2016 February Biomass Magazine

February 2016

COLLECTING DUST Smaller Pellet Plant Defenses Against Fire, Explosion Page 22

PLUS:

Meeting Code, Mitigating Risk at

Bioenergy Facilities Page 10

Pellet Offgassing Studies, Solutions Page 16

www.biomassmagazine.com

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FEBRUARY 2016 | VOLUME 10 | ISSUE 2

POWER

4 EDITOR’S NOTE Pass Me Along

8 NEWS

By Tim Portz

9 COLUMN Congressional Recognition of Biomass

6 BUSINESS BRIEFS

By Bob Cleaves

34 MARKETPLACE

10 FEATURE Dusting Up on Risk and Regulation

Understanding federal and local codes and regulations will help prevent explosions and fires, but each facility should understand its unique risks and how to abate them.

By Anna Simet

PELLETS 14 NEWS

15 COLUMN Wood Stoves and Washington Lobbyists

By John Ackerly

16 FEATURE Pellet Offgassing: Simple Problem, Simple Solution?

Industry and academia are working to clear controversy and concerns surrounding the emission of stored wood pellet-derived carbon monoxide.

By Katie Fletcher

10

THERMAL 20 NEWS

21 COLUMN Simplifying Safety During Shutdowns

By Chris McKinnon

22 FEATURE Defusing the Tinderbox

Smaller pellet plants may be more susceptible to fire hazards, but there are affordable mitigation options available.

By Ron Kotrba

BIOGAS 26 NEWS

16

27 COLUMN Betting on Biogas Growth in 2016

By Amanda Bilek

28 CONTRIBUTION Managing Biogas Storage and Retrieval

Successful management of stored biogas begins with proper sizing of the gas holder, and continues with controlling process options.

By Bruce Smith

ADVANCED BIOFUELS & CHEMICALS 30 NEWS

ON THE COVER:

Displayed is a typical explosion suppression system installed by IEP Technologies on a pellet plant dust collector. The red cylinders are high-rate discharge extinguishers used for both explosion suppression and chemical explosion isolation.

31 COLUMN Fortune Smiles on Industry, Better Late Than Never

By Michael McAdams

32 CONTRIBUTION Biomass Supply Chain Trade-Offs: Basis for Successful Bioenergy Businesses

Feedstock supply chains are a critical aspect in the development of a cellulosic biofuel business and should be developed alongside the company’s business strategy.

By Rajdeep Golecha

PHOTO: IEP TECHNOLOGIES

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 3

¦EDITOR’S NOTE EDITORIAL

Pass Me Along Threaded throughout this issue, in which Biomass Magazine once again turns it editorial gaze to dust management and plant safety, is a continued call for greater education, regardless of an employee’s position within a facility.

This point is driven home in Managing EdiTIM PORTZ tor Anna Simet’s page-10 feature, “Dusting VICE PRESIDENT OF CONTENT Up on Risk and Regulation.” Her piece opens & EXECUTIVE EDITOR tportz@bbiinternational.com and closes in the West Pharmaceutical Services plant in Kingston, North Carolina, the site of a massive explosion in 2003 that killed six and injured dozens more. The plant produced a very particular kind of dust that was accumulating in a suspended ceiling. Maintenance employees at the plant were aware of the dust build-up, but not aware of the danger it posed. The results were tragic. With that in mind, please share this issue broadly with your teams, regardless of their areas of responsibility.

This issue is loaded with technical information. Our team talked with engineers, technology developers, university researchers and plant personnel, and the result is a comprehensive overview of the dangers this industry confronts on a daily basis. A special thank you to Mark Wilson, CEO of New England Wood Pellet, for talking with Senior Editor Ron Kotrba about the lessons the plant learned after being cited by OHSA. Understandably, plants aren’t always forthcoming about lessons learned in this way, and Wilson’s candor really brings Kotrba’s feature to life. He tells Kotrba, “We thought we were in good shape. We thought we knew a lot, but we didn’t know much at all.” He goes on to say that his team knew components of the various codes and guidelines for safety, but lacked a system-wide understanding of best practices.

Both Kotrba’s and Simet’s stories make it clear that the body of knowledge surrounding dust, its inherent risks and best practices in dust control is robust and simply needs to be more widely shared within plants and across the industry. Differing from the aforementioned stories is Associate Editor Katie Fletcher's page-16 feature, which concludes that the knowledge base surrounding safety issues posed by stored wood pellets is still being accumulated.

Researchers and industry are working to gain a solid understanding of the risks, their causes, and prevention techniques. Her story looks at two studies that yielded different results, and consequently, prompted different reactions from the industry.

Our reader surveys tell us that a majority of our readers pass along their issue of Biomass Magazine to a colleague. In the spirit of sharing vital safety information, our team asks that this month’s issue makes its way onto every desk in your operation.

PRESIDENT & EDITOR IN CHIEF Tom Bryan tbryan@bbiinternational.com VICE PRESIDENT OF CONTENT & EXECUTIVE EDITOR Tim Portz tportz@bbiinternational.com MANAGING EDITOR Anna Simet asimet@bbiinternational.com SENIOR EDITOR Ron Kotrba rkotrba@bbiinternational.com NEWS EDITOR Erin Voegele evoegele@bbiinternational.com ASSOCIATE EDITOR Katie Fletcher kfletcher@bbiinternational.com COPY EDITOR Jan Tellmann jtellmann@bbiinternational.com

ART

ART DIRECTOR Jaci Satterlund jsatterlund@bbiinternational.com GRAPHIC DESIGNER Raquel Boushee rboushee@bbiinternational.com

PUBLISHING & SALES

CHAIRMAN Mike Bryan mbryan@bbiinternational.com CEO Joe Bryan jbryan@bbiinternational.com VICE PRESIDENT OF OPERATIONS Matthew Spoor mspoor@bbiinternational.com SALES & MARKETING DIRECTOR John Nelson jnelson@bbiinternational.com BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR Howard Brockhouse hbrockhouse@bbiinternational.com SENIOR ACCOUNT MANAGER Chip Shereck cshereck@bbiinternational.com ACCOUNT MANAGER Jeff Hogan jhogan@bbiinternational.com CIRCULATION MANAGER Jessica Beaudry jbeaudry@bbiinternational.com MARKETING & ADVERTISING MANAGER Marla DeFoe mdefoe@bbiinternational.com

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Chris Sharron, West Oregon Wood Products Amanda Bilek, Great Plains Institute Stacy Cook, Koda Energy Ben Anderson, University of Iowa Justin Price, Evergreen Engineering Adam Sherman, Biomass Energy Resource Center

ADVERTISER INDEX¦ 36

2016 International Biomass Conference & Expo

35

2016 Biogas Map

20

ASGCO

2

Astec, Inc.

8

CPM Global Biomass Group

5

Global Pellet Market Outlook Summit

14

FLAMEX Inc.

7

GreCon, Inc.

18-19

IEP Technologies

24

KEITH Manufacturing Company

30

Mole Master Services Corporation

26

Scientific Dust Collectors

25

SonicAire

6

Western Regional Boilers Association

Subscriptions Biomass Magazine is free of charge to everyone with the exception of a shipping and handling charge of $49.95 for anyone outside the United States. To subscribe, visit www.BiomassMagazine. com or you can send your mailing address and payment (checks made out to BBI International) to Biomass Magazine Subscriptions, 308 Second Ave. N., Suite 304, Grand Forks, ND 58203. You can also fax a subscription form to 701-746-5367. Back Issues & Reprints Select back issues are available for $3.95 each, plus shipping. Article reprints are also available for a fee. For more information, contact us at 701-7468385 or service@bbiinternational.com. Advertising Biomass Magazine provides a specific topic delivered to a highly targeted audience. We are committed to editorial excellence and high-quality print production.

To find out more about Biomass Magazine advertising opportunities, please contact us at 701-746-8385 or service@bbiinternational.com. Letters to the Editor We welcome letters to the editor. Send to Biomass Magazine Letters to the Managing Editor, 308 2nd Ave. N., Suite 304, Grand Forks, ND 58203 or email to asimet@bbiinternational.com. Please include your name, address and phone number. Letters may be edited for clarity and/or space.

COPYRIGHT © 2016 by BBI International

Biomass Magazine: (USPS No. 5336) February 2016, Vol. 10, Issue 2.

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POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Biomass Magazine/Subscriptions, 308 Second Ave. N., Suite 304, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203.

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4 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

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INDUSTRY EVENTSÂŚ

Global Pellet Market Outlook Summit APRIL 11, 2016

Charlotte Convention Center Charlotte, North Carolina The Global Pellet Market Outlook Summit will offer attendees a oneday, intensive exploration of the biomass industry’s most dynamic market segment. Fueled by global policies aimed at reducing the carbon intensity of energy products, the market for wood pellets has grown steadily since the early 2000s. While industry forecasts about the rate of growth may vary, the consensus is that global demand will continue to rise for the next decade.

866-746-8385 | www.BiomassConference.com

Onsite Energy Conference & Expo APRIL 11-13, 2016

Charlotte Convention Center Charlotte, North Carolina Organized by BBI International and produced by Onsite Energy Management magazine, this event will bring together commercial, institutional and industrial energy professionals who are evaluating or already managing onsite power and thermal energy technologies.

This three-day event will offer industry-leading content and networking opportunities for those engaged in onsite energy asset installation, operations and maintenance.

866-746-8385 | www.OnsiteEnergyExpo.com

International Biomass Conference & Expo APRIL 11-14, 2016

Charlotte Convention Center Charlotte, North Carolina Organized by BBI International and produced by Biomass Magazine, this event brings current and future producers of bioenergy and biobased products together with waste generators, energy crop growers, municipal leaders, utility executives, technology providers, equipment manufacturers, project developers, investors and policy makers. It’s a true one-stop shop—the world’s premier educational and networking junction for all biomass industries.

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FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 5

Business Briefs PEOPLE, PRODUCTS & PARTNERSHIPS

Renew Biomass, New Energy Farms partner in miscanthus project Renew Biomass and New Energy Farms recently announced a long-term partnership agreement under which New Energy Farms will provide Renew Biomass with high-quality miscanthus planting material. The supply agreement commenced in January 2016 for the upcoming planting season. Renew Biomass will plant a rate of 10,000 rhizomes per acre in central and southwest Missouri.

FuelCell Energy expands Connecticut manufacturing facility FuelCell Energy has announced the commencement of a previously disclosed North American manufacturing facility expansion, and closing on an assistance agreement with the Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development. A groundbreaking ceremony was held in November. The expansion project will increase the size of the facility by approximately 102,000 square feet to approximately 167,000 square feet. The expansion is being undertaken in two phases with the first stage increasing the size of the manufacturing facility and the second stage increasing annual manufacturing capacity from the current 100 MW to at least 200 MW.

6 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

Statkraft announces wood chip shipment to Danish customer Statkraft has successfully shipped over 3,000 tons of wood chip cargo to a leading Danish customer. The consignment is the first wood chip cargo to be shipped from Statkraft’s new biomass trading hub, which opened in August at the site of the former Södra Cell paper mill, located south of Oslo, Norway, at Tofte, directly on the Oslofjord.

New NREL director appointed The Alliance for Sustainable Energy recently announced the appointment of Martin Keller as director of the National Renewable Energy LaboKeller ratory and president of the Alliance, which manages the laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy. Keller officially joined NREL on Nov. 30. He was previously employed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where he served as the associate laboratory director for energy and environmental sciences, which includes ORNL’s programs in biosciences, environmental sciences, buildings technologies, transportation, climate change, manufacturing, and electrical and electronics systems. In 2006, Keller was recruited to ORNL from an industrial enzyme discovery and development company to lead

the Office of Science-supported BioEnergy Science Center, in which NREL is a partner.

Veolia announces power contracts Veolia has won two contracts to operate biomass power plants in Japan. The two facilities, located in Hirakawa and Hanamaki cities in the Tohoku region, will produce 100 GWh of electricity per year. Wood used to fire the boilers comes from neighboring forestry industries. Veolia will manage the overall operations, including 40 employees who will work permanently at the two facilities. Operations at the Hirakawa plant were scheduled to begin in November 2015, with the Hanamaki facility expected to be operational in December 2016.

Building Energy to develop bioenergy plant in Serbia Building Energy and the city of Krusevac, Serbia, have announced the construction of a biomass power plant. The facility is the first one in the country to combine electric and thermal energy. It will have an installed capacity of 4.8 MWe and 20 MWt and will generate 38.4 GWh of electric power and 86 GWh of thermal power per year. The plant will be fueled by wood chips coming from the cleaning of Serbian forests. The sale of thermal energy, resulting from a 10-year agreement between Building Energy and the Krusevac thermal power plant, will largely satisfy the thermal needs of the city, which has about 110,000 inhabitants. The sale

BUSINESS BRIEFSÂŚ

of electric power will be regulated by a contract lines to the boiler, complete with cranes. The with the national utility operator EPS, accord- entire fuel feeding system, including wood storing to the Serbian feed-in-tariff rules. age and conveyor systems, will be designed for multi-fuel waste wood, designed for efficiency, BTEC elects board of minimum maintenance and high availability as directors well as low emission of dust and noise. ComThe Biomass Thermal missioning and take-over is scheduled for next Energy Council recently year. announced the re-election Genera Energy adds business of four members of the development team member board. At the Nov. 17 AnGenera Energy Inc. has hired Chad Conual Membership Meeting Ackerly vert to join its growing business development in Washington, D.C., all team as a business development associate. Prior four directors up for election were re-elected, including Dan Wilson of to joining Genera, Covert managed U.S. ocean Wilson Engineering Services; Christine Dono- import processing for an international freight van, senior advisor for the Biomass Energy Re- forwarder. His knowledge and experience will source Center and director of Business Strategy help Genera continue to meet the needs of exand Innovation at Vermont Energy Investment isting clients, as well as help identify new busiCorp.; Andrew Haden, founder and president ness opportunities in this rapidly expanding of Wisewood Inc., and John Ackerly, president industry. of the Alliance for Green Heat.

Round for a Reason announces Opcon to deliver automatic patent for combustion chamber biomass-handling system to UK South Dakota-based Round for a Reason Opcon Group has received an order from LLC has received a patent, U.S. Patent No. Babcock & Wilcox Vølund A/S, Denmark, 9,182,116, for a new combustion chamber for the delivery of a state-of-the-art biomass concept, known an Efficient Solid Fuel Burnhandling system to the Templeborough Bio- ing Appliance. The ESFBA is a vertical cylinder mass Power Plant in Sheffield, U.K. The order combustion chamber that burns solid biomass includes the design, manufacturing, delivery fuels. When compared to similarly shaped apand commissioning of a dual automatic fuel pliances, the ESFBA features a stronger cylinhandling system with reception and transport der shape, increased internal pressure, more ef-

ficient heat distribution and a smaller footprint.

The combustion chamber allows for many feedstocks and applications, including forced air furnaces, boilers, free-standing stoves, and indoor or outdoor placement.

Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati names new partner Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati has elected attorney Nicole Gambino as a new partner. Based in San Francisco, Gambino specializes in renewable energy and project finance and, in particular, related tax matters. She represents both equity investors and developers in the financing of wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass facilities, utilizing a variety of structures. Gambino also represents investors in new market tax credit transactions. The promotion was to become effective on Feb. 1.

Cool Planet adds board members Cool Planet has added Ed Anderson to its board of directors and Jim Bone to its technical advisory board. Anderson brings strong leadership from his experience in founding and growing North Bridge Partners, a Bostonbased venture capital firm, while Bone brings four decades of agriculture business and technical expertise.

PowerNews

SOURCE: NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

NREL report highlights bioenergy growth

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In December, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory released its 2014 Data Book, reporting renewables accounted for approximately 11.1 percent of U.S. energy production in 2014. U.S. energy production totaled approximately 87 quadrillion Btu (quad) in 2014, with renewables accounting for 9.7 quad of that amount.

Biomass accounted for 5.6 percent of energy production, followed by hydropower at 2.8 percent, wind at 2 percent, solar at 0.5 percent and geothermal at 0.3 percent.

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According to NREL, the U.S. added 703 MW of biomass capacity in 2014. Overall, biomass capacity increased from 11.03 GW in 2004 to 15.41 GW in 2014. Electricity generation from biomass grew from 53,073 GWh in 2004 to 64,319 GWh in 2014.

California leads the nation in biomass power capacity, with 1.53 GW, followed by Florida with 1.42 GW and Virginia with 1.01 GW. Georgia, Maine, Alabama, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York and Minnesota round out the top 10 states for biomass power capacity.

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EU approves state aid for Lynemouth conversion

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In December, the European Commission announced that U.K. support for the conversion of the Lynemouth power station from coal to biomass complies with EU state aid rules. An investigation had been ongoing since February 2015.

The investigation aimed to ensure public funds used to support the project are limited to what is necessary and do not result in overcompensation. The investigation was also to assess whether the positive effects of the conversion in achieving EU energy and environmental objectives outweigh potential competition distortions in the market for biomass.

The commission said it is now satisfied that the submitted parameters are robust and

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present no risk of overcompensation. The commission also indicated its investigation did not find any evidence of market distortion in the global wood pellets market and noted it is satisfied that the measures will not lead to undue distortions of competition in the market for other wood-based products.

The Lynemouth conversion is one of eight renewable energy projects selected for the first contracts under the U.K.’s electric market reforms. Those projects, including the 299 MW biomass-fired Teesside Renewable Energy project, a Drax biomass unit conversion, and five offshore wind projects, signed contracts in June 2014. Only the Drax conversion is still awaiting state aid approval.

POWER¦

Congressional Recognition for Biomass

BY BOB CLEAVES

During the year-end budget negotiations, which have become an annual Congressional ritual Congress presented the biomass industry with what could be an opportunity for tax parity.

For the past few years, the end of the year has marked a scramble by all involved in renewable energy to persuade Congress to preserve or extend, for the next year, the production tax credit (PTC) and investment tax credit (ITC). At times, this tax package involves issuing a retroactive credit to cover the current or previous year during the times when the credits were not renewed the previous year.

For the biomass industry, these credits have been useful at times, but they are difficult for potential facilities to use. A one-year or two-year extension is plenty of time to develop a wind farm, but not nearly enough time to plan and site a new biomass facility, source its fuel and obtain proper permits. Add to that the value of the credit—half of what wind projects receive—and the tax extender ritual has become a tradition that our industry doesn’t benefit much from, but also can’t afford to be cut out of.

This year, tradition went out the window.

After a decade of awarding billions of dollars to the wind and solar industries, sparking considerable growth for each, Congress set an end date for these industries to qualify for the PTC and ITC. After a five-year extension under the current terms, the credits will reduce incrementally over the next few years, before ending completely. This is not terribly surprising since, by most metrics, these industries are healthy and expanding independent of the tax credits, and the Clean Power Plan will only create more opportunities for growth.

What was surprising and encouraging to biomass this time around was that the tax credits that our industry qualifies for were left intact, with no phase-out on the horizon. In past years, our credits were extended definitively for only two years—one year retroactive, plus the entirety of the current year.

While two years—with one of them being retroactive—is not a long enough time period for most biomass developers to conceive and construct a project, this is a significant win for our industry for a couple of reasons. First, the fact that our credit was not phased out means that Congress recognizes the lopsidedness of the PTC in favor of wind and chooses to continue its support of biomass. Second, a continued biomass credit in the face of a reduced and eventually nonexistent wind credit does go some distance toward creating a more even playing field among renewables, something we’ve sought for a long time and which could help encourage expanded use of biomass as states look for compliance options under the Clean Power Plan.

Most significant is that by extending tax credits for biomass, Congress is implicitly acknowledging the additional benefits that biomass provides beyond power generation. Biomass creates a much-needed market for forestry residues, and adds or enhances thousands of jobs in rural America. It’s also a critical element in forest health and maintenance, and in the disposal of agricultural byproducts.

Rather than shutting the door on tax credits for biomass, Congress has left us an opening. The lack of a phase-out for biomass could very well present an opportunity for a tax credit for the industry that better addresses our needs, provides support for existing facilities and spurs growth where it is feasible.

This year will be a very condensed and busy year for Congress, with a presidential election as a major focus, but exploring a tax benefit for the biomass industry will be a major focus for Biomass Power Association.

Author: Bob Cleaves President, Biomass Power Association bob@biomasspowerassociation.com www.biomasspowerassociation.com

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 9

DUST EXPLOSION PENTAGON 1 5

2

4

01

IGNITION

Fire/Heat (a spark or flame)

04 FUEL

Combustible dust (dry wood dust)

10 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

3

02

CONFINEMENT Enclosure/Building (an enclosed space)

05

DISPERSION

Suspention of dust through the air

03

OXYGEN

Air

POWER¦

DUSTING UP

on Risk & Regulation

W

hen West Pharmaceutical Services’ plant in Kingston, North Carolina, exploded in 2003, resulting in six deaths, dozens of injuries, and complete destruction of the facility, it was ultimately concluded that the accident was preventable. Not simply in that the design of the suspended ceiling and operation of the facility didn’t take into account the hazards of combustible dust, but that some employees knew about the dust, but were unaware of the risk. According to the U.S. Chemical Safety Board report, while dust removal and good housekeeping were priorities at the facility, dust accumulated above the ceiling over time, going unrecognized as a serious hazard—even though maintenance workers were aware of the dust, they lacked an effective understanding of the danger.

Dust explosions resulting in injuries, fatalities and facility destruction are not uncommon at grain elevators, woodworking facilities, fossil fuel power generation plants, various food industry sectors involving materials such as sugar, flour, tobacco and more, as well biomass facilities that utilize pulverized or ground wood material to make energy or wood pellets.

Owners, operators and all employees of plants at risk for combustible dust incidents should be educated on the risks. A great teaching tool to use for that purpose is the explosion pentagon, says Tim Cullina, P.E., senior consulting engineer at Fauske and Associates, a process safety engineering company. For a dust explosion to occur, five conditions must be met: a fuel source (combustible dust), an oxidizer (oxygen in air), an ignition source such as a spark, dispersion of the dust and confinement of the dust cloud.

Cullina, who teaches a class on the basics of combustible dust, says that it’s also impor-

tant to understand that removing of the dust and confinement of the dust cloud. doesn’t safeguard a facility against an event—it may still be susceptible to deflagration. “You’re not going to explode, but if you take away the confinement and still have a dust cloud, oxygen and ignition, it can be just as damaging. Deflagration only needs four of those items—I refer to it as the deflagration diamond.

Apart from employee education, understanding the role of various regulatory agencies—OSHA, fire marshals, building departments and the National Fire Protection Association have in enforcing codes and safety requirements is crucial, according to Cullina.

Sorting Out Authority

NFPA, which is made up of volunteers who sit on technical committees to provide expertise for the development of codes and standards designed to minimize the risk and of fires and explosions, OSHA, insurance companies and the local permitting authorities may all recommend or require different things, Cullina points out. “What is really going to protect your people and your facility? In each case, it's about education, and how much each authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) understands about combustible dust and risk assessment.”

Going back 15 years, many of the AHJs were not aware of combustible dust hazards, according to Cullina. For example, in one jurisdiction, it was against code to install an indoor bucket elevator. “The builder requested a variance from this requirement, and the building department granted it without conditions,” Cullina says. “The permitting authority was unaware of the risks of using a bucket elevator indoors to transfer combus-

A perfect storm of conditions can result in an explosion or fire at a biomass-using facility, events that are often preventable.

BY ANNA SIMET

tible particulate. If this had been an agricultural facility, an OSHA standard would have mandated additional ignition control requirements, but in this case, that OSHA standard did not apply. The local insurance broker issued a policy without inspection. Even if there was an inspection, there is no guarantee that the insurance inspector would have been aware of the risk from combustible dust. The NFPA standards for combustible dust have been in place for many years. But the owner, the permitting authority, and the insurance company were not aware of these standards.”

NFPA is not an enforcement or an inspection agency, Cullina points out—it has no power, nor does it police or enforce compliance with the contents of NFPA documents.

“That job is left to the local jurisdictions that adopt the NFPA documents as code,” he explains. “Most commonly, fire protection requirements are enforced through fire marshal inspections. They’ll have a list of things they’re looking for to make sure that at a minimum, you’ve addressed them, and they may or may not include some of the specifics of NFPA. But usually, they’re more generic, like certain plumbing requirements, which are common and understood. The combustible dust standards haven’t been, but they are more so now because a lot more attention has been brought to bear on it.”

In some cases, the local authority might be aware of combustible dust issues and have made the requirements, and other cases they haven’t trained themselves to look for it. “The fire marshal is the only entity in the process with authority to bring things to a screeching halt. If they see something wrong, they can shut you down,” Cullina says. “OSHA doesn’t have that authority.”

Local jurisdictions may or may not make certain NFPA standards laws—for example, FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 11

¦POWER

NFPA Codes Relevant to Biomass Industry • NFPA 68: Guide for Venting of Deflagrations • NFPA 69: Explosion Prevention Systems • NFPA 77: Static Electricity • NFPA 91: Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Materials • NFPA 650: Pneumatic Conveying Systems for Handling Combustible Materials • NFPA 652: Standard on the Fundamentals of Combustible Dust • NFPA 654: Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Dust • NFPA 64: Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Explosion in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities SOURCE: EVERGREEN ENGINEERING

NFPA 64, which applies to woody biomass.

“They may or may not make you put in the explosion vent, or a suppression system,” Cullina points out. “They may or may not be sensitive to checking whether you’re completely grounded so that you won’t create a static spark. From OSHA’s point of view, the very existence of this standard lets us know this is a problem and that you should know about it if you’re in this business. Even if they don’t have a standard specifically for your individual piece of equipment or operation, you do have the general duty clause which says you’ll provide a safe workplace.”

Therefore, OSHA can use NFPA standards as evidence of knowledge that the industry has a standard, and remedies for hazards. “It’s an onion—there are these different layers, we have to talk about all these different aspects to get a broad picture [of requirements].”

The key component to all of these codes, designs and specification is to have someone in the design, engineering and operations with clear evidence of capability and relevant experience with combustible dust to ensure that the systems not only comply with the NFPA codes and standards, but also to provide ongoing support for any modification to existing operations, according to Justin Price, project engineer at Evergreen Engineering.

with great lessons we can learn to protect the lives of our employees,” Price says. “We see many fires started from material building up on motors and bearing or other mechanical components. Once the wood builds up on these components, it acts like an insulator and retains the heat. The heat then is cause for the event. This can happen quickly, and is many times in places that are difficult to reach and therefore often overlooked in the housekeeping task.”

Other times, it is simply poor design, in that the bearing is inaccessible. “Alternatively, pressure relief systems are not in place,” Price says. “Even to the extent that process interlocks are not applied.”

When we are designing a new facility, the key to compliance and best method of mitigating risk is hiring the right engineering/ designer who has the experience. “For existing operations, we find it very helpful to begin with a standard combustible dust checklist that is available through OSHA,” Price says.

“From that checklist, you can determine the biggest risk factors to consider as you move to the next step, which is to perform the combustible dust assessment. The combustible dust assessment will identify the hazards and mitigation that should be installed for each.”

An ideal design eliminates the ignition sources, operates well-above or well-below the flammable limits, or provides an inert atmoRisk at New, Existing Facilities sphere, according to Price. In these designs, “Some typical examples of fires and fail- there is no effect or mitigation of the disperure can be seen across the wood products sion, confinement or fuel on the dust exploindustry, all are symptomatic and provide us sion pentagon. “This means that the fuel and 12 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

dust will be present in the system, and a performance-based design option will need to be incorporated into the overall mitigation plans,” Price says. “There are no ideal designs, so one must take care to protect the failure with the detection devices, extinguishing or suppression systems.”

Price says typical design flaws his firm sees include poor design in bin venting, detection and suppression systems in the pneumatic systems, and for the material handling, poor designs in the chutes and transitions of the conveyors. Another area of concern is that although many portions of biomass and pellet plants’ raw material will fall outside the moisture content requirements of NFPA (greater than 25 percent) for deflagration protection, the designs do not consider what happens when the material collects in corners, pockets and other areas of the equipment and dries, Price points out. “When the material dries and a bearing failure occurs, fires are very common.”

Fires and failure are not unusual across the wood products industry in general, and while unfortunate, there is a silver lining— they provide the rest of the industry with great lessons and takeaways to protect the lives of employees.

In Price’s opinion, the key to risk mitigation at biomass and pellet mill operations is to draw on the years of experience in the engineered wood products, sawmills and composite panel products operations, as they experience many of the same issues. “This isn’t to say the wood product industry has it figured out, but more so to say that they have some great processes in place for the hazard identification and equipment to help with the mitigation techniques,” he says.

Cullina points out that just because a facility might be meeting its AHJ requirements, it doesn’t mean the facility is safe.

“There’s a spectrum when you talk about “right” or “wrong,” and that’s where you introduce the concept of risk assessment and risk management,” Cullina says. “The right and wrong is whether you did what the code says, and that’s much easier to enforce. You may be aware of the requirements, but are you aware of ducts or other

POWER¦

DETONATED BY DUST: On Feb. 7, 2008, a massive explosion and fire occurred at the Imperial Sugar refinery northwest of Savannah, Georgia, causing 14 deaths and injuring 38 others, including 14 with serious and life-threatening burns. The explosion was fueled by massive accumulations of combustible sugar dust throughout the packaging building.

types of transport systems inside your plant and what’s going on inside them?”

For existing facilities, undergoing a combustible dust audit, or risk assessment, can determine whether the facility is up to code, identify safety issues, ensure employees are aware of and trained to deal with and avoid hazardous scenarios, as well as determine an appropriate risk mitigation plan.

Walk Through an Audit

A combustible dust audit begins with a site visit to the facility by Fauske’s or Evergreen’s audit team to review and evaluate several elements of the facility that affect the wood dust mitigation and control program.

Prior to the visit, Evergreen will request background information from the facility to assess current mitigation and control plans as well as other relevant safety programs.

The general process and procedures of the audit include document reviews, facility inspections and employee interviews that are intended to provide a representative assessment of employee knowledge of the facility’s wood dust control program and the hazards associated with combustible wood dust.

“The audit will encompass all aspects of the facility’s wood dust control program. Safety committee meeting minutes will be reviewed, along with crew safety meeting minutes to evaluate whether hazards are being addressed and acted upon,” Price says. Maintenance

records, management bulletins, and safety notices will be reviewed to ensure good communication is happening between the committees, management, and employees.

During the on-site audit review, the audit team will complete various general and focused inspections to help assess the facility’s activities and conditions to determine the effectiveness of the program’s achievement.

“Should there be specific observations of hazardous systems during the audit, we will focus their inspection on these particular systems,” Price says.

At the conclusion of the audit, a closing meeting will be held with client’s project team to provide an overview of the audit findings.

“Any critical dust conditions identified will be brought to their attention. If high-risk conditions are found, they will be brought to the senior management team immediately,” Price says.

Within a month of the closing audit meeting, the audit team will provide a final written report, including a series of recommendations to help the facility improve the level of compliance going forward.

mon component in biomass facilities. Do you know how much risk you have of that dust being ignited in that dust collector? Is there a chance your dust collector could explode?

When you have a baghouse, you’ve got four of the five explosion pentagon elements already. All you need is the ignition source, and you’ve met all of the requirements to create that explosion. It would be a very good idea to ensure that your baghouse is appropriately grounded so that you’re not going to create static spark that might in turn ignite the dust.”

There is no excuse for not knowing that a facility has combustible dust, according to Cullina, and there are many lists available that identify combustible dusts. “But to make it even simpler, if your powder or dust is organic, then it is combustible,” he says, adding that it is every facility’s responsibility to understand the particular dust it has, especially when creating a protection system against it.

“This is really important when making calculations, to decide, for example, how big the vent has to be,” he says. “You should be using data from the dust that’s used in the plant at that point. Take a sample and have it analyzed so that you know the combustible dust characteristics and can appropriately design the relief valve and the explosion vent. A lot of people don’t have the individual data to do that. You’ve got to test your own dust, you need to know what your risk is, and that’s part of your risk assessment, to make effective risk management decisions.”

Cullina points back to West Pharmaceutical Services, noting that the facility was very clean and well-kept, meeting codes and regulation. “But, unknown to them, their process was creating very small, fine particles of dust.

The maintenance guys, they knew the dust was up there, but it didn’t mean anything to them—they hadn’t been trained on it. People think only operators need to know [about risks], but all employees need to understand this risk—if dust is accumulating somewhere, it needs to be cleaned up.”

Boiling It Down

Proactive risk mitigation, and knowing your facility, its fuel and unique risks—and training all employees to share in that knowledge—could prevent disaster, Cullina emphasizes. “Dust collectors are a really com-

Author: Anna Simet Managing Editor, Biomass Magazine asimet@bbiinternational.com 701-738-4961

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 13

PelletNews Enviva Partners acquires pellet plant Enviva Partners LP has acquired a 510,000-ton-per-year pellet plant located in Southampton County, Virginia. The facility was developed by its sponsor, Enviva Holdings LP, under a joint venture with affiliates of John Hancock Life Insurance Co. The Southampton facility began operations in November 2013. It is one of five pellet plants owned by Enviva prior to the initial public offering (IPO) filed by Enviva Partners in October 2014. At the time the IPO was filed, the company indicated Enviva Holdings LP would retain ownership of the Southampton facility. When Enviva Partners LP began trading on the New York Stock Exchange in April 2015, the company noted Enviva Holdings would grant it a fiveyear right of first offer to acquire the Southampton plant.

With the acquisition, Enviva Partners LP now has 2.2 million metric tons per year of pellet production capacity.

Enviva Partners LP pellet plants and port operations Port of Chesapeake, VA Southampton, VA Northampton, NC

Amory, MS

Wiggins, MS Port of Mobile, AL

Cottondale, FL Port Panama City, FL

Ahoskie, NC

Enviva Holdings launches $5 million forest conservation fund Enviva Holdings LP recently announced it is establishing the Enviva Forest Conservation Fund, a $5 million, 10-year program designed to protect tens of thousands of acres of bottomland forests in northeast North Carolina and southeast Virginia.

The fund, administered by the U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities, will award matching-fund grants to nonprofit organizations to permanently protect ecologically sensitive areas and conserve working forests.

The Enviva Forest Conservation Fund will focus on about 35 North Carolina and Virginia counties that include about 6 million acres of forests of all types. Of this total, about 20 percent are bottomland forests—low-lying, marshy areas near rivers and streams that are home to tree species such as cypress, gum and oak. Many of these bottomlands are in the Albemarle Sound drainage basin along the Roanoke, Chowan, Meherrin, Nottoway and Blackwater rivers.

Although the vast majority of Enviva’s wood supply does not come from bottomland forests, the Enviva Forest Conservation Fund is targeting these areas because they offer a wide range of environmental and economic benefits.

They also face a number of potential threats, including conversion to other uses.

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Let us help you lower risks, increase productivity and comply with regulations.

14 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

PELLETS¦

Wood Stoves and Washington Lobbyists

BY JOHN ACKERLY

When the U.S. EPA first regulated wood stoves in the late 1980s, the industry was more of a partner in developing the standards. When the EPA began updating those standards around 2010, many in the industry expected to be treated as partners again. After all, the depth of industry’s expertise and experience far exceeded that of the small, underfunded team of EPA employees.

The key EPA employee, Gil Wood, was a veteran of the 1988 regulations. All the key industry players were on a firstname basis with him, and had developed with him a certain level of trust. In the summer of 2012, the EPA appeared to be putting final touches on regulations that the industry supported and had worked hard on.

All that changed in November 2012, when the EPA released a new draft containing far stricter emission standards.

The industry was stunned, and felt betrayed. What had gone wrong? Had it become too self-assured?

That month, we were part of the meeting at which the EPA unveiled the stricter regulations. It was plain to us that the EPA had misjudged the demand by states and air quality agencies for stricter regulations. Now, it was up to Wood to be the main messenger of the far stricter draft rules.

One thing that had changed was a dramatic resurgence in wood stove use that began during the great recession of 2008-‘09. States and air quality agencies were still digesting the pollution impacts as the EPA developed its first draft of regulations. Another trend was that both wood and pellet stoves were becoming cleaner, and it was clear that a sizable portion of new stoves could meet the stricter standards that the EPA was proposing.

From the start, this regulatory battle had little to do with the potential of wood and pellets as a significant renewable energy source. Rather, the EPA was treating wood and pellet stoves and boilers simply as a source of pollution that needed to be regulated. Years ago, the wood and pellet contingent merged with the patio industry and were now just as committed to gas stoves and fireplaces. Wood and pellet stoves and boilers were almost an orphaned type of renewable technology, with no clear advocates in the private sector or government.

Things began to change, as many of the states that demanded stricter emissions regulations also began incentivizing modern, cleaner wood and pellet boilers from Europe.

Several northeastern states began a push to promote the

cleanest appliances, which the EPA and DOE had not done.

Around the same time, the Biomass Thermal Energy Council broke away from the Pellet Fuels Institute to champion policies that would help wood and pellet heating be viewed as a modern renewable energy technology. BTEC emerged as the leading voice in Washington for biomass as a renewable heating fuel. My organization, the Alliance For Green Heat, focuses on wood and pellets as a residential renewable fuel that has the potential to be very clean and efficient.

The final regulations released by the EPA in 2015 were not as tough as the ones it floated in 2012, but they were far tougher than what industry thought they were getting.

We believe these tougher standards are key for stoves and boilers to be more accepted as mainstream renewable energy appliances. Solar, wind and other technologies are growing quickly, and biomass technology needs to show that it is clean enough to play a larger role in the renewable energy mix. Most in the stove and boiler industry acknowledge that the 1988 regulations saved the industry, because states were developing their own patchwork of regulations and the wood smoke problem was severe. For better or worse, regulations provide a necessary floor for this industry (and many others) and help to create a level playing field that helps the sector become cleaner and more efficient.

Jan. 1 was a historic day for residential wood heating in America, as it marked the day that unregulated stoves and boilers went off the market. Finally, we have entered an era where all new equipment is required to meet at least basic emission regulations. Three very conservative states—Missouri, Michigan and Virginia—oppose even basic emission regulations for stoves and boilers, but virtually the entire stove industry accepts the need for some regulations.

Even the EPA itself is changing. It is now beginning to issue voluntary hangtags, which are akin to a green label for woodstoves. Influenced by states and groups like ours that want to deploy more of the cleanest and most efficient appliances, the EPA is slowly beginning to treat the sector not just as an emitter of particulates, but also as a way to reduce fossil fuels. It’s a small but important step and part of the legacy that Gil Wood left when he retired last spring.

Author: John Ackerly President, Alliance For Green Heat jackerly@forgreenheat.com www.forgreenheat.com

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 15

¦PELLETS

Pellet Offgassing: Simple Problem, Simple Solution?

Wood pellet-derived carbon monoxide has been a cause of concern for indoor storage scenarios, but research suggests it’s an easy fix.

BY KATIE FLETCHER

S

erious and fatal accidents in a range of scenarios in Europe have sounded the alarm when it comes to pellet carbon monoxide (CO) offgassing and its potential hazards. As a result of these instances, pellet offgassing has become an issue of contention in the U.S., where the pellet heating industry is still in its infancy and research has brought forth varying conclusions regarding offgassing and its dangers.

In May 2002, during the discharge of pellets from British Columbia onboard MV Weaver Arrow in the Port of Rotterdam, one stevedore died and several other workers were injured. Another fatal case occurred in November 2006 onboard the MS Saga Spray in the Port of Helsingborg, Sweden, while the vessel was, again, discharging wood pellets from British Columbia. One seaman was killed, a stevedore was seriously injured and several rescue workers were slightly injured after entering an unventilated stairway next to a cargo hold.

Other incidents caused by the release of CO from wood pellets have occurred beyond ship’s cargo holds, including three deaths in Europe since 2010, caused by entry into wood pellet storage facilities on domestic sites. The most recent occurred in 2011, when a 28-yearold pregnant woman died in Switzerland after entering a pellet storeroom that supplied 60 households.

CO, coined the “silent killer,” is an odorless, colorless, tasteless and highly toxic gas.

CO becomes hazardous at elevated concentrations and exposure times, and because of this, 16 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

various organizations have set exposure guidelines. For example, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s guideline is any enclosed space shall be maintained at no more than 50 parts per million (ppm) as an eighthour average area level. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health guidelines are more stringent, at a maximum of 35 ppm CO concentration per eight hours of exposure time. The World Health Organization’s guideline is 9 ppm per eight hours of exposure and 25 ppm for one hour.

In response to the fatalities in Europe, the U.K. Health and Safety Executive issued a warning to raise awareness of certain issues involved in using wood pellets as fuel. The North American pellet industry is learning from its European counterparts, and conducting its own research in response to these incidents.

Well-versed on the issue, Europe maintains considerable research and dedicates more funding toward establishing standards and guidelines for bulk pellet storage. Meanwhile, the U.S. recognizes the concern and is working on establishing common industry understanding. One example of this is Biomass Thermal Energy Council’s document of best practices regarding quality and safety assurance for the storage of loose bulk wood pellets for smalland medium-scale central heating systems.

The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority is pushing research dollars into studying pellet offgassing.

One study conducted by Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York, observed the presence

of CO in wood pellet storage facilities and in the laboratory due to offgassing, and investigated methods to improve air quality in pellet storage areas. CO monitors were positioned in or near pellet bins, and CO concentrations were found to be as high as 44 ppm in a residential basement, which exceeds NIOSH exposure guidelines of 35 ppm in occupational settings and 9 ppm in residential and commercial buildings. On the other hand, a study released by the University of New Hampshire in August found that indoor storage of pellets in homes does not pose a risk of generating CO levels above recommended thresholds. Both studies unveiled varying emission measurements, but also differed in where CO monitors were placed and the variables studied. Adam Sherman, manager of the Vermont-based Biomass Energy Resource Center, says this research takes a shallow dive, but because of

PHOTOS: TARM BIOMASS

this, everything else is conjecture as to whether pellet offgassing is a problem.

Although the reason behind these studies creates an ominous outlook for indoor pellet storage, research conducted thus far demonstrates that pellet offgassing is a simple problem that should not invoke panic.

Similar Studies, Different Results

While the research conducted at Clarkson University offered elevated levels of CO, the study didn’t measure any values close to lethal levels experienced in the European incidents.

“It’s not a hazard we need to panic over, but it’s certainly a hazard we need to take seriously and work on resolving,” says Philip Hopke, director of the Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science at Clarkson University.

The concern is that as biomass boilers become more widely used, a broad array

of homes with varying levels of natural ventilation will install pellet heating systems with inside-the-structure storage bins. According to the study, in energy efficient (low air exchange rates) homes, this situation could produce unacceptable CO concentrations. The results raise a safety question regarding how pellet storage bins are designed and sited. The study found that active and natural ventilation clearly reduces the average concentrations, although higher values were still observed. Also, pellet aging clearly reduced the amount of observed CO. In the study, there was a clear, positive relationship between the offgassing of CO and CO2 and temperature where higher temperatures produce higher offgassing production. Thus, bin temperatures need to be considered when designing or choosing pellet storage bins.

Another variable studied by Clarkson University considered hardwood pellets versus

softwood. The study suggested northeastern U.S. hardwood pellets have less CO offgassing, but caution should be taken because hardwood pellets had the tendency to absorb more moisture than softwood pellets. Moisture can be concerning, the study suggests, because it found that dried wood pellets were less active in CO offgassing, and pellets stored under high relative humidity had a faster and higher CO emission rate. Pellets should be stored under low-humidity, low-temperature conditions.

Hopke and others at Clarkson are furthering their research. One project he mentions began last summer and aims to understand the CO formation mechanism and to determine whether there are ways that, before leaving the factory, a pellet can be processed to potentially lower CO offgassing. The university is doing a series of basic mechanistic studies to understand what kind of controls they should have FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 17

¦PELLETS and what it is that’s oxidizing, an issue that’s puzzled over, according to Hopke.

NYSERDA has taken action due to the absence of widespread industry knowledge concerning indoor bulk pellet storage. “Currently, in consultation with the New York State Department of Health, NYSERDA is using caution by not subsidizing in-building bins until we get a better handle on just what’s going on, and whether that would really represent a significant health hazard to the occupants of the building,” Hopke says.

Indoor pellet storage is considered a confined space, so there has to be a permit program established where the employer only gives permits to trained personnel to work in those spaces. This is an OSHA regulation. Clarkson’s faculty has provided confined space training to ensure that maintenance workers understand how they can work safely, as well as know the employer program requirements to limit access and provide continuing training to keep the workers safe. “We just want to find ways to do it efficiently, effectively and safely so we don’t wind up with incidents like they saw in Europe, because that would seriously hurt the pellet industry very quickly,” Hopke says.

According to results from the University of New Hampshire study, indoor pellet storage

does not pose a risk of generating CO levels above recommended thresholds. Over a period of seven months, the CO concentration in the air of 25 residences in New Hampshire and Massachusetts were monitored. The fact that homes built in different eras possess a range of air tightness and dampness tendencies was taken into consideration, so construction varied from residences built in 1774 to 2013. Out of the 25, 16 of the homes use wood pellet boilers with indoor pellet storage containers at a capacity of at least 3 tons, four of the homes use outdoor pellet storage, four use other heating fuels and the remainder are at a university laboratory site. The study was designed to obtain preliminary survey data of residential CO concentrations at the level of ppm of ambient indoor air in the immediate vicinity of wood pellet storage and heating systems compared to that of the homes using fossil fuel systems. Using a threshold of 9 ppm for its average, hourly CO measurements, data was acquired every five minutes to determine concentrations that might adversely affect indoor air quality.

There are various factors not controlled for in the study, but of the data obtained, no evidence suggests there is an reasonable risk when having pellet storage inside, a conclusion that differs from Clarkson University’s study.

Backing New Hampshire’s findings, Sherman says some installations throughout the northeastern U.S. are voluntarily putting CO monitoring equipment in boiler rooms next to pellet storage, and finding no evidence of emissions above an acceptable threshold. “I think that what the researchers are trying to understand is what happened with those early accidents and whether those cases are applicable to the most common situations where you’ve got— especially residential, but also commercial and industrial—pellet storage and for a lot of that, the answer is no,” says Ben Bell-Walker, technical affairs manager with BTEC. Bell-Walker says this is mainly because pellet offgassing is a volume issue. “If you’re talking about a residential, small commercial or even a larger commercial system, you’re really not talking about concentrations of pellets that are going to give you that amount of carbon monoxide.”

Industry Work

Dilution is the solution to pollution, Sherman references as the remedy to pellet offgassing. “CO only becomes a threat to human health if concentrated in an enclosed space, so if you vent it outside, it becomes a nonissue— simple solutions for simple problems,” he says.

HOW DO YOU STOP AN INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSION IN ITS TRACKS?

PELLETS¦ On Sept. 24, BTEC released its 1.0 version of quality and safety assurance best management practice for the storage of loose bulk wood pellets for small- and medium-scale central heating systems. “This whole document is what we consider industry best practices, so the reason this was prepared is to provide manufacturers, deliverers, pellet suppliers a way to make sure they’re checking all of the boxes in terms of any kind of possible dangers,” Bell-Walker says. “Especially with residential pellet delivery, you get a whole variety of ways people have configured their space for storage. This is just a way for the company to do some due diligence.”

The guidelines address a the size of ventilation ports and the configuration of venting, not just for potential CO offgassing, but for minimizing dust and fines. Other areas addressed include storage volume recommendations, delivery preconditions, and explosion management. Bin-specific requirements are a big part of the best practices BTEC put together. Sherman says the question to ask when considering indoor pellet storage is what sort of monitoring and what sort of ventilation systems can be easily and cost-effectively installed, keeping in mind that if there is CO offgassing while the fuel is stored indoors, it can be passively vented,

making it a nonissue. There are also active ven- on Pellet Safety in Fügen, Austria, where particitilation options such as fans that can be imple- pants offered feedback on existing pellet storage guidance, opportunities to improve research mented. and communication to industry stakeholders.

Sherman says he’d like to see research delve Other Research and Future Studies A number of studies have evaluated com- deeper into finding what variables are driving ponents of pellet storage at the University of CO offgassing, rather than focusing on whether British Columbia. One study assessed the rate it is or isn’t an issue. “I think what would be and peak concentrations of offgas emissions in interesting, in terms of future studies, is really stored wood pellets such as sensitivities to tem- looking into the critical variables,” he says. Sherperature, relative humidity and headspace vol- man adds that when it comes to pellet offgasume. The study found that increased headspace sing, it’s particularly important to understand volume ratio increases peak offgas emissions more about three variables, including the age of because of the availability of oxygen associated pellets, the volume of pellets, and their physical and chemical properties. with pellet decomposition.

Whether there is truly an issue, Sherman A report providing similar data on offgassing and self-heating was prepared in 2011 by says, the industry must be proactive, establishthe Wood Pellet Association of Canada, in col- ing best practices and promulgating them. “This laboration with UBC Department of Chemical isn’t a problem unique to pellets that should and Biological Engineering with funding from warn undue concern if there are simple soluEthanol BC. The research focused on self-heat- tions for simple problems.” ing as a chemical process and kinetic modeling of offgassing to establish a prediction model for Author: Katie Fletcher industry use. The research played a significant Associate Editor, Biomass Magazine 701-738-4920 role in the new ISO quality classification and kfletcher@bbiinternational.com testing standards for solid biofuels.

In March of 2013, the European Pellet Council held its first International Workshop

It depends on a number of critical factors.

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PROTECTING THE WORLD’S PROCESSES AGAINST EXPLOSION

ThermalNews

SOURCE: USDA FAS GAIN

Pellet consumption to grow in Italy A report recently filed with the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service’s Global Agricultural Information Network highlights the Italian wood pellet market, noting Italy consumed 3.4 million tons of wood pellets in 2014. Italy’s consumption of wood pellets was expected increase, reaching 3.3 million metric tons in 2015 and 5 million metric tons this year.

According to the report, pellets in Italy are mainly used in

small-scale private residential and industrial boilers for heating. Approximately 96 percent of Italian pellet consumption is a result of these heating sectors, with most pellets delivered via bags.

Only 20 percent of pellet demand in Italy is met by domestic production, which reached only 350,000 metric tons last year. The remaining 80 percent of pellet demand is met with imports.

USDA guarantees $70M loan for Ensyn cellulosic biorefinery The USDA has announced a conditional commitment for a $70 million loan guarantee to help build a 20 MMgy cellulosic biorefinery under development by an affiliate of Ensyn Corp. in Georgia. The facility will produce a renewable fuel oil (RFO) product, which can be used as a heating oil replacement or as a feedstock for renewable gasoline and diesel production.

The facility, located in Dooley County, Georgia, will employ Ensyn’s Rapid Thermal Processing technology, which uses a fast thermal process to convert biomass feedstocks in to biobased fuels.

Ensyn has designed and commissioned 14 plants em20 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

ploying its proprietary RTP technology, six of which are currently in operation. This includes five plants producing specialty chemicals and heating fuels that are owned by third parties and supported by Ensyn, including one plant that has been in operation for more than 20 years.

Ensyn also owns and operates a 3 MMgy RTP facility in Renfrew, Ontario. The Ontario plant uses the same core RTP technology for the production of RFO, which is sold to heating clients in the U.S. Northeast with spare capacity being maintained to seed the market in advance of larger production units being developed in Canada, Brazil and the U.S.

THERMAL¦

Simplifying Safety During Shutdowns

BY CHRIS MCKINNON

Planned shutdowns, turnarounds and outages (STOs) are often scheduled for preventative maintenance and new equipment installation that must be performed to keep a plant running and in regulatory compliance. To minimize production downtime, this work must be completed within a very tight time frame. As such, STOs are often feats of engineering, planning and coordination—work that begins many months, even years, before the event.

At the top of the list during any planned shutdown is safety. To prevent injury or loss of life, reduce liability, and keep insurance rates in check, safety departments must provide required safety training, products and services that will ensure that all on-site personnel and company assets are protected throughout the scope of the operation.

Managing all that encompasses safety for an STO, however, is often a feat of its own.

During an STO, a typical facility can see its ranks swell from 50 to perhaps 200 to 300 additional workers who the safety department must properly equip, train, and provide rescue and standby emergency services. This often requires managing multiple vendors of safety products and services, as well as dealing directly with workers who are not familiar with the facility or its processes and are performing challenging, even high-risk, tasks. In a move designed to eliminate a point of complexity and coordination in an already complicated process, some facility safety departments are outsourcing to a single combinedsafety-service provider that can deliver the entire gamut of safety-related products and services.

The benefit of this one-stop-shop approach for a planned shutdown is the single point of coordination, reduction in facility personnel required to manage the safety effort, access to extensive safety expertise and technical knowledge, potential cost savings on basic and more advanced personal protective equipment (PPE) and ability to respond quickly to unexpected situations or emergencies Despite the focus on speedy return-to-service, those who have participated in planned shutdowns will attest that the primary emphasis is not how fast the work is completed, but rather ensuring the safety of all involved. This is not mere lip service, but the prime directive, even if that means going over budget or delaying the project. “Safety is number one,” says Kevin Nadolski, safety director at Duke & Duke Services, a company provides installation and maintenance of conveyor systems, bulk handling equipment, presses, cranes, robotics and other automated machinery, often during STOs.

“Well before any of the work starts, the project managers are holding safety meetings and orienting employees on safety. This occurs both before and during the project, with managers reviewing daily reports about how many personnel are working, what they are doing, and if any are hurt they want to know exactly what happened.”

As safety director, Nadolski has utilized a number of PPE providers and safety service companies over the course of his career. He admits that the concept of a single combined-safety-service provider is a novel concept in an industry where suppliers generally keep to well defined market segments with minimal overlap. Large PPE providers, for example, offer catalogues with thousands of products, but rarely offer safety services, and vice versa.

Nadolski first began outsourcing to a company that was later acquired by DXP Safety Services while working at a prior job, and has continued to use the company throughout the five years he has been employed as safety director at Duke & Duke. The company operates as a single provider of combined safety for plant turnarounds.

In 2015, Nadolski estimates he has already used DXP a dozen times for on-site safety supervision, emergency response, confined space attendants, and supplied air trailers. He also utilizes DXP to train employees that most complete annual confined space training.

The benefits of a one-stop-shop approach to safety begins well before the STO. As part of the preplanning, a safety advisor from a combined service provider meets with facility safety and maintenance personnel to learn about their existing procedures and processes. For shorter projects, this can be 2 to 4 weeks beforehand, or for a more complex project 12 to 18 months in advance. The safety advisor then evaluates and monitors safety hazards, and control strategies to ensure compliance with the facility’s safety rules, policies, programs, criteria and procedures as well as all governmental regulations.

Another benefit to this approach is the ability to react to unexpected situations or emergencies. Although a tremendous amount of planning goes into a planned shutdown, there are inevitably situations, requirements for specialized equipment, unexpected air quality issues, and even injuries that can leave safety personnel scrambling. With the breadth and scope of its expertise, a combined safety services company can tap into its resources quickly to resolve the situation.

Author: Chris McKinnon DXP Safety Services 713-996-4700 Chris.mckinnon@dxpe.com

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 21

¦THERMAL

DEFUSING THE

TINDERBOX Cost-effective techniques to mitigate dust-related risks are available to less sophisticated wood pellet mills, where a lack of capital, education, code knowledge, and proper cleaning and maintenance protocols may exist.

BY RON KOTRBA

U

nder the right substandard conditions at a wood pellet mill, the creation of a spark is like throwing a match into a dynamite factory. “Wood is about like gunpowder, and it’s as explosive in the right scenario,” says Justin Price, principal at Evergreen Engineering Inc. The risks are the same at small and large mills alike. The difference is that smaller plants typically don’t have the dust hazard analysis (DHA) expertise found in larger, more sophisticated facilities, Price says, and therefore they don’t realize the risks and dangers facing them. “The bigger facilities have a larger staff and greater expertise,” he says. “It’s an educational issue.”

Smaller-scale pellet mills could be at greater risk for dust-related safety incidents because they may have less knowledge of the codes and risks, less capital to invest in fire detection and explosion suppression and prevention technologies, less operating capital to rotate staff for proper cleaning and maintenance, and insufficient training. “Housekeeping should be a primary concern to these folks,” says David Grandaw, vice president of sales at IEP Technologies. These plants should at least prioritize keeping residual dust to a minimum, he says.

Price says preventive maintenance programs around cleaning are more vigorous in larger mills. “Smaller facilities generally have fewer hands on deck to do this, and it’s a harder challenge to justify hiring two guys to sweep the floor and clean the building,” he says, whereas a larger plant with larger volumes can rotate those responsibilities out to take care of some housekeeping. “The other thing is process expectations,” Price continues. “Smaller plants realize fires are common. They will happen. It’s a cost of doing business. They have fire protection systems in place to fight fires, but larger facili22 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

ties implement measures to prevent fires. If I’m walking through a smaller operation, I look up when I see a charred bin and they say, ‘Yeah, we had another fire there,’ or ‘Yeah, fire happens routinely.’ That’s just part of operating to them.

In reality, that’s not necessarily true. It’s an educational standpoint some operations just don’t have.” Price says this is becoming less the issue as the pellet industry matures.

Experts say keeping residual dust to a minimum is extremely important because of how the dynamics of an explosion work. Explosions send shock waves at the speed of sound, faster than the flame behind it, which can rattle dust built up on conveyors, pulleys and rafters into suspension. Then, the lagging fireball catches up and finds the dust cloud, turning the room into a secondary explosion. “That’s what blows up the building and kills people,” Grandaw says.

When improperly maintained or installed outside a sound management-of-change program, some devices intended to mitigate dustrelated risks, such as dust collectors, can constitute a big safety threat. Dust collectors are often a first line of equipment defense to keep residual dust down at a pellet mill. “Dust collectors in general are probably one of the most dangerous vessels for an explosion in a facility,” Grandaw says.

Dust collectors contain the finest dust in the plant captured from vents, separated from the air and collected in a filter medium or bag periodically cleaned pneumatically or mechanically, which reintroduces fine dust to the air. “Having the finest dust means having the most aggressive explosion characteristics,” Grandaw says. Furthermore, the finest dust requires less ignition energy to light, so it ignites easier. Finally, dust collectors are often connected to multiple vessels within the facility, especially in smaller opera-

tions that rely on one or two central collectors as they lack capital for multiple units. When an explosion occurs, the flame propagation travels upstream to the main duct and out to various parts of the facility from where the dust was extracted, exposing multiple areas to danger, Grandaw says.

Repeat Offenders

In 2012, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration cited New England Wood Pellet LLC for serious repeat violations of workplace safety standards at its wood pellet plant in Jaffrey, New Hampshire, proposing fines of $147,000 for fire and explosion hazards in the aftermath of an Oct. 20, 2011, fire at the facility. According to OSHA, the fire started in the pellet mill and was transported through several conveying systems to a pellet cooler and then to a dust collector, and caused several other flash fires. Shortly thereafter, explosions occurred in the dust collector and an exhaust muffler. The explosions sent fireballs outside of the building and likely ignited materials in two silos.

The 2012 OSHA inspection found numerous fire and explosion hazards stemming from the absence of protective devices in the transport system, dust collection duct and conveyor systems that would prevent sparks, embers and fires from spreading throughout the system, as well as a lack of effective explosion protection due to the construction or location of dust col-

lection ducts. The hazards were exacerbated by a buildup of combustible wood dust on surfaces throughout the plant and from the use of unsafe equipment to vacuum combustible dust.

In 2013, OSHA cited the company again, this time for violations following inspections of its New York mills in Schuyler and Deposit. The violations found at the Schuyler plant included failing to isolate the conveying systems to prevent fire and rapid combustion from spreading both upstream and downstream in critical process equipment. In addition, the process equipment, such as indoor cyclones, pellet coolers and silos, lacked containment, explosion venting and suppression to mitigate the hazards of rapid and explosive combustion. At the Deposit plant, the violations include inadequate ventilation, lack of isolation devices and lack of spark detection and extinguishing systems in the wood pellet processing system.

“We thought we were in good shape,” says Mark Wilson, CEO of New England Wood Pellet. “We thought we knew a lot, but we didn’t know much at all. None of us had any background on National Fire Protection Association codes. We knew parts.”

Unfortunately, this mentality exemplified through incidents and OSHA citations is not uncommon in the pellet industry. In 2013, a combustible wood dust explosion and fire occurred at Inferno Wood Pellet Inc. in East Providence, Rhode Island, injuring a worker and partially

demolishing the building. The ignition of wood dust in the plant’s production room migrated to a retention bin, resulting in an explosion that spread through the building. OSHA found that the retention bin lacked spark detection, explosion suppression, fire and explosion isolation and explosion venting devices; conveyor systems carrying combustible wood products lacked spark detection, fire suppression or fire isolation devices; dust collection systems and dust segregation barriers were not maintained to minimize fire sources; and an opening in the fire wall between the plant’s production and chip rooms allowed a fireball to enter the chip room and spread the fire. OSHA cited Inferno for 11 serious violations of workplace safety standards and proposed $43,400 in fines. The mill has since been shut down.

Solutions

After dust collectors, other areas where Grandaw says pellet mills should consider implementing explosion protection systems are cyclones (a different type of air-material separator), hammer mills or other particle-size reducers, which are active ignition sources, and equipment associated with hammer mills that are exposed to the threats. In addition, pellet coolers, storage vessels such as bins, hoppers and silos, bucket elevators, which have ignition potential between bearings, belt rubs and static discharge, not to mention drag conveyors—“a beautiful conduit,”

THREAT CONTAINED: After a 2011 fire at New England Wood Pellet LLC’s manufacturing plant in Jaffrey, New Hampshire, and multiple repeat citations on safety violations from OSHA, the company invested $2 million in fire and explosion safety equipment at its facilities, and implemented several new risk-mitigation programs.

PHOTO: NEW ENGLAND WOOD PELLET LLC

Grandaw says—and rotary dryers should all be evaluated. “You take a small operation vs. a big company,” Grandaw says, “and they’re looking at all these vessels but can’t afford to protect them all. That’s why it’s so important to do a process hazard analysis (PHA), to determine where the risks are and what can be done to minimize the risks. And then they have to make choices.”

A thorough analysis may determine that, in certain parts of the process, the risk of fire or explosion in a particular vessel is less than another near an active ignition source. Also, a mill may choose to protect equipment that, if lost to a fire, would cause the entire operation to cease.

Another obvious consideration is protecting equipment that would endanger life without protection. Companies operating on a budget must prioritize what to protect in terms of ignition potential and risk to human health and business continuity, Grandaw says.

Mitigating the presence of dust through suppressors, like Dust Solutions Inc.’s Dry Fog system, can reduce dust suspension and aid

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 23

¦THERMAL housekeeping. The technology creates droplets smaller than 10 microns that agglomerate to dust at points of transfer, such as truck tippers, hopper loaders and conveyor transfers, says Richard Posner, president of Dust Solutions. “At conveyance transfer points, there are two areas of dust generation,” Posner says. “That’s discharging from one conveyor to another, and the biggest is when wood impacts the belt below and plumes out.” Dry Fog nozzles are positioned at the discharge area to knock dust down and at the impact point to help drop the dust into the pile. The system adds less than 0.1 percent moisture by volume, Posner says.

Spark detection and suppression systems are another line of defense. Though IEP Technologies does not offer these systems in the U.S., Grandaw says it does overseas. “Spark detection systems are looking for burning embers or hot spots traveling through the duct,” he says. Based on air-flow rates and the system’s response time, X amount of feet downstream a water nozzle activates to suppress the ember. “It’s a very effective explosion prevention means for pneumatic conveyance,” Grandaw says. “It only takes care of one type of ignition source, an ember that’s conveyed. It does not protect against static discharge or frictional heating.”

Explosion protection comes in passive and active systems. A passive system provides protection based on pressure waves through an explosion rupture panel or an isolation valve in ductwork, Grandaw says.

“It’s the least expensive, so if passive can be used, that’s going to be the No. 1 choice,” he tells Biomass Magazine. Explosion vent panels must be placed to direct fireballs to a safe area outside the plant. If that’s not possible, a flameless explosion vent is an option, albeit perhaps more expensive. Grandaw says these are vent panels with a metal mesh housing that act as a heat sink. An isolation valve, on the other hand, can passively protect against an explosion that occurs in a vented dust collector from traveling upstream. “The pressure wave that precedes the flame closes the valve,” he says.

In conveyance, active protection must be used, Grandaw says. These use high-speed detection, usually pressure-activated or infrared (IR) sensors. In milliseconds, interfacing through the control panel, high-rate extinguishers discharge to smother the fireball and suppress explosion while creating a dry-chemical barrier, usually sodium bicarbonate, in the dust to stop flame propagation from one vessel to another. “Active systems are both suppression and isolation agents,” Grandaw says. “They excel at putting out the fire and isolation.” Some pressure sensors are calibrated to a fixed setting and once that level is hit, the system is tripped. Others look for a rate of pressure increase.

Price says the No. 1 move for a pellet mill on a tight budget looking to mitigate risks, especially a new facility scaled at 50,000 tons or less, is getting a DHA. “The second part is there are some basic minimums you need to address, such as knowing that when you’re conveying material down an air system pneumatically, look for capital improvements through spark detection and deluging,” he says. “Third string is to look at rotating machinery systems. Address anything you can’t do in housecleaning, such as deluge and suppression. If you roll all those together, you end up with a really good system. The fourth tier is housecleaning, misters and other equipment to knock down dust, fans—low capital items—things that will help in housecleaning. A $2,000 fan is going to save you time and expense in keeping dust from the rafters and ceiling. If you do a DHA properly, lower-cost capital expenses can prevent you from having issues with dust accumulation.”

For cost-conscious facilities, knowledge of codes and best practices can come through a variety of resources, Price says. “Look to tra24 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

THERMAL¦ ditional wood processing industries and see what they’re doing,” Price says. “There’ll be some great learning there that’ll save you tremendous amounts of time and energy.” Canada-based FPInnovations and WorkSafe BC have invaluable assessments and best practices of sawmills. FM Global also has best practices to glean information from. Also, the American Industrial Hygiene Association’s annual event is worth attending. All of these are great resources, Price says, adding that the biggest educational component has been through OSHA’s combustible dust initiative.

“The larger facilities have engineers and designers, expertise in code compliance,” he says. “The small guys tend to not afford hiring code-specific people, so they put it together the best they can with the local jurisdiction—it’s more compliance-based.”

OSHA’s role as a regulatory body in mitigating risk may seem heavyhanded, but Wilson says New England Wood Pellet’s experiences with the agency vastly improved safety at its mills. “We have a great relationship with OSHA,” Wilson says. “They recommend experts to bring in and we ultimately made a number of changes to our equipment, putting in certain fire and explosion mitigation systems.”

After its 2011 fire and numerous citations, the company invested more than $2 million in safety equipment and implemented a combustible dust and housekeeping safety program formalized with training.

“We were cleaning with Shop-Vacs,” Wilson says. “That’s not allowed, so we purchased Class 1 vacuum systems, expensive ones that you can use in hazardous environments. We formalized a management-of-change program, so we are not allowed to change equipment and processes until we conduct reviews on what could happen. And we also implemented a formal preventative maintenance program.”

New England Wood Pellet also had to put in processes and equipment to minimize fire risks and spreading or creation of sparks, including bonding and grounding in all equipment and lightning. It also implemented a dust leak program that reviews all equipment once a quarter minimally.

The company’s hammer mills and dryers are indoors, which Wilson says adds another layer of protection. “We also implemented top-of-theline Firefly spark detection and suppression systems on our pellet mills, coolers, baghouses, dryers, cyclones and hammer mills,” he says. “We also had to do a lot of work in our bucket systems. We had to have the correct air locks in place, and put in explosion vents on our silos, cyclones, and baghouses, and a properly designed explosion protection system on our hammer mills, baghouses, certain conveyors, and on our dryers and cyclones. We did a lot of work. And we spent a lot of time reading NFPA codes over and over and over again. We overdid it. For instance, we did not have to put in an explosion suppression system on our dryer, but we wanted to do the right thing. The only thing incumbent upon us now is following through on our housekeeping, preventative maintenance and management of change. If we do all those, OSHA tells us we can’t do any more to protect our workers.”

Author: Ron Kotrba Senior Editor, Biomass Magazine 218-745-8347 rkotrba@bbiinternational.com

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 25

BiogasNews UPS ROLLING LABORATORY

60

MILLION N GALLONS of o tional fuel have ha conventional been avoided since 2000

9

Deployed D eployed in CO COUNTRIES

Fleet of

5,088

VEHICLES WORLDW WORLDWIDE

1

Goal to travel BILLION MILES by 2017

505

MILLION MILES since 2000

UPS expands use of renewable natural gas UPS recently announced it will supply its Memphis, Tennessee, and Jackson, Mississippi, fleets with an estimated 15 million diesel gallon gas equivalents of renewable natural gas (RNG) as part of a multiyear agreement with Memphis Light, Gas and Water and Atmos Energy Marketing LLC.

The deal is part of an initiative announced earlier this year by UPS to significantly expand its use of renewable natural gas in UPS’s alternative fuel and advanced technology fleet. The company has a goal of driving 1 billion miles with its alternative fuels fleet, known as the Rolling Laboratory, by the end of 2017.

The Real Dirt on Dust Scientific Dust Collectors offers a FREE second edition publication on dust collection titled “A Scientific Review of Dust Collection – Second Edition”.

This second edition, 120 page manual, contains new sections on explosion vents and system design and reviews the history, theory and application of all types of dust collection equipment.

Request your FREE copy at

www.scientificdustcollectors.com or call 708-597-7090

26 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

The RNG will fuel more than 140 heavy duty trucks in Memphis and Jackson, part of UPS’s natural gas fleet, which includes more than 3,800 medium and heavy duty vehicles worldwide.

Louisiana BioCNG facility expands at landfill St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, recently opened an expanded BioCNG vehicle fuel facility at its landfill. The project is providing biogas-based fuel to Progressive Waste Solutions Ltd. refuse vehicles collecting residential trash in the community. It is the only project of its kind in the state.

The expansion of the existing fueling facility was initiated by a fuel purchase agreement between St. Landry Solid Waste Commission and Progressive Waste. In 2015, Progressive Waste purchased 10 new compressed natural gas (CNG) powered refuse collection trucks to provide residential collection services in the parish and decided to use the biogas generated at the St. Landry Parish Landfill versus constructing its own fueling station using an alternative natural gas source.

The vehicle fuel system, commissioned in 2012, also includes an additional BioCNG system and a remote CNG fueling station in the city of Opelousas, which dispenses BioCNG via mobile transport. BioCNG LLC, which partnered with the district to develop the original system, designed, installed, and commissioned the new “primary-satellite” BioCNG station format.

BIOGASﾂｦ

Betting on Biogas Growth in 2016

BY AMANDA BILEK

Last year witnessed significant achievements toward the transition to a lower-carbon economy. A historic agreement among over 180 countries to collectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions was reached in Paris in December. Also there, 20 countries announced the Mission Innovation initiative, which is aimed at doubling clean energy research and development in the next five years. Some clean energy technologies have become costcompetitive with incumbent technologies, and costs are projected to continue declining into the future. On the biogas front, 2015 was a good year, especially when compared to activity in previous years. Due to recently implemented initiatives and trends, I have high hopes that 2016 will be even better.

In the summer of 2014, the USDA released the Biogas Opportunities Roadmap. The release of this roadmap marked the first time that federal agencies made a public commitment to coordinate biogas activities and outline objectives aimed at increasing the deployment of biogas systems across the U.S. At the end of 2015, the USDA published a progress report on roadmap objectives. According to the progress report, the USDA, U.S. DOE and U.S. EPA have all identified or implemented policy achievements to increase resource access for biogas projects. The progress report also identified technology achievements, a variety of private sector efforts, and identification of barriers to address in the future.

Federal agency collaboration and coordination is critical because there is far more work to do to truly bring the biogas resource to scale. According to the 2014 Biogas Opportunities Roadmap, there are more than 2,000 U.S. sites that produce biogas, but there are at least an additional 11,000 sites that could support biogas systems.

Although 2015 was a relatively good year for biogas, clearly there is more that we can and should be doing to fully take advantage of the resource potential.

Biogas generation saw explosive growth in 2015 under the federal renewable fuel standard (RFS). In July 2014, the EPA revised program rules to allow biogas generation from wastewater treatment facilities, landfills and agricultural producers to qualify as cellulosic fuel when raw biogas is cleaned and upgraded for use as a transportation fuel. From January to November, over 112 million gallons of cellulosic fuel were reported to the EPA, and 98 percent of the gallons were from renewable compressed and liquefied natural gas.

The transportation fuel market offers an attractive biogas utilization pathway for producers. Under the RFS, program producers can sell biogas-based fuel credits for a premium窶馬orth of $1 per gallon. Eligible biogas producers are also able to stack RFS renewable fuel credits with compliance credits under the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard program. From the first quarter of 2011 through the third quarter of 2015, biogas credits used for compliance under the LCFS program have increased to nearly 10 percent of all LCFS credits. In 2016, I expect that we will continue to see growth in the use of biogas as a transportation fuel. As a renewable, lowcarbon option, biogas will complement state and local strategies aimed at transitioning heavy-duty vehicle fleets to natural gas or electrification.

The biogas industry has made steady progress in the past several years. The industry reached a turning point in 2015, and I am willing to bet that 2016 will be an even better year for biogas projects across the country.

Author: Amanda Bilek Government Affairs Manager, Great Plains Institute abilek@gpisd.net 612-278-7118

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 27

PHOTO: NOBLEHURST GREEN ENERGY

Managing Biogas Storage and Retrieval The volume of a facility's stored biogas varies constantly and requires managing.

BY BRUCE SMITH

28 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

S

tored biogas shouldn’t be treated as a static inventory only to be used during temporary upset conditions. Successful management begins with proper sizing of the gas holder, and continues with controlling process options to maintain an appropriate inventory in the gas holder. This article is written from the perspective of maintaining a near-atmospheric pressure biogas inventory while operating an anaerobic digester to produce methane-rich biogas to fuel combined-heat-andpower (CHP) generator systems or to fuel boilers. Many of the principles discussed can be applied to other biogas systems as well.

Gas Holder Basics

The purposes of a gas holder are to provide biogas storage to offset temporary imbalances between gas production and gas use, and to establish a biogas reserve. Since they have flexible walls, gas holders operate within a range of volumes, rather than a fixed volume. When gas is being produced in a biodigester faster than it is being consumed, excess can accumulate in the gas holder. When gas is being consumed faster than it is being produced, stored gas can be drawn out of the holder to supplement production and satisfy the biogas consumer. In this

manner, the gas holder becomes a buffer for short-term process imbalances.

Walls of a typical gas holder are flexible in the sense that they can distort so that the containment volume will match the volume of biogas inside, with little change in internal pressure.

Gas holder membranes collapse when emptying and inflate when filling, similar to a balloon, except the membranes do not stretch and internal pressure does not vary significantly. These design principles are important. Remote, bladder-style holders consist entirely of membrane material, all of which flexes with changing inventory. This style can either be protected by a rigid shell or be installed without a shell. Integral gas holders consist of flexible membranes sealed to a rigid open-top vessel. Only the membrane is allowed to deform in these designs; the rigid vessel can be used to contain digestate. These two configurations are common;other styles exist.

To fulfill their purpose, remote gas holders are connected to the pipeline between the vapor space of the biodigester and the biogas consumers. Typically, a simple pipeline tee is used to permit biogas to flow to or from the gas holder to best balance supply and demand cycles of the biogas system.

CONTRIBUTION: The claims and statements made in this article belong exclusively to the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Biomass Magazine or its advertisers. All questions pertaining to this article should be directed to the author(s).

BIOGASÂŚ Sizing Considerations

The volume of a gas holder has practical limits related to gas supply-and-demand variations, as well as economics. The minimum volume contained in a gas holder needs to address a situation when biogas production drops drastically. At such times, the operator will need to initiate process control measures either manually or automatically. These measures can include reducing consumption of selected gas users, stopping gas users, diverting to backup fuel sources, or other options. Then, the minimum gas holder is whatever volume is required to give the operator enough time to execute deliberate, controlled process changes in response to the situation.

Typically, this reserve volume will be equivalent to one or several hours of biogas consumption.

Generous time allowances translate to larger volumes, larger space requirements, and larger capital costs, so economics will influence this sizing factor. Well planned system controls should alleviate the operator from needing excessive reserve volumes. If the minimum volume selected is too small, the operator will be faced with frequent process upsets that might otherwise have been avoided.

Maximum gas holder volume relates to imbalances in gas production compared to gas consumption. As long as the feed stream and digester conditions do not change, biodigesters produce a relatively constant flow of biogas. Daily rates may vary several percent, but the average rate can be relatively constant on an annual basis.

In some systems, gas usage is fairly constant on a daily basis. Rarely, though, does gas generation exactly match gas use. Some imbalance can be buffered by modulating fuel systems at the user.

Much of the imbalance is allowed to be absorbed at the gas holder. As stated earlier, the gas holder will inflate when supply exceeds demand and deflate when supply lags demand. All of this variation needs to occur above the minimum volume required for a controlled shutdown. For instance, if a selected digester system requires an emergency backup volume of 2,000 cubic feet, and the annual supply/demand imbalance can reach up to 400 cubic feet, then the operating range of the gas holder should be 2,000 to 2,400 cubic feet. Allowing a safety factor to prevent frequent gas holder overpressure situations, the total gas holder volume for this system might be specified to be 2,800 to 3,000 cubic feet.

Biodigesters utilizing a boiler (biogas-fired heater for heat transfer fluid) for process heating can exhibit some of the more extreme gas holder volume swings. Process heating can include using heat transfer fluid from the boiler to heat the digester, reception tank, digester feed streams, building spaces, hot water supplies and other systems.

Additional Considerations

If process heating is supplied exclusively from a CHP unit, cyclic daily heat demand often needs to be accounted for in the design of heat transfer systems, rather than planning to modulate consumption at the CHP unit. CHP units can vary heat output, but this results in varying output of electrical power. Frequent radical changes in CHP power output are usually undesirable.

Gas consumption can change along with annual seasonal changes. For instance, digesters in cold climates require more heat during winter months. If a boiler is the primary heat source, it will require more biogas fuel in winter. With more fuel directed to the boiler, other biogas users will need to be operated at lower capacity or shut down. If a CHP system is the primary heat source, the system will need to maximize heat output. If there are other types of systems consuming biogas and reserve capacity in the CHP system, the other operations may need to be scaled back or shut down to increase output from the CHP units. If the CHP system is the sole biogas consumer, heat that would otherwise be used elsewhere in warmer months will need to be redirected to keep the digester warm. These changes need to be managed to prevent the gas holder inventory from emptying or overfilling.

Note that fuel-to-heat conversion is in the range of 80 percent in boilers and 35 to 40 percent for CHP units. Therefore, increasing boiler fuel supplies by a given volumetric flow yields about twice the heat output increase than an equal increase to CHP units. These relationships are important to consider when sizing the gas holder.

A flare can be used to help manage biogas supplies when the gas holder is nearly full and biogas production exceeds consumption. In these cases, biogas can automatically be burned in an approved flare. This prevents release of methane into the atmosphere.

If biogas is allowed to overfill the gas holder, the excess gas vents to the atmosphere through a pressure relief vent equipped with a flame or detonation arrestor. This is done for safety purposes. An owner should minimize the volume of excess biogas that is allowed to vent from a gas holder for both economic and environmental reasons. A biogas discharge limit may be stipulated in air emission permit documents.

If the gas holder inventory drops to near zero and there is a risk of rupturing a membrane or tank, a vacuum relief vent may need to be installed on the gas holder. Such a provision would permit air to enter the gas holder and create a potentially hazardous atmosphere inside the holder and other parts of the biodigester system, so the installation should be done with appropriate fire protection measures.

Design of a remote gas holder needs to account for condensate dropping out of the biogas during storage. The relative humidity of biogas leaving the digester is saturated with water vapor at 100 percent relative humidity. Unless the gas is dried, the relative humidity remains at 100 percent until it is used. In almost all cases, the temperature of biogas is lower in transfer piping and gas holder than in the digester. Absolute humidity of saturated biogas is lower at cooler temperature than at elevated temperatures. The net effect is that moisture condenses and flows as a liquid to the nearest low point in the gas system. The gas holder should not be the low point in the biogas system. Instead, piping connected to the gas holder is typically connected at the bottom of the gas holder and is sloped to permit condensate to drain to a system condensate collection point.

When digester feed streams or conditions are altered, biogas output can increase or decrease enough to warrant process changes.

Modeling and Controls

Biogas holder size and gas management options can be predicted by simulating operations using a mathematical model of the facility. To do this, one can input operational characteristics into a model developed for the specific process cycles unique to the plant. Important characteristics include, but are not limited to: biogas production and methane content; summer and winter heating requirements; boiler burner size and turndown limits; CHP heat recovery characteristics; fuel consumption and turndown limits of CHP generators; and schedule of operating cycles. This does not require proprietary software; common spreadsheet software is adequate.

Once all of the data is entered, charts can be used to represent how biogas inventory is affected by process changes. Information gleaned from this type of modeling may lead to digester process design changes.

It is important to keep track of the volume contained in a gas holder. Clearly, corrective measures need to be taken when level instruments indicate that inventory approaches high or low limits. Additionally, level indicators can display gradual upward or downward volume trends.

Some of these types of changes can be predicted by modeling prior to startup.

Author: Bruce R. Smith Project Manager, Sidock Group 231-722-4900 bsmith@sidockgroup.com

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 29

AdvancedBiofuelsNews Final RFS standards

2014 2015 2016 Percent standard Million gallons Percent standard Million gallons Percent standard Million gallons Cellulosic biofuel Biomass-based diesel Advanced biofuel Renewable fuel

0.019%

33

0.069%

123

0.128%

230

1.41%

1.63

1.49%

1.73

1.59%

1.90

1.51%

2.67

1.62%

2.88

2.01%

3.61

9.19%

16.28

9.52%

16.93

10.10%

18.11

SOURCE: U.S. EPA

EPA finalizes 2014-'16 RFS standards On Nov. 30, the U.S. EPA released its longanticipated final rule setting the 2014, 2015 and 2016 renewable volume requirements (RVOs) under the renewable fuel standard (RFS), along with the 2017 RVO for biomass-based diesel.

While the rulemaking increases volume requirements above levels proposed in May and takes a small step in overcoming the E10 blend wall in 2016, the RVOs fall below statutory levels.

Renewable fuel associations expressed mixed reactions to the rule. While the rule makes progress in piercing the blend wall, many expressed concern with the EPA’s methodology, which continues to cite distribution issues as reason to reduce RVOs from statutory levels.

Green Biologics begins construction on Minnesota project U.K.-based renewable chemical producer Green Biologics Ltd. is moving forward with the retrofit of a former corn ethanol plant in Little Falls, Minnesota. The company is converting the former 21 MMgy Central MN Ethanol Cooperative corn ethanol plant to produce biobased nbutanol and acetone.

The facility was acquired by Green Biologics in December 2014 and renamed Central MN Renewables. Permitting was completed in late August 2015 and the construction began on Sept. 1, 2015. According to the company, production of biobased chemicals is scheduled to commence this year.

“The commencement of this construction project marks a significant milestone in our commitment to becoming a world class renewable specialty chemicals company,” said Sean Sutcliffe, chief executive of Green Biologics.

30 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

ADVANCED BIOFUELS AND CHEMICALS¦

Fortune Smiles on Industry, Better Late Than Never

BY MICHAEL MCADAMS

A Christmas miracle! Those are probably the best words I can use to describe the end of 2015. Don’t get me wrong, last year was an extremely difficult year for the advanced biofuels industry. Policy uncertainty continued to plague the sector, outdated regulations created unnecessary barriers to entry, and record-low commodity prices contributed to lack luster investment.

However, just when it all looked lost, a miracle happened: Our government started working.

First, the U.S. EPA finalized the renewable volume obligations (RVO) for 2014, 2015 and 2016. Granted, it was a little late, but better late than never. The program is now back on track, and we hope EPA will keep it that way. Unfortunately, EPA might not have ultimate control of that as Big Oil and Big Corn take their fight to the courts—stakeholders are expected to file their lawsuits on or around Feb 12. The Oil vs. Corn battle may once again paralyze the program and hinder the growth of the advanced biofuel industry.

Second, we have both retroactive and forwardfacing tax credits. For the first time in years, Congress injected some certainty into the market by extending expired tax provision for 2015 and 2016. The Advanced Biofuels Association was proud to help secure this tax extenders package, which included the extension of the current blenders credit. This provision will continue to protect all of the small producers, users of biodiesel and renewable diesel and their distributors. Working with a large coalition of stakeholders, we protected the extension of the blenders credit to help small producers grow and deliver cleaner fuels to American consumers. This tax victory, as EPA is well aware, also enables the advanced biofuels sector to continue to achieve the 2016 RVO targets and seek higher levels in the future.

Finally, EPA announced its final regulatory agenda for 2016. In it, for the first time, is a new proposed regulation to help resolve some of the regulatory barriers to entry for the industry. This regulation, the Renewables Enhancement and Growth Support Rule, is slated to be introduced in April and proposes various changes to the renewable fuel standard program (RFS). Although we’ll need to wait to see what this rule ultimately will be, we’re hopeful it can provide a much-needed intermediate feedstock fix and remove other barriers to the production and use of renewable fuels.

Given the ups and downs of 2015, the advanced biofuels industry ended with hope on the horizon for much needed stability in 2016. The ABFA looks forward to continue working with the administration to expedite pathways and improve the overall RFS program. Furthermore, ABFA looks forward to continue working with Congress to reform and strengthen the RFS program. While Congress is only in town for 111 days this year—it is an election year, after all—the lifting of the oil embargo last year may move RFS reform toward the front of the agenda.

Finally, with a looming fight between corn and oil and potential legislative challenges ahead, our industry must remain vigilant to avoid becoming collateral damage due to others’ agendas, and to capitalize on the certainty provided by having secured tax credits and RVO targets for the year ahead. Cheers to a glass half full.

Author: Michael McAdams President, Advanced Biofuels Association www.advancedbiofuelsassociation.com Michael.mcadams@hklaw.com

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 31

¦ADVANCED BIOFUELS AND CHEMICALS

FIGURE ONE.

SOURCE: RAJDEEP GOLECHA

Biomass Supply Chain Trade-Offs: Basis for Successful Bioenergy Businesses Feedstock sourcing is a critical aspect in the development of cellulosic biofuel businesses.

BY RAJDEEP GOLECHA

E

mphasis toward greenhouse gas reduction and massive availability of agriculture and forest residue has led to an increased interest in converting biomass into second-generation cellulosic biofuel or power. The U.S. alone could produce over 1 billion tons of biomass for bioenergy.

The U.S. EPA has a set a target of 16 billion gallons per year of cellulosic biofuel by 2022. A few commercial-scale cellulosic biofuel plants have been commissioned, and a few are under development. However, the industry is running significantly behind targets, and further reduction in cellulosic biofuel production cost is necessary.

Advancements in fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis have reduced cellulosic

biofuel conversion cost (biomass at factory gate to biofuel) by severalfold. Currently, conversion cost is less than 30 percent of the production cost of cellulosic biofuel, while more than 60 percent of the cost is associated with biomass supply. This involves harvesting, biomass collection, transportation, and management of biomass supply buffers. Despite biomass supply cost having a significant impact, there have been limited advancements in past 10 years. To bring significant reductions in cellulosic biofuel production costs, increased focus toward biomass supply chain is needed.

While biomass from agriculture or forest residue could be free, the characteristics of this biomass—low energy density and the inability to store the biomass long-term—

lead to 60 percent of cellulosic biofuel production cost. Biomass transportation, collection and handling are major components of the cost. Removal of agriculture residue sometimes leads to increased fertilizer use, adding to nutrition replacement cost of biomass. Farmers expect an economic incentive to either remove agriculture reside, or convert acreage into perennial crops.

Additionally, recent studies have found that biomass supply based on agriculture waste has 20 to 30 percent year-to-year regional supply variations. Economically importing biomass over long distance is not possible. Therefore, if supply variations are left unmitigated, they lead to massive biomass supply shocks to the biorefinery. This exposes both the biorefinery and farmer to

CONTRIBUTION: The claims and statements made in this article belong exclusively to the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Biomass Magazine or its advertisers. All questions pertaining to this article should be directed to the author(s).

32 BIOMASS MAGAZINE | FEBRUARY 2016

ADVANCED BIOFUELS AND CHEMICALSÂŚ significant financial risk. To put this in perspective, a 30 million-gallon biorefinery will require about a half million tons of biomass.

With average biomass cost ranging from $60 to $100, a 10 percent higher biomass cost, due to lack of optimization, would lead to $5 million per year of additional costs, or increased production cost of cellulosic biofuel by 15 to 20 cents per gallon. To reduce biomass supply chain costs and mitigate supply risk, a holistic understanding of supply chain and trade-offs is required.

Supply Chain Risks and Trade-Offs

While mismanagement of each variable could lead to massive impacts on biorefinery operations, it is important to understand the impact of each variable on risks and tradeoffs. Below, the impact of different variables on (a) exposure due to supply shocks, as well as the (b) proportion of biomass cost is qualitatively discussed. While biomass supply shocks are one-off events, their impact on business financials could be massive. In Figure 1, based on (a) and (b), the size of the bubble defines the importance of the variable to biomass supply chain management.

Market structure selection and contracting strategy: Market structure and contracting strategy defines the strategy to source biomass. The U.S. does not have a spot market for biomass, however, as the industry matures, regional spot markets are possible. Recent studies by Golecha and Gan, published in international journal Renewable and Sustainability Energy Reviews, have found that due to large variations in biomass supply and current limitations with long-distance biomass transport, fixed-price, quantity-inflexible-type, long-term biomass supply contracts under a derisked market structure are optimal. Spot market pricing structure would expose biorefineries to massive price variations. Study has found that setting up optimal contracting structures can reduce biomass cost by $5 to $10 per ton, and significantly reduce risks for both the biorefinery and biomass supplier.

Biomass transport cost: Due to the low energy density of biomass, transport cost is 15 to 30 percent of biomass cost. Change in availability of biomass impacts the area of

supply, and as a result, transport distance of biomass. While the study by Golecha et al found that resultant variations in transport cost are less than the variations in biomass supply itself, optimal selection of biorefinery and evaluating trade-offs between biomass transport cost and incentives offered to biomass suppliers to improve their participation is important.

Alternative feedstock supply: Studies by Golecha and Gan have found that diversification and portfolio are important ways to mitigate biomass supply risks. Availability of alternative feedstock allows a biorefinery to diversify biomass such as corn stover, switchgrass, and wheat stover, instead of relying on a single source of biomass. Using a portfolio approach, biorefineries can significantly mitigate supply risks. Studies show that diversifying feedstock portfolio by combining multiple feedstocks could reduce biomass supply risk by as much as 40 percent. Unavailability of alternative feedstock could be a significant risk, and biorefineries should consider this in making investment decisions.

Incentives offered for biomass: Availability of biomass, i.e., farmer participation and incentives offered, are found to have a relationship. Increased participation of farmers can reduce transport cost by reducing the supply area. Incentives are linked with the market structure. Under a fixedprice, long-term market structure, incentives do not impact supply shocks, however, under a free market structure, biomass incentives could vary vastly, exposing both biorefineries and farmers to massive variations. Recent studies by Golecha and Gan provide strategies to identify optimal incentive structure. It is found that a $2- to $3-per-ton deviation from the optimal incentive could result in a $5 to $10 per ton increase in overall biomass cost.

Biomass collection and handling, storage: Variations in biomass collection and handling, and storage costs are considered to be small. However, they are 40 to 60 percent of biomass costs. In the event of biomass supply shocks, storage can play an important role in trying to mitigate risk.

Trade-Offs exist

Limitations with long-distance transport and long-term storage of biomass, combined with large variations in annual biomass supply, are major complexities in development of biomass supply chains. While these challenges cannot be completely eliminated, strategies are needed to mitigate their impact for sustainable development of bioenergy industry.

In developing biomass supply strategies, managers need to consider trade-offs between biomass price (incentives offered to suppliers), biomass transport cost, alternative feedstock availability, variation in primary feedstock availability, and biorefinery loss in the event of a supply deficit. Optimizing these variables independently, without considering the intricate relationship, will lead to higher biomass cost and expose both biorefineries and biomass suppliers to supply and price risks.

Managers also need to consider the trade-off between biomass cost and biomass supply variation (risk). Recent studies by Golecha et al have found that the operating framework that leads to the lowest biomass cost is not necessarily the point of lowest supply variability. Therefore, in developing a biomass supply strategy, managers should make composite decisions considering the impact of choices on biomass cost, the company’s risk tolerance, and impact of supply risk. Evaluating trade-offs between biomass cost over risk is a nice way to derive an ideal operating framework.

Biomass supply chains are a critical aspect in the development of cellulosic biofuel business, and in most cases, are the primary decision driver for investments and location selection. Therefore, it is important that biomass supply strategy be developed composite with the company’s strategy.

Author: Rajdeep Golecha Bioenergy and energy expert 517-755-7880 rajdeep.golecha@gmail.com

FEBRUARY 2016 | BIOMASS MAGAZINE 33

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