June 2013— Issue 1
Ticking b mbs
To apply or not to apply? XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Ticks can spread anaplasmosis PAGE 10
PAGE 12
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JAMES THOMPSON STRESSED OUT
JAMES THOMPSON ANOTHER CHALLENGE
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JAMES THOMPSON DANGER IN SUMMER
JAMES THOMPSON BALING OUT
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Straightyour Guard fromcattle the horse's against mouth. the summer heat.
Straight from Pneumonia can thekill horse's calvesmouth. born in hot weather.
Straight from the horse's mouth.
Straight Hay can from be anthe alternative horse's mouth. for damaged wheat.
The Land & Livestock Post June 2013— Issue 1
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From the General Manager Guard against heat stress in cattle
T
By DonalD StottS Oklahoma State University
Old Man Winter held on longer than usual this year, but now summertime temperatures are taking hold, providing ample reason for cattle producers to guard against heat stress in their herds. Brian Freking, Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Southeast District livestock specialist, said understanding and avoiding heat stress in cattle can be a valuable management tool. “Cattle have an upper critical temperature that is approximately 20 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than humans,” he said. “When we’re uncomfortable at 80 degrees and feel hot at 90 degrees, cattle may well be in the danger zone for extreme heat stress.” The potentially bad news does not end there. Humidity is an additional stress that intensifies ambient temperature problems by making body heat dissipation more difficult. In
other words, it can be tough to cool off during the summer, for people and cattle. High humidity contributes to the likelihood of heat stroke or prostration because water evaporation from the oral and nasal cavities is decreased, in spite of rapid panting, a heat regulatory device in cattle. “Since cattle sweat very little, the primary mechanism they have to remove internal heat is Photo courtesy of www.ars.usda.gov by breathing the warm air out Temperatures 80 degrees F and higher can cause heat stress in See HEAT, Page 8 cattle.
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June 2013— Issue 1
ticks, just crawling around. I can barely type because my skin is crawling just thinking about it. So, I think I’ve paid my due and should not have to dig on line for pictures of the little blood suckers. Our cover story is on bovine anaplasmosis, which can be transmitted by, you guessed it, ticks. I apologize for leaving you to visualize what a tick looks like without providing a graphic to accompany the story, but hopefully you will still get the point. We have several other stories that hopefully are heebiejeebie free and that may help you as we head into summer. Hope you enjoy it, and thanks for reading. ’Til next time,
here are only a few things in this world that give me, for lack of a better word, the heebie-jeebies. Ticks are one of these things. While preparing this issue, I scoured the Internet looking for a good picture of a tick. There are no “good” pictures of ticks. After looking for a few min- JESSE WRIGHT utes, it felt like my skin was crawling, and I gave up. You will notice there are no tick pictures in this issue — at least none from me!. When I was much younger, my brother and I had a baby sitter who had a roommate who worked at the Tick Lab at Texas A&M. We had to visit that lab on several occasions, and that may have been the start of my aversion. There were aquariums full of live
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The Land & Livestock Post June 2013— Issue 1
Commentary
Putting an end to joking about a serious subject
W
hen I’m asked where I get ideas for this column, I explain that in my travels among the agricultural masses, everyone has a story to tell — and they tell me! Almost always they include getting bucked off, run over or humiliated in some form by large domestic mammals. There are some subjects, however, that are just not suitable for a column with such integrity, like mine. Even if I intend to be educational I am somehow lead to the whacko side — like Martin and his colonoscopy saga. I admit I could write a serious column about the necessity of 50-year-olds to include this exam on their bucket list — whoops. See what I mean? I’m already speaking in the double entendre: bucket list, chamber pot, honey wagon. It would also be acceptable
for me to discuss the procedure using proper medical terminology with words such as preparation, fasting, administration, evacuation, but I begin to drift into wind velocity, high tide, flood warning, and the Seismic scale which make me sound more like a first responder than a seri- BAXTER BLACK ous medical On the Edge of person. Common Sense Martin’s version is more colorful, probably TMI — too much information, for our serious readers. For instance, he warns about scheduling the fasting stage over the holiday and not being able to eat Mom’s turkey or pumpkin pie or drink her eggnog. She would be worried
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grievously about his health because he has always been known for his cast iron stomach, able to eat road kill, metal bottle caps and his brother s science project growing in the refrigerator. He also cautioned me against overdosing. I could best translate his admonition as “a little bit goes a long way.” The distance to the doctor’s office also is critical. As Martin described the two-hour trip from Bruneau to Homedale, it was like a leaky boat racing to shore and having to make frequent stops to lighten the load. But, in the end — pardon me — Martin got a clean bill of health and he thought by sharing his story with our readers he could benefit us all. But, see, it just keeps on punning. His attempt to make humor about a serious subject isn’t always proper, especially in my column. There are just
too many temptations to use questionable analogies such as preg checking, bull’s eye, slicker than a whistle, sighting in, Roto Rooter, the long run, a tapeworm’s eye view, a snake charmer, an emissions check, Hazmat suit, shrapnel protection Sorry, Martin, as you can see I have a responsibility to my readers. Call me when you want to talk about something
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June 2013— Issue 1
Superior Livestock Auction sold Special to The Post
National Livestock Credit has announced the purchase of Superior Livestock Auction, Inc. National Livestock and cattlemen from several states have formed a limited partnership to acquire Superior National Livestock Credit, part of a family of livestock service companies formed in 1932 to improve the ability of producers to market and finance livestock. The company has corporate headquarters in the Oklahoma
National Stockyards in Oklahoma City, Okla. Superior Livestock Auction Inc. was founded in 1987 and introduced satellite video marketing to the nation’s cattle industry. Superior markets more than 1 million head of cattle annually. Superior Livestock Auction Inc. has offices located in Brush, Colo., and Fort Worth, with its auction facilities and Superior Productions’ offices located in the Fort Worth Stockyards National Historic District.
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June 2013— Issue 1
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deficiencies. How can you apply the above recommendations to your herd? To start with, calves born during the extremely hot months of June, July and August in the Brazos Valley do not do well. Calves born in hot weather do not absorb antibodies from the colostrum they suckle as well as calves born in moderate weather. This makes them more susceptible to infectious diseases such as pneumonia or calf scours. On scorching July or August days, these risk factors can come together to overwhelm a little calf born in June, especially if other risk factors such as trace mineral deficiencies or uncontrolled stomach worm infections that reduce the strength of the immune system of calves are present on the ranch. Copper and selenium are two trace minerals
needed by the immune system that are below necessary concentrations in some forages of central and east Texas. Limited research has shown that vaccination of dairy cows against viruses or bacteria that cause pneumonia results in increased resistance against pneumonia in their calves. This also should happen in beef calves although it was not found in calves of vaccinated dams in the above discussed epidemiologic study. There must be successful production of colostrum by the dam and consumption of an adequate volume of colostrum within hours of birth by the calf for this to work.
Bottom Line
The first step in preventing summer pneumonia in beef calves is not to have any calves born in June, July or August. The second step is to
do all you can to enhance the immune status of the calves. Prevent difficult births. Calves that need pulling often have inadequate absorption of antibodies from colostrum. Make sure the dams are in good body condition. They will produce abundant amounts of colostrum. Cull cows with poor udders: pendulous teats or mastitis. Calves can’t nurse colostrum from pendulous teats and cows with mastitis produce less colostrum. Vaccinate your cows against the viruses and bacteria associated with pneumonia. The viruses that are associated with pneumonia also cause infertility and abortions. Reproductive performance may improve following vaccination of cows against the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine virus diarrhea (BVD),
June 2013— Issue 1
The study added to our body of knowledge on calf pneumonia but was inconclusive. The authors’ main recommendation was that more research is needed. In the discussion portion of the report, the authors present many reasons why some of their concluDr. STEVE sions probably WIKSE were wrong, the opposite of previously published research. Conclusions that do not agree with earlier studies probably were not what really happens out on the ranch include that feeding antibiotics increased pneumonia and that purebred cattle have less pneumonia than crossbred cattle. Remember hybrid vigor? Although I am a believer in epidemiologic studies, I know that collection of data by questionnaires is not as valid as collecting data during periodic visits to ranches. Thankfully, another fairly recent publication is of help to you. In the July 2010 Veterinary Clinics of North America, an article was published titled “Prevention of respiratory disease in cow/ calf operations.” The author recommends avoiding seven main risk factors that increase pneumonia in nursing beef calves: inadequate amount of antibody from colostrum, difficult birth, bringing outside cattle into the herd, environmental extremes of heat or cold, sudden change in diet, exposure to viruses and bacteria associated with pneumonia, and trace mineral
uestion: I sometimes have trouble with pneumonia in my nursing calves in the summer. Is there any new research on the causes of this problem that would help me prevent it? Answer: Good question, because summer pneumonia time is here. A recent research report is out on your problem: “Management practices associated with the rate of respiratory tract disease among preweaned beef calves in cowcalf operations in the United Sates.” Eight authors published the extensive epidemiologic study of pneumonia of beef calves in the latest issue of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. It involved statistical analysis of answers to two questionnaires by 443 beef producers in 24 states. The questionnaires were administered face to face by trained persons 15 months apart. Questionnaire 1 contained 110 questions on beef herd management practices while questionnaire 2 contained 51 questions on animal health outcomes. Detailed statistical analyses of 86 management practices revealed six management practices that increased or decreased pneumonia. These were feeding antibiotics to calves to prevent pneumonia (increased), introducing bred heifers into the ranch (decreased), introducing weaned steers into the herd (increased), number of visits by outsiders per month (confusing effect depending on number of visits), more breed crosses in cows (increased) and operation as a primary source of income (increased).
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Ask the Vet How to prevent summer pneumonia in nursing calves
See WIKSE, Page 12
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The Land & Livestock Post June 2013— Issue 1
News Heat, from Page 3 of their body, which is accomplished much more efficiently in low humidity environments,” Freking said. Signs of heat stress include slobbering, heavy panting, open mouth breathing and lack of coordination. Severe cases may include depression and trembling that require some type of low stress intervention. “If water is applied to cattle for cooling, it is important that a large droplet size be applied,” Freking said. “Misting water does not reach the hide and only adds humidity to the breathing environment.” Fortunately, overheating in cattle can be prevented under
most management conditions. Allowing cattle access to cool water and mineral supplements is a must during hot summertime weather. “If possible, producers should increase the number of watering locations in a pasture utilizing temporary troughs or tubs,” said Nathan Anderson, Payne County, Okla., Extension director and agricultural educator. “Cattle tend to bunch up around watering areas, which will reduce air flow and increase heat stress.” Extra watering troughs or tubs will scatter the cattle over a larger area and into smaller groups. Also, be aware that water consumption will increase by more than 50 percent when
temperatures are at or above 90 degrees Fahrenheit. “Check water sources frequently and have a back-up plan in place to ensure water availability for each pasture,” Anderson said. “Producers should also be aware that lower water levels in farm ponds can have higher concentrations of pollutants — thus greatly diminishing water quality — so alternative water sources may be needed.” Access to shade and air circulation should be provided, if possible. If natural shade is not available, producers should construct suitable structures. “Ideally, the shade material would be mounted on a frame with the material at least 10 feet in the air and open on all sides,” Anderson said. “Air flow is critical to provide maximum cattle cooling and comfort.” If the unit is portable, producers can move the structure to reduce the “mud-hole effect.” “For cattle in a confinement lot, light-colored bedding is cooler to lie on than bare, dark soil,” Freking said. “Also, feeding confinement cattle later in the day allows the heat produced by rumen function to be
dispersed at night when it is cooler.” Anderson added that it is a good idea to work cattle before 8 a.m. during hot weather, and all cattle work should be completed by 10 a.m. “While it may seem to make sense to work cattle after sundown, they may need at least six hours of night cooling before enough heat is dissipated to enable them to cool down from an extremely hot day,” he said. Cattle that must be handled during hot weather should spend less than 30 minutes in the working facility, according to Oklahoma State University recommendations. Drylot pens and corrals loaded with cattle will have little if any air circulation. “Cattle will gain heat constantly when in these areas,” Anderson said. “By limiting the cattle’s time in a working facility, the producer can help limit the animal’s heat gain and therefore the heat stress.” Again, the most basic rule is to make every effort to provide cattle access to cool, fresh water, especially for animals that are in close, confined areas for any length of time.
“During hot weather, cattle will drink more than 1 percent of their body weight per hour,” Anderson said. “Producers need to be certain that water supply lines are capable of keeping up with demand when working cattle during hot weather.” Excitable cattle will be even more prone to heat stress if handled at high environmental temperatures. ”If animals are going to have limited access to water under stressful conditions such as shipping by truck or trailer, they should be allowed water prior to further stressful situations,” Anderson said. Anderson and Freking point out that it is fortunate most cattle handling for health and production purposes typically occurs in the relatively cooler weather of spring and fall, resulting in a reduced need for cattle handling in the heat of summer. “Drought conditions may increase the incidence of handling cattle in summer,” Freking said. “These drought-affected producers need to be extra vigilant that their livestock does not suffer heat stress.”
Questions About Cattle Health?
www.ars.usda.gov Humidity index (THI) is a heat index threshold suited to dairy cattle.
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poor condition, followed by Colorado at 76 percent, Nebraska at 70 percent, Kansas at 67 percent, South Dakota at 58 percent, Wyoming at 55 percent, Montana at 54 percent and Texas at 53 percent. “Too much winter was just too much for some producers given their forage limitations, and has contributed to unexpected beef cow liquidation this
57 percent in poor to very poor condition, followed by the Southern Plains at 47 percent and the Western region at 37 percent. “Pasture and range conditions in several individual states are actually worse than suggested by the regional averages,” Peel said. “Lingering cold weather and snow cover in many areas are the reason.” In New Mexico, 91 percent of the ranges are in poor to very
June 2013— Issue 1
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South Dakota and south to Kansas and Missouri has the lowest May 1 hay stocks compared to the 10-year average from 2003 to 2012. Hay stocks for May 1, 2013, declined sharply from the average in these states, including: Illinois, down 52 percent; Indiana, down 44 percent; Iowa, down 62 percent; Kansas, down 58 percent; Missouri, down 53 percent; Nebraska, down 45 percent; and South Dakota, down 54 percent. The May Crop Progress report also contained the first spring estimates of range and pasture conditions. “Many areas are beginning the growing season with significantly worse pasture and range conditions than last year,” Peel said. “For the entire country, 36 percent of all pasture and ranges are in poor to very poor condition, or twice as much compared to the same time last year.” Regionally, the Great Plains region rates out as worst, with
STILLWATER, Okla. — Early May provided the first look at forage conditions facing the beef cattle industry in 2013, and the news was not good. Moisture conditions have improved marginally, with 33 percent of the United States in categories D2 to D4 drought conditions, down from 40 percent three months ago but worse than last year, when 20 percent of the country was in D2 or worse drought in early May. “The drought is now confined mostly to the western half of the nation, across much of the Great Plains and Intermountain regions; unfortunately, this is an area that contains a large percentage of the country’s beef cows,” said Derrell Peel, Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension livestock marketing specialist. Peel said the United States’
long, cold winter has extended negative carryover drought effects with additional demands for hay and more pressure on stressed pastures and ranges. The May Crop Progress report contains the estimated hay stocks on farms as of May 1. The inventory of 14.2 million tons is the smallest since 2007 and smaller than any May 1 total in data back to 1973. Total hay stocks on May 1, 2013, for the United States are down 36 percent from the previous 10-year average. “Reduced hay production due to drought the past two years and the extended winter demands this spring have pulled hay stocks to extremely low levels,” Peel said. “Given current drought conditions and cold weather delays this spring, hay production is likely to be below normal again in 2013, thereby limiting the recovery of hay stocks this year.” The region from Ohio to
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Tick ... tick ... tick
June 2013— Issue 1
Cattle producers should educate themselves on bovine anaplasmosis when restocking herds
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By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
C
OLLEGE STATION — With cattle producers in parts of Texas restocking herds following drought, experts are urging ranchers to be mindful of bovine anaplasmosis, an infectious disease that can be transmitted among cattle by blood. “Due to sustained drought in Texas, many cattle operations have been downsized or depopulated,” said Tom Hairgrove, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service program coordinator for livestock and food systems in College Station. “With restocking beginning on some operations, carrier cattle from areas where infection is common could be problematic.” Hairgrove and Pete Teel, Texas A&M AgriLife Research entomologist at College Station, recently provided a briefing to faculty members in the department of animal science at Texas A&M University. Cattle can become infected with bovine anaplasmosis through transfer of red blood cells, Hairgrove said. “Horse flies and deer flies are mechanical carriers and the infected blood on their mouth parts is the only way they can spread the disease,” he said. “Contaminated ear tagging instruments, needles and surgical instruments used while working cattle can be a cause of transmission. Thoroughly clean instruments and change needles between cows.” Biological vectors such as ticks also can be carriers. Teel said two Dermacentor ticks — the winter tick and the American dog tick — may serve as both vectors and reservoirs to sustain the disease in Texas. “The winter tick attacks cattle and other large animals such as deer and horses from October to April,” Teel said. “They feed as larvae, nymphs and adult ticks on the same host, but may be groomed off as bloodfed-nymphs which molt to adults and then attach to another host. If the initial host is an infected cow, and the second is not, transmission of the anaplasma agent
Photo courtesy of University of Minnesota
Winter ticks can spread anaplasmosis in cattle, which in turn can cause anemia and other problems. Care must be taken when adding new cattle to an established herd to ensure the disease also isn’t being intorduced. may occur. “The American dog tick attacks a wide variety of animals and feeds separately on three hosts, one for larvae, nymphs and adults,” Teel said. “Small-, medium- and large-sized animals are included, often in a progressive fashion,” Teel said. “However, cattle are known to be attacked by nymphs, which fall off when blood-fed to become adult ticks. The adult ticks can then transmit the agent acquired as a nymph to a non-infected cow. Spring and summer are the primary seasons of activity for the American dog tick. Thus, ticks are a year-round
• See four stages of anaplasmosis, Page 11 • Cover photo by Blair Fannin, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service risk for transmission of the anaplasma agent.” For ranchers, the potential for the disease is greater when co-mingling non-infected cattle with those that carry the disease. Such an example is when ranchers introduce purchased cattle to those in an existing herd, the purchased cattle could be carriers. On the flip side, introducing non-carrier cattle into a carrier herd could also be
problematic,” Hairgrove said. Cattle that survive initial infection become lifetime carriers of the infection and are important to disease epidemiology. “Red blood cells have a 160-day lifespan and newly developed erythrocytes must be continually infected to maintain persistent infection,” Hairgrove said. “Although all ages of cattle can become infected, the disease is usually not apparent in animals less than a year of age. Disease is more prevalent in cattle more than three to four years
See TICKS, Page 12
A
The four stages of anaplasmosis in cattle
The incubation stage begins with the original infection with A. marginale and lasts until 1 percent of the animal’s red blood cells are infected. The average incubation stage ranges from 3 to 8 weeks, but wide variations have been documented. Most variation is directly related to the number of organisms introduced into the animal.
Developmental stage
During the developmental stage, which normally lasts from 4 to 9 days, most of the characteristic signs of anaplasmosis appear. Clinical signs begin to be expressed about halfway through this phase. As the infected animal’s body destroys the parasite, Red blood cells are destroyed as well. When a substantial loss of Red blood cells has occurred, the animal will show
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signs of clinical anemia. The body temperature will commonly rise to 104 degrees to 107 degrees F (40 degrees to 41 degrees C), and a rapid decrease in milk production will occur in lactating cows. Cattle producers first notice the anemic, anaplasmosis-infected animal when it becomes weak and lags behind the herd. It refuses to eat or drink water. The skin becomes pale around the eyes and on the muzzle, lips, and teats. Later, the animal may show constipation, excitement, rapid weight loss, and yellow-tinged skin. The animal may fall or lie down and be unable to rise. Affected cattle either die or begin a recovery one to four days after the first signs of the disease. As a general rule, unless infected cattle can be detected during the early developmental stage, they should not be treated. There are two pri-
mary reasons for this practice. First, if the animal is forced to move or becomes excited, it may die of anoxia (lack of oxygen in the animal’s system). Second, antibiotic treatments do little or nothing to affect the outcome of the disease when given during the late developmental or convalescent stage.
Convalescent Stage
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cal disease lose weight, abort calves, and recover slowly over a two- or three-month period. This is known as the convalescent stage, which lasts until normal blood values return. This stage is differentiated from the developmental stage by an increase in the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) in the peripheral blood, shown in an
June 2013— Issue 1
Incubation stage
After gaining entry into a susceptible animal, the anaplasma parasite slowly reproduces in the animal’s blood during the incubation phase. During this period the animal remains healthy and shows no signs of being infected. Finally, after the parasite has reproduced many times and established itself in the Red blood cells of the animal, the body attempts to destroy the parasite.
naplasmosis is an infectious disease of cattle that causes destruction of red blood cells. The disease is caused by a minute parasite, Anaplasma marginale, found in the red blood cells of infected cattle. It can be transmitted from infected animals to healthy animals by insects or by surgical instruments. Anaplasmosis can be divided into four stages: incubation, developmental, convalescent, and carrier.
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The Land & Livestock Post June 2013— Issue 1
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Ticks, from Page 10 of age.” There are preventive aids that ranchers can use. “Ranchers should use strict adherence to sanitation procedures when using needles, surgical instruments, ear taggers, etc.,” Hairgrove said. As an additional preventive measure, strategically feed Tetracycline during the vector season, he said. Beef producers can consult with their local
Wikse, from Page 7 parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses (BRSV). Offer your cattle a continual supply of a balanced mineral supplement that contains adequate concentrations of trace minerals. The details of disease control in beef herds are complex and must be tailored to each ranch. To ensure success, I recommend you have your
veterinarian for additional control measures. Overall, Hairgrove stressed there is not a widespread problem with the disease, but ranchers should become educated about bovine anaplasmosis. “We are not saying the sky is falling, but if you have cattle that are carriers and then you start co-mingling cattle with those that aren’t infected, that’s when you have problems,” Hairgrove said. veterinarian out to the ranch to discuss how to implement proper cow culling, nutrition, parasite control and vaccination programs that will eliminate the summer pneumonia problem, and improve the overall health and productivity of your herd.
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Unless adequately medicated, cattle that recover from anaplasmosis remain reservoirs (carriers) of the disease for the rest of their lives. During the carrier stage, an animal will not exhibit any clinical signs associated with the persistent low-level A. marginale infection. Nevertheless, the blood from these recovered animals will cause anaplasmosis if introduced into susceptible cattle. Carriers very rarely become ill with anaplasmosis a second time. Unidentified carriers in a herd are the most likely source of infection for future outbreaks of the disease.
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• Excerpts taken from “Anaplasmosis in Beef Cattle,” a publication of Texas A&M AgriLife Extension. later in the year.” Peel cautions the long-run effects on cattle markets may be troublesome. “Some heifers designated as potential replacements on Jan. 1 have likely already been diverted into feeder markets.”
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June 2013— Issue 1
Forage, from Page 9
Carrier Stage
increase in hemoglobin levels and high total white blood cell counts, among other characteristics. Death losses normally occur during the late developmental stage or early convalescent stage. Cattle of all ages may become infected with anaplasmosis, but the severity of illness increases with age. Calves under 6 months of age seldom show enough signs to indicate that they are infected. Cattle 6 months to 3 years of age become increasingly ill, and more deaths occur with advancing age. After 3 years of age, 30 to 50 percent of cattle with clinical anaplasmosis die if untreated.
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June 2013— Issue 1
The Land & Livestock Post
Baling hay can be an alternative for freeze-damaged wheat By Kay LedBetter Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
President - Crystal Dupré .....................................................Ext. 4613 Publisher and Editor- Kelly Brown.........................................Ext. 4656 Advertising Director - Ron Prince ........................................ Ext. 4740 Advertising Sales/General Manager - Jesse Wright ...............Ext. 4721 Financial Director - Rod Armstrong .......................................Ext. 4605 New Media Director - Mike Albin ..........................................Ext. 4663 Production Director - Mark Manning.....................................Ext. 4671 Circulation Director - Jack Perkins .......................................Ext. 4752
Published by Bryan-College Station Communications, Inc., P.O. Box 3000, Bryan,Texas 77805. E-mail: thepost@theeagle.com All offices are located at 1729 Briarcrest Drive Bryan,Texas 77802. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Eagle, P.O. Box 3000, Bryan,Texas 77805-3000 The Post is printed in part on recycled paper and is fully recyclable.
June 2013— Issue 1
Published by Bryan-College Station Communications, Inc. (979) 776-4444 or (800) 299-7355
Texas A&M AgriLife Communications photo
TexasA&MAgriLife Extension Service experts say farmers who are finding significant freeze damage to their wheat fields might consider haying the crop. mine how much forage tonnage except for wheat in the northern he or she can expect to get from Panhandle. The emergence of his or her damaged wheat crop, bearded heads greatly reduces and there’s no simple method to the feed-usability of the forage due to the awns. do that, the experts said. “How much hay could we “I don’t have a simple means to gauge the approximate ton- get off an acre — maybe a ton, nage of a wheat field or other which might be worth $125 up small-grain forage field,” Tros- to $180 a ton, depending on how the rest of the year goes,” Redtle said. “You eye it and estimate, mon said. “Versus, if they harthough it is an educated esti- vest 10 bushels of wheat, they would get $7 per bushel — so the mate.” Redmon said if it was a pas- hay harvest looks good.” Some of the questions to be ture, forage would be estimated by taking a 12-inch quadrant considered, Trostle said, are: and cut, dry and weigh the for- What are hay prices? Who pays age in that quadrant to extrapo- for haying? What are silage late pounds per acre. But with a prices? If silage price includes drilled crop, generally grown on a percent crude protein criteri7- to 8-inch rows, that measure- on, will the price be discounted ment has to be tweaked a little. heavily if percent crude protein “Estimating forage for crops is not met? Also, Trostle notes a hidden planted in rows requires adjustments for row spacing to arrive “cost” of forage production — at a reasonable estimate,” he one that wheat grain growers may not have factored in their said. Then the producer has to consideration — is the amount compare the tonnage of hay of nutrients moved off the field possible from an acre to the pos- in the forage. Depending on the sible wheat grain yield. Grazing wheat growth stage, it could freeze-damaged wheat, which is cost $30 to $50 to replace the most likely a bearded variety, at nitrogen and other nutrients this point is not a likely option, leaving the field in a ton of dry
pencil in determining which option works best for them.” Redmon said the more mature wheat that has started heading out may not be as high quality as the younger wheat, but it will still make hay that can be more valuable this year than others due to the continuing drought. “Once it starts to flower, wheat moves the nutrients from the leaves to the grain and out of the leaves. So around here, where grain is already developing, the crude protein on the hay would be around 8-10 percent,” Redmon said. “But if it hasn’t headed out, it would be closer to 12-14 percent. “That could be a valuable hay crop,” he said. “They can either store it or sell it to someone and make money on it.” For information on assessing wheat freeze injury as well as continuing crop updates, access wheatfreezeinjury.tamu.edu.
COLLEGE STATION — Baling or ensiling freeze-damaged wheat to take advantage of drought-induced higher forage prices might be the best option for some producers, said Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service experts. Producers would need to determine how much forage they have in the field, said Larry Redmon, AgriLife Extension state forage specialist in College Station, and compare the economics of harvesting for grain to harvesting for hay. “When it turns dry, people get desperate, and that hay can be worth quite a bit,” Redmon said. “Back in 2011 during the drought, the last round-bales of hay into Abilene were priced at $180 a bale. If the bales weighed 1,000 pounds, that’s $360 a ton. I would use current market prices to start figuring the crop’s potential as hay.” Calvin Trostle, AgriLife Extension agronomist in Lubbock, said there is no substitute for getting out and assessing a field to see how much damage is there and knowing what potential it has. “Yes, for many fields we know now or will soon know that they may not be worth carrying to grain,” Trostle said. “And how much grain is ‘worth it’ if we have to keep irrigating: 15 or 20 or 25 or 30 bushels per acre?” A producer will have to deter-
wheat hay. “Right now, haying yielddamaged wheat appears to be the best option,” said Steve Amosson, AgriLife Extension economist in Amarillo. “The drought has resulted in very good prices for wheat hay. Currently, these prices are running from $145-$175 per ton. “New crop wheat offers are about $7.15 per bushel, which is historically a good price, but by the time you adjust for harvest expenses for both hay and grain options, it appears that you will have to harvest approximately 20 bushels of wheat to get the equivalent net returns from harvesting a ton of wheat hay,” Amosson said. “In addition, you have the added risk of hail damage from waiting to harvest it for grain that you wouldn’t have from baling it now,” he said. “Of course, every situation is different, so producers need to use a sharp
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The Land & Livestock Post June 2013— Issue 1
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A&M Beef Cattle Short Course scheduled Aug. 5-7 By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
comprehensive beef cattle educational programs in the U.S., Cleere noted. The cattleman’s college portion provides participants with an opportunity to choose workshops based on their level of production experience and the needs of their ranch, Cleere said. “These concurrent workshops will feature information on introductory cattle production, retiring to ranching, man-
Registration is $160 per person and includes educational materials, a copy of the 600-page Beef Cattle Short Course proceedings, trade show admittance, admission to the prime rib dinner, lunches, breakfasts
and daily refreshments. Registration information and a tentative schedule will be mailed to previous participants in May, but can also be found on the short course website at http://beef.tamu.edu. Producers can also register by contacting Cleere’s office at 979-845-6931.
June 2013— Issue 1
Texas A&M AgriLIfe Extension Service photo by Blair Fannin The famousTexasAggie Prime Rib Dinner will be part of the 59th Texas A&M Beef Cattle Short Course activities.
seven pesticide continuing education units if they are already licensed, Cleere added. An industry trade show will be held during the event, featuring more than 110 agricultural businesses and service exhibits.
COLLEGE STATION — The 59th Texas A&M Beef Cattle Short Course is scheduled Aug. 5-7 at Texas A&M University in College Station. Weather outlook and a cattle market outlook are two of the featured topics to be discussed during the general session scheduled Aug. 5. “A lot of producers are wanting to know how long this current market cycle will last and how to go about herd expansion strategies in the future,” said Jason Cleere, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service beef cattle specialist in College Station and conference coordinator. “The long-term outlook is one of the many topics that will be featured in the 22 different cattleman’s college sessions at the short course.” The short course has become one of the largest and most
agement practices in the areas of forage, nutrition and reproduction, record keeping, genetics, purebred cattle, landowner issues and much more,” he said. In addition to classroom instruction, participants can attend one of the popular demonstrations on the morning of Aug. 7. “There will be demonstrations on fence building, chuteside calf working, cattle behavior, penning and Brush Busters,” Cleere said. “These provide an opportunity for ranchers to see beef cattle production practices put to use. “The goal of the short course each year is to provide the most cutting-edge information that is needed by beef cattle producers. We think we have information for everyone to take home and apply to their operations.” Participants can receive a Texas Department of Agriculture private pesticide applicator’s license during the short course and can earn at least
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June 2013— Issue 1
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The Land & Livestock Post June 2013— Issue 1
Milk doesn’t come from the grocery store.
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