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dtey (neuds Constant change Did you notice the name change? This magazine, formerly Beekeeping & Development, is now named Bees for Development Journal. Why have we changed the title? To make it very clear that this is the journal published by the organisation
Bees for Development. The Charity supporting Bees for Development, formerly The Troy Trust, will now be known as the Bees for Development Trust. And our e-mail and website addresses have changed too. Certainly, the only constant in life is change.
Enclosed with this edition of Bees for Development Journal, we are pleased to bring you a Briefing Paper: Why the Himalayas need the indigenous honeybee Apis cerana, published by ICIMOD, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development in Kathmandu, Nepal. You can see more about the recovery of the indigenous honeybee Apis cerana in mountain areas of India and Pakistan on page 11.
Nidla hvadbear Appreciation Bees for Development receives sponsorship from many beekeeping groups and individuals who help to support us financially with fund-raising events, donation of fees from talks, swarm collection, and other activities.
Michael and Sue Thornley and their family held Garden Open Day at their home near Helensburgh in the UK with honey teas and plants for sale. All proceeds for charity, with 40% donated to Bees for Development. a
*
Mrs Preece from Chippenham in the south-west of the UK has nominated Bees for Development as recipient of donations at her church’s next charity day. Mrs Preece is also planning honey stalls at forthcoming Saturday markets with
proceeds going to Bees for Development. *
Harrogate and Ripon Beekeepers’ Association in the north of the UK donate collections raised at their coffee mornings and sales of second hand equipment to
support the work of Bees for Development.
Also from the south-west of the UK, Avon Beekeepers’ Association donate the proceeds from their annual barbecue to assist Bees for Development. Pamela Spence (USA) donates 3% of the profits from sales of her book Mad about mead to Bees for Development.
We very much appreciate this support and sincerely thank everyone who is helping us: we cannot mention you all here! We are also grateful to the following companies who have recently provided sponsorship: AstraZeneca, BAT, Bee Health Ltd, E H Thorne (Beehives) Ltd, Imperial Tobacco Ltd, Northern Bee Books and Vita (Europe) Ltd.
Bees for Development Trust is raising funds to provide information to beekeepers in developing countries and in particular to provide subscriptions for BfD Journal.
UK residents can help with CAF cheques and Gift Aid. Our Charity Registration is The Troy Trust Number 1078803. Bank details The Troy Trust (Account 60274887 Code 20-00-85) at Barclays Bank plc PO Box 29, Monmouth, NP29 3YG, UK
Bees for Development Troy, Monmouth, NP25 4AB, UK
+44 (0)16007 13648
info@beesfordevelopment.org www.beesfordevelopment.org
A Bees for Development publication
L
Post Phone E-mail Web
Bees for Development Journal 63
FOOD STANDARDS AGENCY BANS CHINESE HONEY UK Food Standards Agency Press Release,
19 February 2002
All jars of Chinese and blended honey (unless shown not to be of Chinese origin) should be withdrawn from Sale, says the UK Food Standards Agency. The call comes in the wake of tests that revealed traces of the
antibiotic chloramphenicol in some jars of Chinese and blended honey. The Agency began the tests on honey because of concerns about a lack of
found pose an extremely small risk. The main known risk from
controls on the use of veterinary drugs in China. In the latest results, illegal
chloramphenicol relates to aplastic anaemia, a rare but serious blood
residues of chloramphenicol were found in ten out of 16 samples. In the EU it is
disorder that affects 50 to 100 people a year in the UK. Chloramphenicol may
illegal to use chloramphenicol on animals where they, or their products,
also be linked to cancer.
are destined for human consumption.
A meeting of independent scientific experts, convened by the Agency to assess whether the residues pose a risk to consumers, concluded that the levels
The APIMONDIA Symposium Prevention of residues in honey will be held in Celle, Germany in October 2002 (details in Look Ahead page 11).
The Agency advises that, because of the extremely small risk, people can continue to eat honey they have already bought, regardless of the country of origin. This
advice also applies to foods that contain honey, where the risk is even lower.
EUROPEAN UNION LEGISLATION AND HONEY by Peter Martin, UK
BfD 59 we gave details of the European Union (EU) Commission legislation to prevent honey containing residues of antibiotics, pyrethroids, organochlorines or heavy metals from being imported into Europe. In this article Peter Martin, an expert honey analyst, provides more information on EU legislation and its relevance to the honey industry around the world. In
In 1990 the EU laid down the procedure for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) of veterinary drugs in foodstuffs
of animal origin. This is to protect consumers and public health. The use of
Annex IV lists the drugs for which no MRLs can be set because the drugs are
EU member states. Some countries reject honey containing above the limit of
regarded as too dangerous. These drugs are chloramphenicol, (the drug found
detection of those drugs while others apply an Action Level such as 50 ppb. However, it must be stressed that the
antibiotics leads to the possibility of resistance in target pathogens and must
recently in Chinese honey that has led to the ban on import of all Chinese honey into the EU), nitrofurans
be controlled. The Regulation has four
including furazolidone, ronidazole,
Annexes. Annex
dapsone, dimetridazole, colchicine, chlorpromazine, chloroform and
is a list of the
substances for which MRLs have been fixed for specified species. None has been fixed for use with bees. Annex II is a list of substances for which no
MRL
is
necessary. In the case of bees,
fluvalinate, flumethrin, formic acid, lactic acid, menthol, thymol and mixed oils, that are all Varroa treatments, are listed.
Annex
III
lists substances for which
provisional MRLs have been set. In relation to bees these are Cymiazole,
(1000 ppb*), Amitraz (200 ppb) and Coumaphos (100 ppb), again these are all Varroa treatments.
presence of these drugs in honey is illegal at any level. That situation may change if it proves possible to obtain MRLs for their use in beekeeping.
metronidazole.
essential that all beekeepers avoid the use of Annex IV drugs, both to
Antibiotics such as streptomycin, tetracyclines, penicillins and
protect consumers wherever they are and to protect the good name and selling of
sulphonamides have MRLs for use on large animals but are illegal for use with
honey. Very low levels of these drugs can be detected and the honey from one
bees except under the guidance of a veterinarian when tetracyclines may be used for European foulbrood. In that case
beekeeper could contaminate a large amount of honey if it is being combined for bulk export. Such honey will be
no honey can be harvested until the
destroyed if found in the EU.
expiry of a withdrawal period for example, two months. At present
application of the law in relation to these safer antibiotics is not harmonised in A Bees for Development publication
It is
Beekeepers everywhere should use good husbandry rather than drugs to keep their bees healthy. (*ppb
=
parts per billion)
Bees for Development Journal 63
6th ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATIO by Naomi Saville, Nepal The 6th Asian Apicultural Association (AAA) Conference and World Apiexpo was held in Bangalore, India in February. Delegates came from many parts of India, and Australia, Bhutan, Germany, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Nigeria, the 1 Philippines,
Poland,
Portugal, Russia,
Thailand, UK and the USA. Four days of oral and poster presentations of a high quality stimulated lively discussion on: *
*
*
*
* * *
Biology and management of the Asian hive bee Apis cerana Biology and management of the exotic European honeybee Apis mellifera in Asia Biology and management of wild honeybee
species Honeybees and managed crop pollination Bee flora and migratory beekeeping Honeybee pests, diseases and enemies Hive product processing and marketing Beekeeping in Asia Beekeeping technology and equipment Environmental changes and pesticides
on bees
Beekeeping extension and gender mainstreaming Apitherapy addition, the one-day technical tour visited an Apis dorsata bee tree housing hundreds of colonies, In
and the Nandi Hills. Day 1 was workshops on beekeeping with Apis cerana (see box above right) and pollination. Participants took part in groups and shared their findings in a forum at the end of the sessions, making the discussions informal and participatory.
The Conference was organised by Dr Sivaram, Dr Anita Menon and the team of The Century Foundation of Bangalore in association with the international AAA Steering Committee including representatives from AAA Administration Office, Tamagawa University, Japan, Professor Siriwat Wongsiri from Thailand, Dr Cleo Cervancia from The Philippines, Dr Naomi Saville from Nepal, L R Verma and Professor Sihag from India, to name but a few. During the Conference, Dr M S Reddy joined the Committee as one of the chairpersons of the Apiculture Extension Session.
Professor
tom FAO, the UN discusses a poitt
Happy 10th Anniversary! The Asian Apicultural Association was established in 1992 to encourage friendly exchange of information between beekeepers and bee scientists in Asia. Individual membership is US$20 and for institutions US$100 per year. If you live inside Asia you can join by contacting your local AAA Representative (contact details in BfD 61). If you live outside Asia send payment directly to:
AAA Office, HSRC, Tamagawa University, Machida-Shi, Tokyo 194 8610, Japan. E-mail HSRC@agr. Tamagawa.ac.jp Bees for Development Journal is proud to be the official Newsletter of AAA
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A Bees for Development publication
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Bees for Development Journal 63
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ‘ww: POCA
Action points from the Apis cerana workshop Zonation of bee species * Define areas for Apis mellifera and Apis cerana beekeeping to protect indigenous honeybees from extinction with buffer zones around Apis cerana areas.
Breeding of Apis cerana * In specially developed regional centres, breed strains of improved Apis cerana with traits for Thai sacbrood virus (TSBY) resistance, higher honey and pollen production, and less swarming and absconding. *
Multiply improved breeds and distribute improved stock on a mass scale.
Inter and intra-institutional co-operation In AAA member countries, build collaborative partnerships and generate more communication and collaboration between Apis cerana beekeepers and bee scientists.
*
Produce bio-pesticides and promote Integrated Pest Management practices.
*
Investigate remedies and management for the control of TSBV and European foulbrood diseases.
*
Strengthen the capacity of beekeepers’ organisations in awareness generation.
*
Explore the importance of Apis cerana as a pollinator of crops.
Appropriate technology development * Access and document indigenous technical knowledge about Apis cerana. *
Bee product marketing In order to provide marginalized Apis cerana honey producers with higher and fairer prices for their bee
Create regional guidelines on Apis cerana beekeeping.
*
Develop educational materials about indigenous honeybees and their importance.
*
Promote awareness of the toxicity of pesticides to bees and humans.
extension and follow-up. *
*
Promote niche markets selling Apis cerana honey with the comparative advantage of it being organic, safe for use as medicine, fairly traded and
environmentally friendly. «
Promote value addition to bee products.
*
Establish Asian standards, with special stipulations for Apis cerana honey.
Research on Apis cerana *
Integrate research efforts with grassroots field investigations of beekeepers’ needs and make research farmer-participatory.
Promote participatory approaches in beekeeping extension.
Use of low-cost appropriate technologies in training and extension efforts. *
products:
Public awareness *
Adapt indigenous technical knowledge using farmer participation to develop appropriate beekeeping technology and practices.
Training and extension with Apis cerana * Motivate farmers to adopt beekeeping with Apis cerana and provide necessary training,
Establish more rigorous procedures to identify prospective beekeeping trainees. Establish rewards for enthusiastic trainees in the form of further training.
Conservation of Apis cerana genetic resources Work with nature reserves to stress the importance of conserving indigenous honeybees. Ban the introduction or migration of in buffer zones around nature reserves.
Apis mellifera +
Protect areas where Apis cerana biodiversity is known to be valuable (for example Himalayas, South India, Lao).
Conclusions and recommendations of the 6th AAA Conference 1. The Conference recognises that Asia is extremely rich in its diversity of honeybee fauna. However, due to constraints such as lack of basic infrastructure, skilled human resources, research, training and extension facilities, beekeeping in Asia still requires considerable
support to tap its full potential. AAA therefore resolves that for revitalisation of beekeeping in Asia co-ordinated and systematic efforts are made to establish a training and research centre for Asian bees and beekeeping in the region. Such a centre should have internationally funded programmes in beekeeping training and research, especially through links with development organisations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN and the Japanese International Cooperative Agency. .
.
.
5. Enterprise approaches for conservation and augmentation of indigenous bee species should be initiated through private entrepreneurs and NGOs. .
Efforts need to be made to collect, document and validate these practices before this valuable information is lost. .
Apis dorsata nesting sites in natural habitat need to be protected. Nesting sites such as Ficus sp with hundreds of Apis dorsata colonies need to be designated as National Heritage Natural Sites. We also urge Century Foundation, Bangalore to initiate steps for their conservation and awareness.
Tropilaelaps clarae, Varroa spp, TSBV disease and European foulbrood pose serious threats to bees in Asia. AAA therefore resolves that a well-trained unit of bee pathologists is created in each member country and a special workshop on bee pathology be held at the next AAA Conference.
.
The Conference recognises the importance and need for conservation, protection and utilisation of pollinators in the agro-ecosystem. AAA should take steps with the International Convention on Biodiversity to initiate an appropriate programme for pollination in Asia.
Apitherapy is a fast emerging science. AAA should make the medical community aware of the scientific literature available supporting the efficacy of bee products and make apitherapy an integra! part of alternative medicine.
Asia is rich in traditional and intermediate (appropriate) technology for beekeeping.
Beekeeping is a very knowledge and skill-intensive scientific activity, which needs special care, management and manipulation. AAA therefore resolves that a unit of well-trained, skilled beekeeping extension agents be created. Experienced beekeepers (rather than bee scientists) may be the best human resource to develop as extension agents.
.
major problem while planning strategies for beekeeping development in Asia is a lack of accurate scientific databases with information on bees and beekeeping in the region. Organisations involved in beekeeping research and development programmes give different and contradictory statistics. AAA recommends that beekeeping activities be included in the national census in each member country. AAA should also form a database for A
10. Widespread introduction of Apis mellifera throughout Asia is causing dramatic loss of indigenous honeybee genetic resources. AAA should appeal to the governments of different Asian member countries to establish pro-poor, pro-environment and pro-gender policies for beekeeping, especially with respect to zonation of areas for Apis mellifera propagation and areas for Apis cerana
conservation.
11. The Asian region harbours a rich biodiversity of honeybee species, which have genetic resources that could prove crucial to apicultural development in the future. AAA resolves that measures be adopted to maintain biodiversity through habitat conservation and restoration, regulation of the introduction of exotic species (Apis mellifera) and control of pesticide usage. For conservation of Apis dorsata and Apis laboriosa, legislation regulating honey hunting coupled with participatory resource management introducing sustainable cropping from wild colonies needs to be undertaken.
12. Asian bee products are failing to match international quality standards. AAA resolves that proper honey harvesting and processing techniques be taught to beekeepers and regulations upon use of chemical pollutants to honey (for example sulphur, acaricides, antibiotics) are introduced.
member countries to provide beekeeping information for access by all.
The 7th AAA Conference will be held in 2004 in The Philippines. Details in Look Ahead on page 11. A Bees for Development publication
o
N
CAYMAN ISLANDS
--
rey
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
JAMAICA
Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean: 243 km long, between 36 and 80 km wide and with
a population of 2.5 million people
CLIMATE
BEES
HONEYBEE DISEASES AND PESTS
Jamaica has a maritime tropical climate.
British settlers probably introduced European honeybees Apis mellifera to Jamaica, but there is
American foulbrood, black ants, chalk brood, red ants and wax moths.
There is great variation in landscape from the coral sands and ironshore cliffs of the shoreline, through coastal wetlands, plains and highlands to the misty peaks of the Blue Mountains.
The warm trade winds blow by day and the average daily temperature varies according to elevation from 30°C at sea level to 15°C in the mountains. During the cooler months, December to March, the island sometimes experiences
no date recorded. The black bees originally
introduced were later mixed with Italian stock
SECTOR SUPPORT
brought from the USA. To date there has been no occurrence of Africanised honeybees. indigenous
From
species of stingless bees are still present, but not harvested commercially.
project stimulated Phase 2: the A// Island
BEEKEEPING
The success of this
Beekeeping Development Project. This placed special emphasis on the introduction of in schools from primary to tertiary level, providing them with equipment and extension assistance. Within the Ministry of
beekeeping
northerners: chill winds and high seas. July to September are the warmest months, May and
By 1896 Apis mellifera were being kept in frame hives. The Jamaica Agriculture Society provided
October are traditionally rainy. Jamaica is experiencing increasingly erratic weather patterns
training and field demonstrations throughout the island, with the formation of the Jamaica
due to deforestation and global warming. The last major hurricane to hit Jamaica was Hurricane bee industry was destroyed.
Beekeepers’ Association in 1902. Several organisations were subsequently formed and disbanded. At present beekeepers are represented by the All Island Bee Farmers’ Association.
CULTURE
NUMBER OF BEEKEEPERS
Rastafari is an indigenous religion that emerged during the 1930s as a grass roots answer to
A survey
Gilbert in September 1988, when 90% of the
1987-1991 the EU funded a pilot project
in the central parishes.
Agriculture the Beekeeping Unit is responsible for protection and development of the industry and has a staff of 16.
BEEKEEPING DEPARTMENT Bodles Research Station
Ministry of Agriculture,Old Harbour, St Catherine Email bodlesresearch@cwjamaica.com
1997 revealed 1262 beekeepers with an average age of 52, 11% female, 89% male.
LEGISLATION
in
social conditions. Beliefs include the divinity of the late Emperor Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari) of Ethiopia, re-incarnation, and a taboo against
NUMBER OF HONEYBEE COLONIES
The Jamaica Bee Control Act of 1918 relates to disease control and the prevention of imports of
40,000
bees, products and used equipment.
males cutting or combing their hair or beards. However not all Rastafaris adhere to all of these.
AVERAGE PRODUCTION
PREVIOUS ARTICLES
23 kg honey per colony per year.
Bees for Development Journal (Newsletter) 6: News around the world
Rastafaris developed their own version of the Jamaican dialect in which “I” is a frequent pre-fix. (For example “I and |” or “l-man” meaning or myself and “I-dren” meaning children or brethren, “I-tal” food is vegetarian.) |
Many Rastas regard the use of marijuana as a sacrament and aid to meditation.
ECONOMY Tourism is the largest foreign exchange earner with over one million visitors, over half of them
arriving as cruise ship passengers. Other major industries are agriculture, bauxite (the raw material of aluminium), and textiles.
AGRICULTURE The sugar industry is still the largest employer and major agricultural earner. The banana industry is in the process of rehabilitation. Coffee cultivation has been revived and vastly increased but too rapid expansion, especially in the Blue
Mountains, has created environmental problems. Other important export crops are Citrus, Papaya, pimento (allspice), and yams. Ganja (marijuana) though illegal, represents a significant contribution to the economy.
ANNUAL PRODUCTION LEVELS 9,000 tonnes honey and 7.3 tonnes
of beeswax.
Bees for Development Journal (Newsletter) 15: News around the world Bees for Development Journal 49:
FINANCIAL
$J 107 per litre Beeswax: $J 45 per kilogram Honey:
Total value of bee products per annum:
First Caribbean Beekeeping Congress
Bees for Development Journal 56: Nevis hosts the Second Caribbean Beekeeping Congress
$J 100,000,000
FURTHER READING
Total value of the beekeeping industry inclusive of bees, products, poilination, equipment and
COLLINS,P SOLOMON,G (1999) Proceedings of the First Caribbean Beekeeping Congress, Tobago 1998. Tobago Apicultural Society,
infrastructure:
$J 1,860
CURRENCY $J 1 = €0.023 =
million
Trinidad & Tobago. UK
0.014 = $US 0.021
MARKET All products are marketed locally, with limited export. Ten beekeepers harvest and sell pollen.
SOLOMON,G (2002) Challenges and opportunities for sustainable beekeeping in the Caribbean. /n: Sustainable livelihoods: exploring the role of beekeeping in development. Bees for Development, Monmouth, UK.
Thanks to Reginald Peddy for much of the
MELLIFEROUS FLORA Avincennia germinans, Blighia sapida, Citrus spp, Cordia gerascanthus, Fagara martinicensis, Gliricidia sepium, Gouania lupoloides, Guaidum officinale, Guazuma ulmifolia, Haematoxylum campechianum, Leucaena sp, Persea americana, Piscidia piscupula, Prosopis juliflora, Turbina corymbosa, Ziziphus mauritiana.
A Bees for Development publication
information used in this item.
Bees for Development Journal 63
GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) and GM crops have been debated in BfD 54 (March 2000) and BfD 59 (June 2001). Here are some more sources of information concentration in corporate power: the unmentioned agenda
Globalisation Inc
—
A report published by Action Group on
possible with this concentration of ownership and if such consolidation might not put world food security at risk.
Erosion, Technology and Concentration, Canada www.etcgroup.org identifies that a
The December 2001 issue of LEISA contains ten contributions that focus on Genetic
single company Pharmacia/Monsanto is responsible for 94% of GM crops sown. 98%
Engineering: not the only option. Published by ILEIA (Centre for Information on Low
are grown in Argentina, Canada and the USA, with four principal crops: canola, cotton, maize and soybeans. The major GM benefit is
External Input and Sustainable Agriculture, The Netherlands), the magazine is also available in Spanish. There is an interactive website at www. ileia.org. The issue arrived
herbicide tolerance (75% of total GM crops grown) with Bt engineering the only other GM technology in wide use. Other highlights of this report are that ten seed firms control one third of the world’s commercial seed market with
ten agrochemical corporations controlling 84% of the world’s agrochemical market. The report
questions if effective world monitoring is
ERYBOOY~
careFulir!
LUSTER were’s THE PLAN...WE ALL PRETEND To BE HARMLESS FOR A FEW YEARS, AND THEN WHEN THEY RELEASE US
with the December 2001 Biotechnology and Development Monitor (The Network University,
The Netherlands) which included eight additional GM articles including one on Monsanto: rewriting the script plus two on Bt, one on maize in Kenya and the other on Bt cotton in South Africa.
Source: LEISA Magazine, December 2001
Letter to Bees for Development Traqi beekeepers are trying their best In spite of all the difficulties facing the Iraqi Beekeepers we are still determined to work hard for our bees and utilise any drop of nectar available to overcome the unjustified sanctions imposed on our country and to help our people who are facing hunger. Honey is well regarded as a medicine used by children and sick people.
We currently face many circumstances that put honeybee populations in real danger: Unfortunately Varroa mites have built up resistance against pyrethroids. This is a problem because of the difficulty of getting alternatives treatments. *
The drought which the country has endured
in recent years and the lowering of the waiter level
in the main rivers of Iraq as a consequence of dam building on these rivers outside our frontiers.
The increased numbers of natural enemies increases the burden of protecting colonies. *
The UN sanctions have reduced the possibility for people to have money to buy honey at a reasonable price, and this has led a lot of beekeepers to give up their careers and to have no interest in rebuilding their lost apiaries.
The Iraqi Beekeepers’ Association is gathering hundreds of beekeepers towards one goal of improving the hygiene and performance of their colonies. We would welcome any sharing of comprehension from beekeepers around the world on a personal or association level.
Dr Dhafer Behnam lraqi Beekeepers’ Association, dhbehnam@uruklink.net
ANTENNAE UP Your opinions are important to Bees for Development. Letters will be published only with your permission. Our contact details are given on page 2. A Bees for Development publication
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Bees for Development Journal 63
OF PLANTS, HIVES, CONSE! by Ann Harman, Virginia, USA
Ann Harman has worked as a volunteer in many countries including Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Brazil, Egypt, Hungary, Macedonia, Moldova, Panama, Russia, Uganda and Ukraine. Ann has discovered a universal desire to learn more about honeybees, “People have worked with have realised how much can be learnt from sharing information about bees and also never fail to learn more”. |
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An essential challenge is to understand the climate of the region where am working. One way to do this call ‘reading |
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the plants’. During the latter part of the 1800s trees and all sorts of smaller plants were transported around the world. Some became established and today are recognised as part of the landscape and not always acknowledged as being exotic. Such plants can give excellent clues to the type of climate. For example in Armenia found that everyone had at least one fig tree, some quite large. The presence of figs indicates a mild winter with little frost or snow. At my home in the mountains of
La
Ga
|
2
:
me
aos rTP
:
“hal
ae
3
Virginia growing a fig tree is impossible: the tree would not last even through mild winters.
WINTERING A reason to use plants as an indicator of climate is because beekeepers do not always give particularly accurate answers. Individuals living in temperate climates describe their winters as very cold, whether or not they actually are! Fuel to keep homes warm is expensive and not always available and electricity supplies may be unreliable and also expensive.
|
Therefore a family may use only the kitchen as living quarters during the winter and leave bedrooms unheated. If people are cold, the weather is
described as extremely cold.
follows then that the bees must be cold. Beekeepers in the temperate climate of Eastern European countries put great effort into keeping their bees warm. If cellars are available, hives are kept there for three to five months, or if left outside, stuffed with straw or wool (this is It
_
Ascosphaera apis. Today plastic hives of various kinds are being made and sold. But where is the research that shows such hives are successful homes for bees? Here is a situation where it seems that new inventions are not always suitable and no reason for using plastic really fits in with the natural life of the honeybee.
THE PURPOSE OF PLASTIC
DRIFTING
An item in today’s modern world that has indeed influenced beekeeping is plastic. Sheets of plastic are used to cover hives, both around the outside and placed under the top cover. The reasons for using plastic vary. Some beekeepers explain it keeps the hives dry because rain cannot leak in, whilst others say it keeps the bees warm. visited an apiary with every hive Wrapped in plastic, from the top all the way down to the ground and buried in the earth. Yet the day was very warm, the sun was bright and moisture was running down the inside of the plastic. This environment is not healthy for the bees and a common and severe problem have observed with plastic-covered hives
In tropical regions where hives are widely spaced apart and surrounded by vegetation, drifting of bees from one hive to another is not a major problem. In some countries, where hive or honey theft occur frequently, hives are best kept in a small area close to an occupied house. This means spacing between hives is minimal (they almost touch) and the distance between rows is only enough for the beekeeper to walk and work.
|
:
"
frequently left in place all year round). We now understand ‘wintering’ better, and know that bees do not heat their whole hive. Instead they cluster and heat themselves only: not unlike the family living in the kitchen where the heat is.
In these countries most beekeepers follow traditional Russian management methods since this was, for generations, the only information available. However, not every country that was once part of the Soviet Union has the same climate or resources, and although the approach to management is the same, problems with bees and hives differ.
,
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A Bees for Development publication
is the fungal disease
chalk brood
By tradition the hives are often painted the same colour. What is a poor forager bee to do in this situation? Drifting is a severe problem in such apiary sites, but frequently goes unrecognised.
Bees for Development Journal 63
RVATION AND COMPUTERS
Poor performance from hives in the centre of such apiaries is often not addressed
properly. Sometimes the queen 1s blamed, or hunger suspected. One approach where
drifting is suspected Is to let the bees explain what is going on. Encourage the beekeeper to open a number of hives on the perimeter and compare that population with the ones centrally placed. If drifting is indeed the culprit, disparities should be evident and you can address how to better mark hives so returning bees can tell where their home ls.
NATURAL RESOURCES The conservation of trees and forests differs widely around the world. Some countries are almost devoid of trees, whilst in others cutting down a tree is prohibited. This leaves us with the question of where to get the wood to build hives? In western Russia, in Kaliningrad, the answer is “Go to the forest and cut down a tree”. In Haiti, a tree provides the only fuel available for cooking and is therefore a precious item. Whether log hive or manufactured hive, wood to build
hives is invariably difficult to find at a reasonable cost.
An axiom of some development programmes is that traditional hives or
honey hunting are less productive than beekeeping with hives such as top-bar or frame hives. Nothing could be further from the truth! A successful transfer of
information depends on understanding the constraints on building any hive and learning the management necessary for beekeepers to have success. We must be flexible and work with what works best.
AND FINALLY... a word about computers! I, like many, find them a useful tool and also a curse.
Computers can indeed give beekeepers the chance to ask questions and receive answers. Web sites show diagrams and photographs to illustrate without words so
that language 1s not necessarily a barrier. Computers do not need to be owned by every person. An agricultural extension office can receive information and pass it along to beekeepers in remote places. A computer can open the world of beekeeping to those without books or access to a library.
A Bees for Development publication
view the use of computers as an extremely valuable resource for the future. Since the time spend tn any country and with its beekeepers is limited, welcome the opportunity the Internet offers to extend and continue discussion, and bring |
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the latest information from around the world or just around the corner. Not all of it is good information but with care Is a useful tool and can be used to inform,
educate and teach.
aU
REVIVAL OF AP/S CERANA POPULATIONS
IN
uk
aol,
THE HIMALAYAS
by Faroog Ahmad, Anirudha N Shukla, Uma Partap, Surendra R Joshi and Min B Gurung .
This is the sixth article in the series bringing news about the work of the Austrian Government funded beekeeping project at ICIMOD in Kathmandu, Nepal. ICIMOD and
Austroprojekt GmbH in Vienna, Austria jointly manage the project. In BfD 62 we told you about women and beekeeping in Nepal. Here we tell you about our success in
reviving Apis cerana beekeeping in mountain areas of India and Pakistan. Ten years ago it was reported that the indigenous hive bee Apis cerana had all but disappeared in Pakistan and could be found only in a few villages
The disappearance of this bee, and of the services it provided in terms of pollination, was a matter of concern for ail bee in the north of the country.
people. (The advantages of Apis cerana particularly for pollination of plants and early
flowering crops in high mountain areas were described in BfD 58). The disappearance of Apis cerana was attributed in part to the effects of Thai sacbrood virus, to government policies, and to the lack of promotion by state agencies
and NGOs. But the Pakistani beekeepers themselves were equally responsible; few people thought of bees except in terms of honey, and
most beekeepers preferred Apis mellifera as it could be managed to produce more honey. Until 1980 Apis mellifera was little known in Pakistan
more honey and have the characteristics preferred for domestic management.
The expertise of Apis cerana technicians was streamlined into the development efforts;
gender-balanced training programmes are now being organised to support the extension efforts
at community level.
The beekeepers
in north Pakistan, the gene
pool area of Apis cerana, have been happy to
see the change in the focus of policy and development efforts at HBRI. Some have realised the advantages of keeping Apis cerana as a ‘stationary’ bee in addition to migratory hives with Apis mellifera, and farmers have
again started to keep bees to help their crops and boost income.
The Apis cerana programme is now so strong that it not only supports the provincial
and beekeepers kept Apis cerana: within ten years, the species had been almost forgotten!
programmes of beekeeping but also provides expertise and technical backstopping to
The Indigenous Honeybee Project at ICIMOD
ICIMOD’s Indigenous Honeybee Project.
embarked on a process of encouraging all stakeholders — beekeepers, government agencies, extension workers
—
to refocus on the indigenous
hive bee. The Project joined with the Honeybee Research Institute (HBRI) of Pakistan to carry out research on the population status of Apis cerana and introduce development interventions for its promotion. The results have been impressive:
Government policies were re-vised and promotional efforts for Apis cerana intensified. An Apis cerana selection programme focusing on action research was initiated at HBRI with the aim of selecting Apis cerana that produce
Apis cerana bees can now be seen in many parts of north Pakistan. They are clearly visible on flowers, where, slowly, they are even
outnumbering Apis mellifera. Farmers report that log and wall hives are being reoccupied. This underlines the extraordinary strength of
this bee species, which can maintain itself under difficult circumstances and returns to previously inhabited areas naturally as soon as conditions are favourable. Independent of the development efforts, it seems that Apis cerana is recovering from the pressures associated with the introduction of Apis mellifera and the use of pesticides. There has been similar success in the hills of Himachal
Pradesh, India, where our partner institution, Dr YS Parmar University of
Horticulture and Forestry, is focusing on promoting
Apis cerana for pollination and biodiversity conservation, even where
Apis mellifera is kept for honey production.
Beekeepers, apple growers, and extension workers are being trained in the management of Apis cerana and its role in pollination and as a means of
income-generation.
A Bees for Development publication
These efforts are supported by an ongoing selection programme, which includes an action research component. Already, the benefits are showing. There has been an increase in the quality of apples and the bees have helped in
activating the replenishment cycle. Seeing the results, farmers are now motivated to use integrated pollination management as a tool for improving ‘eco-services’ and enhancing
agricultural production, particularly of apples. While development efforts are being carried out, the species itself is contributing greatly to the expansion of its area of influence.
The experiences
in Pakistan and India
show the
huge benefits and vitality of using a partnership approach to conserve biodiversity and improve rural livelihoods. ICIMOD is now replicating these
efforts with other partners in Bhutan, China
and Nepal.
|
Bees for Development Journal 63
PHILIPPINES
LOOK AHEAD BRAZIL
Asian Apicultural Association Conference 23-27 February, 2004, Los Bafios 7®
Further details from: Dr Cleofas Cervancia E-mail cleofas.cervancia@up.edu.ph
XIV Brazilian Apicultural Congress 16-20 July 2002, Campo Grande
RUSSIA
Further details from:
Intermiod 2002 3" Exhibition and Conference
www.congressodeapicultura.com.br
on Beekeeping
COSTA RICA
11-15 September 2002, Moscow Further details from: Exhibition Complex E-mail expostroy@expostroy. ru
APIMONDIA Symposium: on Tropical beekeeping: research and development for pollination and conservation
16-19 February 2003 Further details from: |sanchez@una.ac.cr
GERMANY
Further details from: Apimondia 2003, Mr Gorazd Cad, Cultural and Congress Centre
residues in honey
10-11 October 2002, Celle Further details from: Dr Werner von der Ohe E-mail info@bieneninstitut.de
INDIA International Workshop on Sustainable Beekeeping Development and All India Honey Festival (Apiexhi 2003)
15-19 January 2003, Bangalore
ITALY 8-13 June 2002, Rome Further details from: www. forumfoodsovereignty.org Summit
+
26 August
-
4 September 2002, Johannesburg Further details from: www.earthsummit2002.org
UNITED KINGDOM
National Honey Show 14-16 November 2002, London Further details from: Rev F Capener, Honorary General Secretary E-mail nathon@zbee.com [Visit the Bees for Development stand!]
five years
10-13 June 2002, FOA Rome
Further details from: www.fao.org
VII
SOUTH AFRICA World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio’ Earth Summit 10)
Seale Hayne Beekeeping Conference 12-14 July 2002, Newton Abbot Further details from: jane.ducker@hemscott.net
NGO/CSO Forum on |Food Sovereignty
World Food
www.apimondia2003.com
Sixth European Bee Conference 1-5 July 2002, Cardiff Further details from: IBRA www. ibra.org.uk
Further details from: Dr MS Reddy E-mail jenureddy@yahoo.co.in
The
Congress
24-29 August 2003, Ljubljana
APIMONDIA Symposium: Prevention of
SLOVENIA XXXVIII APIMONDIA International Apicultural
International Symposium on Hazards
toBees
of Pesticides 4-6 September 2002, University of Bologna
LEARN AHEAD
Further details from: Dr Claudio Porrini E-mail cporrini@entom.agrsci.unibo. it
KENYA
JAMAICA
ShortCourses
Third Caribbean Beekeeping Congress
21-27 July and 3-9 November 2002, Molo Further details from: Baraka College Beekeeping Development Unit E-mail baraka@net2000ke.com
16-20 September 2002, Kingston Further details on page 16
JAPAN XIV International Congress of the International
(IUSSI)
Union for the Study of Social Insects 28 July — 3 August 2002, Sapporo Further details from: Professor Seigo Higashi, Hokkaido University
UNITED KINGDOM/TANZANIA Beekeeping in Rural Development Training Course Cardiff University and Njiro Wildlife Research Centre Further details from: Bees for Development
www.coop. hokudai.ac.jp/gakkai/iussi2002/
If you want notice of your conference,
KENYA
workshop or meeting to be included here send details to: Bees for Development,
First
PROTA
International
Workshop
23-25 September 2002, Nairobi Further details from: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA) www.prota.org
Troy, Monmouth,
NP25 4AB, UK
info@beesfordevelopment.org
MALAYSIA
SPACE FOR RENT
Symposium on Stakeholders of the Giant
Advertising in B&D offers the best chance to reach readers in over 100 countries. Excellent value for money. Advertisements: quarter page, two-colour costs 65; a full page 200. Other sizes available.
Honeybees March 2003, Pedu Lake Further details from: Or Makhdzir Mardan
www.bee.upm.edu.my/gianthoneybee2003
Notice Board items are 0.50 per word. Enclosures: 50 per kilogram for insertion and distribution of flyers. Our rate card is available from the address above. (Prices subject to VAT in EC countries)
A Bees for Development publication
Bees for Development Journal 63
NEWS AROUN REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AFRICAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION During the Apimondia Congress held in Durban in October 2001 a meeting
was held and it was agreed unanimously to establish the African Apicultural Association. The following objectives were agreed: The Association should address issues relating to research, training, development and dissemination of
NETWORK OF CARIBBEAN BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATIONS TO BE LAUNCHED
SURINAME send greetings from the beating heart of the Amazon. In February began a project in La Poule, Saramacca District to train 15 men |
|
Beekeepers from around the Caribbean will converge on Jamaica in mid September for the Third Caribbean Beekeeping Congress (see page 16 for details). The First Congress was held in Tobago in 1998, followed by the
Second in Nevis in 2000.
and 5 women in top-bar hive beekeeping and honey harvesting.
chose top-bar hives because of their low production cost. The EU provided a grant for 75% of the costs and |
|
As a strategy towards deepening the
|
had to raise
also have sad news.
|
discovered
process of co-operation and collaboration amongst the Caribbean
Varroa sp in the hives — when it was believed that there was no Varroa in
Suriname.
Apimondia Congress.
beekeeping community, participants at the Nevis Congress unanimously adopted a Resolution committing to the
The Association should ensure that
institutionalisation of Caribbean
African problems and developments are placed on the international agenda.
beekeeping. Participants also endorsed the setting up of a Steering Committee comprising representatives from Tobago,
The Association should promote
Nevis and Jamaica to spearhead the institutionalisation process.
information.
A Congress should be held at least on a biennial basis, preceding the
greater interaction with research institutions and development
organisations elsewhere. The African Apicultural Association should also promote greater interaction between African institutions, on apiculturerelated issues such as pollination and biological diversity. It was agreed that the African Apicultural Association should be affiliated to APIMONDIA. An interim Steering Committee was formed to draft a proposed constitution for circulation to all those who attended the meeting, prior to presentation at an inaugural congress for ratification. The logistics and sources of funding for this
congress where a permanent management committee will be elected were also discussed.
Adriaan du Toit, President of the Interim Steering Committee, African Apicultural Association
The Committee's report will be submitted at the Third Congress and will include amongst its recommendations the establishment of a Network of
Mohamed S Khodabaks
SIERRA LEONE We have just completed a beekeeping training course for two communities in the Freetown Peninsula Area. The Conservation Society of Sierra Leone sponsored the course. Beekeeping is a good tool to encourage people to
Caribbean Beekeepers’ Associations and a framework for its operation.
protect the forest where they live, and rely on for income from charcoal
Gladstone Solomon BfD’s Correspondent in Tobago
burning and woodcutting.
Abu Ansumana
See also AAA on pages 4 and 5
APIMONDIA APIMONDIA is the world Federation of Beekeepers’ Associations. APIMONDIA represents the interests of beekeepers worldwide, and organises a major international congress every second year. One benefit of your association belonging to APIMONDIA is that all
members of your association then become eligible for reduced registration fees for APIMONDIA Congresses.
A Membership form and further details are at www.apimondia.org, or please contact:
[Ed: we will bring you updates about the
APIMONDIA Secretary General, Corso Vittorio Emanuele 1101 00186 Rome, ITALY
progress of this new Association as information
Phone
arrives at Bees for Development]
E-mail apimondia@mclink.it
+39 06685 2286 www.apimondia.org
@
25% myself.
A Bees for Development publication
Bees for Development Journal 63
D THE ORLD CAMEROON
ETHIOPIA
Mokenge Tobias (centre) explains the use of top-bars in the catcher hive produced by the group he is training. Front left is the youngest bee farmer
Stamps depicting traditional Ethiopian hives (published by the Ethiopian postal service) sent to Bees for Development by Mehari Yoseph who says,
Rallie Ndombo Mandalo “ready for action”.
“This is a good initiative considering the bee resources of the country are ever declining due among other things to the high rate of deforestation and pesticide use”.
HAAG EST Oe |
'
:
Qa
NIGERIA USAID/Winrock International beekeeping project in Zaria USAID provided a grant of US$ 13,500 to the Biye Beekeepers’ Society to support their project for improving beekeeping. The project started in January 2002 targeting 50 beekeepers selected from four villages. Winrock International sponsored two beekeeping volunteers, Bob Cole and Ann Harman, to visit the project in February
2002.
Movable-frame hive beekeeping was introduced to the area in the early 1960s at the Maigana Farm Service Centre (now Kaduna State
Agricultural Development Project). In 1980 beekeeping became part of the diploma qualifications for agricultural extension agents and as a consequence beekeeping workshops were held in 1996, 1998, and 2002. Despite these inputs beekeeping practices on the whole remained unhelpful to the beekeepers and the bees.
Farmers were unaware of the primary importance of bees for crop pollination and the existence of bee
products apart from honey. In 1996 founded the Biye Beekeepers’ Society after receiving training as an extension worker. My objective was to carry out beekeeping extension as a community based |
project for rural farmers.
The financial assistance from USAID helped us to increase the awareness of farmers around Zaria. To date the Society has recorded 120 farmers attending beekeeping meetings for more information. Apitherapy and crop production packages for maximum yield are being used as extension approaches.
appreciate the information in the Workshop Box received from Bees for Development, which has helped me greatly with my work. |
|
Alh Idris Zaria, President, Biye Beekeepers’ Association
in Nigeria,
A Bees for Development publication
which
itis feped will
help -with honey marketing:
®
Bees for Development Journal 63
0
(
How to manage the blue orchard bee as an orchard pollinator
Bumblebees
KEYSTONE INFORMATION
Christopher O'Toole
Honey hunters and beekeepers
Jordi Bosch and William Kemp 2001 88 pages
_
Paperback
2002 42 pages
of Tamil Nadu
Paperback Available from
Snehlata Nath, Pratim Roy, Mathew John and Robert Leo
Bees for Development price 5.50 Code 0160
Available from Bees for Development price 15.90 Code B475
te
For a long time the only
perat
Europe. Some species have adapted to the high altitudes of the Himalayas and to the Arctic areas
dependent on this single species. In the USA the reduction in the number of honeybee colonies due
in tropical Central America and in South America
pollinator for orchard crops. The blue orchard bee is a close relative of Osmia cornifrons the
hornfaced bee that has been used commercially in Japan as an apple and cherry pollinator since
the 1960s, and Osmia cornuta developed as an orchard pollinator in Europe.
Section
1 of this new manual provides an overview of fruit crop pollination. Section 2 explains the general biology of the blue orchard
bee and sections 3 and 4 describe rearing and management. Sections 5 and 6 explain bee densities and the ways to extend nesting periods and progeny production to enhance pollination.
of North America and Eurasia. A few species live
along the Andes. There are some bumblebee species in North Africa, but bumblebees are absent from Africa south of the Sahara. This book
explains the natural history of these social bees
including chapters on colony activity, pests, bumblebees as managed pollinators of crops, and how to encourage bumblebees to live in your garden. The book ends with 11 lovely colour plates of different species of foraging bumblebees of different species.
Bees dance 2001 46 pages
BEES
A4+ size hardback Available from Bees for /
Development price 16.80 Code C090
j
mortality during development and pests, predators and pathogens of the blue orchard bee.
Entomologist and ethologist Rémy Chauvin joined forces with cartoonist and art director
Well illustrated with black and white and colour
Patrice Serres to produce this unusual book,
illustrations, this manual is a useful addition to the literature available on non-honeybee pollinators.
which offers an alternative view of
John and Dawn Yates BEEKEEPING STUDY NOTES
2002 261 pages Paperback Available from Bees for
DOCUMENT
Keystone Foundation
of Tamil Nadu in
southern India. Keystone undertook to discover the various honey hunting groups and to
document what they do with the harvested honey and beeswax. The survey revealed a range of development issues related to changes in traditions, in the economy and in the
accessibility of the hill areas. Honey hunting and beekeeping in Tamil Nadu have been affected drastically by ecological changes. The book discusses appropriate ways to help. This newly published book was previously available as a survey report document (reviewed in BfD 45).
communication strategies within the hive. Originally published in the French magazine
Figaro this hyper-realistic fiction shows bees living in the world of insects alongside humans here on
Honey hunters of the Blue Mountains CD Rom Keystone Foundation
2001 138 pages Available from Bees for Development Code VID20A price 22.80 This newly available CD Rom offers an alternative opportunity to view the documentary about the honey hunters of the Nilgiri Mountains of South India and their relationship with the
giant honeybee Apis dorsata. A review of the video format appeared in BfD 59.
Instrumental insemination
Earth as they have done for thousands of years. With colour cartoons the story tells of Daftara
of honeybee queens
from Ethiopia and his young assistant Mikle who install a tiny remote controlled robot on the comb
Inseminacién instrumental de abejas reinas
within a hive. This device can communicate with
Development price 21.50 Code Y100
Susan Cobey
the bees that have evolved a highly sophisticated language, a small segment of which is seen by
A 25 minute, step by step training video. FAO,
This new book in the series of study notes for the British Beekeepers
beekeepers in the waggle dance.
Association examinations provides an excellent guide to the BBKA Certificate in Beekeeping Husbandry. The authors have many years’ experience as Master Beekeepers and provide
comprehensive information on all aspects of practice and current disease terminology.
®
Honey hunting is a traditional part of life for people living in the hills
ae
SURVEY
Rémy Chauvin and Patrice Serres
The next two sections explain the factors preventing population growth including the (limited) knowledge on pesticide damage,
Beekeeping study notes
Development price 14.65 Code K305
od td A
2001 138 pages Paperback Available from Bees for
lim te
occurring throughout North America, Asia and
was the honeybee Apis mellifera, which meant that commercial pollination of insect-pollinated crops was
commercialisation of the indigenous North American blue orchard bee Osmia lignaria, as a
OF TAMIL NADU
Bumbiebees live mostly in
pollinator commercially available in large numbers
to low honey prices and the introduction of parasitic mites and exotic pests, has led to the
HONEYHUNTERS & BEEKEEPERS.
Although the book is designed to be primarily fun it does carry facts about behaviour including foraging, queen production, reproduction and swarming, in addition to the details about
communication within the hive. There is a brief glossary.
A Bees for Development publication
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN has a limited number of copies of this video, available in English or Spanish and in PAL or
NTSC format.
If
you are an apicultural researcher
in a developing country, then you may request
a copy.
Contact: HoZoo.Lea@fao.org
Bees for Development Journal 63
Uludag Agricilik Dergisi The Uludag Bee Journal is new from the Uludag Beekeeping Association in Turkey. The journal publishes mainly in Turkish but English manuscripts are accepted. Articles on beekeeping,
diseases, pollination, apitherapy, honeybee races, honeybee breeding and genetics, equipment, bee products and marketing are required.
Contact the Editor on: mcivan@superonline.com. ISSN 1304-0248
ULUDAG ARICILIK DERGISI Uludag Bee Journal Sayn: Number:
cil
2 2
Eyliil 2001
|
sd
x
September 2001
THE NATIONAL HONEY SHOW
Natio
4)
14-16 November 2002 Kensington Town Hall, London UK
A three-day programme
including lectures plus a range of trade exhibitors and beekeeping organisations to take your interest
%
%ey si
Many honey classes are open to the world:
prepare your entries now!
Schedules available from August
Contact: Rev H
F Capener, Honorary General Secretary
Baldric Road, Folkestone, Kent CT20 2NR UK E-mail nathon@zbee.com Tel/Fax +44 (0) 1303 254579 www.honeyshow.co.uk |
The National Honey Show takes
place in London,
UK 14-16 November 2002 _
A Bees for Development publication
Registered Charity 233656
®
—
16 20 SEPTEMBER 2002,
Kingston
:
22
2
Organised by The Ministry of Agriculture and Jamaican Bee Farmers’ Association in collaboration with The Eastern Jamaica Agricultural Support Project and
Agricultural Support Services Project.
The theme of the Congress is BEEKEEPING: STRATEGIES
FOR REAPING SWEET SUCCESS
REGISTRATE
FED
Keynote speakers will include researchers, producers and suppliers of technology | The Congress Registration Fee is for beekeeping. There will be poster exhibitions, country reports presenting US$ 300. This includes: in since the Second Caribbean in admission, Congress papers, Congress happenings beekeeping 2000, Congress and two field trips to showcase local beekeeping activities. Congress field trip, Congress reception as well as {unch plus morning and Participants are anticipated from around the globe, in addition to the local afternoon coffee/tea for the five days Caribbean network of beekeepers, researchers and members of the public. of the Congress.
The Congress Secretariat is inviting papers and posters for the following areas of beekeeping: @ Rural Development through Beekeeping @ Application of Technology to the Beekeeping Industry @ Local and International Laws Governing Beekeeping @ Economics of Beekeeping @ Pest and Disease Management in Apiculture @ Pollination Contribution to Agriculture ®
Apitherapy
ACCOMMODATION
Details of accommodation close to the Congress venue are available from the address below.
ENQUIRIES ;
;
Dr Joseph Lindsay, Mr Reginald Peddy or Mr Hugh Smith
Bodles Research Station
GUIDELINES FOR ABSTRACTS AND PAPERS
Abstracts should be
in English
.
.
(MS Word, Times New Roman 12 point)
and should not exceed 250 words.
should be in double line spacing with ample margins and include any Papers . figures, tables and illustrations. .
.
References should be arranged alphabetically by author and take the form: surname(s) of author(s), initials; year of publication in parenthesis; title of article; title of journal, volume number; and page numbers. All abstracts and full papers should be submitted by e-mail or post. Two copies of papers are required, typed on one side, with tables and graphs on separate pages. High-density double-sided diskettes should be submitted with files in MS Word and graphs converted to Excel files or the programme applications in which the graphs were produced indicated on the label.
Deadline for abstracts for papers and posters 14 June 2002 Deadline for papers is 28 June 2002 e All changes in papers should be submitted no later than 31 July 2002
Old
P
Harbour
°
St Catherine
Jamaica .
Wiest Indies
E-mail -mal bodlesresearch@cwjamaica.com Telephone
(+876) 983 2267
or
(+876) 983 2281
Fax
(+876) 983 2822
@ ~
:
@
Your participation is welcomed!
~
COUNTRY REPORTS
~.A summary of the Country Report from “ each participating Caribbean and Latin American
JAMAICA
country should be submitted to the Secretariat in accordance with the guidelines shown above.
i
!
Bees for Development Journal is published quarterly by Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP25 4AB, UK Telephone
+44 (0)
16007 13648
Printed on environmentally friendly paper.
E-mail info@beesfordevelopment.org ISSN 1477-6588
Web www.beesfordevelopment.org Bees for Development 2002
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