Land and Livestock Post

May May2014 2014——Issue Issue11

$oaring prices

Beef shortage means more for producers PRSRT STD US POSTAGE PAID BRYAN, TX 77802 PERMIT # 23

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JAMES THOMPSON POWERFUL MESQUITE

JAMES THOMPSON RABIES DANGERS

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JAMES THOMPSON IMPORTANT VACCINE

JAMES IS WHAT THOMPSON A COW WORTH?

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Straight from Turning a problem the horse's into electricity. mouth.

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May 2014 — Issue 1

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The Land & Livestock Post

News Charles W. Graham receives Texas A&M AgriLife Distinguished Texan in Agriculture Award

By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

SAN ANTONIO — Dr. Charles W. Graham has received the Distinguished Texan in Agriculture Award from Texas A&M AgriLife — the highest honor given to individuals demonstrating outstanding leadership and providing significant contributions to Texas agriculture.

Graham received the award at the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association Convention in San Antonio April 6.

“Dr. Graham exemplifies what the Distinguished Texan in Agriculture Award is all about,” said Mark Hussey, interim president of Texas A&M University. Hussey was the vice chancellor and dean of agriculture when Graham was selected as the honoree.

“He’s the only individual to serve as president of both the Texas Quarter Horse Association and the Texas Thoroughbred Breeders Association. He’s a legend among those in the equine industry, having established equine veterinarian facilities that are recognized among the nation’s most prominent.

“He also has successful cattle and feedlot operations in addition to other agricultural interests. We are proud to recognize Dr. Graham for his contributions to Texas agriculture and Texas A&M.” “Dr. Graham is most deserving of this award,” said Bill Dugas,

acting vice chancellor and dean.

“He has served on several committees through the years and has assisted many of our students as they have learned more about the animal science profession through f irst-hand tours at his equine and beef facilities. We are deeply honored to recognize Dr. Graham for these con- CHARLES W. GRAHAM tributions.”

Graham earned his bachelor of science degree in animal husbandry in 1953, his bachelor of science degree in animal science in 1954 and his doctorate in veterinary medicine in 1961, all from Texas A&M. In the early 1960s, Graham and Dr. W.H. Cardwell built the Elgin Veterinary Hospital and grew the practice into one of the largest equine veterinary facilities in the nation. Graham is now owner of a number of other businesses, including the 1,300-acre Southwest Stallion Station in Elgin, which has bred some of the top stallions and broodmares in the quarter horse industry.

The numerous awards Graham has received include the 2010 Texas A&M University College of Agriculture and Life Science Outstanding Alumni and his 2009 induction into the

American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame. He is the only individual to be selected Horseman of the Year by both the Texas Quarter Horse Association and the Texas Thoroughbred Breeders Association. He also has been named Outstanding Alumnus of Texas A&M’s College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.

Graham has served on the board of directors of the Elgin school district and as a member of the Elgin Kiwanis Club and the Thorndale Masonic Lodge. He participates in numerous stock show events to support youth involved in 4-H, FFA and other agricultural organizations. In 2005, the Star of Texas Rodeo of Austin named its new offices for Graham.

From the General Manager

I

was a little hesitant to use the cover story I chose for this issue. The story is about the high price of beef, which is good for ranchers. The story does talk about how people have cut back on their beef purchases, and how some have opted to choose other protein sources.

Choosing chicken may JESSE WRIGHT ruffle some feathers in the beef industry, but I felt the underlying theme of the article was important: Beef is good, people want beef, beef prices are up. That’s news that is good for ranchers, and after years of drought articles, I am going to jump all over the chance to print any news that is

good for ranchers.

We also have some other stories in our mix including one about rabies, one about bovine viral diarrhea, and a few others about what is going on in the industry. There is an interesting story about using mesquite as a source for biomass, so if you were looking for an excuse to not get out there and chop, dig up or poison a bunch of mesquites, then we have got the article for you.

Hope you enjoy it, and as always, thanks for reading. ’Til next time,

• For more information about content or advertising, contact Jesse Wright at jesse.wright@theeagle.

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The Land & Livestock Post

News Ranch Expo to feature program on pasture leases, weed management

By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

SIMONTON — The second annual Upper Gulf Coast Ranch Expo scheduled May 13 in Simonton will feature presentations on the basics of pasture leases, according to organizers.

The event, to be held at Twinwood Cattle Co., 4430 Guyler Road, will feature several management topics pertaining to beef cattle production, including sprayer calibration for weed control and a variety of bus tours.

Other presentations will focus on forage production and management, weed control and pecan production.

Texas Department of Agriculture private pesticide license holders can earn three continu-

ing education credits: one laws and regulations, one integrated pest management and one general.

“Pasture leases are popular among Texas cattle producers and we are anticipating big interest in this topic,” said Greg Kaase, AgriLife Extension program specialist in risk management in College Station.

“We are hoping to educate agricultural producers about this topic and show them the importance of having a written lease in place.”

Cost is $10 by May 9 or $20 for on-site registration. Registration and sponsored booth exhibits open at 7 a.m.

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News

The economics of using mesquite for electricity the increased grass cover and increase off-site water yields into rivers and streams.

The researchers found some drawbacks to using mesquite as a bioenergy feedstock for electricity production, however.

Re-growth and harvesting costs

By Kay LedBetter Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

VERNON — Using mesquite biomass for electricity generation may become economically feasible if ecological and agricultural factors are considered, according to a Texas A&M AgriLife Research paper being published in the BioEnergy Research journal.

“Economic Feasibility of Mesquite Biomass for Electricity Production: Projections of the Long-term Sustainability of Two Harvest Options” will appear in the April issue of the journal.

The paper was written by AgriLife Research personnel Jaesung Cho, postdoctoral associate; Seong Park, economist; Jim Ansley, rangeland ecologist; and Mustafa Mirik, associate research scientist, all in Vernon.

Their study estimated the longterm economic feasibility of mesquite biomass in electricity production under five harvest scenarios, Park said. They examined variations in rates of standing biomass accumulation and tree density re-establishment after harvest using an above-groundonly or whole-plant harvest option.

Other work by Ansley has shown the heating value of mesquite is nearly equal to low grade coal.

The ecological and agricultural benefits of harvesting mesquite for bioenergy make it

See MESQUITE, Page 7

Texas A&M AgriLife Research photo

Mesquite biomass could be feasible for electricity generation once things such as grass production are factored in. a potentially viable alternative to coal, Park said. More traditional income from these lands, such as livestock grazing and hunting, would be enhanced, and mesquite control costs would be reduced.

Cur rent control methods of mesquite include herbicide sprays, mechanical treatments and prescribed fire, Ansley said.

Herbicides and mechanical treatments can be costly for landowners. And prescribed fire, the least expensive option, has limited use due to the smoke distribution and higher risk of damage to nontarget areas, especially during drought.

Increased grass production would lead directly to increased agricultural income through grazing by cattle, and leaving patches or strips of unharvested

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vary greatly, depending on the harvesting methods, rainfall and soil type. This can disrupt the supply of mesquite biomass for a power plant.

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The Land & Livestock Post

News Mesquite, from Page 6 re-establishment of mesquite biomass from emerging seedlings following whole-plant harvest would take considerably longer than regrowth from a plant with above-ground only harvest, Park said. The whole-plant harvest technique is considered to be less expensive compared to the aboveground harvest due to the difference in harvesting procedures.

The much greater re-establishment rate that occurs with the above-ground harvest options, however, makes this more economically viable than the wholeplant harvest option, he said.

Mesquite also has a low applicability in existing power plants due to the high lignin content and its fibrous structure, Ansley said. Due to this structural limitation, mesquite biomass cannot be burned completely in the conventional firebox of existing power plants because coal mills cannot effectively produce a pow-

der from the woody biomass.

The study determined pretreatment techniques, such as torrefaction, which is a roasting of the wood to dry it, and pelletization, may be required to increase the grindability, combustibility, uniformity, density, handling ability and energy efficiency of mesquite biomass during the electricity generation process, he said. This generates additional production costs.

Park said they concluded that, given the regrowth characteristic of mesquite and structural limitation of the biomass, a costeffective processing method must be determined before recommending mesquite as a potential bioenergy feedstock.

Overall, he said, the study determined the above-ground harvest method, with 17 years of rotation length before re-harvest of the brushy regrowth, generated the largest economic returns to a

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The Land & Livestock Post

Ask the Vet The most important cattle disease to vaccinate against

S

everal columns ago, I answered the question “what is the single most important cattle disease to vaccinate against?”

Most veterinarians agree that it is bovine viral diarrhea.

There are three reasons why it is critical for all beef herds to vaccinate against the disease: the virus is widespread in herds throughout the U.S., substantial disease losses occur when it is active in a herd, and effective Dr. STEVE vaccines are WIKSE available from multiple companies.

Even so, many ranchers do not vaccinate their cattle against bovine viral diarrhea because they think they have never had it in their herd. The problem is this virus can cause many different illnesses in cattle, most without its namesake diarrhea.

The outcomes of infection of cattle with bovine viral diarrhea depend on many variables, including overall health and immune ability, age of cattle and pregnancy status of cattle.

The strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (type 1 or type 2) and its biotype (cytopathic or noncytopathic) also affects severity of disease.

Basic to understanding this disease is the virus is capable of causing two major types of infections: acute and persistent.

Cattle with acute infections get sick, develop immunity and rid their bodies of the virus. Cattle with persistent infections carry the virus in their bodies for life, constantly shedding the virus into the environment.

Acute infections

No clinical signs are found in 70 percent to 90 percent of healthy infected cattle. The most common clinical outcome

in cattle acutely infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus easily may be missed. A rancher would suspect a problem only by closely watching his herd.

I’ve seen acute bovine viral diarrhea in groups of beef calves.

About 10 percent of the calves look tired and lie down a lot.

These calves have low white blood cell counts and bovine viral diarrhea virus can be isolated from their blood. They have a low-grade fever for a day or two, shed virus for about a week and eliminate the virus from their bodies. Usually there are no deaths.

Acute, profuse diarrhea plus high fevers are seen in cattle infected with highly virulent strains of bovine viral diarrhea and deaths may occur. The virus got its name from this form of the virus infection, which affects the digestive tract.

Pneumonia is the clinical outcome of some cases of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection.

While it is not considered to be a primary respiratory tract pathogen, it is the most common virus isolated from lungs of calves with pneumonia.

Devastating reproductive losses can result in cows that become infected with the virus during the breeding season.

These include low conception rates, fetal resorptions, or abortions during the first trimester.

The virus is responsible for 5 percent to 10 percent of cattle abortions. Fetal infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus between 100 and 150 days can result in calves born with various congenital defects especially cerebellar hypoplasia.

In addition, infection of fetuses between 45 and 125 days of gestation with a non-cytopathic biotype bovine viral diarrhea virus can result in calves born with life-long persistent infection. These calves were infected

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Ask the Vet Bovine, from Page 9 in-utero before development of their immune systems and instead of making an immune response against the virus they recognize it as self. They become mobile virus incubators that shed millions of viral particles into the environment.

Introduction of a bovine viral diarrhea persistent infection calf into a non-immune cowcalf operation would result in substantial production losses.

Based on details of outbreaks in beef herds that have been published in the veterinary literature, there would be a 5 percent decrease in pregnancy rate coupled with a 10 percent calf loss between pregnancy diagnosis and weaning. In addition, there would likely be a 3 percent reduction in average weaning weight, a 20 percent increase in number of calves requiring treatment between birth and weaning, and a 5 percent increase in culling of cows for nonpregnancy.

Persistent infections

Most persistent infection calves are unthrifty and 50 percent die by age one, but a few live to adulthood. It’s common for such calves to have rough hair coats and chronic diarrhea. Death losses of persistent infection calves are minor in value compared to the damage done by bovine viral diarrhea virus they shed to herd-mates.

Mucosal disease is a 100 percent fatal form of bovine viral diarrhea that occurs in some persistent infection cattle.

10

Affected cattle have ulcers throughout the digestive tract causing bloody diarrhea, fever, dehydration and death. My dad once helped me necropsy some feedlot calves that died from mucosal disease. His comment was “Steve, this disease is real hard on these calves.”

Mucosal disease happens when a PI animal is attacked by a cytopathic BVD virus that is antigenically similar to the noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus causing persistent infection. The cytopathic strain raises havoc because the persistent infection animal is unable to develop even a weak immune response against it.

Bottom Line

Bovine viral diarrhea virus can result in many different diseases in beef herds. Who would think that a virus named after diarrhea could be the cause of a calf born blind and uncoordinated? Or that it could also cause abortions? Bovine viral diarrhea is one of the most complicated diseases of cattle.

Prevention of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in beef herds centers on biosecurity, identification and elimination of reservoirs (persistent infection animals) and vaccination. The details of a control program are different for each ranch. Yo ur local veterinarian is the person most qualified to design a successful program.

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The Land & Livestock Post

News Power, from Page 7 power plant. It was more economically viable than a whole-plant harvest plan because of the much faster re-establishment rate before the next harvest. Frequency in the whole-plant harvest option could be as long as 40-50 years.

In addition, the above-ground harvest option was more viable because tree density would never decline — essentially all trees would re-establish shoots immediately after harvest — whereas, in the whole-plant option, the tree density level would have to be re-established from new seedlings, Ansley said.

“Regarding the economically optimum 17-year rotation for re-harvest in the above-ground scenario, this might be too long for ranchers interested in livestock grazing,” he said. “Typically, grass used for grazing will flourish for seven to eight years after mesquite is harvested, but at about 10 years, mesquite re-

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Therefore, a biomass operation based on the above-ground harvest scenario may have to settle for a less-than-optimum harvest cycle to meet the needs of other income streams on a particular property, but would still be better in the long run economically than the whole-plant harvest option, Ansley said.

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11

News

Through the roof

Beef prices reach highest level since 1987

By BETSY BLANEY Associated Press

L

UBBOCK — The highest beef prices in almost three decades have arrived just before the start of grilling season, causing sticker shock for both consumers and restaurant owners — and relief isn’t likely anytime soon.

A dwindling number of cattle and growing export demand from countries such as China and Japan have caused the average retail cost of fresh beef to climb to $5.28 a pound in February, up almost a quarter from January and the highest price since 1987.

Everything that’s produced is being consumed, said Kevin Good, an analyst at CattleFax, a Colorado-based information group. And prices likely will stay high for a couple of years as cattle producers start to rebuild their herds amid big questions about whether the Southwest and parts of the Midwest will see enough rain to replenish pastures.

Meanwhile, quick trips to the grocery store could drag on a little longer as shoppers search for cuts that won’t break the budgets. Patrons at one market in Lubbock seemed resigned to the high prices, but not happy.

“I quit buying steaks a while ago when the price went up,” said 59-year-old Lubbock resident Len Markham, who works at Texas Tech University. She says she limits red meat purchases to hamburger, opting for chicken, pork and fish instead.

Fellow Lubbock resident Terry Olson says she buys chicken and eggs now.

“I don’t buy (red) meat, period,” the 67-year-old said, admitting there’s an occasional hamburger purchase. “Not like I used to because of the price.”

Restaurant owners, too, must deal with the high prices. Mark Hutchens, owner of the 50 Yard Line Steakhouse in

12

AP Photos/Toby Brusseau

A cow walks with her newborn calf in March on Chuck O’Connor’s Ranch near Philip, S.D. The highest beef prices in decades have some consumers spending extra time in meat market aisles as they search for cuts that won’t break their budgets. Prices likely will stay high for a couple of years as cattle producers start to rebuild their herds amid big questions about whether cattle-producing states will get enough rain to replenish pastures.

On the cover: A newborn calf rests on O’Connor’s Ranch Lubbock, raised his menu prices for beef items by about 5 percent in November.

Since then, the owner of the eatery has tried to make cuts elsewhere to avoid passing it on to customers.

“It really squeezes the small guys

more,” he said of non-chain restaurants.

“You just can’t keep going up on people forever. I just think you have to stay competitive and keep your costs low.”

White-tablecloth restaurants have adjusted the size of their steaks, mak-

May 2014 — Issue 1

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ing them thinner to offset the price increases, says Jim Robb, director of the Colorado-based Livestock Marketing Information Center. Some places now

See PRICES, Page 15

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The Land & Livestock Post

News Prices, from Page 12 serve a 6-ounce sirloin, compared to 8- or 10-ounce portions offered years ago, he said.

And fast-food restaurants are trimming costs by reducing the number of menu items and are offering other meat options, including turkey burgers, Robb said. Chain restaurants also try to buy in volume as much as they can, which essentially gives them a discount, Iowa State University assistant economics professor Lee Schulz said.

“That can help them when they’re seeing these higher prices,” he said. “They can’t do anything with the high prices.”

The high prices are welcome news for at least one group: ranchers, especially those in Texas who for years have struggled amid drought and high feed prices. Despite the

most recent numbers that show the fewest head of cattle in the U.S. since 1951, prices for beef haven’t declined along with the herd size as demand has remained strong.

But even as ranchers breathe a sigh of relief, some worry lasting high prices will prompt consumers permanently to change their buying habits — switching to chicken or pork.

Pete Bonds, a 62-year-old Texas rancher and president of the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association, said that’s a big concern, especially as younger consumers start to establish themselves.

But such fears may be unfounded, Robb said. Three years ago, economists thought consumers would start finding substitutions for beef as the drought spread. “We’re surprised we haven’t seen more of that,” he said.

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Butcher Freddie Quina cuts meat at Super Cao Nguyen in Oklahoma City. The highest beef prices in decades — fresh beef climbing to $5.28 a pound in February, up from $5.04 in January — have some consumers searching for cuts of beef or other meats that won’t break their budgets.

South Dakota rancher Chuck O’Connor is optimistic that consumers won’t abandon beef

for good.

“I’m sure some are maybe going to cut back some, but to say

that people aren’t going to buy it anymore, I don’t think that’s going to happen,” he said, adding, “I hope not.”

Beef isn’t the only meat with higher price tags. The price of pork also has climbed, largely due to a virus that has killed millions of young pigs. And composite retail prices for chicken in February were $1.95 per pound, the highest since October.

“I think these higher food prices are here to stay, including beef,” said Dale Spencer, a rancher in central Nebraska and the former president of the Nebraska Cattle Association.

“As we grow the herd, we’ll have more supplies and prices should drop some at the market. I would not say a drastic drop.”

Good said more shoppers will choose cheaper hamburger over higher-priced steaks.

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News Rabies, from Page 14 bies. Birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians are not affected by the disease. Most cases of rabies occur in wild animals and in recent years, cats have become the most common infected domestic animal. This is because people do not vaccinate their cats before the animals are exposed to rabid wildlife. Rabies also occurs in dogs and cattle in significant numbers and, while not as common, the disease has been diagnosed in horses, goats, sheep, swine and ferrets.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that wild animals accounted for 92 percent of reported rabies cases in 2010. Of these cases, raccoons accounted for 36.5 percent, followed by skunks at 23.5 percent, bats at 23.2 percent, foxes at 7 percent, and other wild animals, including rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), accounting for the remaining 1.8 percent. So it pays to be vigilant around wildlife.

Animal symptoms

The American Veterinary Medical Association also states that once the rabies virus enters the body, it travels along the nerves to the brain. Dogs, cats and ferrets with rabies may show a variety of signs, including fearfulness, aggression, excessive drooling, difficulty swallowing, staggering and seizures.

Rabid wild animals may display only unusual behavior.

For example, an animal that is usually only seen at night may be seen wandering in the daytime. Horses, cattle, sheep and goats with rabies may exhibit depression, self-mutilation or increased sensitivity to light in addition to the signs seen in dogs and cats.

Medical authorities distinguish between “furious” and “dumb” rabies, based on clinical signs. “Mad dog” symptoms are pronounced in the furious

16

variety. The animal is irritable and will snap and bite at real or imaginary objects. It may run for miles and attack anything in its path. The animal is extremely vicious and violent. Within a short time, paralysis occurs, usually affecting the hind legs first. Death follows four to seven days after the onset of clinical signs.

In dumb rabies, the prominent symptoms are drowsiness and paralysis of the lower jaw.

The animal may appear to have a bone lodged in its throat, sometimes resulting in an owner forcing open a pet’s mouth to investigate and becoming exposed to rabies. Animals with dumb rabies have no tendency to roam but will snap at movement. They are completely insensitive to pain, and usually become comatose and die from three to 10 days after the first symptoms appear.

History, occurrence

Officials with the Texas Department of State Health Services relate historical facts and fiction concerning rabies.

They said, “Centuries before the birth of Christ, rabies was recognized in both animals and man. Cases were described with amazing clinical accuracy during Aristotle’s lifetime.” The name hydrophobia, meaning ‘fear of water,’ was given to the disease at that time because ancient Greeks observed rabid animals’ aversion to water.

“Actually, the truth is that they cannot drink because of throat paralysis. It is this disease characteristic that produces the classic picture of a beast with foam-flecked jaws. Saliva accumulates in the paralyzed throat and drools from the corners of the mouth, giving the impression of mad-dog foam.

“It isn’t hard to understand why those ancient people were terror stricken by such a sight,

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News

May 17, 2014 Photo courtesy of The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation

The value of heifer calves has risen to record highs.

In today’s market, how much is that cow worth?

By Steve Swigert The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation

Since recent droughts have caused a lack of available forage in many areas, the incentive to retain heifers and purchase cows has been very low.

This situation is coupled with the high value of heifer calves after weaning, preconditioning or the stocker phase. It makes the decision to retain or purchase females extremely difficult.

As a result, the cattle inventory has declined to levels not seen since the 1930s and 1940s, and the value of heifer calves has risen to all-time record highs.

With low cow numbers, historic high prices for weaned calves and the cost of cows at record highs for the foreseeable future, this means good, young, producing cows are going to be hard to find. Prices will consistently exceed $2,000 per cow.

How much could cows be worth? Based on $550 annual cow cost, 88 percent calf crop and $180 per hundredweight average price for a 525-pound calf over seven production years, a $2,150 cow/ calf pair purchased in the spring of 2014 would have a 10 percent return on investment.

In determining if this invest-

Contact Tom Johnson 817-291-5121

These cattle have all been screened to ensure you only the best quality conmmercial cattle will offered.

Cattle will be palpated and sold in uniformly sorted groups to fit any cattleman’s needs.

On Thursday, May 8th, a complete listing of all sale cattle will be at

www.johnsoncattlemarketing.com

See VALUE, Page 18

Brazos Valley Livestock Brazos Valley Livestock Commission, Inc. Commission, Inc.

Sales: Tuesdays @ 12 Noon 6097 East Hwy. 21 • Bryan, TX

(979) 778-0904 The Land & Livestock Post

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News

Value, from Page 17 ment should be made, producers should ask themselves a few questions. Are more cows needed? Is there enough grass for more cows? Is there a better alternative use for the grass than cows (e.g., retained ownership of owned calves or purchased

stockers)? Are the estimates in the previous example higher or lower than your operation? Can financing be secured for cows at the higher price?

If it is determined that cows are the best option, then the decision has to be made when to buy the cows, and what type and age of female. Because of the cow

cost and the value of the calves, the timing of the purchase can make a significant difference in the value of the cow (a cow is typically more valuable the closer it is to the sale of a calf). Also the age of the cow will make a difference because younger females typically will have more economic value because they will have more calves.

For example, using the previous assumptions, let us compare the value of an open heifer, bred heifer and first-calf heifer pair.

If a first-calf heifer pair is worth $2,150, then a bred heifer would be worth approximately $2,050 and an open heifer (that will be bred in May for spring calving) would be worth approximately $1,450.

All of these factors should be considered when making the decision to buy cows at a time when cow and calf prices are at a premium.

It is extremely important to know and understand the

ranch’s annual cost to maintain a cow, the percent weaned calf crop and the weaning weight per calf.

All these factors will weigh into how much can be invested and have a reasonable return.

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News Wildlife, from Page 16 and why they thought these animals were demon-possessed.

Writers of the day attributed rabies to an invasion of the body by an evil spirit.”

Department officials said, “Although rabies has plagued both man and animals from the dawn of recorded history, it was not until 1884 that Louis Pasteur first announced his discovery of an anti-rabies vaccine.

During Pasteur’s time, France was overrun with rabies and his research stemmed from a great humanitarian soul and a zealous desire to do something to mitigate the horrible, inevitable fate of rabies victims.

“Once in the village of Arbois where he lived, Pasteur saw one of the townsmen being treated for a wolf bite by cauterizing the wound with a red hot iron.

That was the only treatment method known then, and he never forgot the sight.”

Department officials said, “Pasteur was never able to isolate the virus which caused the disease, but he did develop a vaccine against it. He took saliva from a rabid dog and injected it into a rabbit, which subsequently died. Pasteur then removed the rabbit’s spinal cord and allowed it to dry for 14 days. He reasoned that drying the spinal cord would weaken its virus concentration to the point it wouldn’t cause the disease when injected into a human body, but would still trig-

ger the body’s natural defense mechanism to produce rabies antibodies.”

The vaccine was used to inoculate a small boy, despite Pasteur’s misgivings and a loud protest from the public. Joseph Meister, anAlsatian boy, was bitten by a mad dog and his mother turned to Pasteur as a last hope. First, the scientist injected the lad with the 14-dayold preparation. Then gradually day by day, the vaccine concentration was increased until Pasteur was using a compound that had dried for only three days. Joseph Meister did not develop rabies and the world had its first weapon against the disease.

According to the Texas Department of State Health Services, hazards formerly connected with taking anti-rabies treatment were considerable; however, the rabies vaccine and antiserum in current use have excellent safety records.

Since the chances of developing the disease are so much greater than the chances of adverse reaction to the vaccine, anti-rabies treatment should be administered in all exposure cases.

Worldwide, rabies is probably most prevalent in Russia, Belgium, France, the United States, Africa, Mexico and the lower Americas. Raccoon rabies virus predominates in the eastern United States; skunk rabies

Photo by Texas Parks & Wildlife Department

Bat-proofing your home and surrounding structures from Mexican free-tail and other bats can help prevent the spread of rabies.

See VIRUS, Page 21

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News

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Spring Beef Cattle Workshop slated for May 16 in Bandera

Electronic Newsletter

By Paul SchattenBerg Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

BANDERA — The Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service Agriculture and Natural Resource Committee for Bandera County will present the “Spring Beef Cattle Workshop” from 3-6 p.m.

May 16 in Bandera.

The program will begin at the Mansfield Park Recreation Center, 2886 Texas 16 N., and conclude at the Flying A Ranch.

“With low inventory numbers and high cattle prices, there appears to be a renewed interest in beef production,” said Sam Womble, AgriLife Extension agent for agriculture and natural resources, Bandera County. “More and more landowners are looking at cattle as a management tool to enhance their production system.”

Womble said program presentations will include: Basic Con-

TE PRIVA Y T A E TR

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Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service photo

A Spring Beef CattleWorkshop will be held the afternoon of May 16 in Bandera. siderations for Getting Started in the Cattle Business, Nutrition 101, Facilities and Cattle Handling, and Niche Markets.

The program will feature hands-on demonstrations.

The cost is $15 per person and includes refreshments. To register, contact the AgriLife Extension office in Bandera County at 830-796-7755 by May 9.

For more information and to learn about upcoming educational programs, go to bandera. agrilife.org

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News Virus, from Page 19 is the most prevalent in the Central United States and California; fox rabies is the most common in Texas, Arizona and Alaska; and mongoose rabies is the variant that occurs in Puerto Rico.

Dealing with rabies A common distribution pattern is for a rabid skunk, fox or other wild animal to bite and infect one or more dogs or cats during an invasion into a community. Another scenario is for a rabid wild animal to enter a barnyard, bite and infect the farm dog, cat or livestock. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention explains that the disease develops in the domestic animals along with the threat of their transferring the infection to other pets and per-

haps humans. Children — because of their closer association with pets — are most often the human victims. Rapid spread of rabies is possible only in unvaccinated pets.

In wildlife areas, a fox can be 20 times more serious as a rabies distribution agent than a skunk since it travels faster and farther. Skunks, however, have more rabies virus in their saliva.

The Centers for Disease Control said that clinical progression of rabies can be divided into three periods: • Incubation • Clinical signs • Paralysis ending in death.

The incubation period is the time it takes clinical signs to develop after exposure to a rabid animal. It takes from 14 days up to 18 months for rabies to incubate, depending on animal species, amount and concentration

of the virus, victim’s age and the wound site. The average incubation period, which varies greatly, is three to eight weeks for most animal species.

The Centers for Disease Control lists the following immediate precautions that should be taken: • Identify and, whenever possible, confine the biting dog or cat for observation. Wild animals involved in attacks on humans should be euthanized immediately and the brain examined for rabies evidence.

Suspected rabid wild animals should never be quarantined.

• Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and hot water as an immediate first aid procedure.

Consult a physician as soon as possible concerning the advisability of anti-rabies treatment.

• If rabies symptoms appear in an animal confined for observation, immediately notify the

physician who was consulted at the time of the attack and call a veterinarian or the sate health department. The physician will decide whether to begin the anti-rabies treatment at once, and the veterinarian will verify the animal’s rabid appearance and later prepare the animal’s head for laboratory examination.

Rabies control Each rabies variant is spread predominantly by one wildlife species, but all variants are capable of infecting and killing mammals, including humans.

Every year local, state, and federal governments cooperate to distribute more than 12 million oral rabies vaccine baits in an effort to reduce rabies in wildlife. Federal participation is through Wildlife Services, which is part of the United States Department of Agricul-

ture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.

The American Veterinary Medical Association lists the following things that individuals can do to reduce the spread of rabies.

• Have your veterinarian vaccinate your dogs, cats, ferrets and select horses and livestock.

• Reduce the possibility of exposure to rabies by not letting your pets roam free.

• Don’t leave exposed garbage or pet food outside, as it may attract wild or stray animals.

• Wild animals never should be kept as pets.

• Observe all wild animals from a distance.

• If you see a wild animal acting strangely, report it to the proper authorities.

• Bat-proof your home and other structures to prevent bats from nesting and having access to people.

May 22 – Capital Farm Credit presents: Next

Generation Ag Conference. Waco, TX. 877-944-5500

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