Land and Livestock Post

May 2018 – Issue I

GETTING TO THE POINT

Where to inject cattle matters at the sale barn.

PAGE 4

LEASING LESSON

Landowners have options when leasing their property.

PAGE 10

DYING FOR ANSWERS

AgriLife researchers push drones for‘reading the weeds.’

PAGE 17

GO FOR IT

It’s worth ridding your fields of gophers now.

PAGE 21

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LOVE SOME DOVE Now is the time to get ready for fall’s dove season.

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The Land & Livestock Post

News From the General Manager

I

recently got my World Series Championship ring. In case you were not aware, the Houston Astros are the reigning world champions of baseball, and I like to think I did my part to make that happen. I yelled at the TV, sat halfway on a certain pillow — a pillow I was sitting on halfway once when we hit a home run — and I only took sips of beer between pitches. These methods proved efJESSE WRIGHT fective and the Astros were able to pull it off and win the whole thing.

Now, my ring is not official or anything. It came in a box with a lot of Chinese writing all over it, cost $12, and I’m kind of afraid to wear it for extended periods because I am not 100 percent

certain what it is made of. Besides my own health, I try not to wear it too much for the health of my wife. The real threat for her is not lead exposure, but I have a grave concern for her optical health because every time I wear it around her, she rolls her eyes to the point that it could cause serious damage.

We are well into the 2018 season now, and I have my pillow and beer ready and I am primed to do some TV-yelling whenever necessary in order to get us a repeat of last year’s outcome. Since it is baseball season, that most definitely means that it is not any kind of hunting season. But about the time the Astros are ready to go to the playoffs again, that will be just about the time that hunting season is here again. If you wait until then to get ready, you may not be as successful as if you prepare now.

In our cover story, we take a look at

The Land & Livestock Post

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May 2018 — Issue I

getting ready for dove season. We will go over some information you can use to make sure your shotguns are in proper working order for a good hunt in the fall.

In this issue we also have news from around the ag industry as well as information on upcoming sales and events.

Hope you enjoy it, and as always, thanks for reading. ’Til next time.

Vet’s Voice Controlling parasites in calves

By Dr. MereDyth Jones Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine

z For more information about content or advertising, contact Jesse Wright at jesse.wright@ theeagle.com.

Spring turnout is a good time to be thinking about parasite control. This time of year, both internal and external parasites are important as flies are getting well established and intestinal worms are blooming on new spring

See PARASITES, Page 9

3

News Ranchers learn about injection-site blemishes, value of beef carcass

By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

FORT WORTH — A team of Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service specialists demonstrated how much injection– site blemishes can diminish the value of high-end cuts from the beef carcass at the recent Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association Convention in Fort Worth.

Joe Paschal, AgriLife Extension livestock specialist in Corpus Christi, was joined by Dan Hale, AgriLife Extension meat specialist, and Dr. Tom Hairgrove, AgriLife Extension beef cattle veterinarian and food animal specialist, both from College Station, who gave a demonstration on the value of proper injection sites on cattle.

“We wanted to give beef cattle

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service photo by Blair Fannin

Joe Paschal, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service livestock specialist in Corpus Christi, mans the video camera and was joined by Dan Hale, AgriLife Extension meat specialist, and Dr. Tom Hairgrove, AgriLife Extension beef cattle veterinarian and food animal specialist, both from College Station, who gave a demonstration on the value of proper injection sites on cattle at the recent Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association Convention in Fort Worth. producers an overall perspective of injection sites and show them just what injection-site blemishes do in reducing the value and acceptability of the high-value cuts,” Paschal said.

Paschal said since the initial National Beef Quality Audit in

See INJECT, Page 5

May 5 • 44 Farms Angus Female Sale, Cameron, TX May 5 • Live Oak BBA Pick of the Pen Offering Spring Sale, Three Rivers, TX May 5 • Jordan Cattle Auction May Replacement Female Sale, San Saba, TX May 5 • 19th Annual Charolais Sale of Excellence, College Station, TX May 5 • JLS International Brangus Sale, Devine, TX May 6 • Hillhouse Angus Female Production Sale, Schulenburg, TX May 10 • Jordan Cattle Auction Special Stocker & Feeder Sale, San Saba, TX May 12 • Live Oak Beefmaster Breeders Spring Sale, Three Rivers, TX May 19 • Emmons Ranch Beefmaster Production Sale, Fairfield, TX May 19 • Genomic Gems Angus Production Sale, Giddings, TX May 19 • Larson’s Running L Ranch Hereford Alliance Sale, Clifton, TX May 19 • Texas Best Brangus Sale, Weimar, TX May 19 • Buzzard Hollow Fleckvieh-Simmental Sale, Granbury, TX May 19 • Top Cut Replacement Female Sale, Navasota, TX May 23 • Buffalo Livestock Pre-Conditioned Calf & Yearling Sale, Buffalo, TX May 25 • Cattleman’s Brenham Livestock Special Replacement Female Sale, Brenham, TX Do you have a sale or event you’d like listed? Call Jesse Wright (979) 731-4721 or email jesse.wright@theeagle.com

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May 2018 — Issue I

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The Land & Livestock Post

News Inject, from Page 4 1991, injection–site blemishes are still in the top 10 quality challenges and cause substantial loss of product, although progress has been made in reducing their impact.

The demonstration included injection-site samples of blemished cuts of beef round and sirloin as well as how to identify proper injection sites in the neck region. Though sometimes overlooked, proper placement of animal health product in the neck region can help preserve value on down the production chain, according to the experts.

“When we move those injections to the neck area, we reduce damage to some of these highvalue products and don’t hurt the value of the carcass nearly as much,” Paschal said. “Injections given in the muscle, deep inside the round and sirloin, those are high-dollar cuts relative to a muscle we find in the neck. That’s the

whole purpose of the exercise, to try to minimize the reduction in value to those cuts.”

Hale said many years ago ranchers were giving animal health product injections in the hindquarters of the animal.

“However, over the last 15 years we’ve seen a lot of producers moving to the neck area,” he said. “We move it there to keep animal health product and injection blemish in the neck so it’s not in a high-price meat cut item.

It’s a very effective way to put the animal health product in that location for record keeping and to make sure withdrawal times are properly followed before that animal leaves the premises.”

Hale said these and other practices are part of the Beef Quality Assurance program.

“Cattle producers across Texas and producers in general now have a better understanding of the valuable position they hold in helping ensure the food they produce for consumers is healthy.”

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May 2018 — Issue I

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News

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service photo by Blair Fannin

Texas agricultural commodities such as cotton and sorghum could receive significant blows if China’s proposed trade list of tariffs becomes a reality.

China commodities tariffs would hit Texas cotton, sorghum hardest

By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

A trade war with China could impact Texas agricultural producers negatively.

Texas agricultural commodities such as cotton and sorghum could receive significant blows if China’s proposed trade list of

tariffs becomes a reality.

“First, the new list of products that China is targeting are proposed tariffs, they have not happened yet (until the White House acts) on its new list of 1,300 Chinese products, including industrial robots and telecommunication equipment, which will

See tariffs, Page 16

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May 2018 — Issue I

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May 2018 — Issue I

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The Land & Livestock Post

News Parasites, from Page 3 grass. Because of their naïve immune system, young animals are most impacted by parasites, particularly internal parasites such as worms and coccidia.

When talking with my clients and other cattle producers, I find that there is considerable misunderstanding about how calves should be dewormed.

Because of their exquisite sensitivity to parasites and the economic impact of parasites on growth, it is important that we are deworming calves appropriately.

There are three areas of calf deworming that are worth considering or reconsidering:

Age at deworming

Baby calves nursing their mothers have little exposure to parasites. As those calves begin to develop their mature gastrointestinal tract, they will begin to graze actively and start to pick up parasites. For this reason, there is no need to deworm baby calves. We should wait until at or near weaning to deworm them. At that time, they have a population of worms in them that will need to be treated, so we are targeting the use of our available drugs to a time in which they really need it.

Using dewormers is similar to using antibiotics — we want to use them when we need them and not use them when they are really not necessary. Using them when they are not necessary helps select for resistance and will result in a loss in the drug’s effectiveness over time.

Selection of drug

Calves are impacted by different worm species than their dams. For this reason, we should be deworming calves differently than their moms as everyone goes through the chute.

One of the — if not the — biggest threats to growing calves is a worm called Cooperia. Cooperia widely and repeatedly has been shown to be resistant to the avermectin dewormers, the class that includes ivermectin.

For this reason, ivermectin is not a great choice for deworming calves, especially if it’s the only dewormer used.

Deworming calves with ivermectin or its cousins, eprinomectin, doramectin and moxidectin, leaves a major parasite untouched, which will drag on the calf’s growth and productivity. Cooperia generally does respond to what we call the “white wormers.” These are the chalky white suspensions we have available, which include fenbendazole, albendazole and oxfendazole. For this reason, I recommend that calves at or near weaning receive a “white wormer,” which is given orally with a mouth hook. It is less convenient, but it is targeted and effective for what we know is the most important parasite in the calf.

Use of pour-ons

The pour-on dewormers that we use belong to the avermectin class. Based on what I said above regarding Cooperia, it should be clear that pour-on dewormers in calves just won’t get the job done.

There is additional concern because of unpredictable absorption of some brands because of the quality of their carrier. A drug carrier is a compound that delivers the drug to the animal.

Some generic pour-on dewormers have poor quality carriers, making them ineffective as dewormers. This results in a low dose of dewormer being delivered and, like taking only part of your dose of antibiotics, results in resistance.

So, I do not recommend using pour-on dewormers in calves at all and, if you are using them in cows, make sure that you are talking to your veterinarian about the quality of the brand you are using.

Many folks like pour-ons because of their ability to control flies. That is a legitimate consideration. Because of this issue of absorption and resistance of Cooperia to pour-on dewormers, I suggest the use of a pure insecticide to control flies rather

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than using a deworming product for fly control.

This will also save you money.

When it comes to deworming, calves aren’t “little cows.” They have their own susceptibility to certain worms and this must be considered. They need a customized parasite control plan for you to get the most bang for your deworming buck.

Be sure you are asking your veterinarian what he or she recommends and that you are selecting brands of products that have been shown to be highly effective.

Photo courtesy of University of Georgia Extension

As calves begin to develop a mature gastrointestinal tract, they will begin to pick up parasites from grazing. Producers should wait until at or near weaning to deworm their calves.

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News

Agricultural lease options for landowners to consider

By Dan ChilDs Noble Research Institute

Landowners who choose not to operate their land have several options when considering lease agreements. This article reviews the options from a landowner’s perspective.

Two factors usually determine which option a landowner will choose: • How much the landowner wants to be involved in management.

• How much risk the landowner feels comfortable taking.

Typically, the greater the risk exposure, the greater the potential return. However, higher risk exposure can also result in a lower rent in some years. Over the long term, the net rent should be higher when taking greater risks compared to lower-risk alternatives though the landowner should expect fluctuations in annual rent. This may not be acceptable to some landowners, who desire a consistent revenue stream each year.

Cropland options

There are basically three types of options for cropland. Each has its advantages and disadvantages.

• The custom farm option will generate the highest return over time but also exposes the landowner to the most risks.

The income and expenses would be reported on Schedule F with any profit being subject to both self-employment and income tax. It would also meet the requirements for material participation and allow the land to be available for special use valuation for estate tax purposes if that was a concern by the landowner.

• A crop share option will generate the next highest return after custom farm and expose the landowner to less risk.

If the landowner materially participates in this option (if he or she is involved in such things

10

as deciding which crop to grow, what variety, how much fertilizer to apply and what pesticides to use), his or her share of revenue and expenses are reported on Schedule F with the profit subject to both income and self-employment tax. If the landowner does not materially participate, his or her share of revenue and expenses are reported on Form 4835 with the profit subject only to income tax.

• The cash rent option is the lowest risk to the landowner and typically results in the lowest rent over time.

This option is the most popular for landowners who are risk averse and prefer consistent rents. The revenue is reported on Schedule E and is only subject to income tax. The landowner would not qualify as materially participating. There are other options for leasing crop land limited only by one’s imagination. Indexing rent to the price of the commodity is a common version of cash rent options.

Photo courtesy of the Noble Research Institute

Landowners who choose not to operate their land have several options when considering lease agreements. calf as reported by the USDA Market News for the Oklahoma National Stockyards auction market the first week of August.

The first week of August is used

because that week typically represents near the average price for the year not the spring high or the fall low. The value per hundredweight becomes the annual

rate per animal unit.

For example, if the Market News reported a 500-pound steer

See LEASE, Page 11

Forage production land

Leasing out forage-producing land is a bit more complex because of the different uses and types of forage grown on the land. Only a select few of the more common options will be discussed.

When renting land for grazing cows and calves, the most common option is a cash rent by the acre.

Issues in the agreement typically would address such things as stocking rate, maintenance of fences and improvements, weed and brush management, lease terms, and the rate per acre.

Since the productivity of land varies across properties, a more equitable arrangement is to base the rent on a rate per animal unit of carrying capacity.

The rate per animal unit is determined by the value per hundredweight of a 500-pound steer

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May 2018 — Issue I

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The Land & Livestock Post

News Lease, from Page 10 calf to be $200 per hundredweight ($2 per pound), the annual rent per animal unit would be $200.

A lease could be designed such that $100 per animal unit is paid in January and the remaining portion is paid on Sept. 1, after the early August steer price is known. Care for the animals would be the responsibility of the cattle owner along with other responsibilities agreed to in the agreement.

Lease agreements for growing cattle commonly referred to as stockers are typically based on gain or rate per head per day. In some areas of the country, rates are based on a grazing season and often include care.

When the rate is based on gain, a rule of thumb is one-half of the value of gain. Value of gain is usually calculated by comparing the current price per head of the animal at the beginning of the graze period to the price per head of the heavier animal at the end of the graze period. The price of the heavier animal is determined by using the Chicago Mercantile Exchange feeder cattle futures price for the month closest to, but not before the end of, the graze period multiplied by the expected end weight of the animal.

For example, the current price of a 600-pound steer is $1,000 per head. Assume the end of the graze period is July, and the

animal is expected to weigh 800 pounds. Based on the August feeder futures, the expected price is $145 per hundredweight or $1,160 per head. Divide the difference of $1,160 and $1,000 or $160 by the difference in weight of 200 (800 – 600) pounds for a value of gain of 80 cents. One-half of 80 cents is 40 cents, which is the rate a landowner would charge for stocker cattle grazed on a gain basis including care.

Other items to negotiate would be how beginning and ending weights are determined, who absorbs death loss, who pays for fly control, mineral and any supplemental protein.

When weighing cattle is a problem, a rate per head per day is common.

Rates per head per day will range from 1.5 to 2 times the gain rate per pound. If the gain rate would be 40 cents per pound, the daily rate would be 60 cents to 80 cents per head per day.

Any lease agreement should be written down, signed by both parties and dated. The most important reason for a written lease is to document what each party agreed to. Sometimes we forget what the agreement was. Written documentation will hopefully alleviate any misunderstandings.

Even though there are reasonable and customary guidelines for many lease agreements, keep in mind that everything is negotiable.

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May 2018 — Issue I

11

News

Ready. Aim. ...

Prepare for dove season

By ROBERT FEARS Special to The Post

A

vid hunters eagerly are awaiting the next hunting season, which is dove hunting in September and October. Season dates vary depending on the geographical area, but they are listed on the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department website at tpwd.texas.gov.

While waiting for the season to begin, ensure that your shotgun is in the condition required to deliver effective, effective, on-target shots.

A humane hunter makes every effort to harvest game in a swift, complete manner and avoids wounding birds with inaccurate shots. Preparation prior to the hunt is necessary for achieving this type of accuracy.

Clean and oil the gun

“To keep firearms firearms in top operating condition, they must be cleaned after every use. Every gun owner should own a complete cleaning kit and know how to use it,” said Rick Ensor, Region 9 director of hunter education for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

“If possible, clean the barrel from the breech end to avoid pushing debris into the chamber,” Ensor flexible said. “Use a bore guide and a fl exible cleaning rod holding

12

a bore brush or patch wetted with solvent. Pass the brush or patch all the way through the barrel. Repeat this operation several times with fresh patches.

Follow with a dry patch finish and fi nish with one that is lightly oiled.

“You may need a larger brush for the chamber,” Ensor said.

“Use a handbrush to clean the crevices where powder residue accumulates. Finish cleaning interior parts with a dry cloth, and then wipe all parts with a light coat of oil.”

Exterior of the shot-

gun needs cleaning after a hunting trip as well. First, use a soft bristle brush to remove dirt and other debris from the gun’s wooden parts.

Then use a towel or rag with a light coating of gun cleaner to wipe the exterior metal portions of the gun.

“Store guns horizontally, or with the muzzle pointing downward,” Ensor said. “When guns are stored upright with the muzzle pointing upward, gravity pulls gun oil downward where it might drain onto the stock, softening the wood.”

Attach the right choke

“A choke tube is a simple device that allows alteration of a shotgun’s pattern and range,” wrote Keith Sutton, a gun expert and outdoor author.

“Function of the choke tube is to provide a denser shot pattern for a longer range than

May 2018 — Issue I

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occurs with an open choke or when a choke is not used.

“Today, many shotguns come with a variety of screw-on chokes that are quickly changed with a wrench.

In addition, specialty companies ofretrofitting fixed-choke fer retrofi tting of fi xed-choke guns as well as custom-design replacement choke tubes for factory-threaded barrels.

“The shotgun’s eff effective ective range is partly governed by the choke tube,” Sutton said.

“The tighter the tube’s constriction, the farther the range. For effecexample, a full choke is most eff ective at 40 to 50 yards whereas an improved cylinder is most accurate at 20 to 35 yards.”

Correct selection of the choke depends upon the type of game to be hunted. Suggested chokes for waterfowl, doves and upland game birds are noted in Tom Roster’s 2016 Nontoxic Shot Lethality Table. Eimodified ther an improved cylinder, modifi ed modified or a light modifi ed choke is listed for doves.

“An improved cylinder choke distributes approximately 50 percent of a shell’s total pellets in a 30-inch circle at 40 yards. In addition to doves, this choke is suited for shooting waterfowl close over decoys or

See DOVE, Page 13

The Land & Livestock Post

News

news g A t n e rr u c t s o m e Searching for th box? in il a m e r u o y to delivered right ost P k c to s e iv L & d n Sign up for the La tter le s w e n ic n o tr c ele

Photo by D.E. DuBois Jr.

A shotgun’s effective range is partly governed by the choke tube.

Dove, from Page 12 pursuing upland game birds such as quail,” Sutton said.

“A modified choke delivers approximately 60 percent of a shell’s total pellets in a 30-inch circle at 40 yards. It’s great for general waterfowl hunting and hunting distantflushing upland birds and small-game animals such as pheasants and rabbits. This choke is also used for trap shooting.”

Light modified chokes have a slightly more open pattern than the modified and are used for the same

targets. Observed hunters’ typical shooting range for each hunting activity is listed in Column 2 of the shot lethality table. Shooting distance for most dove hunters is between 20 and 45 yards.

Buy the right shells

Non-toxic shot sizes commonly used for various game birds are listed in the third column of the shot lethality table. Non-toxic shot does not contain lead and is the only shot that can be sold in many countries and states.

See SAFETY, Page 15

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May 2018 — Issue I

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News Safety, from Page 13

Pattern the gun

In Texas, it is prohibitive to use lead shot for waterfowl hunting.

Non-toxic shot is made of metals or materials such as steel, bismuth, tin or tungsten.

Each type has its own distinct pattern and performance. Steel and HEVI-Shot pellets are listed in the table, which are two of the many choices. HEVI-Shot pellets are made of a tungsten alloy, nickel and iron.

In Column 3, the shot size is listed with the pellet type.

For additional information, steel shot sizes and their diameters are listed in Table 2. As shot sizes decrease, diameters increase. Column 4 of the shot lethality table shows minimum load weights of shells containing the various shot sizes listed in Column 3. For example, steel 8 shot listed for dove hunting has a minimum shell load weight of 5/8 ounce. Steel shot sizes, weights in ounces and pellet counts are shown in Table 3.

“Shotgun patterns are measured at 40 yards for all gauges, except for .410s.

They are patterned at 30 yards,” said outdoor writer Chuck Hawks. “Patterning is a simple process, but time consuming due to the required counting. The procedure for correctly patterning a shotgun is: 1. Set a big piece of blank paper on a frame at a measured 40 yards from the muzzle. Butcher paper cut into 48-inch squares works well.

2. Shoot at the center of the paper.

3. Draw a 30-inch diameter circle around the center of the resulting pattern, so that it encloses the greater number of holes.

4. Count the pellet holes in the circle. It helps to mark the holes with a marker as you count them, so you don’t lose your place.

5. Cut open an identical, unfired shell and count the pellets in the shell. The actual number of pellets may

vary from the theoretical number based on shot size and weight, so it is a good idea to count them.

6. Calculate the percentage of pellets that hit in the 30-inch circle. Divide the number of holes on the paper by the number of shot in

the unfired shell.

7. Repeat the process 10 times and average the results.”

The nontoxic shot lethality table shows a pattern of 200 to 210 pellets is required for a clean kill of dove, using the listed shot and choke.

A 1- to 2-pellet hit on lethal areas is necessary to obtain a clean kill.

“After patterning the shotgun, shoot some sporting clay or skeet at a gun club or similar facility to prepare for dove season,”

See SHOTGUNS, Page 16

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May 2018 — Issue I

15

News

Photos by D.E. DuBois Jr.

Above left: Ian Mays, Ryan Hall, Steve Hall and ChrisMays ensured that their shotguns are in the condition required to deliver effective, on-target shots.

Above right: Avid hunters are eagerly awaiting the next hunting season which is dove hunting in September and October.

Shotguns, from Page 15 recommended Doug DuBois, Jr., volunteer hunter education instructor for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. “Refreshing eye and hand coordination before going to the field can make a more productive and enjoyable opening day.”

“When in the field, deter-

Tariffs, from Page 7 not take effect right away,” said Luis Ribera, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service economist and director of the Center for North American Studies at Texas A&M University in College Station.

Texas’ share of U.S.-produced cotton makes up 46 percent of exports to China, valued at nearly $450 million annually, Ribera said. The Lone Star state’s share of exported sorghum produced

16

mine the range of accuracy by selecting a marker in the direction you expect to shoot. Markers can be any stationary object such as a fence post, tree or big rock,” said Jared Laing, wetlands biologist with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

“Measure 40 yards or the distance of your accuracy

from the marker. Then don’t shoot at anything further away than the marker. After taking measurements at several locations, a person normally becomes fairly accurate in estimating the distance.”

Proper preparation can result in a successful and enjoyable hunt and helps avoid the wounding of birds.

in the U.S. is 25 percent and accounts for $209 million annually.

“This isn’t yet a trade war, but things keep escalating,” Ribera said. “Hopefully both sides can sit down and figure things out before it gets to become a full-blown trade war. The two products hit the hardest for Texas would be sorghum and cotton.”

Texas’ share of overall U.S. beef and veal production exported to China is 13.2 percent, or $4.1 million.

“Texas is a large beef producing state, but we (currently) don’t export a lot of beef to China.”

Texas wheat accounts for 3.3 percent or $12 million out of the $348 million export total to China annually.

China’s latest list of tariff items drew responses from multiple national agricultural commodity associations this week, encouraging federal trade officials to bring a swift end to the list of proposed retaliatory tariffs.

May 2018 — Issue I



The Land & Livestock Post

News

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Researchers push drones to ‘read the weeds’

By Kay LedBetter Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

HAYBARNS CARPORTS STORAGE SHEDS AND MuCH MORE.

Even barely poking through the ground, weeds are distinctive. Determining the right tools for early identification and control are the goals of an ongoing Texas A&M AgriLife Research project.

Muthu Bagavathiannan, AgriLife Research weed scientist in College Station, is using unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAVs, to “read the weeds.”

“Our goal is to use advanced sensor technology to detect weeds from above the ground and implement precision weed management,” Bagavathiannan said.

The current practice is to have field scouts walk the large fields to look for weed issues, he said.

This is a tedious, time-consuming

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May 2018 — Issue I



The Land & Livestock Post

News A&M AgriLife photo by Muthu Bagavathiannan

Vijay Singh,aTexasA&MAgriLife Research assistant research scientist,uses a hyperspectral radiometer to collect reflectance signatures from weeds.

Drones, from Page 17 task that can be inaccurate, and bad weather conditions can prevent timely assessments of weed problems.

“But the UAV technology would provide the ability to fly over large fields and collect reliable information in a short time period that directly can be relayed into actionable information,” Bagavathiannan said. “We need this technology to make that identification sooner than the naked eye can.”

“The ultimate goal is to identify the weed species, the areas of the field they appear and in what densities so precision herbicide applications can be made or a herbicide program developed that better suits what is

in the field,” said Vijay Singh, AgriLife Research assistant research scientist working with Bagavathiannan in College Station. “Geotagged maps would allow coordinates to be fed to a ground vehicle or an aerial applicator to treat specific areas.”

Members of the Texas A&M team that Bagavathiannan works with in College Station, among others, include Nithya Rajan, AgriLife Research crop

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The GEOSAT scientists are “Putting this information into the hands of a consultant will be more cost-effective, as they can fly multiple fields in a short time,” Bagavathiannan said.

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May 2018 — Issue I

19

News LIVESTOCK MARKET REPORT Brazos Valley

Results of the Brazos Valley Livestock Commission’s April 10 sale.

Head: 582 Steers: 200-300 lbs., $180-$205; 300-400 lbs., $175-$202; 400-500 lbs., $155-$187; 500-600 lbs., $145-$172; 600-700 lbs., $124$142; 700-800 lbs., $128-$132 Heifers: 200-300 lbs., $155$180; 300-400 lbs., $145-$171; 400-500 lbs., $134-$159; 500600 lbs., $130-$155; 600-700 lbs., $122-$136; 700-800 lbs., $110-$118 Slaughter bulls: $74-$92.50 Slaughter cows: $45-$72.50 Bred cows: $790-$1,250 Cow/calf pairs: $925-$1,250

Buffalo

Results of the Buffalo Livestock Commission’s April 7 sale.

Head: 801 Steers: 200-300 lbs., $160-$207;

300-400 lbs., $155-$200; 400-500 lbs., $143-$192; 500-600 lbs., $135-$180; 600-700 lbs., $130$162; 700-800 lbs., $120-$135 Heifers: 200-300 lbs.,$140-$192; 300-400 lbs., $135-$185; 400-500 lbs.,$125-$170; 500-600 lbs.,$120$155; 600-700 lbs.,$115-$142; 700800 lbs., $105-$120 Slaughter bulls: $65-$110 Slaughter cows: $35-$76 Bred cows: $750-$1,450 Cow/calf pairs: $1,050-$1,575

Caldwell

Results of the Caldwell Livestock Commission’s April 11 sale.

Head: 917 Steers: 200-300 lbs., $200-$225; 300-400 lbs., $180-$197; 400-500 lbs., $165-$180; 500-600 lbs., $152-$165; 600-700 lbs., $139$149; 700-800 lbs., $1263-$125 Heifers: 200-300 lbs., $165$185; 300-400 lbs., $160-$187;

400-500 lbs., $145-$225; 500600 lbs., $145-$190; 600-700 lbs., $130-$152; 700-800 lbs., $120-$145 Slaughter bulls: $70-$94 Slaughter cows: $42-$75 Bred cows: $800-$1,800 Cow/calf pairs: $900-$2,150

Groesbeck

Results of the Groesbeck Auction and Livestock Company’s April 12 sale.

Head: 456 Steers: 300-400 lbs., $175$200; 400-500 lbs., $168-$187; 500-600 lbs., $157-$177; 600-700 lbs., $135-$167; Heifers: 300-400 lbs., $155$190; 400-500 lbs., $145-$172; 500-600 lbs., $135-$160; 600-700 lbs., $125-$145 Slaughter bulls: $86-$96 Slaughter cows: $38-$74 Bred cows: $800-$1,600

Navasota Results of the Navasota Livestock Commission’s April 7 sale.

Head: 1,966 Steers: 200-300 lbs., $115$225; 300-400 lbs., $115-$207.50; 400-500 lbs., $115-$190; 500-600 lbs., $110-$171; 600-700 lbs., $110-$153

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May 2018 — Issue I

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The Land & Livestock Post

News AgriLife expert: Gopher control tricky but worth effort

By AdAm Russell Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

OVERTON — Gophers can be a nuisance to hay and livestock producers, and springtime is a good time to address them, said a Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service expert.

Gopher burrowing can cause damage to equipment and livestock injuries, said Vanessa Corriher-Olson, AgriLife Extension forage specialist in Overton. The rodents also can damage crops by covering available forage and by consuming plant roots and vegetation.

“We see more gophers in the sandy soils of East Texas,” she said. “The soil is easier to burrow and build mounds and tunnel systems. Gophers can cause significant issues in a pasture if they’re not controlled. Their mounds can be rough on equipment.”

Gophers spend mostly solitary lives below ground. A single gopher can burrow a tunnel system that extends as long as 800 feet, covers an acre and ranges in depth from a few inches to several feet, according to AgriLife Extension.

Corriher-Olson said most producers view them as pests and choose eradication measures to control them.

Control operations should be conducted during the spring and fall when gophers are most active near the surface, according to AgriLife Extension.

The strategies to address gophers in hay pastures differs slightly to control methods around a home because of the size and scale of the area to cover, Corriher-Olson said.

Homeowners can deploy a variety of methods including trapping and pesticide. Pesticide is the most effective method when it comes to treating pastures effectively, she said.

“Most producers will use a Diphacinone-based product,” she said. “Products are usually

National Parks Service photo/Carolyn Finnerty

Above: Pocket gophers can do significant damage to fields, particularly in East Texas.

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service photo by Adam Russell

Right:A series of gopher mounds in an EastTexas pasture.Gophers consume vegetation and plant roots while mounds can cause damage to farm equipment. treated grain or sorghum.”

There are various methods to apply the pesticide, Corriher-Olson said. No Texas Department of Agriculture pesticide applicator license is required to utilize products used on gophers, but users should be mindful to keep the product away from other wildlife and grazing livestock.

“Th e product needs to be placed in the tunnel system for effectiveness and to prevent birds, pets and other animals from consuming the product,” she said.

Bait injection equipment, such as a burrow builder, can apply the product mechanically. Some pesticide retailers have equipment available to rent. Manual injection equipment also can place bait in tunnels.

Applicators should find the newest mound or series of mounds in the burrow, according to AgriLife Extension. Locate the main runway by probing the soil with a bluntly pointed probe, such as a piece of rebar or dowel rod, six to eight inches from the mound on the side where a horseshoe-like depression is found.

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After locating the main runway, remove the probe and insert the recommended doses of bait.

Close the opening with grass or paper and cover with dirt to keep out light and air, and to avoid covering the bait with soil. Place the bait near each end of the main runway and at one or more locations in the central part of the tunnel system.

Burrow builders create artificial burrows and dispense bait underground.

It can be pulled back and forth across a field to make a series of parallel burrows. Gophers will explore the artificial burrow and find the bait. The soil must have adequate moisture for plowing and to effectively construct burrows.

“Dealing with gophers can be tricky,” Cor riher-Olson said. “They rarely are seen, but mounds and tunnels are a good indication of their presence.

They are a pest that could take some persistence and multiple applications in different locations to be controlled successfully.”

May 2018 — Issue I

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May 2018 — Issue I



The Land & Livestock Post

News Spring forage and hair sheep program scheduled in Marlin on May 11

By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

MARLIN — The Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service office in McLennan County will be hosting a Spring Forage and Hair Sheep Program May 11 at Hungate Farm, 653 County Road 105 in Marlin.

The program will offer two continuing education units: one in integrated pest management, one general category for Texas Department of Agriculture private pesticide applicators.

Registration begins at 7:30 a.m. with the program beginning at 8 a.m.

Cost is $10 and includes lunch sponsored by Hungate Farm and the AgriLife Extension Beef and Forage Committee for McLennan County.

Topics and speakers include:

• Introduction to Hair Sheep, Nutrition and Parasite Management — Reid Redden, AgriLife Extension state sheep and goat specialist in San Angelo.

• Managing Bermudagrass Pastures for Hay Production — Vanessa Corriher-Olson, AgriLife Extension forage specialist

in Overton.

• Predator Control/Prevention — Redden.

• Soil Testing and Biosolid Result Demonstration — Jake Mower, AgriLife Extension soil specialist in College Station, Denise Winter of Synagro and Shane McLellan, AgriLife Exten-

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• Best Practices in Cutting Hay — Corriher-Olson.

• Marketing Opportunities — Colt Sharpton, producer.

Preregistration by May 1 is requested by calling the AgriLife Extension office in McLennan County at 254-757-5180.

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