Land and Livestock Post by The Eagle Advertising Department

June June2017 2017——Issue IssueIIII

Annual Equine Issue

Bite marks To apply or not to apply? XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Keep horses safe from mosquito-borne diseases PAGE 1210 PAGE

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Straightis from When the best the time, horse's best mouth. way to wean foals?

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June 2017 — Issue II

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The Land & Livestock Post

Annual Equine Issue From the General Manager Properly wean foals

ne time when I was younger, my family was driving to my grandparents’ house. My brother looked out the window at the pasture we were passing and said, “Hey! Look at all those longnecked cows!” For a split second, there was excitement and wonder in his eyes, thinking he just discovered a new species. The excitement quickly turned to embarrassment as he realized they were horses. JESSE WRIGHT It’s been more than 20 years since he made that remark, and we still give him a hard time about it. Road trips, parades, rodeos, basically any event or venue that I am with my brother, and there is at least one horse present, is an opportunity to point out a “long-necked cow” to him. Since this is the Annual Equine Issue, I felt the need to start things off with a horse story,

and that’s the best one I’ve got. Luckily for you, dear reader, I did not write the rest of the stories in this issue. We have a couple of stories about horses, along with news and information from around the ag industry. We also have our Vet’s Voice feature, as well as our other regular features to keep you on top of what’s going on in the agricultural world. Hope you enjoy it, and as always, thanks for reading. ’Til next time,

• For more information about content or advertising, contact Jesse Wright at jesse.wright@theeagle.com.

By RoBeRt FeaRs Special to The Eagle

mproper weaning methods cause animal stress in all types of livestock including horses. Stressful weaning can result in difficult handling, injuries, weight loss and lower disease resistance. Foals commonly are weaned in an abrupt manner by placing them out of sight and sound of their dams. They often are taken to strange surroundings, dewormed, vaccinated, castrated, halter broken and offered feed, maybe for the first time. Stress responses include foals frantically neighing, fretting, running, getting hot and either not eating or over eating. Abruptly weaned foals often require three to four weeks for recovery. “Weaning is stressful on both the mare and foal,” said Doyle

Special to The Post

Foals are commonly weaned in an abrupt manner by placing them out of sight and sound of their dams. Meadows of the University of Tennessee. “Highly productive horse operations use a weaning process that has a positive influence on the health and well-being of both the mare and foal. Some of the weaning management consider-

See WEAN, Page 4

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June 2017 — Issue II

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Annual Equine Issue Wean, from Page 3 ations include keeping stress level to a minimum, creep feeding, adequate health program, age at weaning, weaning system and concerns for the mare. “The weaning system should encourage good health of the mare as well as optimum growth and positive mental attitude of the foal.”

Nutrition programs “Start foals on a health program well in advance of weaning,” recommended Douglas Householder, professor emeritus at Texas A&M University. “Foals should first be dewormed at 4 to 6 weeks of age and should receive their initial immunizations at 2 to 3 months of age. Foals are usually weaned at 5 to 6 months of age, but the weaning process should not be initiated unless the foal is healthy.” “Elective surgery to correct conditions such as umbilical hernias and angular limb deformities should be performed several weeks prior to weaning,” Meadows said. “Early treatment will aid in more complete correction of these conditions. Avoid all surgeries during the weaning process.” “Handle foals as quietly as possible,” Householder said. “These practices will lead to healthier foals that are accustomed to being handled by the time they are weaned.” “Creep feeding the foal plays

Special to The Post

Above left: Foals are usually weaned at five to six months of age, but the weaning process should not be initiated unless the foal is healthy. Above right: Highly productive horse operations use a weaning process that has a positive influence on the health and well-being of both the mare and foal. a very important role in the weaning process,” Meadows said. “As foals increase in age, their dependence on solid food increases while milk intake decreases. “Two important segments of the weaning process are accomplished through creep feeding: The foal develops eating habits to make total separation from its dam easier as well as meeting nutrient demands for optimum growth. “The mare is providing only about 50 percent of the protein and energy required by a 3-month foal. Creep feeding contributes nutritionally as well as psychologically to weaning.” “Provide foals creep feed at 2 to 3 months of age,” recommended Householder. “Feed a clean, fresh, completely bal-

anced 16 to 18 percent crude protein concentrate with access to high quality pasture and/or hay. Have foals safely on feed ahead of weaning time.” “Major considerations of a

good creep feed include high quality protein, moderately high energy levels and adequate calcium and phosphorus amounts in the proper ratios,” Meadows said. “The foal’s

digestive tract requires highquality feed ingredients.” An example of a highly palatable and nutritionally adequate

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June 2017 — Issue II

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June 2017 — Issue II

Annual Equine Issue slows down their milk production since they are being fed only to meet maintenance requirements. Mares producing less milk may be more comfortable through weaning,” Householder said. “In addition, foals will receive less milk through this period, which will decrease their dependence on their mothers.” “Weaning is not only stressful

Foals, from Page 4 diet is shown in Table 1. “The key to a good creep feed is palatability and quality. A foal’s digestive tract is designed to take in small amounts of feed at frequent intervals, not a large amount once a day. Grains included in creep feed should be crimped, flaked, rolled or cracked. “Generally, the creep feed is a mixture of grains, protein supplements, vitamins and minerals. Molasses is normally added to enhance palatability,” Meadows said. “About any processing method is acceptable for creep feed except finely ground. Pelleted feeds are preferred by many horse owners. When compared to whole grain, feed processing improves acceptability and digestibility of the feed for the young, growing foal.”

Weaning is stressful on both the mare and foal. Pay attention to nutrition for the lactating mare as well. Householder recommended limiting or omitting the feeding of concentrate to the lactating

for the foal, but is also a time for concern for the mare,” Meadows said. “The mare usually calms down more quickly than the foal, although time required for her to resume normal behavior may vary from a few hours to a few days. If the mare still has significant milk production, the manager should

See STRESS, Page 8

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mare seven to 10 days preweaning. “Providing mares limited or no concentrate while on high quality pasture or grass hay

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June 2017 — Issue II

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The Land & Livestock Post

News LIVESTOCK MARKET REPORT Brazos Valley Results of the Brazos Valley Livestock Commission’s May 23 sale. Head: 351 Steers: 200-300 lbs., $165-$230; 300-400 lbs., $160-$210; 400500 lbs., $144-$169; 500-600 lbs., $140-$155; 600-700 lbs., $130-$148; 700-800 lbs., $130$141 Heifers: 200-300 lbs., $148-$170; 300-400 lbs., $134-$155; 400500 lbs., $134-$153; 500-600 lbs., $128-$143; 600-700 lbs., $120-$138; 700-800 lbs., $121$126 Slaughter bulls: $65-$88.50 Slaughter cows: $52-$74.50 Bred cows: $800-$1,200 Cow/calf pairs: $1,275-$1,400

Buffalo

Results of the Buffalo Livestock Commission’s May 20

sale. Head: 1,101 Steers: 150-200 lbs., $160-$235; 200-300 lbs., $160-$215; 300400 lbs., $155-$220; 400-500 lbs., $140-178; 500-600 lbs., $140-$162; 600-700 lbs., $125$152; 700-800 lbs., $110-$140 Heifers: 150-200 lbs., $150-$225; 200-300 lbs., $140-$182; 300400 lbs., $130-$178; 400-500 lbs., $120-$162; 500-600 lbs., $115-$150; 600-700 lbs.,$105$148; 700-800 lbs., $100-$127 Slaughter bulls: $70-$100 Slaughter cows: $45-$74 Bred cows: $800-$1,650 Cow/calf pairs: $1150-$1,650

Caldwell

Results of the Caldwell Livestock Commission’s May 24 sale. Head: 560 Steers: 200-300 lbs., $201-$235; 300-400 lbs., $175-$205; 400-

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500 lbs., $160-$175; 500-600 lbs., $150-$165; 600-700 lbs., $140-$147; 700-800 lbs., $130$135 Heifers: 200-300 lbs., $180-$217; 300-400 lbs., $160-$182; 400500 lbs., $150-$165; 500-600 lbs., $140-$175; 600-700 lbs., $135-$180; 700-800 lbs., $125$167 Slaughter bulls: $82-$90 Slaughter cows: $50-$77 Bred cows: $880-$1,200 Cow/calf pairs: n/a

Groesbeck

Results of the Groesbeck Auction and Livestock Company’s May 25 sale. Head: 566 Steers: 300-400 lbs., $180-$197; 400-500 lbs., $147-$187; 500600 lbs., $155-$168; 600-700 lbs., $125-$152 Heifers: 300-400 lbs., $135-$182;

June 2017 — Issue II

400-500 lbs., $125-$170; 500600 lbs., $120-$155; 600-700 lbs., $110-$148 Slaughter bulls: $84-$95 Slaughter cows: $55-$78 Bred cows: $700-$1, 300 Cow/calf pairs: $1,100-$1,800

Jordan

Results of the Jordan Cattle Auction’s May 25 sale. Head: 1,367 Steers: 200-300 lbs., $165-$215; 300-400 lbs., $160-$174; 400500 lbs., $155-$179; 500-600 lbs., $148-$175; 600-700 lbs., $137-$160; 700-800 lbs., $132$144 Heifers: 200-300 lbs., $160-$270; 300-400 lbs., $145-$165; 400500 lbs., $135-$158; 500-600 lbs., $130-$174; 600-700 lbs., $120-$140; 700-800 lbs., $110$134 Slaughter bulls: $70-$90.50

Slaughter cows: $53-$75 Bred cows: $800-$1,300 Cow/calf pairs: $1, 000-$1,475

Navasota

Results of the Navasota Livestock Commission’s May 20 sale. Head: 1,326 Steers: 150-300 lbs., $115-$235; 300-400 lbs., $115-$215; 400500 lbs., $115-$180; 500-600 lbs., $110-$157.5; 600-700 lbs., $110-$155 Heifers: 150-300 lbs., $115-$220; 300-400 lbs., $115-$180; 400500 lbs., $115-$155; 500-600 lbs., $110-$155; 600-700 lbs., $105-$145 Slaughter bulls: $65-$95 Slaughter cows: $40-$79 Bred cows: $700-$1,100 Cow/calf pairs: $800-$1,475 — Special to The Post

Equine Issue Stress, from Page 6 remove all feed concentrate approximately five days prior to weaning. Additionally, the mare should have access to plenty of exercise.” “Check the mare’s udder daily,” continued Meadows. “If the udder becomes very tight, milk a small amount by hand. Avoid repeated milking, as this will stimulate milk production and the goal is for her to cease production. If the udder is still tight four days after weaning and the mare’s temperature rises significantly, have the milk tested for mastitis infection. If mastitis is present, have it treated by a veterinarian. Facilities and timing for weaning “Evaluate physical facilities, such as stalls, paddocks, pens and pastures, to identify the best arrangement for weaning,” Householder said. “Weaning facilities should be safe, where foals can’t jump fences or squeeze through small spaces. Foals need to see, smell and hear their dams. Weaning areas should be clean, well ventilated and as dust free as possible, to keep foals from developing respiratory problems. “Provide shade for foals and clean fresh water. Feed the same creep, as was fed preweaning, in safe feeders. In addition, feed high quality hay. Do not change feeds at weaning time. “At weaning, physically separate foals from dams so they can’t nurse. One method is to place a foal, or a pair of foals, in a stall and place their dam(s) on each side in adjacent stalls. Leave the mares three to four days, then remove them. “Another method, popular for weaning large groups of foals, is to place several foals in a small pen or paddock and allow dams access to them from across the fence. Mares should be able to see, smell and hear their foals and vice versa. On day one, remove one mare, preferably the mare with the most indepen-

dent foal. Progressively remove one mare each day, till all mares are removed and weaning of all pairs is complete,” Householder said. “Weaning breaks emotional and nutritional bonds between the mare and foal that were initiated at birth,” Meadows said. “When to wean is one of the questions most frequently asked by the mare owner. There is no single best answer to the question. “There are considerations and restrictions to proper weaning time. Conditions such as health of the foal, health of the mare, temperament and vices of the mare, environment, maturity of the foal, management level of the operation, facilities and goals of the horse owner all play a major role in determining when to wean a foal. Deciding on the age to wean usually calls for a compromise between nature’s way and demands of the production system. “As mentioned previously, the usual age for weaning is between 4 and 6 months. Some people wean as early as 3 months, claiming that with adequate nutrition these foals grow faster than foals weaned at 6 months. Research indicates that the later-weaned foals catch up by one year of age and subsequent differences are negligible. Proper use of creep feeding, as discussed earlier, will also minimize these differences,” Householder said. “The foal’s relative lack of maturity at three months of age suggests early weaning should be carefully considered before routinely used. Social interaction is important in a young foal’s development and the trauma caused by early weaning could offset any benefits of an early weaning program. “Many times, horse owners are forced to wean early due to injury or disease of the mare or foal. This situation is different,

See SEPARATE, Page 19

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June 2017 — Issue II

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The Land & Livestock Post

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June 2017 — Issue II

Annual Equine Issue

Feeling the bite Reduce certain equine diseases with mosquito control By RoBeRt FeaRs Special to The Eagle

hether horses are raised as a business or for use in sporting events, shows, pleasure or work, they need to be kept disease-free. One method of reducing equine disease is by controlling insects that serve as vectors of harmful organisms. Sonja Swiger, Extension livestock/ veterinary entomologist with Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, gave a presentation titled “Disease Management Relating to Insect Control” during last year’s B.I.G. Conference. Most of the information in this article is taken from Swiger’s presentation and relates only to mosquitoes.

Understanding mosquitoes

Mosquitoes can carry West Nile, eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis viruses. Although symptoms of the three diseases are similar, they each are caused by a different virus. Controlling mosquitoes is an important step in reducing transmittal of these three diseases. There are 172 species of mosquitoes in the United States and 85 of them are found in Texas. They belong to the taxonomic order Diptera, which is the same order to which flies belong. Mosquitoes are recognized by their long proboscis, long legs and scales on their wing veins. The insects are aquatic breeders, often in polluted stagnant water. They

Photos courtesy of Robert Fears

Above: Whether horses are used in sporting events, shows, plleasure or work, they should be kept disease free. On the cover: one way to reduce the incidence of mesquitoes biting horses, is to keep the animals in stables from dusk through dawn during mosquito season.

are active mostly in evenings and at night. Adults rest in shady areas during the day. The mosquito’s life cycle is described by American Mosquito Con-

trol Association at www.mosquito. org/life-cycle. Eggs are laid by the female either one at a time or attached together to form a raft. The eggs float on water and most hatch

June 2017 — Issue II

into larvae within 48 hours. Larvae live in water and come to the surface to breathe. They shed their skins

See MOSQUITO, Page 11

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Annual Equine Issue Mosquito, from Page 10 four times, growing larger after each molt. During the fourth molt, the larva changes into a pupa. The pupal stage is a resting, non-feeding stage of development, but pupae are mobile. They respond to light and move or tumble

with a flip of their tails toward the bottom of the water or into protected areas. The mosquito changes into an adult while in the pupal stage. When development is complete, the pupal skin splits and the adult mosquito emerges. The newly emerged adult

See Horse, Page 12

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June 2017 — Issue II

Annual Equine Issue Horse, from Page 11

Photo courtesy of Robert Fears

rests on the surface of the water for a short time to allow itself to dry and all its body parts to harden. The wings have to spread and dry properly before it can fly. Blood feeding and mating does not occur for a couple of days after the adult emerges.

The three viruses

Birds are the amplifying host of West Nile virus. They can develop high levels of the virus in their bloodstream and then infect mosquitoes when they are bitten. In about a week, infected mosquitoes pass the virus to other birds when they bite them. Infected mosquitoes

This area either needs to be drained, filled or treated with a larvacide.Notice the crayfish traps. Where there’s crayfish, there’s mosquitoes.

also pass the virus to people and horses which are called dead-end hosts because they don’t transmit the disease to other types of animals. The virus stays with the infected horse, but people can pass it to each other. Death rate among horses in the United States ranges from 30 to 40 percent for West Nile disease. In horses that recover, up to 40 percent may exhibit neurological signs for six months or more after the initial diagnosis. Horses that become infected with the eastern equine

See DISEASE, Page 13

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June 2017 — Issue II

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Annual Equine Issue Disease, from Page 12 encephalitis virus either die within two to five days or show progressive central nervous system disorders. Death rates of infected horses range from 75 to 100 percent. Surviving horses develop unsteadiness, erratic behavior and a marked loss of coordination. Western equine encephalitis is epidemic in horses, mostly in the western half of the United States. There are cases reported almost every summer. Like the other two viruses, western equine encephalitis cycles between birds and mosquitoes with people and horses as the dead-end hosts. It also affects the central nervous system. Twenty to 50 percent

of infected horses will die.

Mosquito control

Since mosquitoes are carriers of deadly diseases, a control program is a good management practice. One of the best control methods is to eliminate breeding sites such as ditches, bird baths, buckets, cans, unmaintained swimming pools, tires, clogged gutters, potted plant drainage dishes, hollow trees and drainage catch basins. Rectify these problems by either dumping, cleaning, draining or filling with soil. The place to initiate these activities is around headquarters facilities and areas where horses are kept. For biological control, Gambusia mosquito fish

can be released to ponds and other bodies of water where the insects breed. Insect predators include the biting midge, dragonfly and elephant mosquito. “The elephant mosquito (Toxorhynchites rutilus) female has a wing span of nearly ½ inch,” wrote Michael Weissmann, Victor Disease Control Center. “If they sat on a quarter, the tips of their long legs could dangle off the edges. These giant, day-flying mosquitos do not need a blood meal to produce eggs, so they don’t bite or transport disease. Both adult males and females feed exclusively on sugary substances, primarily flower nectar. To a lesser extent, they feed on plant

sap, aphid honeydew and juices from rotting fruit. The insects are called elephant mosquitos because of their long, trunk-like proboscis that curves downward. It is pointed at the tip to assist in sucking nectar from deep flowers. “Elephant mosquito larvae are known as ‘mosquito-

eaters’ or ‘cannibal mosquitoes,’ because they are predators on other mosquitoes and occasionally on each other,” Weissmann said. “Their mandibles are unusually stout with comb-like extensions used for grasping prey. Since the larvae feed

See CONTROL, Page 15

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June 2017 — Issue II

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June 2017 — Issue II

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Annual Equine Issue Control, from Page 13 on other mosquito larvae, some attempts have been made to introduce various species of Toxorhynchites as biological control agents, but with only limited success.” Weissmann’s blog can be found at: www.vdci. net/blog/mosquito-of-themonth-toxorhynchites-rutlis-elephant-mosquito. There are various insecticide products available for treating mosquitoes. Larvicides are applied directly to water to control mosquito larvae. Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacteria, plus the chemicals, methoprene and pyriproxyfen are the primary larvicides currently used. Adulticides are applied

are used as adulticides. Since mosquito control methods are not totally effective, measures should be taken to protect horses from the biting insects. One of the best ways to avoid mosquito bites on horses is to keep the animals in stables from dusk through dawn. Courtesy of extension.entm.perdue.edu Cover all openings in the stable structure through sprayers or foggers with screen. to control adult mosquitoes in areas where they tend Use of electric fans also to congregate. Insecticides help dispel mosquitoes and containing either carbaryl, limited lighting at night malathion or pyrethroids reduces attraction of the

The Land & Livestock Post

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June 2017 — Issue II

insects. Mosquito repellants formulated especially for horses can be purchased at horse supply outlets. Use repellants on warm evenings when horses are going to spend the night outdoors. Vaccines are available for West Nile virus and west-

ern equine encephalitis and when administrated according to the label, they help control these two diseases. Vaccination is recommended before the peak of mosquito-breeding season. If you believe your horse may be infected with a mosquito-borne virus, contact your local veterinarian.

Annual Equine Issue

President Trump’s budget puts wild horses at risk By SCOTT SONNER Associated Press

PALOMINO VALLEY, Nevada — President Donald Trump’s budget proposal calls for saving $10 million next year by selling wild horses captured throughout the U.S. West without the requirement that buyers guarantee the animals won’t be resold for slaughter. Wild-horse advocates say the change would gut nearly a halfcentury of protection for an icon of the American West and could send thousands of free-roaming mustangs to foreign slaughterhouses for processing as food. They say the Trump administration is kowtowing to livestock interests who don’t want the region’s estimated 59,000 mustangs competing for precious forage across more than 40,000 square miles (103,600 square kilometers) of rangeland managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management in 10 states. The budget proposal marks the latest skirmish in the decadesold controversy pitting ranchers and rural communities against groups that want to protect the horses from Colorado to California. “This is simply a way to placate a very well-funded and vocal livestock lobby,” Laura Leigh, president of the nonprofit protection group Wild Horse Education, said about the plan. The National Cattlemen’s Beef Association and other interests have been urging the Bureau of Land Management for years to allow sales of wild horses for slaughter to free up room in overcrowded government corrals for the capture of more animals. Doug Busselman, executive vice president of the Nevada Farm Bureau, blamed the stalemate on the “emotional and antimanagement interests who have built their business models on preventing rational and responsible actions while enhancing their fundraising through misinformation.” Presidents George W. Bush,

Andy Barron/The Reno Gazette-Journal via AP

Two young wild horses play while grazing in Reno, Nevada. Wild horse advocates say President Donald Trump’s new budget proposal would undermine protection of an icon of the American West in place for nearly a half century and could send up sending thousands of free-roaming mustangs to slaughter houses in Canada and Mexico. Bill Clinton and Barack Obama older, unadoptable animals to also grappled with the spiraling be sold. But for years, Congress costs of managing the nearly has approved budget language 60,000 horses on the range and specifically outlawing the sale 45,000 others in U.S. holding pens of any wild horses for slaughter. Horse slaughterhouses are and contracted private pastures. Over the past eight years, the prohibited in the U.S. but legal Bureau of Land Management’s in many other countries, includwild-horse budget has more than ing Canada, Mexico and parts of doubled — from $36.2 million in Europe where horse meat is considered a delicacy. 2008 to $80.4 million in 2017. A year ago, then-Bureau of Trump’s proposal anticipates the $10 million savings would Land Management Director Neil come through a reduction in the Kornze said the horses representcost of containing and feeding ed a $1 billion budget problem for the animals. The savings also his agency because it costs $50 would include cutbacks involv- million to round up and house ing roundups and contraception every 10,000 horses over their lifetime. programs. The 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act allows See WILD, Page 19

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AP Photo/Brad Horn

A livestock helicopter pilot rounds up wild horses from the Fox & Lake Herd Management Area from the range in Washoe County, Nevada, near the town on Empire, Nevada.Wild horse advocates say President Donald Trump’s new budget proposal would undermine protection of an icon of the American West in place for nearly a half century and could send up sending thousands of free-roaming mustangs to slaughter houses in Canada and Mexico.

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June 2017 — Issue II

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Vet’s Voice Clearing up misunderstandings about Hardware Disease By Dr. MereDyth Jones Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital

ou have all probably heard of a cow being diagnosed with Hardware Disease and may be fairly comfortable with what that disease syndrome is. I often find, however, that there are a lot of misunderstandings about Hardware Disease and so I’m going to attempt to clear up some of those here. Let’s start by defining Hardware Disease. Hardware Disease is a syndrome that occurs after an animal has ingested a metallic object that then perforates the wall of the reticulum. This perforation results in infection in the area which can be mild or severe. In the ruminant animal, the reticulum is the first chamber of the forestomachs that lies below the bottom of the esophagus. The weight of metallic objects causes them to fall to the bottom of the reticulum, where they remain. Unlike in other animal types, where foreign objects typically move through

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the gastrointestinal tract until they either cause a blockage or are passed out, the anatomy of the reticulum and the weight of the object nearly guarantee that the piece of hardware will remain there forever. The reticulum is about the size of a volleyball and its lining looks like a honeycomb. It functions to mix feed and help the ruminant eructate or belch gas by having rhythmic contractions. This honeycomb interior can trap the ends of the wire and the contractions can force the ends through the wall, resulting in a few different possible scenarios. These include local infection around the reticulum from leakage of fluid from the reticulum up to the most severe outcome, which is puncture of the sac around the heart. Local infection around the reticulum interferes with normal gastrointestinal flow and motility, causing mild to severe disease. How does the heart get involved? It has the curse of being in the wrong neighborhood. Anatomically, the reticulum and the heart sit right next to each other, on either side of the diaphragm. If the contraction of the reticulum pushes the wire forward toward the heart, it can pass through the diaphragm and into the sac surrounding the heart, with a catastrophic outcome. There are some symptoms that may be shown by affected

Vet’s Voice

cattle that very strongly suggest a diagnosis of Hardware Disease. These include standing with the head and neck extended, grunting, and standing with the elbows pointed out. All of these point to pain in the area of the junction of the thorax and abdomen. More commonly, however, the symptoms associated with Hardware Disease are more generic, with many animals simply showing weight loss over time. Hardware Disease can be tough to diagnose definitively. For this reason, when cattle are losing weight and the cause is not readily apparent, Hardware Disease often is blamed. Several tests can be performed to help confirm a diagnosis of Hardware Disease, including xrays to look for the presence of a wire or other metal object in the reticulum, ultrasound, and analysis of certain blood proteins. It critically is important to confirm a diagnosis of Hardware Disease (or other syndrome) in an individual animal in order to benefit the herd. Many diseases of significance in cattle have some impact on

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June 2017 — Issue II

their herdmates, either because the disease directly is contagious between animals or because all of those animals live with the same risk factors. For Hardware Disease, it’s about risk factors. Metallic foreign objects are obtained from the environment, so all animals in the herd are potentially at risk. What is it about cattle that puts them at higher risk than other species for Hardware? Their tongue. You’ve noticed that as a cow eats, she sweeps up grass using the length of her tongue. By contrast, sheep, goats and horses use their lips and teeth to grasp grass. Cattle, therefore, are likely to sweep up objects present in the pasture while other livestock are more likely to sort it out. Attention to debris in pastures

is paramount in prevention of Hardware Disease. If you mix your own feed and particularly if you’re chopping hay, it’s easy for wires or other metal pieces to be chopped up and mixed into the feed where it becomes nearly impossible for a cow to sort and drop it out of what she consumes. Spend the extra time it takes to remove all wires from bales and dispose of them out of the pasture. Remember that your veterinarian is the best source of information for all aspects of cattle health. Be sure to ask any questions that you have and have any unexplained illnesses or deaths investigated in order to have the information necessary to protect the health of your herd and improve their productivity.

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Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service photo by Blair Fannin

The 63rd Texas A&M Beef Cattle Short Course is scheduled Aug. 7-9 at Texas A&M University in College Station.

Short Course set for Aug. 7-9 By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

Export markets and how they play an important role for cowcalf producers will be the focus of the opening general session of the 63rd Texas A&M Beef Cattle Short Course, scheduled Aug. 7-9 at Texas A&M University in College Station. The short course is the largest beef cattle educational event in the country and attracts more than 1,600 beef cattle producers from Texas and abroad, according to organizers. The short course is hosted by the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service and the department of animal science at Texas A&M. “The beef export market continues to grow for U.S. ranchers and is an important part of the overall cattle market,” said Jason Cleere, conference coordinator and AgriLife Extension beef cattle specialist in College Station. “We will be looking at how much export value there is in a weaned calf and what hurdles there are when it comes to accessing emerging markets such as China.” Also scheduled during the general session is a long-term weather outlook. The short course also features 22 sessions covering basic practices, new technologies and other important industry topics. These sessions provide participants with an opportunity to choose workshops based on their level of production experience and the needs of their ranch.

“Concurrent workshops will feature information on forage and beef cattle management, health, nutrition and reproduction, record keeping, genetics, purebred cattle and much more,” Cleere said. In addition to classroom instruction, participants can attend one of the program’s popular demonstrations on the morning of Aug. 9, Cleere said. “There will be demonstrations on chute-side calf working, cattle handling, brush management, tractor safety and beef carcass value determination,” Cleere said. “The goal of the short course each year is to provide the most cutting-edge information needed by beef cattle producers. We have information everyone can take home and apply to their operations.” Participants can earn at least nine Texas Department of Agriculture pesticide continuing education units if they already are licensed, Cleere said. An industry trade show, featuring more than 130 agricultural businesses and service exhibits, will be held during the event. “And the famous Texas Aggie Prime Rib Dinner is always a highlight of the short course,” Cleere said. Registration is $180 before July 31 and $220 after. The registration fee covers all breakfasts, breaks, lunch and the Aug. 7 prime rib dinner. For more information or to register, go to www.beefcattleshortcourse.com or call 979-8456931.

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Annual Equine Issue Construction set at Hildebrand Equine Complex By STEVE KUHLMANN steve.kuhlmann@theeagle.com

Even during a time when higher education funding is being called into question, it’s hard to deny that the Texas A&M University System is doing well. During a regular meeting earlier this spring, the Board of Regents added a new project to a list of 58 ongoing projects system-wide, voting to move forward with the next phase of construction at the Thomas G. Hildebrand DVM ‘56 Equine Complex. The approval set aside $6.2 million for construction and construction-related costs for the project, bringing its total cost to $6.8 million. Once completed, Texas A&M University CFO and Vice President for Finance Jerry Strawser said the new equine facilities are planned to house “nutrition research labs, a large covered feeding barn, wash bays, veterinary examination area, hay and grain storage area, nutrition turn-outs, pastures and fencing.” He said it will be located between Harvey Mitchell

Wild, from Page 16 Still, he said the agency had no intention of reversing the longstanding policy. The Trump administration wants a change, saying through the Bureau of Land Management that the “program is unsustainable and a new approach is needed, particularly when overall federal funding is so constrained.” It says the budget would allow the agency to manage the wildhorse program in a more costeffective manner, “including the ability to conduct sales without limitation.” The Bureau of Land Management rounded up more than 7,000 horses in 2012, but only about 3,000 in each of the past two

Separate, from Page 8 however, from a planned early weaning program. “Many breeders prefer to separate a mare with adverse disposition or vices from her foal as early as possible. “Some behavior patterns can be learned from the mare and, with early separation, these

Eagle photo by Dave McDermand

One of the many horses at the Texas A&M Thomas G. Hildebrand, DVM ’56 Equine Complex on F&B Road walks in its pen.The $32 million facility that opened in May 2014 is the first phase of a planned $80 million project of the Equine Initiative, formed to bring together equine research,teaching,extension and outreach in the Texas A&M College of Agriculture & Life Sciences and the College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences. Parkway and Finfeather Road, north-northeast of the existing facilities. Texas A&M expects to have a completion date of November 2018.

years due primarily to budget constraints. As of March, the Bureau of Land Management estimated that more than half the horses roaming the range — 34,780 — were in Nevada. An additional 13,191 burros were on the range — about half in Arizona. The Bureau of Land Management asserts that U.S. rangeland can sustain fewer than 27,000 horses and burros. “The original intent of the act was to make sure those animals had a healthy presence on the range, but also that they be kept at a number that is sustainable,” said Ethan Lane, executive director of the National Cattlemen’s public lands council. “You have horses starving to death ... and irreversible damage to Western

rangelands.” The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals said Trump’s budget proposal was shocking. “Wild horses can and should be humanely managed on-range using simple fertility control, yet the Bureau of Land Management would rather make these innocent animals pay for draconian budget cuts with their very lives,” Society President Matt Bershadker said. Suzanne Roy, executive director of the American Wild Horse Campaign, said the plan could put the horses on the brink of extinction. “America can’t be great if these national symbols of freedom are destroyed,” she said.

undesirable tendencies may have less influence on the foal’s behavior. “Cribbing (wind sucking), wood chewing and poor disposition are undesirable traits for a foal to obtain from its dam. Early weaning may help reduce these problems in the foal,” Householder said. Proper weaning of foals was

summarized nicely by Householder. He said, “Weaning can be one of the most stressful times in a young horses’ life, but it doesn’t have to be. Preparation for weaning and utilizing gradual weaning techniques cause reduced stress which helps minimize injuries and disease and maximizes growth rates.

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