Land and Livestock Post

June May2016 2016— —Issue Issue12

Deer producers

Having the biggest, best bucks on your land PAGE 10

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June 2016 — Issue 1

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I

News From the General Manager

f you go through any town where deer hunting is a major part of the economy, you know there is a market for deer corn. Most gas stations offer the same fare: Beef jerky, soda, gasoline, lottery tickets.

But you know you’re in a hunting town when deer corn has more JESSE WRIGHT shelf space than Dr. Pepper at the local Texaco.

By the sheer volume of corn available in these small towns, you might get the impression that deer are starving. I know many people who feel almost obligated to make sure their

deer do not go hungry. I’m sure there are a lot of beef cattle that come from hunting ranches that feel a little bit slighted when they arrive at the feed lot and see how little corn they get in comparison to the deer back home.

If you really want to make sure the deer get fed, I have a much better way. Instead of investing in corn, you should buy seeds. Tomato, squash, eggplant, pumpkin, any seeds will do. You plant those seeds in the ground, then build a really strong fence all around it. Then you water and tend to those seeds until they start to grow.

In no time at all, you will be feeding deer. This method also works with fruit trees.

There is a third option, and

that is what we will look at in this issue: growing deer food plots. We will look at the methods you can use to provide sustainable forage for deer to help increase the quality and quantity of deer on your land.

In this issue we also have news and information from around the industry to help you get your summer started. Hope you enjoy it and, as always, thanks for reading. ’Til next time,

• For more information about content or advertising, contact Jesse Wright at jesse.wright@theeagle.com.

Three Beef Quality programs set for Central, East Texas

By AdAm Russell Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

146 Express Blvd. in Center. RSVP to Shelby County Extension at 936-598-7744.

OVERTON — Three Beef Quality Assurance Training events will be held in June in Central and East Texas. The training events are a collaborative effort among the Texas Beef Council, Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association, and the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service.

There is no cost to attend, but organizers request RSVPs to ensure accurate meal counts. Steak dinners will be served at the evening sessions, and a steak lunch will be served at the earlier sessions.

The trainings will be held: • June 21 from 5-8:30 p.m. at the John D. Windam Civic Center at

• June 22 from 12-4:30 p.m. at the Hopkins County Regional Civic Center at 1200 Houston St. in Sulphur Springs. RSVP to Hopkins County Extension at 903-885-3443.

• June 23 from 5-8:30 p.m. at the Angelina County Extension Office at 2201 S. Medford Drive in Lufkin. RSVP to TSCRA at 800242-7820.

Jason Banta, AgriLife Extension beef cattle specialist at Overton, said the trainings are appropriate for those who have never attended Beef Quality Assurance training as well as those who need renewal credits.

See BEEF, Page 8

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June 2016 — Issue 1

www.circlexbrangus.com 3

News Beef cattle producers should seek every pound of gain possible

By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

FORT WORTH — In a high or low cattle market environment, capturing the most pounds per calf affects a producer’s bottom line, a Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service economist said.

Mac Young, AgriLife Extension economist in Corpus Christi, told attendees at the recent Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association convention in Fort Worth that beef producers obviously have enjoyed the record high prices they’ve received the past couple of years.

Purchasing replacement females, however, has been an expensive proposition, he said.

“Prices for 2016 are obviously higher than 2012. That’s great if you are selling, but not so great if

you are buying replacement heifers or cows,” he said. “We’ve seen those record-high prices come down a bit since late last year and you need to do everything you can to put as many pounds on your calves as possible.”

Young said Texas beef cow inventory was at 4.3 million head at the beginning of 2016, with approximately 134,000 farms averaging 32 cows per farm. Beef cattle inventory continues to rebound after the devastating drought of 2011-2013.

Yo u n g e m p h a s i z e d eve n though beef numbers in Texas herds are increasing gradually, an all-calf management program can help produce extra dollars in an operation. A 2014 AgriLife Extension study led by the Farm Assistance program revealed that an all-calf management program could dramatically increase in-

come, he said.

“With all-calf management, you are attempting to produce as many pounds as possible,” he said. “What is important whether you have low or high prices, you need to maximize the number of calves you get out of your herd and improve the quality to increase the prices you receive.

Even when you have high prices or whether you have a low-price scenario, it does affect your bottom line.”

The Farm Assistance study focused on a 2,000-acre ranch consisting of 1,800 acres of native pasture and 200 acres of established Coastal Bermuda grass used for grazing only. Under normal stocking rates, the herd included 200 cows or a stocking rate of one animal unit to 10 acres, and eight bulls, or one bull to 25 cows.

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The study took in consideration production inputs, yields, costs and overhead charges based on typical rates for the region. In 2014, hunting income for the ranch was $10 an acre. Assets, debts, machinery inventory and scheduled equipment replacements for the projection period

were the same in all management scenarios.

With no selected calf management practices, average net cash farm income was $76,970 a year or $385 a cow per year and $428 a calf per year. An all calf-manage-

See GAIN, Page 16

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News

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Hundreds of round hay bales for sale near Kaufman. Storing hay outdoors can lead to losses due to weathering. Proper storage methods can reduce losses and save forage and money.

Getting the most out of your investment in hay

By AdAm Russell Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

FORT WORTH — Springtime hay season is ramping up and Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service agent Fred Hall of Tarrant County wants to remind producers that bales are an investment worth protecting.

Hay quality is a key component to animal performance and proper hay storage is a key component to hay quality, Hall said.

Hay loss can be expected, even under a barn, so mitigation and risk management are the keys to protecting as much of your investment as possible. “[Producers] get a fantastic bale made and by not moving them off-field they endanger the stand and lose quality forage for their livestock,” Hall said.

“Storing bales properly can reduce losses and save producers money.”

Once bales have cured they should be taken to a permanent storage area and stacked, he said.

The cutting, baling and hauling represents much of the cost of baled hay. Depending on yield, a 1,500-pound bale can cost up to $45 to cut, roll and transport.

If the bale is valued at $100, the forage in the bale is worth $55. It makes sense to protect bales and the $45 per-bale investment as much as possible, Hall said.

When bales are stored outside and uncovered, weathering may affect hay quality up to 12 inches deep, he said. The depth will vary based on factors such as regional climate, the bale’s density, the storage location and methods of protection used to mitigate weathering.

The general expectation, however, is there will be a 4- to 6-inch weathered layer for bales stored outside on the ground. This is important, Hall said, because the outer portions of bales make up a substantial portion of the bale’s volume.

Bales left in fields are exposed to the elements in all directions, he said. If three inches of the outside surface of a 5-foot by 6-foot bale are spoiled, it represents about 30 percent of the hay in that bale. In a 1,500-pound a 30 percent loss represents 450 pounds of hay.

Producers should remove bales from fields as soon as possible to prevent damage to the hay and to the field, Hall said. Storing bales

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June 2016 — Issue 1

5

News Stocking new ponds with fish takes some time and effort

By AdAm Russell Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

Spring is a good time for landowners with new ponds to begin stocking fish — but a planned approach is recommended, according to Texas A&M AgriLife Extension fisheries specialist Todd Sink.

“A lot of people think you just put fish in a pond and it is stocked and will result in a good fish population,” said Sink, who is based in College Station. “But you must first assure the water chemistry is correct to adequately support fish, create a strong pond foodchain, stock the proper baitfish to sportfish numbers, and finally there is a particular stocking order that must be followed.”

The first step is to ensure the

environment is suitable in which phytoplankton, prey organisms and fish at all levels of the food chain can thrive, Sink said. Phytoplankton are the single-celled microscopic algae that give water a greenish tint and are the basis of the entire pond’s food-chain.

Sink recommends taking a water sample for analyses to determine the water chemistry of the pond.

This is especially important in East Texas, he said, because the soil typically is acidic which leads to low-alkalinity, acidic waters.

Landowners should try to create an alkalinity of between 50150 parts per million and a pH of 6-9. Doing so provides the best environment for the pond’s food chain, he said. Crushed agricultural limestone, hydrated lime,

See FISH, Page 15

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June 2016 — Issue 1

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News Profits influenced by record keeping, cost management from producers enrolled in the Kansas Farm Management Association.

“We wanted to take a look again at the drivers and characteristics of producers who tend to be the most profitable,” Pendell said.

Keeping thorough records of your costs and revenue is one of the best ways to control your profitability, the analysis found.

In 2014, Kansas beef producers saw their largest average annual return since 1975 at $589.50 per head, according to Kansas Farm Management Association data.

Six years previously, in 2009, the average annual return was at its lowest in the past 40 years at minus $76.40 per cow.

“What we saw in 2009 was the lowest inventory, and what we’re seeing now is that the cow-calf

herds are being rebuilt,” Pendell said. “We’re starting to see the cattle numbers increase, but there are other factors that are contributing to the difference in average returns as well.”

Several reasons account for the almost $670 difference in average return per cow between 2009 and 2014, he said. Along with cow-calf herds rebuilding the past few years, decreases in beef demand from 2008-09, a widespread drought in 2012 and an increase in beef demand in 2014 all contributed to the fluctuations within a relatively short timespan.

A high correlation exists between net returns over total costs and net returns over variable costs, according to Pendell. For instance, a medium-profit producer is likely to remain in the

medium-profit category when all costs — not just variable costs — are factored in.

“Using the [Kansas Farm Management Association] data — the returns over total costs over the past 40 years — there were six years that had a positive (average) return,” he said. “The other 34 years resulted in a negative return per cow.”

When only six years of the past 40 years are profitable, staying in business may be a challenge, according to Pendell.

“However, if you’re keeping records, that allows you to make better-informed management decisions,” he said. “And, if you’re able to make better-informed management decisions, hopefully in those bad years you are in

See RECORDS, Page 16

Improve your herd’s productivity

DA L N I T M A R H OW S DS FEE

Kansas State Research and Extension photo

Cow-calf producers who fall into the “high-profit” category tend to keep thorough records of expenses and revenue.

By Chloe Creager Kansas State University

MANHATTAN, Kan. — What characteristics do high-profit producers have that others could incorporate into their operations?

Profitability in cow-calf production can vary widely, so knowing what practices help support your operation can be crucial for a beef producer.

Dustin Pendell, Kansas State University livestock economist

and co-author of the Analysis of 2010-2014 Kansas Farm Management Association Cow-Calf Enterprise, along with co-authors Youngjune Kim and Kevin Herbel, analyzed the differences between low-, medium- and highprofit cow-calf producers.

The report was written as an update to a similar publication that analyzed cow-calf enterprises from 2008-2012, and data were compiled from available information about revenue and expenses

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News Hay, from Page 5 properly reduces the number of exposed surfaces and can reduce losses, especially if shelter is provided. Storing hay in barns can be a cost-effective method of protecting it for some producers. . Plastic wraps also can be used to reduce losses.

Hall said hay stored outside is subject to wetting and drying cycles that degrade and leach nutrients from bales. Over time, this causes the fiber component of the forage, which is indigestible, to represent a larger percentage of the bale’s dry weight. The loss of total digestible nutrients often can be as much as 15 to 20 percent in weathered bales.

Bales left in the field often flatten out and soften, which makes loading, handling and hauling those bales difficult because some bales will fall apart and dry matter losses will increase, Hall said. To reduce losses on hay stored outdoors, run rows of hay bales on an upland site away from shade trees. Sunshine speeds up the drying process.

Hall recommends placing bales in a north-south orientation and southern exposure. Set bales in rows so that the flat sides are touching and the round sides are separated. This keeps rain

from ponding on top of bales.

Also, Hall said, rows should be at least three feet apart to allow for sunlight and good air circulation. Keeping bales off the ground, either by using pallets, crossties, or rocks, is critical in preventing substantial losses especially in rainy seasons.

Texas A&M AgriLife studies suggest that often 50 percent or more of the storage losses associated with outside storage occur where the bale touches ground.

Dry hay touching damp soil draws moisture into the bale.

Some producers store bales in the “mushroom” style, where bottom bales are on end, Hall said. This style provides less protection than end-to-end, especially if the rows are tight to each other.

The result of poor storage techniques is a weathered layer that is very low in quality and unpalatable to livestock, he said. Leaving hay in the field for extended times can expose the bale but also inhibit forage growth.

Forage plants smothered by a hay bale will be suppressed until the bale is removed. The longer the bale stays in one spot, the less likely the forage plants will recover. The area then becomes a prime site for weed invasion if the bales sets for over a week.

Beef, from Page 3 Published by Bryan-College Station Communications, Inc. (979) 776-4444 or (800) 299-7355

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POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Eagle, P.O. Box 3000, Bryan,Texas 77805-3000 The Post is printed in part on recycled paper and is fully recyclable.

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Topics will include cattle and beef quality, animal handling and well-being, needle and syringe selection, vaccine handling, proper injection technique, environmental stewardship and how to avoid antibiotic residue in the meat, he said.

“The benefits of the trainings are many, including learning best management practices that ensure production of a safe, wholesome food product,” Banta said.

“Additionally, many of these practices can improve the productivity and profitability of your operation.”

For more information on the Texas Beef Quality Producer Program, these trainings, or other training opportunities go to www. texasbeefquality.com.

Accessing moist fields also can cause damage to forage, especially legumes and forbs. Wheel traffic can hurt regrowth, he said.

AgriLife Extension agricultural economist Jason Johnson of Stephenville said protecting hay through proper storage is protecting producers’ time and money invested during production.

“It is better to have not made a hay crop at all and lost all of the pre-harvest expenses than to make a crop, spend the money to cut and bale it, and let it waste away losing all its feeding value and negatively affecting regrowth because the bales were not handled, moved, and stored properly,” he said. “In the end you will lose more money with that scenario than if you had never harvested a single bale.”

For more information about protecting hay, check out the publication “Round Bale Hay Storage” at grilife.org/urbantarrantag.

Vaccinate livestock against anthrax Special to The Post

Texas Animal Health Commission officials are encouraging livestock owners to vaccinate their animals after anthrax was confirmed in a cow in southeast Webb County in April.

“The anthrax vaccination is reliable and proven to protect livestock from the disease,” said Dr. Andy Schwartz, interim commission executive director. “Livestock owners are urged to consult with their local veterinary practitioners about vaccination.”

Anthrax cases in Texas historically are found in the triangular area bound by the towns of Uvalde, Ozona and Eagle Pass.

Anthrax is a bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, which is a naturally occurring organism with worldwide distri-

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June 2016 — Issue 1

bution, including certain parts of Texas.

Acute fever followed by rapid death with bleeding from body openings are common signs of anthrax in livestock. Carcasses also may appear bloated and decompose quickly. Livestock displaying symptoms consistent with anthrax should be reported to a private veterinary practitioner or a Texas Animal Health Commission official. If affected livestock or carcasses must be handled, producers are encouraged to follow basic sanitation precautions such as wearing protective gloves, long sleeve shirts and washing thoroughly afterward to prevent accidental spread of the bacteria to people.

For more information regarding anthrax, call 1-800-550-8242 or go to www.tahc.texas.gov.

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June 2016 — Issue 1

9

News

Here, my deer

Supplementing deer nutrition with food plots W

By RoBeRt FeaRs Speciaal to The Post

hitetail deer can serve as a source of hunting income as well as provide family recreation for Texas landowners, but good management is a necessity. The big and healthy deer with large antlers provide the greatest returns, both financial and in personal enjoyment.

Whether the ranch is high-fenced or low-fenced, raising big, healthy deer requires management. Providing good nutrition, maintaining suitable habitat and culling the less desirable animals are the required management fundamentals.

Food plots can be used to help provide nutritional requirements of whitetail deer as long as there is availability of tillable soil, near level terrain and adequate moisture. Food plots, however, should never be depended on as a substitution for natural plant materials in the habitat.

In order to develop big bodied deer with large antlers, it is necessary to know what they eat and then manage habitat to provide their needs. Once suitable whitetail deer habitat is developed, it is then time to decide if food plots are feasible and whether they can add to the nutritional program.

During the 2015 O.D. Butler Forage Field Day at Circle X Land & Cattle Company near Franklin, Larry Redmon of the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service presented some practical information on how wildlife plots can be implemented on a working ranch. Information in this article was taken mostly from his presentation.

“Whitetail deer are ruminants like cows, but their diet selection is radically different,” Redmon said.

“Cattle are able to digest large

10

Photos by Robert Fears

Winter food plots should be established close to security cover and beding areas. On the cover: Big and healthy deer with large antlers provide the greatest returns, both financial and in personal enjoyment. amounts of roughage, have a relatively large rumen relative to their body size, and depend heavily on grasses for their diet. Grasses are relatively low in crude protein and digestibility when com-

pared with legumes or forbs (broadleaf weeds). Because of these nutritive characteristics, grasses have a longer residence time in the cow’s rumen, which increases rumen microflora — bacteria

June 2016 — Issue 1

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and protozoa — degradation of the forage. Thus for grass-roughage consumers like cattle and sheep, residence time in

See DEER, Page 11

The Land & Livestock Post

News “Native plants used by whitetail deer include browse, forbs, soft and hard mast (fruits and acorns), and mushrooms,” Redmon said.

“Forbs and mast, while providing good nutrition, may not be available each year or at all times of the year. Browse is usually the most important source of deer nutrition because of its year-round avail-

Deer, from Page 10 the rumen is relatively long and rate of passage is slow,” Redmon said.

White-tailed deer have different needs. “White-tailed deer are concentrate selectors. Their rumen is small relative to body size; thus, their diet must be higher in nutritive value and more rapidly digested. Whitetail deer rely primarily on forbs and browse — leaves and twigs of woody plants. These plants are usually higher in crude protein and digestibility than

ability. Cattle and deer eating habits are complementary; therefore they can be managed efficiently on the same piece of property.”

Redmond asked, “Why do land managers plant forages for deer?

“Food plots serve the same purpose for deer and other

See PLOTS, Page 12

Brazos Valley Livestock Brazos Valley Livestock Commission, Inc. Commission, Inc. Photo by Robert Fears

Prepare a food plot by tilling the soil with a disk, rototiller or harrow. grasses.

“Grasses comprise only a very small part of the overall diet of whitetail deer except for small grains and ryegrass that

rapidly degrade in the rumen.

Other utilized introduced forages by deer include both warmand cool-season legumes” Redmon said.

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News Plots, from Page 11 wildlife as seasonal, planted pastures for cattle. They provide protein when it is depleted from weather-stressed native forage and browse. Plant stress occurs when vegetation turns brown and/or dries due to high temperatures with little or no rainfall normally in late summer.

“A second stress period is after the first killing frost in late fall or early winter. Another purpose of food plots is to attract deer when it is necessary to cull for keeping the population in balance with habitat.”

Planning food plots

“There are three criteria that must be met for a successful food plot: The plot must attract deer, the animals must like to eat what’s in the plot, and the food must be available when the deer need it,” Redmon said.

“Food plots in the right location attract deer. It is important to study deer on your property and learn their movement habits,” said Redmon. “Knowing exactly where they are on certain times of the day helps food plot placement in a beneficial area. Summer plots are best located in large clearings where deer can cool while foraging at night. Winter plots should be positioned in smaller hide-aways that get at least five hours of sunlight, but are also close to security-cover and bedding areas.”

Plot size should be based on the number of deer to feed. A rule of thumb is to plant 2 percent of your property in food plots. Fall and winter food plots are usually about one-half acre or less in size to provide closeness to brush cover for security.

Summer plots are often larger to provide more air circulation.

“Choosing plants for a food plot must not only be based on what deer will eat, but also what will grow in your area,”

12

Photo by Robert Fears

Summer wildlife food plots are usually large to provide air circulation.

Redmon said. “Plants that thrive in East Texas may not grow well in the blackland prairies or postoak savannah ecoregions. Forages adapted to the Panhandle may not survive the heat south of San Antonio and conversely, plants that grow in South Texas may not survive the winters north of Waco.

“Managers should be wary of forage varieties developed for areas outside their region of interest. Beware also of products advertised as being able to grow year-round on all types of soils without irrigation. This is generally impossible at most locations in Texas,” Redmon said.

“Food plots are more successful if they are available when deer need them. Deer tend to ignore food plots during the time of year that native vegetation is green and tender.”

Plot establishment

“If you intend to plant for-

ages for deer, you need to become a farmer,” Redmon said.

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News Food, from Page 12 “Prepare a seedbed by tilling the soil with a disc, rototiller or harrow to a depth of four to eight inches. This allows good contact between the planted seed and the soil resulting in better germination.”

The seedbed should be firm and free of vegetation before it is planted. Depending on the site, herbicide may need to be applied pre-planting to control existing perennial grasses, such as hybrid bermudagrass, as well as other aggressive vegetation. If this vegetation isn’t controlled, it eventually will crowd out the food plot plants.

Food plots can be tilled about two weeks after the herbicide application.

Soil tests are extremely important for establishing effective food plots because they will show the amounts and type of plant nutrients needed to produce green lush plants that attract deer. The reliability of a soil test is only as good as the sample you submit. The area to be sampled should be as uniform as possible in terms of soil type and cropping and fertilizing history. Separate soil samples should be taken for each food plot.

Use a soil-sampling probe, an auger, a spade or shovel for collecting soil samples. Tools should be either stainless steel or chrome-plated. If a shovel or a spade is used, dig a V-shaped hole to sample depth — 4-6 inches — then cut a thin slice as shown in Figure 1. Mix soil cores for each sample in a clean, plastic bucket. Do not use a bucket that has been used to hold fertilizer or other chemicals. Collect a number of cores or slices by walking in a zig-zag pattern over the area.

Mix cores thoroughly for a composite lab sample. The greater the number of cores in the composite, the better the sample will represent the area.

Consider 10 cores minimum for

plots up to 10,000 square feet in size. Larger areas should be represented by at least 15 to 20 samples.

Place approximately one cup of each composite sample in a separate, unused plastic bag.

Label each bag with identification information for the site from which the sample was collected. Complete an information form for each sample and mail with the samples to a reputable soil testing laboratory such as the Texas A&M University Soil, Water and Forage Testing Laboratory in College Station. Information forms and the shipping address can be obtained at soiltesting.tamu.edu.

“Soil nutrient deficits are usually satisfied with fertilizer applications prior to or at planting. However, a top dressing of nitrogen is required for small grains after they have become established,” Redmon said.

“Deer food plots are normally planted in September for early fall and winter use. This means that the top dressing of nitrogen is due between Thanksgiving and Christmas, a busy time of the year,” Redmon said. “Remember that we became farmers when we planted food plots and the nitrogen is a priority, regardless of hunting season and holiday celebrations. Summer food plots are typically planted in May,” he said.

“Forage mixes using seeds of dissimilar size should be viewed cautiously,” Redmon said. “Different seed size can create planting problems resulting in some seed being placed too deep or too shallow. Also be aware that grass/ legume mixtures will normally not give maximum production of either species due to their very different growth and management requirements.”

To achieve a uniform stand of the intended crop, seed must be planted at the proper depth.

Optimum planting depth usually is related to seed size. Large seeds will emerge from greater

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as wheat, is 1 1/2 to 2 inches.

Recommended planting depths and seeding rates are printed on seed bag labels.

“Although mixtures of plants are recommended for deer food plots by many organizations and business, the simplest plan is to plant oats for fall and winter plots and iron or clay cowpeas for late summer and early fall use,” said Redmon.

“Production of these crops is predictable and they contain adequate protein to meet deer nutritional requirements.”

Photo by Robert Fears

Food plots should not be attempted if there is not adequate moisture to grow the crops. depths because they have larger stored food reserves that can be utilized for germination.

For example, many clover seeds

are quite small and cannot survive plantings much greater than 1/4- to 1/2-inch. The recommendation for large seed, such

Successful food plots require planning and a determination of whether they fit your management style. Well-prepared seedbeds, fertilization dictated by soil tests, crops adapted to your area, adequate soil moisture and the right sizes and locations of plots also contribute to the success.

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June 2016 — Issue 1

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News LIVESTOCK MARKET REPORT Brazos Valley

Results of the Brazos Valley Livestock Commission’s May 10 sale.

Head: 916 Steers: 200-300 lbs., $205-$260; 300-400 lbs., $170-$216; 400-500 lbs., $154-$184; 500-600 lbs., $149-$174; 600-700 lbs., $137$158; 700-800 lbs., $135-$144.

Heifers: 200-300 lbs., $174$205; 300-400 lbs., $155-$179; 400-500 lbs., $137-$164; 500600 lbs., $130-$156; 600-700 lbs., $120-$142; 700-800 lbs., $125-$138.

Slaugher bulls: $85-$100.

Slaughter cows: $58-$79.

Bred cows: $1,250-$2,250.

Cow/calf pairs: $1,250-$2,275.

Buffalo

Results of the Buffalo Livestock Commission’s May 7 sale.

Head: 1,172 Steers: 150-200 lbs., $220-

$290; 200-300 lbs., $195-$230; 300-400 lbs., $150-$217; 400-500 lbs., $140-175; 500-600 lbs., $130$170; 600-700 lbs., $125-$160; 700-800 lbs., $115-$141.

Heifers: 150-200 lbs., $235$250; 200-300 lbs., $165-$230; 300-400 lbs., $135-$190; 400500 lbs., $130-$167; 500-600 lbs., $125-$155; 600-700 lbs.,$115$145; 700-800 lbs., $105-$124.

Slaughter bulls: $87-$105.

Slaghter cows: $44-$80.

Bred cows: $1,100-$1,800.

Cow/calf pairs: $1,150-$1,775.

Caldwell

Results of the Caldwell Livestock Commission’s May 12 sale.

Head: 485 Steers: 200-300 lbs., $230$295; 300-400 lbs., $200-$230; 400-500 lbs., $160-$185; 500600 lbs., $155-$195; 600-700 lbs., $145-$160; 700-800 lbs.,

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$135-$145.

Heifers: 200-300 lbs., $210$225; 300-400 lbs., $165-$180; 400-500 lbs., $155-$180; 500600 lbs., $150-$205; 600-700 lbs., $135-$155; 700-800 lbs., $110-$140.

Slaughter bulls: $85-$107.

Slaughter cows: $65-$85.a Bred cows: $900-$1,475.

Cow/calf pairs: $1,250$1,700.

Groesbeck

Results of the Groesbeck Auction and Livestock Company’s May 12 sale.

Head: 550 Steers: 300-400 lbs., $180$215; 400-500 lbs., $155-$180; 500-600 lbs., $145-$172; 600700 lbs., $140-$156; 800-900 lbs., $100-$140.

Heifers: 300-400 lbs., $165$200; 4a00-500 lbs., $145-$165; 500-600 lbs., $137-$157; 600-700

lbs., $120-$145; 800-900 lbs., $100-$110.

Slaughter bulls: $92-$103.

Slaughter cows: $62-$84.

Bred cows: $1,100-$2,100.

Cow/calf pairs: $1,300-$2,400.

Jordan

Results of the Jordan Cattle Auction’s May 12 sale.

Head: 6,387 Steers: Under 200 lbs., $190$215; 200-300 lbs., $190-$217; 300-400 lbs., $180-$220; 400500 lbs., $165-$212.50; 500600 lbs., $150-$186; 600-700 lbs., $140-$163; 700-800 lbs., $130-$156.

Heifers: Under 220 lbs., $170$190; 200-300 lbs., $170-$185; 300-400 lbs., $155-$180; 400500 lbs., $145-$161; 500-600 lbs., $135-$250; 600-700 lbs., $128-$152; 700-800 lbs., $120$143.

Slaughter bulls: $84-$100.50.

Slaughter cows: $60-$76.50.

Bred cows: $800-$2,205.

Cow/calf pairs: $1,300$3,200.

Navasota

Results of the Navasota Livestock Commission’s May 7 sale.

Head: 1,025 Steers 150-300 lbs., $150$290; 300-400 lbs., $140-$215; 400-500 lbs., $130-$187.50; 500-600 lbs., $125-$163; 600700 lbs., $115-$155.

Heifers: 150-300 lbs., $150$275; 300-400 lbs., $130-$180; 400-500 lbs., $125-$177.50; 500-600 lbs., $120-$156; 600700 lbs., $110-$145.

Slaughter bulls: $75-$109.

Slaughter cows: $45-$79.

Bred cows: $900-$1,475.

Cow/calf pairs: $1,000$1,600.

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News Fish, from Page 6 quicklime, or slaked lime can be added to low-alkalinity or low pH ponds to create a more productive environment for fish and their food prior to stocking. Hydrated lime, quicklime, or slaked lime, however, cannot be added to a pond with fish because the rapid pH change can cause a fish kill.

Landowners can add crushed agricultural limestone, or agricultural lime, to correct alkalinity or pH issues in ponds that already contain fish with no adverse effects to the fish populations, because it creates a very gradual shift in pH, he said.

Sink also recommends a fertilization program be implemented if maximizing fish production is the goal. Most ponds benefit from adding 5-8 pounds of liquid or powdered — not pelleted — phosphorus per-acre. This practice will create a phytoplankton bloom, which creates food for

baitfish, crawfish, insects and other organisms at the base of the sportfish food chain, as well as for larval sportfish themselves.

The pond “won’t produce as much food as it could if unfertilized,” he said. “Creating a good basis for the pond’s food chain through fertilization programs can produce four to six times more fish from the same body of water.”

Fertilization also can help to

limit the establishment of nuisance rooted vegetation by blocking sunlight to the bottom of the pond, he said.

After creating a good environment, Sink said owners should stock ponds in spring or early summer with 5-15 pounds of fathead minnows per acre, which are easy-to-capture baitfish that will spawn and create a good food

See STOCK, Page 17

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News Records, from Page 7 the positive.”

The purpose of the analysis was to break down the different factors between high-, medium- and lowprofit cow-calf producers, Pendell said. Over a five-year span (2010-14), researchers broke down the profitability of cow-calf enterprises, ranked them from highest to lowest profitability, divided them into thirds and analyzed the different practices of each group.

The highest-profit beef producers tended to allocate a higher percent of their labor to livestock production when compared to crop production and tended to be more specialized. They also had larger herds, slightly heavier cows at selling time and generated 16 percent, or close to $134, more revenue per head.

Since beef producers are price takers rather than setters, profitability can be controlled best through cost management, Pendell added.

Two-thirds of the differences between net returns come from the costs; the remaining third comes from gross income, the economist said. When fixed costs only are favorable for the producer six out of 40 years, that’s where the difference is made up.

“From a management standpoint, if producers track their records they can use those records to figure out if there’s any opportunity for improvement, and that’s probably going to come on the cost side,” Pendell added.

Additionally, producers who specialized more in livestock production relative to crop production tended to have lower costs, although the reasons why need to be studied further, he said.

When data from 2015 becomes available, it will be added to the study, Pendell said.

“What we expect to see in the 2015 average net returns is probably not going to be as high as the 2014 returns, but we might see our second highest in the last 40 years,” he said.

Gain, from Page 4 ment program of clostridial vaccinations, castration/ implants and deworming led to net cash farm income of $89,360, representing $477 a cow per year and $496 a calf per year.

“This reflects a 16.1 percent increase or $12,390 increase versus no calf management practices,” Young said.

“All of these practices help produce more dollars when selling calves. The worst thing you can do is have a cow out there that isn’t having a calf. That’s cutting into your profits.

“The points I’m trying to make is you are going to have good market prices and you are going to have bad market prices. That’s why as a producer you need to produce as many pounds as possible.”

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News Stock, from Page 15 source for larger baitfish and sportfish populations so they are established when stocked.

In the fall, Sink said the pond should be stocked with 500 bluegill or 400 bluegill and 100 redear sunfish per acre. Redear can grow substantially larger than bluegill, but the two species do not compete for food. By stocking the two species in combination, landowners end up with more fish in the pond because they are not competing for the same resources.

Bluegill and redear are good baitfish for bass and catfish, Sink said. When stocked in the fall, they will continue to grow throughout the fall, winter and spring so they are ready to spawn and provide sufficient prey for bass and catfish.

If landowners stock bass or catfish at the same time as the bluegill and redear are stocked, the bass and catfish eat the small sunfish before they ever have a chance to spawn, creating too many predatory fish and too few forage fish, leading to stunted bass and catfish populations.

Bass spawn in March and April and fingerlings will be ready to stock by May or June. Catfish spawn in May and June and will be ready to stock in July or August, but fingerlings are available throughout the year due to fish production management,

although size varies with time of year.

Ponds should be stocked with one largemouth bass for every ten sunfish stocked, so for the scenario above where 500 sunfish are stocked, 50 largemouth bass per acre can be stocked. Up to 50 channel or blue catfish per acre can be stocked, or up to 100 per acre with fertilization and supplemental feeding two to three times a week. Sink said catfish can be added any time after bass are stocked.

But Sink said owners should consider whether they will fish for catfish and must plan to remove larger catfish to protect bluegill, redear and smaller bass populations.

If the owner does not plan to fish for catfish or remove most of them by the time they reach 2 pounds, they should not stock catfish in their pond and focus more on bass, bluegill, and redear sunfish.

Once stocked, the pond should be ready for quality fishing in three years, Sink said.

The key to managing good fish populations, and to growing big bass, relies on harvest of bass from ponds starting the third year after stocking. Most ponds require a minimum of 10 pounds of 6-10 inch largemouth bass be harvested per-acre per-year to support a healthy fish population. If the owner wants to grow trophy bass, they may need to

harvest 25 pounds or more of 6-14 inch largemouth bass peracre per-year to free up limited food resources so that remaining bass can grow fast or large.

If owners want to catch more large bass or are catching too many half to 2-pound bass, the answer is not to stock more bass because it would make the issue worse. Instead, work on building the food-chain and harvesting more bass to free up food resources so remaining bass can grow larger faster.

Owners also can add structures to ponds to provide cover for fish, but they typically are more beneficial to anglers because fish congregate around them and therefore they know where to find the fish, Sink said.

Sink recommends the use of natural materials, such as wood and rock because tires and plastic pipe are petrochemical-based products and degrade over time, introducing those chemicals to the water and the fish.

over surface aerators, he said.

Crappie are not recommended for stock ponds less than 20 acres because they are prolific breeders, Sink said.

For more information from the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension fisheries, go to fisheries.tamu. edu/.

For access to a 2015 Webinar about comprehensive stocking strategies and tips from Sink go to bit.ly/1VBHTyN.

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Aquatic vegetation can provide good cover for fish, but is in no way necessary or vital to a good fishery and should be managed. Sink said vegetation should be limited to 10-15 percent of the pond’s total bottom area. Vegetation should be managed Sink said aerators can be beneficial to many aspects of the pond but are not required. Aerators that mix water at all depths should be used when possible

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June 2016 — Issue 1

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June 2016 — Issue 1

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