Land and Livestock Post

November November 20162016 — Issue — 2

Refreshing lime

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November 2016 — Issue 2

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The Land & Livestock Post

News

A

From the General Manager

s another Thanksgiving approaches, I look back on the year and realize, once again, that I have a lot to be thankful for. I have my family, my health, a home, a job and food on the table each night. That is more than most, and for that I am grateful. But one of the things that really sticks out this year is that I am JESSE WRIGHT thankful that snake didn’t bite me.

I was dove hunting earlier this year at my parent’s place in the Hill Country. I had just made a crack shot and watched flitted into a as my target flitted clump of trees in order to further

avoid my deft aim. I already had about $1.50 in shotgun shells invested in this particular dove, so I was determined to get him. I was stalking the dove about as well as you can stalk a bird, rounding upon the clump of trees, when the ground exploded.

It was a rattlesnake, a very angry rattlesnake. It was rattling and bowed up about two feet from me. I jumped backward farther than I’ve ever jumped forward, muttered a few choice words, and set a new record for the fastest a 12-gauge pump shotgun

ever has been fired three times in a row.

The dove may have gotten away, but so did I, and for that I’m thankful.

Low pH levels in your fields may not register as high on the scare-o-meter as coming face-to-face with a Western Diamondback, but it is still a frightening thing. Luckily, there is a solution. In our cover story we take a look at the advantages of liming pastures with low pH. We also have stories about replacement heifers, loan programs and herbicide choices, to name a few.

Hope you enjoy it, and as always, thanks for reading. ’Til next time.

• For more information about content or advertising,contact Jesse Wright at jesse.wright@ theeagle.com.

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November 2016 — Issue 2

3

News

Be selective when choosing replacement heifers

By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

Spiraling cattle prices in recent weeks are not leaving much wiggle room when it comes to marketing calves and replacement females to fit current trends, according to cattle experts.

The recent Brazos Valley Beef and Forage Expo held at the Brazos Valley Livestock Commission featured talks that included purchasing replacement heifers, evaluating feeder cattle and marketing the right type of cattle to achieve maximum profits.

The program was sponsored by the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service beef and forage committee.

“One of the traits we are looking for when purchasing replacement heifers is docility and temperament,” said Joe Paschal, AgriLife Extension beef cattle specialist in Corpus Christi. “I want my heifers to be calm and to protect her calf. I don’t want her to run away from me or try to run over me as I approach.”

Paschal suggests talking to local sale barn operators to find out what buyers are wanting in calves marketed each week. That will give the beef producer key insight as to which breeds or crossbreeds of replacement heifers to consider when buying.

“After all, why not produce what the market wants?” Paschal said.

Ideally, Pascal said producers should be developing heifers to calve at 24 months.

Most beef producers like to have crossbred heifers in their herd because of hybrid vigor.

A popular option is a Brahman and Hereford cross or Brahman and Angus cross. Both these combinations have hybrid vigor, which Paschal said, “is like having an insurance program giving you a greater chance of having them bred and calving at 24 months.

“Structural soundness is also important,” he said. “We want

4

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service photo by Blair Fannin

Pete Scarmardo, owner of Brazos Valley Livestock Commission, discussed market trends in feeder cattle at the recent Brazos Valley Beef and Expo. heifers that have good frame size and the ability to calve with ease.”

One thing to keep in mind is annual cow cost. Paschal said the average cow cost is $600 annually, which includes feed and taxes.

“One thing that drives up the cost of replacement heifers is hay and purchased feed,” Paschal said.

“In some parts of Texas, you can get away with not feeding any hay at all. In my area in South Texas, I don’t feed any hay at all.

I stockpile forage and utilize rotational grazing. That helps keep my annual cow cost in line.

“But for those in South Central Texas, it can be cold, muddy and nasty during the winter, so you have to feed hay. Just keep in mind how expensive hay is to produce or purchase. There are feeding strategies that can be developed to keep those costs in check.”

Meanwhile, Pete Scarmardo, owner of Brazos Valley Livestock Commission, told attendees cattle prices have been volatile.

“The futures market has been used more as a trading tool than a speculative tool,” he said. “That’s made things very difficult for the cattle market. Somewhere, we will reach a bottom.”

Through October, fed cattle prices continued to trend lower, he said.

“We’ve got to get some equity back into these cattle,” Scarmardo said.

“We have no bargaining power in the cash market. Until we reach a peak in the cattle supply, the U.S. dollar gets weaker, our industry has some big problems.

There are a lot of people who have lost money over the last 18

See HEIFER, Page 5

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November 2016 — Issue 2

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The Land & Livestock Post

News Cattle Trails CowCalf Conference set

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service photo by Blair Fannin

Joe Paschal,Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service beef cattle specialist, discussed replacement heifer options at the recent Brazos Valley Beef and Forage Expo.

By Kay LedBetter Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

Heifer, from Page 4

LAWTON, Oklahoma — For ranchers in Texas and Oklahoma, tough marketing times with low cattle prices make it more critical than ever for their operations to become more efficient productively and financially, a Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service specialist said.

Experts and the latest information can be found at the annual Cattle Trails Cow-Calf Conference — Driving Your Cattle to Profit, to be Dec. 1 at the Comanche County Fairgrounds Annex Building, 920 S.W. Sheridan Road, Lawton, Oklahoma.

The conference is a joint effort between the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service and the Okla-

months.”

However, Scarmardo said the packing industry has continued to have strong processing margins of $150 to $200 a head. He said feedyards are being filled with specific types of cattle being bought.

“What they buy is dictated by corporate specifications,” he said. “There are more branded beef programs than ever, then you’ve got all the commodity beef (U.S. Department of Agriculture grades) that is not branded beef.

It’s not people buying cattle and taking a gamble. They are purchasing the type of cattle that fits their specifications.”

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November 2016 — Issue 2

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News Ag technology focus of 28th Plant Protection Conference

By Blair Fannin Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

Agricultural technology will be the focus of the 28th annual Texas Plant Protection Association Conference Dec. 6-7 at the Brazos Center, 3232 Briarcrest Drive in Bryan.

The general session will open with Bob Avant, program director for corporate relations with Texas A&M AgriLife Research in College Station, discussing advanced technology.

Other speakers include Ron Smith, Southwest Farm Press editor, and Kara Matheny, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service agent in Washington County, both discussing smartphone apps in agriculture as well as innovative ways for farmers to stay connected remotely.

Alex Thomasson, AgriLife Research engineer in College Station, will provide the latest on unmanned aerial vehicles

and their application to agriculture. Bob Coulson and Todd Sink of Texas A&M AgriLife in College Station will present the Texas Crop Registry and a new smartphone application, Flag the Technology.

Chandler Goule, chief executive officer with National Wheat Growers, will discuss regulations and agricultural reform.

Other topics covered throughout the conference include new and minor crops, fertility management, grain production, cotton, pasture and rangeland/ vegetation management, turf and horticulture, new technology and chemistry, and laws and regulations.

Registration is $85 by Nov. 11 and $100 thereafter.

Student registration is $25.

Registration includes lunch during the Dec. 7 business meeting.

For complete registration and conference information, go to tppa.tamu.edu.

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November 2016 — Issue 2

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The Land & Livestock Post

News Screwworm return could impact livestock, hunting greatly

By STEVE BYRNS Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

STEPHENVILLE — The return of screwworms would deal a severe blow to the ranching and hunting industries, said a Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service veterinary entomologist at Stephenville.

The observation by Sonja Swiger came as the result of the flesh-eating pest being confirmed in Florida.

Swiger said Thomas Hairgrove, AgriLife Extension veterinary specialist at College Station, gave a presentation to producers Oct. 7 at Stephenville during which he said the cost to control the pest today in cattle alone could easily exceed $500 million annually.

“Dr. Hairgrove also mentioned a price tag of $1 billion would be needed annually to eradicate screwworms from their former range, should it become re-established,” Swiger said. “Some in attendance at Dr. Hairgrove’s presentation had no idea of the gravity of the issue. That’s

understandable as the last reported case in the U.S. was decades ago.”

The current infestation in deer is isolated to one of the Florida Keys, Swiger said.

“Officials “Officials have blockaded the road to stop animal movement there now, but it is not known if any had moved to other areas of Florida before the discovery,” Swiger said.

“They are using pesticides and releasing sterile male screwwor m f l i e s, wh i ch ch is the technique that finally finally eradicated the p e s t f rom the U.S. ” Swiger said the primary or New World screwworm as it’s called is a serious pest of all mammals, including livestock, wildlife, birds and humans, though its

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presence is rare but possible in birds and humans.

“The primary screwworm, the ‘worm’ being the larval stage of a fly a bit larger than a housefly, is different from all other blow flies in the U.S.,” she said. “The differdifference is that it infests and feeds on living tissue in live animals.

In contrast, blow flies feed on carrion and rotting meat.”

Swiger said the female screwworm fly fly is attracted to wounds or mucous tissue on animals where she lays several hundred eggs.

The larvae soon hatch and live inside the wound. As the wound festers, more females are attracted and lay their eggs.

“I have heard stories from back when Texas was infested with them, as they were ‘officially’ ‘officially’ listed as eradicated from the U.S. in 1966, 13 years before I was born,” Swiger said.

“But back when they were around it was reported that infestation rates of calves were often 100 percent. Infestations, if left untreated, usually led to the death of the animal.

“If not stopped this pest would be catastrophic to the livestock and wildlife industries. Calves got the worst of it after birth before their navels had time to dry and heal. Dehorned animals were another prime host. Even ear tagging, vaccinating and slight shearing nicks on sheep were enough to bring on a fly strike. It does not have to be a large wound to attract female flies.

“Think about it, if screwworms returned, it could be the end of part-time ranching. Except for the dead of winter, stockmen would have to constantly watch their stock for ‘wormies.’ And white-tailed deer, which give birth in warm weather, and bucks in velvet with

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News Warning, from Page 7 blood-engorged antlers, I expect would be easy targets as well.”

After decades of trying to manage around screwworms in various ways, it was clear eradication was the only option to end the heavy losses, Swiger said.

“The flies’ Achillies heel is the female’s habit of only mating one time,” Swiger said. “Once researchers discovered this fact, they could proceed with eradication strategies. The eradication program consisted of irradiating captive male flies, rendered them sterile.

The sterile flies were dropped from airplanes into areas where screwworms were present. When large numbers of sterile males were released into infested areas, native females would mate with the sterile males and then lay infertile eggs. This worked, not overnight, but it did work.”

Today, Swiger said the pest has been eradicated all the way down to the Panama Canal, and a sterile flyproducing facility is still in production in Panama.

8

Meet, from Page 5

Courtesy of the Monroe, Florida, Sheriff’s Office

A deer with damage to the top of its head, where screwworm maggots were located.

homa Cooperative Extension Service.

This annual conference provides up-to-date information on topics that will influence cattle profits, said Emi Kimura, AgriLife Extension agronomist in Vernon.

“It is unknown at this time where this new Florida outbreak originated,” Swiger said. “If there is a silver lining to this dark cloud, it’s that the outbreak is on one of the Key islands, very far south and fairly isolated from the mainland. And luckily, the Keys did not get a direct hit from Hurricane Matthew, so we should not see a spreading issue there.”

Swiger said the last screwworm captured in the U.S. before this recent incursion was in 1982, before today’s younger ranchers and outdoorsmen were born.

“This flesh-eating pest has the capability to cause extensive damage in the southern and southwestern U.S.,” she said. “So, it is critical that people know about it and be on the lookout for it so we can stop screwworm re-infestation early if it shows up here again.”

For more information, go to livestockvetento.tamu.edu/insectspests/ screwworm-fly

Registration is $25 and includes educational materials, a noon meal and refreshments. For purposes of meal planning, preregistration is encouraged. To preregister, contact your local county Extension office in Texas or Oklahoma, or contact Marty New at 580-255-0546 or marty. new@okstate.edu. A registration form can be found at bit.ly/2eWLswZ. “We have discussed the Veterinary Feed Directive in the past conferences,” she said.

November 2016 — Issue 2

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The Land & Livestock Post

News LIVESTOCK MARKET REPORT Brazos Valley Results of the Brazos Valley Livestock Commission’s Nov. 1 sale.

Head: 1,195 Steers: 200-300 lbs., $135$175; 300-400 lbs., $130-$160; 400-500 lbs., $118-156; 500-600 lbs., $110-$156; 600-700 lbs., $98-$118; 700-800 lbs., $190$107.

Heifers: 200-300 lbs., $110$135; 300-400 lbs., $108-$122; 400-500 lbs., $97-$117; 500-600 lbs., $90-$109; 600-700 lbs.,$80$103; 700-800 lbs.,$86-$98.

Slaughter bulls: $70-$80.50.

Slaughter cows: $40-$63.

Bred cows: $1,100-$1,800.

Cow/calf pairs: $1,175-$1,575.

Buffalo Results of the Buffalo Livestock Commission’s

Oct. 22 sale.

Head: 1,357 Steers: 150-200 lbs., $145$230; 200-300 lbs., $140$165; 300-400 lbs., $135$155; 400-500 lbs., $125-142; 500-600 lbs., $110-$133; 600-700 lbs., $95-$113; 700800 lbs., $90-$107.

Heifers: 150-200 lbs., $135-$175; 200-300 lbs., $130-$152; 300-400 lbs., $110-$138; 400-500 lbs., $100-$130; 500-600 lbs., $90$120; 600-700 lbs.,$85-$115; 700-800 lbs.,$80-$109.

Slaughter bulls: $60-$84.

Slaughter cows: $40-$63.

Bred cows: $1,100-$1,550.

Cow/calf pairs: $1,000$1,700.

Caldwell Results of the Caldwell Live-

The Land & Livestock Post

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stock Commission’s Oct. 26 sale.

Head: 681 Steers: 300-400 lbs., $125-$157; 400-500 lbs., $120-$142; 500-600 lbs., $110-$121; 600-700 lbs., $100-$109; 700-800 lbs., $94$103.

Heifers: 300-400 lbs., $112-$145; 400-500 lbs., $110-$145; 500-600 lbs., $103-$180; 600-700 lbs., $100-$106.; 700-800 lbs., $95-$125.

Slaughter bulls: $65-$74.

Slaughter cows: $50-$75.

Bred cows: $700-$1,400.

Cow/calf pairs: N/A.

$140-$150; 200-300 lbs., $135-$150; 300-400 lbs., $140-$155; 400-500 lbs., $130-$149; 500-600 lbs., $115-$131; 600-700 lbs., $110-$120; 700-800 lbs., $105-$112.5.

Heifers: Under 200 lbs., $120-$145; 200-300 lbs., $120-$140; 300-400 lbs., $115-$132.5; 400-500 lbs., $130-$149; 500-600 lbs., $100-$136; 600-700 lbs., $93$111; 700-800 lbs., $90-$105.

Slaughter bulls: $768-$80.

Slaughter cows: $50-$67.

Bred cows: $800-$2,050 Cow/calf pairs: $1,000$2,800.

Jordan

Navasota

Results of the Jordan Cattle Auction’s Oct. 27 sale.

Results of the Navasota Livestock Commission’s Oct. 22 sale.

Head: 5,382 Steers: Under 200 lbs.,

November 2016 — Issue 2

Steers: 150-300 lbs., $100$175; 300-400 lbs., $100$162.5; 400-500 lbs., $95$141; 500-600 lbs., $85-$119; 600-700 lbs., $80-$105.

Heifers: 150-300 lbs., $100$170; 300-400 lbs., $90-$145; 400-500 lbs., $90-$145; 500600 lbs., $85-$130; 600-700 lbs., $80-$125.

Slaughter bulls: $58-$70.

Slaughter cows: $40-$63.

Bred cows: $800-$1,150.

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Head: 1,438

9

News Herbicide choices affect cover crop options

By James Locke The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation

In recent years, the use of cover crops has seen a significant resurgence. Cover crops can provide many benefits to pasture and cropping systems. They can provide additional grazing outside the primary growing season, weed suppression and a living mulch to protect the soil from erosion.

Depending on the cover crop species, they can add nitrogen to the soil and recycle nutrients from deeper layers of the soil profile. They also can improve soil health, structure and water holding capacity. While cover crops have the potential for all these benefits, they also add another layer of complexity to the production system.

Cover crop plant selection,

establishment, residue management, water use and weed management must all be taken into consideration when adding them to the production system.

Unfortunately, many herbicides used in pasture and crop production have soil residual activity that can carry over to cause damage or stand failure for the subsequent cover crop. The primary resource for knowing if a herbicide may have activity on the intended cover crop is the rotational crop or replanting section of the herbicide label.

The wide variety of species used for cover crops presents a particular challenge since there is a good chance the label will not address specifically the cover crop(s) being considered. In lieu of specific label guidance, a general rule of thumb is: if an herbicide has soil activity on weeds

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that are similar to the cover crop, it likely will have activity on the cover crop.

In some situations, performing a soil bioassay is the only way to be reasonably sure it is safe to plant the cover crop. Many herbicide labels include specific instructions for how to conduct a soil bioassay, or a general method is available at A Quick Test for Herbicide Carry-over in the Soil.

While the herbicide label provides a good starting point for estimating the risk of carryover to the cover crops, several factors affect whether the herbicide may break down faster or slower. Microbial activity is a primary driver of breakdown for many herbicides, so rainfall and temperature are often the most important factors. Warm,

See HERBICIDES, Page 23

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News

Lime aid

Value of liming low-pH soils

L

By RoBeRt FeaRs Special to The Post

ow pH soils can limit plant production in about half of the United States. Soil pH is a measurement of soil acidity or alkalinity. The pH scale ranges from zero to 14, with 7 as neutral.

Numbers less than 7 indicate acidity while numbers greater than 7 indicate alkalinity.

As shown in Figure 1, acidic soils are in Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and all states between them and the East Coast. Although not shown on the map, acid soils are found in Texas east of Interstate 35 which includes the distribution area of Land and Livestock Post. Oregon is the only state in the western United States that has a substantial amount of acidic soils.

Causes, effects of acidity

“Soil pH value is influenced by the kinds of parent materials from which it was formed,” Joey Williamson of Clemson University said, “Soils developed from basic rocks generally have higher pH values than those formed from acid rocks.

“Rainfall also affects soil pH,” Williamson said. “Water passing through soil leaches basic nutrients such as calcium and magnesium, which are replaced by acidic elements such as aluminum and iron. For this reason, soils formed under high rainfall conditions are more acidic than those formed under arid conditions.”

“Cropping and use of nitrogen fertilizers are two main sources of soil acidity,” said Clifford Spies, Purdue University emeritus. “Calcium, magnesium and potassium are essential nutrients for plant growth. Their uptake by plants and subsequent removal through harvest can

12

Photos special to The Post

To make soils less acidic, the common practice is to apply a material that contains some form of lime. Before applying, land owners need to determine the pH level of the soil to decide how much lime to apply.

On the cover: In most areas, lime can be custom-applied at a reasonable cost. have an acidifying effect on soils. Hydrogen, aluminum and iron (acidic cations) replace calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium (basic cations).

“Amount of these nutrients removed by cropping depends on the crop grown, part of the plant harvested and stage of growth at harvest. Nutrient removal

November 2016 — Issue 2

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is greater for hay crops than for grain crops.” (See Table 1)

See LIME, Page 13

The Land & Livestock Post

News Lime, from Page 13 “Soil pH is important because it influences plant nutrient availability,” said Tony Provin of Texas A&M University. “It also impacts availability of soluble aluminum in soil. Aluminum is the most abundant metal on earth and is a significant protion of clays.

“As soil pH drops into the 5.5 to 5.2 range, aluminum becomes increasingly soluble. The soluble aluminum becomes toxic to root hairs and growing points, which significantly decreases water and nutrient uptake.

Overly acidic soils can reduce fertilizer nutrient uptake by two to four times, drastically increasing fertilizer bills.” (Fgure 2 depicts effects of pH on nutrient availability.)

“When soils are very acidic (pH less than 5.5 to 5.8), soil bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bac-

teria in legumes are adversely affected and soil biological activity is reduced,” said Edward Rayburn of West Virginia University.

“Different plant species are affected differently by soil pH. Forage legumes, such as red and white clover, do best when soil pH is greater than 6.0 and alfalfa does best when pH is greater than 6.5. (Figure 1) “It is important that soil pH be maintained at near-neutral level for healthy production of legumes in pastures and hayfields so that they can provide nitrogen to grasses and forbs,” Rayburn said.

Optimum nutrient uptake by most crops occurs at a soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0,” said Larry Redmon of the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service.

“Some plants are more sensitive to acid soil conditions than others. For example, bahiagrass

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is less sensitive to soil pH values in the lower 5s, but ryegrass or some legumes may be significantly impacted. It is important to understand which species are most sensitive to soil acidity so limestone inputs may be made at the appropriate time.” (A list of some of the common forage species and suggested. soil pH ranges for optimum production is presented in Table 2.)

Soil acidity correction

“Soil acidity can be determined from a well-taken soil sample,” Texas A&M’s Provin said. “Each composite soil sample should be comprised of 10 to 15 individual cores taken at a depth of zero to six inches and collected in a management area of 10 to 40 acres.”

“To make soils less acidic, the common practice is to apply

See pH, Page 15

November 2016 — Issue 2

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pH, from Page 13 a material that contains some form of lime,” Williamson said.

“Ground agricultural limestone is most frequently used. The finer the limestone particles, the more rapidly it becomes effective.

“Different soils require a different amount of lime to adjust pH value. Soil texture, organic matter content and the plants to be grown are all factors to consider in adjusting pH value.

For example, soils that have low clay content require less lime than soils with high amounts of clay.”

“Different agricultural liming materials have different values,” West Virginia’s Rayburn said. “Value of agricultural limestone varies with the geological source and how it was processed. Geological source of limestone also determines how much calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate is in a ton of lime. The amount of these two carbonates deter-

the

mines total neutralizing value of limestone.

“Fineness of particles in the finished limestone product varies with processing methods.

The lime’s fineness determines how fast it will react with acids in soil to increase pH. The combination of total neutralizing value and reaction rate is the effective neutralizing value of the lime.”

“Total neutralizing value is percentage of the limestone capable of neutralizing an acid,” Rayburn said. “If a limestone has a total neutralizing value of 80 percent, one pound will neutralize the same amount of acid as 0.8 pounds of pure calcium carbonate.

“Limestone differs in total neutralizing value, since they all contain impurities which do not react with acid. As the amount of impurities increase, Total neutralizing value decreases.

“Magnesium carbonate has

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News Low-cost, from Page 15 a greater neutralizing value than calcium carbonate per unit of weight. One pound of pure magnesium carbonate will neutralize the same amount of acid as 1.2 pounds of calcium carbonate. Therefore, dolomite limestone (also called highmagnesium lime) often has a higher total neutralizing value than calcium limestone.

“Since limestone never has more magnesium than calcium carbonate, the highest purity of dolomite limestone has a total neutralizing value of about 108 percent. Hydrated and slaked limes are heated to drive off carbon dioxide, leaving oxide forms of calcium and magnesium. These two limes have higher total neutralizing values than ground limestone.”

Fineness of a ground limestone (sieve size) determines

how fast the lime reacts with an acid. As a ton of limestone is ground finer, there is more surface area. This increased surface gives more places where the lime can react with acids in the soil.

“Fineness of limestone is measured by how much will pass through different mesh screens or sieves,” Rayburn explains. “Screen mesh or sieve size is the number of wires in a one-inch length of screen. The larger the number of mesh, the more wires per inch which results in smaller sieve holes. Soil and management conditions affect how fast different particle sizes react.”

Rayburn said that based on plant response and laboratory studies, we can expect the following to occur when lime is worked into the soil: • Particles that pass a 100-mesh sieve react 100 per-

ollow us

cent with soil in six months or less.

• Particles that pass a 60-mesh or finer sieve react 100 percent within the first year.

• Particles that pass a 20-mesh sieve react about 50 percent in the first year.

• Particles that don’t pass a 20-mesh sieve have little liming value and generally are not credited when evaluating lime materials.

“The percent of limestone that passes a 60-mesh sieve is given a weighted value of 1 since it is considered to be completely available within one year,” Rayburn said. “The amount passing a 20-mesh sieve but not a 60-mesh is given a weighted value of 0.5 since only half of it is available in the first year.”

When investing money in lime, the manager needs to determine whch source of lime

will provide the needed change in soil pH at the lowest cost.

The work sheet provided in Table 3 can be used to calculate cost per acre of each available lime source. Total neutralizing value as calcium carbonate equivalent and material fineness should be available from the lime supplier.

Table 3 shows that 100 percent of the Limestone No. 1 particles were small enough to pass through a 20-mesh screen.

Eighty-five percent of the particles were small enough to pass through a 60-mesh screen.

Subtracting 85 percent from 100 percent determines that 15 percent will pass through a screen size between 20 and 60 mesh.

Remember that as sieve numbers increase, there are more wires per inch which results in smaller mesh.

The percent of material in the latter two sieve classes is

multiplied by the respective weighted average, and the result is entered to the right of the equal sign on the work sheet and totaled. The total percentage is converted to a decimal by dividing it by 100. The resulting decimal (0.925) is multiplied by the percent calcium carbonate equivalent (105.6) to give 97.68 effective neutralizing value for Limestone No. 1.

To compare Limes No. 1 and No. 2, divide No. 1 by the percent effective neutralising value and multiply by 100. This is the tons of lime product needed to obtain the recommended soil pH change within one year.

As shown by the examples in Table 3, 1.02 tons of Lime No. 1 are required to meet the recommendations in the soil analysis report, while 3.24 tons of Lime No. 2 would be required. The

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Cost, from Page 16

most economical product can be determined by multiplying its cost per ton by the number of tons required.

Lime is relatively low-cost when compared to nitrogen, phosphorus and potash prices, so the value of lime can be recovered with savings in fertilizer costs. After pH is improved, less fertilizer will be required, due to better availability of soil nutrients.

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November 2016 — Issue 2

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News USDA announces streamlined guaranteed loans and additional lender category for small-scale operators USDA Farm Service Agency

The U.S. Department of Agriculture announced the availability of a streamlined version of USDA guaranteed loans, which are tailored for smaller farms and urban producers. The program, called EZ Guarantee Loans, uses a simplified application process to help beginning, small, underserved and family farmers and ranchers apply for loans of up to $100,000 from USDA-approved lenders to purchase farmland or finance agricultural operations.

“Over the past seven years, we have been transforming our loan programs at USDA so that they can be attainable and useful to all kinds and sizes of producers,” said Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. “These EZ Guarantee Loans will help beginning and underserved farmers obtain the capital they need to get their operations off the ground, and they can also be helpful to those who have been farming for some time but need extra help to expand or modernize their operations.

“USDA’s Farm Service Agency has offices in nearly every county in the country, and we encourage all farmers, including those in urban areas, to stop in and inquire about this program.”

USDA also unveiled a new category of lenders that will join traditional lenders, such as banks and credit unions, in offering USDA EZ Guarantee Loans. Microlenders, which include community development financial institutions and rural rehabilitation corporations, will

be able to offer their customers up to $50,000 of EZ Guaranteed Loans, helping to reach urban areas and underserved producers.

Banks, credit unions and other traditional USDA-approved leaners, can offer customers up to $100,000 to help with agricultural operation costs.

According to the 2012 Census of Agriculture, 75 percent of all farm operations gross less than $50,000 per year. EZ Guarantee Loans offer low interest rates and terms up to seven years for financing operating expenses and 40 years for financing the purchase of farm real estate.

USDA-approved lenders can issue these loans with the Farm Service Agency guaranteeing the loan up to 95 percent.

USDA is providing a 90-day period for the public to review and comment on program im-

provements. To review program details, got to www.regulations. gov, reference RIN 0560-AI34 and follow the instructions to submit comments.

More than half of all Farm Service Agency loans go to new farmers and more than a quarter to underserved borrowers. The Farm Service Agency also offers loans of up to $5,000 to young farmers and ranchers though the Youth Loan Program. Loans are made to eligible youth to finance agricultural projects, with almost 9,000 young people now participating. More information about the available types of Farm

Service Agency farm loans can be found at www.fsa.usda.gov/ farmloans or by contacting your local Farm Service Agency office.

To find your nearest office location, go to offices.usda.gov.

USDA’s EZ Guarantee Loans are an additional tool to support strong local and regional food systems, as well as organic agriculture. Across USDA, the “Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food Initiative” coordinates the department’s policy, resources, and outreach efforts related to local and regional food systems.

See USDA, Page 20

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News USDA, from Page 19 Over the past seven years, USDA has helped provide consumers a stronger connection to their food with more than $1 billion in investments to more than 40,000 local and regional food businesses and infrastructure projects since 2009. Industry data estimates that U.S. local food sales totaled at least $12 billion in 2014, up from $5 billion in 2008. Learn more about USDA investments connecting producers with consumers and expanding rural economic opportunities online at USDA Results — New Markets, New Opportunities USDA works to strengthen and support American agriculture, an industry that supports one in 11 American jobs, provides American consumers with more than 80 percent of the food we consume, ensures that Americans spend less of their paychecks at the grocery store than most people in other coun-

tries, and supports markets for homegrown renewable energy.

Since 2009, USDA has provided $5.6 billion in disaster relief to farmers and ranchers; expanded risk management tools with products such as Whole Farm Revenue Protection; and helped farm businesses grow with $36 billion in farm credit.

The department has engaged its resources to support a strong next generation of farmers and ranchers by improving access to land and capital; building new markets and market opportunities; and extending new conservation opportunities.

USDA has developed new markets for rural-made products, including more than 2,700 biobased products through USDA’s BioPreferred program; and invested $64 billion in infrastructure and community facilities to help improve the quality of life in rural America.

For more information, go to www.usda.gov/results.

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November 2016 — Issue 2

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More women taking on agricultural land ownership

By Kay LedBetter Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

FREDERICKSBURG – “Learn, support, educate” may not have been the theme but was the outcome of the second annual conference for women interested in conservation and stewardship of land in the Edwards Plateau, according to participants and presenters alike.

The Women in Wildlife Conservation conference recently held in Fredericksburg, attended by more than 70 women, was an effort to help those who are inheriting land, purchasing land or who have become owners of land for various reasons, said Larry Redmon, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service program leader in College Station.

“We think this is an underserved audience,” Redmon said.

“We think by getting these ladies together and discussing things with them about land stewardship, especially here in the Edwards Plateau, we can impact not only those who currently own the property, but those who will come after them, their daughters and the granddaughters.”

Megan Clayton, AgriLife Extension range specialist in Corpus Christi, spoke about “Stewardship in the Edwards Plateau — The Next Generation.”

Clayton said the “next generation” is diverse, because it might be mothers similar to her own who in their 60s are just becoming the landowner. Or, it might be the daughters who barely have a connection with that land, who are being handed the responsibilities.

The current workforce is comprised of five working generations, something that never has happened before, she said.

She described them as the “Traditionalists,” born in 1945 and before, who worked longer than most, as long as they were physically able.

“Many times the grandparents work as long as they possibly can

Texas A&M AgriLife photo by Kay Ledbetter

Barron Rector,TexasA&MAgriLife Extension Service range specialist in College Station, provided the women with a weed identification walking tour. and are in charge,” Clayton said.

She said one or more of their children may work with them, but their wisdom doesn’t always get handed down to all of the children and grandchildren equally, even though all may have an equal share in the land management one day.

Then came the baby boomers, 1946-1964, who are not completely in the position to retire yet, she said. They have had to get work off-ranch sometimes because the older generation was still working the ranch.

“Generation Xers, 1965-1976, are just now peaking in their outside careers. A lot of them saw there wasn’t a place at the ranch for them at the time, so they sought a career outside, but have an interest in coming back and are thinking about returning,” Clayton said.

The Millennials, 1977-1995, are in the middle of their careers and starting their families and question how they fit into the multigenerational land heritage. And finally, Generation Z or iGen, born in 1996 and after, might see land only recreationally, she said.

“They don’t see the land as a moneymaker for them. They like it, they enjoy it, but they don’t see a profit in it for them. They may even see it as a burden,” Clayton said.

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She encouraged those in attendance to learn and support each other, “because you are each other’s resources, and in the fu-

ture there will be more and more women who are landowners, and they are going to be looking to you for mentorship.”

The group identified some challenges women might face that men do not, including physical limitations; time, especially when they are still the caregivers of the household; overall knowledge, as it might not have been passed down to them over the years; and management authority.

Clayton said it is important that landowners let their children in on the decision making and responsibilities as early as possible so they have some working knowledge of what to do with the land when they become the manager.

“Maybe it’s just a pasture or two or the hunting lease manage-

ment or some completely different enterprise, but do something that gives them a tie to that land and lets them be involved in it today so they will have an interest later when it is time for them to take over, so they won’t see it as a burden.”

Norma Favaro, who attended with her daughter, Constance Favaro, knows that feeling. She attended the women’s conference because she is inheriting a ranch from her aging mother.

“I came here to see what women do with their land — it felt like a burden to me, kind of scary, all the weight on my shoulders as someone who had never taken care of it,” Norma Favaro said.

“My mom and dad had always taken care of it. Learning about stewardship is something new to me.”

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News Herbicides, from Page 10

Photo courtesy of The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation

Multispecies cover crop blend in wheat stubble at the Noble Foundation Headquarters Farm.

moist soil conditions favor enhanced microbial activity and faster breakdown; cool, dry conditions reduce microbial activity, resulting in longer herbicide persistence.

Soil pH also may affect length of persistence. Some herbicides, particularly the sulfonylureas (Ally, Glean, Finesse, etc.), persist much longer at higher pH levels.

Soil type and organic matter also can affect herbicide persistence.

Soils with a high clay or organic matter content can bind with herbicides and prevent microbes from breaking them down. The herbicides may then be released over a longer time period and affect subsequent crops.

Consider all these factors when estimating how long your herbicide may persist.

So, how do you use this information to make decisions about your cover crop options? First, determine if the expected benefit

of the cover crop is worth more than not using the ideal herbicide in the preceding cash crop.

If the expected cover crop benefits are more valuable than the expected weed control from the planned herbicide, change the weed management plan to use herbicides with no, or shorter, soil residual so you can use the cover crops of choice. If the expected weed control from the planned herbicide is more valu-

able, choose species for the cover crop blend that will be tolerant of the herbicide residue.

Cover crops have the potential to be a valuable component of production systems. Do not let the wrong herbicide and cover crop combination diminish that.

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We are thankful for our abundance . . . and for those who produce it.

Amen.

Serving Agriculture Since 1943

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November 2016 — Issue 2

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