Iaps 2014

Socially integrated housing and sustainability in a new urban development policy

Introduction to a 3-year research project entitled “Integrated social housing and the potential for environmental: sustainability: an investigation of key projects in Chile�.

Dr. Beatriz Maturana Cossio

This research project is funded by FONDECYT (National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development, Chile)

Socially integrated housing and sustainability in a new urban development policy | IAPS 23 | 26.06.14

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National context Chile North to South: 4.300 KM 17 million people

Capital Santiago

90% urbanised population

Image centre

Capital of Santiago Santiago: 6 million people

data: Chile’s urban population: 89% of total population (2010), rate of urbanization: 1.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

First country in America (continent) to join the OECD

Socially integrated housing and sustainability in a new urban development policy | IAPS 23 | 26.06.14

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COMPARATIVE DENSITY OF SANTIAGO TO OTHER CITIES

World cities ranked by population density. Source: own elaboration based on City Mayors (2007).

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SANTIAGO A city of around 6m people Concerns shared by politicians and discussed in academia highlight issues such as: •

Social segregation

•

Need to improve the housing quality of existing stock

•

Social and environmental sustainability

•

Preservation of urban heritage

•

Increasing number of migrants placing new housing demands

Affordable apartment block, Remodelacion Republica, 1969. 2 blocks of 141 apartments each.

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METRO DE SANTIAGO: INTEGRATING THE CITY

The Metro of Santiago is one of 14 (large to medium size Metros) benchmarked by CoMET Metro Benchmarking Group.

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HOUSING TYPOLOGY DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE 5 INCOME BRACKETS Housing typology distribution among the 5 income brackets Housing typology House or unit within a cité House in a condominium Apartment building Room in a house or apartment Room in an old house or rooming house Temporary or emergency house Improvised shelter Other type (tent, mobile home etc.)

Total

I

II

III

IV

V

660,774 1,777 43,215 4,374 3,188 6,356 1,431 19 721,134

721,154 2,113 58,121 2,356 2,930 4,667 719 88 792,148

744,285 4,442 67,152 1,693 3,275 2,002 506 57 823,412

752,726 9,849 83,456 2,280 1,781 580 371 36 851,079

630,096 24,572 225,114 2,494 2,855 325 34 80 885,570

Total 3,509,035 42,753 477,058 13,197 14,029 13,930 3,061 280 4,073,343

86.1% 1.0 % 11.7 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.0 % 100.0%

Source: Adapted from MIDEPLAN, Social Division, CASEN 2009, based on Census data 2002.

4,000,000

• 3 out of 4 houses are owned by their occupants. This represents one of the highest ownership rates among OECD countries

• 2 out of 3 houses/depts. have some type of government subsidy

3,500,000

3,000,000

2,500,000

V

2,000,000

IV III

1,500,000

II 1,000,000

I

500,000

House or house House in a within a cité condominium

Apartament building

Room in a house or apartment

Room in an old Temporary or house or emergency rooming house house

Improvised shelter

Other type (tent, mobile home etc.)

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THE SOCIAL CONDOMINIUM (IMPLEMENTED IN 1996) No. of dwellings

As a minimum and according to relevant regulations

30 to70

Green areas according to norm.

50% of the green surface should be continuous, min. width 7mt.

Square, playgrounds and sport grounds can be located in these green areas.

Street lighting, footpaths, vegetation and watering systems.

70 +

In Santiago about 6,000 families live in Social Condominium

Multipurpose Room: universal access and equipped with change room and toilets according to the norm.

ISSUES: • Size • Currently the location of these condominiums is mainly determined by the market = periphery • In some cases, lack of maintenance of the shared areas • Priority was given to quantity at the expense of quality.

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BRIEF TIMELINE DESCRIPTION OF SOCIAL HOUSING IN CHILE ative" -- subzero - num

Example of a sitĂŠ ( an early social housing typology)

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BRIEF TIMELINE DESCRIPTION OF SOCIAL HOUSING IN CHILE ative" -- subzero - num

2010 an 8.8 earthquake hits approx. 800km of central Chile. Although a handful of social housing buildings were damaged, most of the losses were due to the tidal wave that followed the earthquake.

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BRIEF TIMELINE DESCRIPTION OF SOCIAL HOUSING IN CHILE

Villa Las Araucarias, La Serena, IV Región.

Casas Viejas, Puente Alto, Región Metropolitana

Presidentes:

Ricardo Lagos

Michelle Bachelet

2000 - 2006

2006 - 2010

Reforma Urbana (RU) 2001 PALABRAS CLAVES Equidad, integración social, diversidad, democracia, organización comunitaria.

Proyectos Urbanos Integrales

Sebastián Piñera 2010 - 2011

Nueva Política de Desarrollo Urbano (NPDU) - Política Habitacional de Mejoramiento de la Calidad e Integración Social 2006

La Política Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano (PNDU): “Ciudades Sustentables y Calidad de Vida”

PALABRAS CLAVES

Sustentabilidad, integración social, inclusión, acceso, gestión, comunidad.

Calidad, integración física y social, cohesión social, participación, democracia.

Proyectos de Vivienda de Integración social

Proyecto Urbano Integral Ribera Norte, Concepción, VIII Región

PALABRAS CLAVES

Proyectos de Vivienda de Integración social

Valle Bicentenario, Punta Arenas, XIX - Región

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THE RESEARCH PROJECT Aims of this research: Understand and evaluate the relationship between social integration and a propensity to sustainability in two key social integration housing projects in Chile. • Villa las Araucarias in La Serena, IV Region • Casas Viejas in Santiago, Metropolitan Region (2008 and 2009, respectively).

These initiatives are some of the earliest social integration housing projects built in Chile, which, due to their relative age, territorial location and number of dwellings (2390 units approx.) represent emblematic projects that reveal a significant shift in the conception of housing and social integration.

Casas Viejas, a socially integrated housing project, Santiago.

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“Social inclusion integral to sustainable urbanization” (UN, DESA, 2014).

“Recent Chilean literature focusing on social housing shows a pronounced interest in the most vulnerable social groups, however, the objectives go beyond the satisfaction of specific housing need, focusing instead on social and environmental issues addressed through housing.” In fact, social integration is an intrinsic part of these policies, so becoming the foundation for sustainable urban development.

(Centro de Políticas Públicas UC, 2010)

Socially integrated housing developments

CONDITIONS: years 2006 - 2010 

 



A minimum of 30% social housing A minimum of 30% housing for middle class A maximum of 40% of houses can be purchased directly w/ subsidy (on any typology) Housing prices cannot exceed US$ 86,187 (approx.)

CONDITIONS: years 2010- 2014  



Between 20% to 30% social housing.

Between 20% to 80% housing for emerging and middle class Housing prices for direct sale cannot exceed US$86,187 (approx.)

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For current urban policies such as the New Urban Development Policy (Chile), which emphasises sustainability), integration is a value inserted in the notion of social cohesion and constitutes a priority in the implementation of liveable cities. Two aspects are identified in the application: CONCEPTS

DEFINITION

Physical integration

“material, technical and of urban design factors that make possible the functional articulation of the city, and its neighbourhoods, accessibility and spatial connectivity and territorial organization according to the ends made explicit in public policy (MINVU, 2009, 30)

Social integration

“the aim of insertion, equity and citizens conviviality, that generates in the promotion of the following aspects: (i)

Equity in the access and distribution of wealth and services that promote people’s quality of life; (ii) Preferred location of housing in areas with good access to transport infrastructure, services and quality urban spaces; (iii) Residential integration understood as a positive mix of diverse socio-economic groups, demographic and culturally diverse in common public residential spaces; (iv) Pacific and tolerant living, where there is a sense of solidarity and trust of others and where people enjoy belonging, identity and responsibility towards people and the place they live in.”

Translation by B. Maturana from (MINVU, 2009, pág. 30).

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SOCIAL INTEGRATION THROUGH HOUSING (2006)

Recognition and valuing of the cultural relations between the inhabitant, his/her surroundings and other people, would facilitate a propensity towards sustainability.

(Pol y Castrechini 2002).

•

• •

Social Equity

Location centre v/s periphery

Access and quality of education

Environmental sustainability

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

Citizens’ participation

Access and quality of infrastructure and services

Access and quality of work

Socially integrated housing developments

What is driving these policies?

What does social integration try to solve?

Could the issue be solved by other means

In less than 4 years the application of social integration in the urban space has moved from the urban scale to the housing development scale.

Why is this so?

We are spending some time understanding the conceptual basis of integration and with this, identify opportunities and limitations.

It appear that a similar conceptual void exists in Australian housing policy (conversation with City Futures, UNSW, Australia).

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SOCIAL INTEGRATION THROUGH HOUSING • • •

What is driving these policies?

What does social integration try to solve?

Could the issue be solved by other means

THEN, THE SEMINAR While all presenters agreed with the issue of segregation, there were differences about how best to address it.

• • • Source: drawing found in the Internet, author unknown.

Equitable distribution of urban infrastructure and services Why do we have “social” housing, why not more affordable types of housing In the early 70’s Chile had already tried social integration under a different name

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SURVEY Categories: •

Information about the family

•

How was the house bought (type of subsidy or privately)

•

Income and percentage of energy expenditure Open spaces (activities, quality, safety, access)

• •

Perception of their place and community

•

“The everyday eight” (Dempsey, 2011)

•

Tangible changes: improvements and deterioration (reasons and who instigated the changes) Valle Bicentenario, Punta Arenas, XIX - Región

BEFORE AND AFTER

Lo Espejo 2, Lo Espejo, Región Metropolitana

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International conference: attend

National conference: attend y/o organise

Site visits

Seminar: is social integration a myth?

Joint work with researchers investigating Green Corridors and their potential for social integration

Students: thesis and seminars

Visit of international researcher

SOCIAL HOUSING IN CHILE: RESEARCHING SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND PROPENCITY TO SUSTAINABILITY IN TWO LOCAL KEY PROJECTS

Joint thesis supervision student’s final thesis investigating geothermal energy, using this research case study, FCFM, U. de Chile

Survey

Collaborating with international bodies: UNSW, ICLEI,

AMONG OTHER OBJECTIVES, IT IS INTENDED THAT THIS RESEARCH WILL CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS INFORMING POLICY.

OUTCOMES: DELIBERATED AND NOT

Interviews: first and second rounds

METHODS AND TASKS

Dissemination

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Special thanks and acknowledging the collaboration of: Scarlet Romano Pati単o Gloria Zomosa

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