.3 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8737 hrs | 99.7 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8760 hrs | 100.0 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED EXTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

16°C to 20°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 8760 hrs | 100.0 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

124

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES The thermal analysis data for the basement indicates that the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed interior surfaces results in highly significant improvement making the basement the only seasonal room that is thermally comfortable for 100.0% of the year. Interestingly, the results are achievable even with the addition of the smallest amount of thermal insulation. Overall, the basement, in contrast to other seasonal rooms, would massively benefit from the addition of thermal insulation on its exposed interior surfaces. The thermal comfort and occupancy findings are illustrated in the graphs on the left and can be summarized as follows:

BASEMENT | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2208 hrs | 100.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 2208 hrs | 100.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

The space’s base spring occupancy of 86.7% shows a considerable increase to 100.0% at 25 mm insul-int, 100.0% at 50 mm insul-int, and 100.0% at 75 mm insul-int.

BASEMENT | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2208 hrs | 100.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 2208 hrs | 100.0 %

OCT

The space’s base winter occupancy of 100.0% remains unchanged at 100.0% at 25 mm EPS insulation on the exposed interior surfaces, 100.0% at 50 mm insul-int and 100.0% at 75 mm insul-int.

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

BASEMENT | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING

The space’s base summer occupancy of 43.7% shows a very considerable increase to 100.0% at 25 mm insul-int, 100.0% at 50 mm insulint and 100.0% at 75 mm insul-int. The space’s base fall occupancy of 100.0% remains unchanged at 100.0% at 25 mm insul-int, 100.0% at 50 mm insul-int and 100.0% at 75 mm

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 2208 hrs | 100.0 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 2208 hrs | 100.0 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

125

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

insul-int. Left. Changes in the basement’s operative temperature based on the addition of insulation on the exposed interior surfaces of the room and incremental increases in the amount of insulation.

BASEMENT | 25 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

20°C to 26°C | 8760 hrs | 100.0 %

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 50 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 8383 hrs | 95.7 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 377 hrs | 4.3 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

BASEMENT | 75 MM THERMAL INSULATION ON EXPOSED INTERIOR SURFACES | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

16°C to 20°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

20°C to 26°C | 6364 hrs | 72.6 %

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 2396 hrs | 27.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

126

8.0

CONCLUSIONS

SECTION OVERVIEW This section provides a summary of the findings from the research and a framework for future design inspirations to achieve year-round thermal comfort through a network of seasonally responsive spaces based on the methodology proposed in this research.

OUTDOOR | AIR TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 3955 hrs | 45.1 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1024 hrs | 11.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 1590 hrs | 18.2 %

Sep

AUG

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 894 hrs | 10.2 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1297 hrs | 14.8 %

3.6

CONCLUSIONS

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2090 hrs | 23.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1557 hrs | 17.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2914 hrs | 33.3 %

Sep

AUG

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1785 hrs | 20.4 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 414 hrs | 4.7 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING

AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 2128 hrs | 24.3 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1112 hrs | 12.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2691 hrs | 30.7 %

Sep

AUG

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1753 hrs | 20.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1076 hrs | 12.3 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 166 hrs | 1.9 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 2159 hrs | 24.6 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 3773 hrs | 43.1 %

Sep

AUG

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1915 hrs | 21.9 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 747 hrs | 8.5 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 1686 hrs | 19.2 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 1383 hrs | 15.8 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 2819 hrs | 32.2 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 1715 hrs | 19.6 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 1157 hrs | 13.2 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

< 16°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

16°C to 20°C | 591 hrs | 6.7 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

20°C to 26°C | 8169 hrs | 93.3 %

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

OCT

26°C to 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

> 30°C | 0 hrs | 0.0 %

128

WHOLE SYSTEM | BASE CASE | ANNUAL OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

APR

May

MAY

At Least One Seasonal Space Comfortable | 8661 hrs | 98.9 %

Jun

JUN

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

All Seasonal Spaces Comfortable | 3408 hrs | 38.9 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

All Spaces Uncomfortable | 99 hrs | 1.1 %

SUMMER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 306 hrs | 14.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1745 hrs | 79.0 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1976 hrs | 89.5 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1381 hrs | 63.2 %

EAST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 409 hrs | 18.9 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1888 hrs | 85.5 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1219 hrs | 55.2 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1449 hrs | 66.3 %

WINTER ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 1473 hrs | 68.2 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 2103 hrs | 95.2 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1523 hrs | 69.0 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2139 hrs | 97.9 %

WEST FACING ROOM | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT

EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Apr

Winter Occupancy | 465 hrs | 21.5 %

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Jul

Spring Occupancy | 1848 hrs | 83.7 %

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Oct

Summer Occupancy | 1221 hrs | 55.3 %

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 1568 hrs | 71.8 %

BASEMENT | BASE CASE | OCCUPANCY BASED ON THERMAL COMFORT EVENING AFTERNOON MORNING EARLY MORNING Jan

JAN

Feb

FEB

Mar

MAR

Winter Occupancy | 2160 hrs | 100.0 %

Apr

APR

May

MAY

Jun

JUN

Spring Occupancy | 1915 hrs | 86.7 %

Jul

JUL

Aug

AUG

Sep

SEP

Summer Occupancy | 964 hrs | 43.7 %

Oct

OCT

Nov

NOV

Dec DEC

Fall Occupancy | 2184 hrs | 100.0 %

129

WINTER OCCUPANCY 15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

= = =

+ +++ +++

= = --

---

= = =

SPRING OCCUPANCY 15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

= + +

+ ++ ++

= = -

= = =

SUMMER OCCUPANCY 15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

= = =

= = +

= -

= + ++

+ + =

FALL OCCUPANCY 15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE EAST

= = =

+ +++ +++

= = =

---

= = =

every hour of the year. As discussed before, to reach this percentage occupants follow a micro-migratory pattern to the most thermally comfortable spaces within the house. Overall, for 98.9% of the year, occupants have access to at least one thermally comfortable space with no need for heating or cooling. Additionally, for 38.9% of the year all seasonal spaces are comfortable at the same time giving the occupants the choice to choose which space to occupy. For only 1.1%, all seasonal spaces fail to provide thermally comfortable conditions. In order to understand the impact of a design deviation from the base characteristics of the central courtyard house typology, a series of sensitivity analyses were performed. These analyses respond to common design requirements or limitations that result in changes in building orientation such as a different urban grid layout, variations in the amount of thermal mass such as changes in wall thickness and variations in the percentage of windows to wall ratio such as aesthetic requirements. In addition to the traditional characteristics, the changes in performance and thermal behavior based on the addition of thermal insulation to the exposed exterior/interior surfaces were also analyzed. The observations indicate that seasonal rooms very often have different thermal responses to the same change. As a result, resources should be appropriately distributed to the appropriate room based on specific thermal design requirements. For instance, while the summer room benefits from the addition of thermal insulation on the exposed exterior surfaces, the same design modification does not have the same impact on the basement and in contrast, the basement benefits from the

130

WINTER OCCUPANCY 15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

= = +

---

-----

++ +++ +++

= = =

SPRING OCCUPANCY 15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

= = +

---

= = =

+ ++ ++

= = =

SUMMER OCCUPANCY 15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

----

= ++ +++

---

= = +

+ +++ +++

FALL OCCUPANCY 15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

15° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 30° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST 45° DEVIATION TOWARD THE WEST

= = +

= -

= --

++ +++ +++

= = =

addition of insulation on exposed interior surfaces. In order to provide a framework for future housing design projects that aim to provide annual thermal comfort based on the methodology introduced in this research, the results from the thermal sensitivity analyses are summarized into simple charts that illustrate the effect of a specific design change or deviation on the thermal behavior and seasonal occupancy of each seasonal space. The framework can guide a designer to put emphasis on appropriate design changes that respond to the local climate and thermal needs of the building. In a cold climate, the emphasis would be on winter occupancy while in a hot climate summer occupancy plays a more crucial role. In moderate climates with all four seasons, all seasonal rooms might have the same weigh. To reach an optimal thermal solution, the design of a building should first be analyzed through the proposed methodology as a base case that provides thermal data for each seasonal room. Next, the designer would go through an optimization process based on the framework provided here to create the maximum thermal comfort possible through the least amount of resources required. The results for the whole system could then be tested against the thermal and comfort requirements. As originally hypothesized, the results from this research indicate that if analyzed and understood appropriately, the central courtyard house and its network of seasonal rooms can provide year-round thermal comfort, through only passive means, in climates where majority of outdoor hours are uncomfortable. This requires the inhabitants of the building to follow a comfort-based

131

WINTER OCCUPANCY 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS

25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS

++ +++ +++

= = =

SPRING OCCUPANCY 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS

25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS

= = -

+ + +

SUMMER OCCUPANCY 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS

25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS

+ + ++

= = +

= + ++

= = =

+++ +++ +++

FALL OCCUPANCY 25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS

25% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 50% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS 75% INCREASE IN THERMAL MASS

+ ++ ++

= + +

migratory pattern and occupy to different spaces within the house based on daily or seasonal climate variations. The base case study indicates that for a considerable percentage of the year all seasonal spaces are comfortable at the same time giving the inhabitants the option to choose any space within the house. The sensitivity analyses indicate that this percentage could be increased through an thermal design optimization process that minimizes the need for moving from one space into another.

= = =

+ ++ ++

= = =

132

WINTER OCCUPANCY 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS

25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS

+ = =

= = -

------

= = -

= = =

SPRING OCCUPANCY 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS

25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS

= ---

---

= ----

---

-----

SUMMER OCCUPANCY 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS

25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS

= ---

+ + -

+ = ---

+ + +

-------

FALL OCCUPANCY 25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS

25% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 50% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS 75% REDUCTION IN THERMAL MASS

---

= ---

----

= -----

133

WINTER OCCUPANCY 5% INCREASE IN WWR 10% INCREASE IN WWR 15% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR 10% INCREASE IN WWR 15% INCREASE IN WWR

SPRING OCCUPANCY

= -

10% INCREASE IN WWR

= = =

10% INCREASE IN WWR

+ + +

10% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

+ + +

10% INCREASE IN WWR

= = =

10% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

SUMMER OCCUPANCY

= -

10% INCREASE IN WWR

= -

10% INCREASE IN WWR

= -

10% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

10% INCREASE IN WWR

= = +

10% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

FALL OCCUPANCY

---

10% INCREASE IN WWR

---

10% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

10% INCREASE IN WWR

+ +++ +++

10% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

5% INCREASE IN WWR

15% INCREASE IN WWR

= = -

= -

= = -

= = =

134

WINTER OCCUPANCY 5% REDUCTION IN WWR 10% REDUCTION IN WWR 15% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR 10% REDUCTION IN WWR 15% REDUCTION IN WWR

SPRING OCCUPANCY

= + +

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

= = =

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

----

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

= -

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

= = =

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

SUMMER OCCUPANCY

+ + +

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

+ + +

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

= = =

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

+ + +

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

= = =

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

FALL OCCUPANCY

+ ++ ++

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

+ ++ +++

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

+ ++ +++

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

+ ++ ++

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

------

10% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

5% REDUCTION IN WWR

15% REDUCTION IN WWR

+ + +

= = =

= = -

= = =

135

WINTER OCCUPANCY 25 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER

25 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER

+ + +

= = +

+++ +++ +++

+ ++ ++

= = =

SPRING OCCUPANCY 25 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER

25 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER

+ ++ ++

++ +++ +++

+ + +

++ +++ +++

----

SUMMER OCCUPANCY 25 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER

25 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER

++ ++ ++

++ +++ +++

+++ +++ +++

++ +++ +++

-------

FALL OCCUPANCY 25 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER

25 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - EXTERIOR LAYER

+ +++ +++

+ ++ ++

+ + +

++ +++ +++

= = =

136

WINTER OCCUPANCY 25 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER

25 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER

++ +++ +++

+ + +

-------

+++ +++ +++

= = =

SPRING OCCUPANCY 25 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER

25 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER

-----

-------

+++ +++ +++

SUMMER OCCUPANCY 25 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER

25 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER

-------

----

-------

----

+++ +++ +++

FALL OCCUPANCY 25 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER

25 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 50 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER 75 MM INSULATION - INTERIOR LAYER

+ ++ +

= -

-------

----

= = =

137

9.0

REFERENCES

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