Bees for Development Journal Edition 63 - June 2002

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dtey (neuds Constant change Did you notice the name change? This magazine, formerly Beekeeping & Development, is now named Bees for Development Journal. Why have we changed the title? To make it very clear that this is the journal published by the organisation

Bees for Development. The Charity supporting Bees for Development, formerly The Troy Trust, will now be known as the Bees for Development Trust. And our e-mail and website addresses have changed too. Certainly, the only constant in life is change.

Enclosed with this edition of Bees for Development Journal, we are pleased to bring you a Briefing Paper: Why the Himalayas need the indigenous honeybee Apis cerana, published by ICIMOD, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development in Kathmandu, Nepal. You can see more about the recovery of the indigenous honeybee Apis cerana in mountain areas of India and Pakistan on page 11.

Nidla hvadbear Appreciation Bees for Development receives sponsorship from many beekeeping groups and individuals who help to support us financially with fund-raising events, donation of fees from talks, swarm collection, and other activities.

Michael and Sue Thornley and their family held Garden Open Day at their home near Helensburgh in the UK with honey teas and plants for sale. All proceeds for charity, with 40% donated to Bees for Development. a

*

Mrs Preece from Chippenham in the south-west of the UK has nominated Bees for Development as recipient of donations at her church’s next charity day.

Mrs Preece is also planning honey stalls at forthcoming Saturday markets with

proceeds going to Bees for Development. *

Harrogate and Ripon Beekeepers’ Association in the north of the UK donate collections raised at their coffee mornings and sales of second hand equipment to

support the work of Bees for Development.

Also from the south-west of the UK, Avon Beekeepers’ Association donate the proceeds from their annual barbecue to assist Bees for Development.

Pamela Spence (USA) donates 3% of the profits from sales of her book Mad about mead to Bees for Development.

We very much appreciate this support and sincerely thank everyone who is helping us: we cannot mention you all here!

We are also grateful to the following companies who have recently provided sponsorship: AstraZeneca, BAT, Bee Health Ltd, E H Thorne (Beehives) Ltd, Imperial Tobacco Ltd, Northern Bee Books and Vita (Europe) Ltd.

Bees for Development Trust is raising funds to provide information to beekeepers in developing countries and in particular to provide subscriptions for BfD Journal.

UK residents can help with CAF cheques and Gift Aid. Our Charity Registration is The Troy Trust Number 1078803.

Bank details The Troy Trust (Account 60274887 Code 20-00-85) at Barclays Bank plc PO Box 29, Monmouth, NP29 3YG, UK

Bees for Development Troy, Monmouth, NP25 4AB, UK

+44 (0)16007 13648

info@beesfordevelopment.org www.beesfordevelopment.org

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Post Phone E-mail Web

Bees for Development Journal 63

FOOD STANDARDS AGENCY BANS CHINESE HONEY UK Food Standards Agency Press Release,

19 February 2002

All jars of Chinese and blended honey (unless shown not to be of Chinese origin) should be withdrawn from Sale, says the UK Food Standards Agency. The call comes in the wake of tests that revealed traces of the

antibiotic chloramphenicol in some jars of Chinese and blended honey.

The Agency began the tests on honey because of concerns about a lack of

found pose an extremely small risk.

The main known risk from

controls on the use of veterinary drugs in China. In the latest results, illegal

chloramphenicol relates to aplastic anaemia, a rare but serious blood

residues of chloramphenicol were found in ten out of 16 samples. In the EU it is

disorder that affects 50 to 100 people a year in the UK. Chloramphenicol may

illegal to use chloramphenicol on animals where they, or their products,

also be linked to cancer.

are destined for human consumption.

A meeting of independent scientific experts, convened by the Agency to assess whether the residues pose a risk to consumers, concluded that the levels

The APIMONDIA Symposium Prevention of residues in honey will be held in Celle, Germany in October 2002 (details in Look Ahead page 11).

The Agency advises that, because of the extremely small risk, people can continue to eat honey they have already bought, regardless of the country of origin. This

advice also applies to foods that contain honey, where the risk is even lower.

EUROPEAN UNION LEGISLATION AND HONEY

by Peter Martin, UK

BfD 59 we gave details of the European Union (EU) Commission legislation to prevent honey containing residues of antibiotics, pyrethroids, organochlorines or heavy metals from being imported into Europe.

In this article Peter Martin, an expert honey analyst, provides more information on EU legislation and its relevance to the honey industry around the world.

In

In 1990 the EU laid down the procedure for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) of veterinary drugs in foodstuffs

of animal origin. This is to protect consumers and public health. The use of

Annex IV lists the drugs for which no MRLs can be set because the drugs are

EU member states. Some countries reject honey containing above the limit of

regarded as too dangerous. These drugs are chloramphenicol, (the drug found

detection of those drugs while others apply an Action Level such as 50 ppb.

However, it must be stressed that the

antibiotics leads to the possibility of resistance in target pathogens and must

recently in Chinese honey that has led to the ban on import of all Chinese honey into the EU), nitrofurans

be controlled. The Regulation has four

including furazolidone, ronidazole,

Annexes. Annex

dapsone, dimetridazole, colchicine, chlorpromazine, chloroform and

is a list of the

substances for which MRLs have been fixed for specified species. None has been fixed for use with bees. Annex II is a list of substances for which no

MRL

is

necessary. In the case of bees,

fluvalinate, flumethrin, formic acid, lactic acid, menthol, thymol and mixed oils, that are all Varroa treatments, are listed.

Annex

III

lists substances for which

provisional MRLs have been set. In relation to bees these are Cymiazole,

(1000 ppb*), Amitraz (200 ppb) and Coumaphos (100 ppb), again these are all Varroa treatments.

presence of these drugs in honey is illegal at any level. That situation may change if it proves possible to obtain MRLs for their use in beekeeping.

metronidazole.

essential that all beekeepers avoid the use of Annex IV drugs, both to

Antibiotics such as streptomycin, tetracyclines, penicillins and

protect consumers wherever they are and to protect the good name and selling of

sulphonamides have MRLs for use on large animals but are illegal for use with

honey. Very low levels of these drugs can be detected and the honey from one

bees except under the guidance of a veterinarian when tetracyclines may be used for European foulbrood. In that case

beekeeper could contaminate a large amount of honey if it is being combined for bulk export. Such honey will be

no honey can be harvested until the

destroyed if found in the EU.

expiry of a withdrawal period for example, two months. At present

application of the law in relation to these safer antibiotics is not harmonised in A Bees for Development publication

It is

Beekeepers everywhere should use good husbandry rather than drugs to keep their bees healthy. (*ppb

=

parts per billion)

Bees for Development Journal 63

6th ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATIO

by Naomi Saville, Nepal The 6th Asian Apicultural Association (AAA) Conference and World Apiexpo was held in Bangalore, India in February. Delegates came from many parts of India, and Australia, Bhutan, Germany, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Nigeria, the 1 Philippines,

Poland,

Portugal, Russia,

Thailand, UK and the USA. Four days of oral and poster presentations of a high quality stimulated lively discussion on: *

*

*

*

* * *

Biology and management of the Asian hive bee Apis cerana Biology and management of the exotic European honeybee Apis mellifera in Asia Biology and management of wild honeybee

species Honeybees and managed crop pollination Bee flora and migratory beekeeping Honeybee pests, diseases and enemies Hive product processing and marketing Beekeeping in Asia Beekeeping technology and equipment Environmental changes and pesticides

on bees

Beekeeping extension and gender mainstreaming Apitherapy addition, the one-day technical tour visited an Apis dorsata bee tree housing hundreds of colonies, In

and the Nandi Hills.

Day 1 was workshops on beekeeping with Apis cerana (see box above right) and pollination. Participants took part in groups and shared their findings in a forum at the end of the sessions, making the discussions informal and participatory.

The Conference was organised by Dr Sivaram, Dr Anita Menon and the team of The Century Foundation of Bangalore in association with the international AAA Steering Committee including representatives from AAA Administration Office, Tamagawa University, Japan, Professor Siriwat Wongsiri from Thailand, Dr Cleo Cervancia from The Philippines, Dr Naomi Saville from Nepal, L R Verma and Professor Sihag from India, to name but a few.

During the Conference, Dr M S Reddy joined the Committee as one of the chairpersons of the Apiculture Extension Session.

Professor

tom FAO, the UN discusses a poitt

Happy 10th Anniversary!

The Asian Apicultural Association was established in 1992 to encourage friendly exchange of information between beekeepers and bee scientists in Asia.

Individual membership is US$20 and for institutions US$100 per year. If you live inside Asia you can join by contacting your local AAA Representative (contact details in BfD 61). If you live outside Asia send payment directly to:

AAA Office, HSRC, Tamagawa University, Machida-Shi, Tokyo 194 8610, Japan.

E-mail HSRC@agr. Tamagawa.ac.jp Bees for Development Journal is proud to be the official Newsletter of AAA

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Bees for Development Journal 63

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ‘ww: POCA

Action points from the Apis cerana workshop Zonation of bee species * Define areas for Apis mellifera and Apis cerana beekeeping to protect indigenous honeybees from extinction with buffer zones around Apis cerana areas.

Breeding of Apis cerana * In specially developed regional centres, breed strains of improved Apis cerana with traits for Thai sacbrood virus (TSBY) resistance, higher honey and pollen production, and less swarming and absconding. *

Multiply improved breeds and distribute improved stock on a mass scale.

Inter and intra-institutional co-operation In AAA member countries, build collaborative partnerships and generate more communication and collaboration between Apis cerana beekeepers and bee scientists.

*

Produce bio-pesticides and promote Integrated Pest Management practices.

*

Investigate remedies and management for the control of TSBV and European foulbrood diseases.

*

Strengthen the capacity of beekeepers’ organisations in awareness generation.

*

Explore the importance of Apis cerana as a pollinator of crops.

Appropriate technology development * Access and document indigenous technical knowledge about Apis cerana. *

Bee product marketing In order to provide marginalized Apis cerana honey producers with higher and fairer prices for their bee

Create regional guidelines on Apis cerana beekeeping.

*

Develop educational materials about indigenous honeybees and their importance.

*

Promote awareness of the toxicity of pesticides to bees and humans.

extension and follow-up. *

*

Promote niche markets selling Apis cerana honey with the comparative advantage of it being organic, safe for use as medicine, fairly traded and

environmentally friendly. «

Promote value addition to bee products.

*

Establish Asian standards, with special stipulations for Apis cerana honey.

Research on Apis cerana *

Integrate research efforts with grassroots field investigations of beekeepers’ needs and make research farmer-participatory.

Promote participatory approaches in beekeeping extension.

Use of low-cost appropriate technologies in training and extension efforts. *

products:

Public awareness *

Adapt indigenous technical knowledge using farmer participation to develop appropriate beekeeping technology and practices.

Training and extension with Apis cerana * Motivate farmers to adopt beekeeping with Apis cerana and provide necessary training,

Establish more rigorous procedures to identify prospective beekeeping trainees.

Establish rewards for enthusiastic trainees in the form of further training.

Conservation of Apis cerana genetic resources Work with nature reserves to stress the importance of conserving indigenous honeybees.

Ban the introduction or migration of in buffer zones around nature reserves.

Apis mellifera +

Protect areas where Apis cerana biodiversity is known to be valuable (for example Himalayas, South India, Lao).

Conclusions and recommendations of the 6th AAA Conference 1. The Conference recognises that Asia is extremely rich in its diversity of honeybee fauna. However, due to constraints such as lack of basic infrastructure, skilled human resources, research, training and extension facilities, beekeeping in Asia still requires considerable

support to tap its full potential.

AAA therefore resolves that for revitalisation of beekeeping in Asia co-ordinated and systematic efforts are made to establish a training and research centre for Asian bees and beekeeping in the region. Such a centre should have internationally funded programmes in beekeeping training and research, especially through links with development organisations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN and the Japanese International Cooperative Agency. .

.

.

5. Enterprise approaches for conservation and augmentation of indigenous bee species should be initiated through private entrepreneurs and NGOs. .

Efforts need to be made to collect, document and validate these practices before this valuable information is lost. .

Apis dorsata nesting sites in natural habitat need to be protected.

Nesting sites such as Ficus sp with hundreds of Apis dorsata colonies need to be designated as National Heritage Natural Sites. We also urge Century Foundation, Bangalore to initiate steps for their conservation and awareness.

Tropilaelaps clarae, Varroa spp, TSBV disease and European foulbrood pose serious threats to bees in Asia.

AAA therefore resolves that a well-trained unit of bee pathologists is created in each member country and a special workshop on bee pathology be held at the next AAA Conference.

.

The Conference recognises the importance and need for conservation, protection and utilisation of pollinators in the agro-ecosystem.

AAA should take steps with the International Convention on Biodiversity to initiate an appropriate programme for pollination in Asia.

Apitherapy is a fast emerging science.

AAA should make the medical community aware of the scientific literature available supporting the efficacy of bee products and make apitherapy an integra! part of alternative medicine.

Asia is rich in traditional and intermediate (appropriate) technology for beekeeping.

Beekeeping is a very knowledge and skill-intensive scientific activity, which needs special care, management and manipulation.

AAA therefore resolves that a unit of well-trained, skilled beekeeping extension agents be created.

Experienced beekeepers (rather than bee scientists) may be the best human resource to develop as extension agents.

.

major problem while planning strategies for beekeeping development in Asia is a lack of accurate scientific databases with information on bees and beekeeping in the region.

Organisations involved in beekeeping research and development programmes give different and contradictory statistics.

AAA recommends that beekeeping activities be included in the national census in each member country. AAA should also form a database for A

10. Widespread introduction of Apis mellifera throughout Asia is causing dramatic loss of indigenous honeybee genetic resources.

AAA should appeal to the governments of different Asian member countries to establish pro-poor, pro-environment and pro-gender policies for beekeeping, especially with respect to zonation of areas for Apis mellifera propagation and areas for Apis cerana

conservation.

11. The Asian region harbours a rich biodiversity of honeybee species, which have genetic resources that could prove crucial to apicultural development in the future.

AAA resolves that measures be adopted to maintain biodiversity through habitat conservation and restoration, regulation of the introduction of exotic species (Apis mellifera) and control of pesticide usage. For conservation of Apis dorsata and Apis laboriosa, legislation regulating honey hunting coupled with participatory resource management introducing sustainable cropping from wild colonies needs to be undertaken.

12. Asian bee products are failing to match international quality standards.

AAA resolves that proper honey harvesting and processing techniques be taught to beekeepers and regulations upon use of chemical pollutants to honey (for example sulphur, acaricides, antibiotics) are introduced.

member countries to provide beekeeping information for access by all.

The 7th AAA Conference will be held in 2004 in The Philippines. Details in Look Ahead on page 11.

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CAYMAN ISLANDS

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rey

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

JAMAICA

Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean: 243 km long, between 36 and 80 km wide and with

a population of 2.5 million people

CLIMATE

BEES

HONEYBEE DISEASES AND PESTS

Jamaica has a maritime tropical climate.

British settlers probably introduced European honeybees Apis mellifera to Jamaica, but there is

American foulbrood, black ants, chalk brood, red ants and wax moths.

There is great variation in landscape from the coral sands and ironshore cliffs of the shoreline, through coastal wetlands, plains and highlands to the misty peaks of the Blue Mountains.

The warm trade winds blow by day and the average daily temperature varies according to elevation from 30°C at sea level to 15°C in the mountains. During the cooler months, December to March, the island sometimes experiences

no date recorded. The black bees originally

introduced were later mixed with Italian stock

SECTOR SUPPORT

brought from the USA. To date there has been no occurrence of Africanised honeybees. indigenous

From

species of stingless bees are still present, but not harvested commercially.

project stimulated Phase 2: the A// Island

BEEKEEPING

The success of this

Beekeeping Development Project. This placed special emphasis on the introduction of in schools from primary to tertiary level, providing them with equipment and extension assistance. Within the Ministry of

beekeeping

northerners: chill winds and high seas. July to September are the warmest months, May and

By 1896 Apis mellifera were being kept in frame hives. The Jamaica Agriculture Society provided

October are traditionally rainy. Jamaica is experiencing increasingly erratic weather patterns

training and field demonstrations throughout the island, with the formation of the Jamaica

due to deforestation and global warming. The last major hurricane to hit Jamaica was Hurricane bee industry was destroyed.

Beekeepers’ Association in 1902. Several organisations were subsequently formed and disbanded. At present beekeepers are represented by the All Island Bee Farmers’ Association.

CULTURE

NUMBER OF BEEKEEPERS

Rastafari is an indigenous religion that emerged during the 1930s as a grass roots answer to

A survey

Gilbert in September 1988, when 90% of the

1987-1991 the EU funded a pilot project

in the central parishes.

Agriculture the Beekeeping Unit is responsible for protection and development of the industry and has a staff of 16.

BEEKEEPING DEPARTMENT Bodles Research Station

Ministry of Agriculture,Old Harbour, St Catherine Email bodlesresearch@cwjamaica.com

1997 revealed 1262 beekeepers with an average age of 52, 11% female, 89% male.

LEGISLATION

in

social conditions. Beliefs include the divinity of the late Emperor Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari) of Ethiopia, re-incarnation, and a taboo against

NUMBER OF HONEYBEE COLONIES

The Jamaica Bee Control Act of 1918 relates to disease control and the prevention of imports of

40,000

bees, products and used equipment.

males cutting or combing their hair or beards.

However not all Rastafaris adhere to all of these.

AVERAGE PRODUCTION

PREVIOUS ARTICLES

23 kg honey per colony per year.

Bees for Development Journal (Newsletter) 6: News around the world

Rastafaris developed their own version of the Jamaican dialect in which “I” is a frequent pre-fix. (For example “I and |” or “l-man” meaning or myself and “I-dren” meaning children or brethren, “I-tal” food is vegetarian.) |

Many Rastas regard the use of marijuana as a sacrament and aid to meditation.

ECONOMY Tourism is the largest foreign exchange earner with over one million visitors, over half of them

arriving as cruise ship passengers. Other major industries are agriculture, bauxite (the raw material of aluminium), and textiles.

AGRICULTURE The sugar industry is still the largest employer and major agricultural earner. The banana industry is in the process of rehabilitation. Coffee cultivation has been revived and vastly increased but too rapid expansion, especially in the Blue

Mountains, has created environmental problems.

Other important export crops are Citrus, Papaya, pimento (allspice), and yams. Ganja (marijuana) though illegal, represents a significant contribution to the economy.

ANNUAL PRODUCTION LEVELS 9,000 tonnes honey and 7.3 tonnes

of beeswax.

Bees for Development Journal (Newsletter) 15: News around the world Bees for Development Journal 49:

FINANCIAL

$J 107 per litre Beeswax: $J 45 per kilogram Honey:

Total value of bee products per annum:

First Caribbean Beekeeping Congress

Bees for Development Journal 56: Nevis hosts the Second Caribbean Beekeeping Congress

$J 100,000,000

FURTHER READING

Total value of the beekeeping industry inclusive of bees, products, poilination, equipment and

COLLINS,P SOLOMON,G (1999) Proceedings of the First Caribbean Beekeeping Congress, Tobago 1998. Tobago Apicultural Society,

infrastructure:

$J 1,860

CURRENCY $J 1 = €0.023 =

million

Trinidad & Tobago.

UK

0.014 = $US 0.021

MARKET All products are marketed locally, with limited export. Ten beekeepers harvest and sell pollen.

SOLOMON,G (2002) Challenges and opportunities for sustainable beekeeping in the Caribbean. /n: Sustainable livelihoods: exploring the role of beekeeping in development.

Bees for Development, Monmouth, UK.

Thanks to Reginald Peddy for much of the

MELLIFEROUS FLORA Avincennia germinans, Blighia sapida, Citrus spp, Cordia gerascanthus, Fagara martinicensis, Gliricidia sepium, Gouania lupoloides, Guaidum officinale, Guazuma ulmifolia, Haematoxylum campechianum, Leucaena sp, Persea americana, Piscidia piscupula, Prosopis juliflora, Turbina corymbosa, Ziziphus mauritiana.

A Bees for Development publication

information used in this item.

Bees for Development Journal 63

GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) and GM crops have been debated in BfD 54 (March 2000) and BfD 59 (June 2001). Here are some more sources of information concentration in corporate power: the unmentioned agenda

Globalisation Inc

—

A report published by Action Group on

possible with this concentration of ownership and if such consolidation might not put world food security at risk.

Erosion, Technology and Concentration, Canada www.etcgroup.org identifies that a

The December 2001 issue of LEISA contains ten contributions that focus on Genetic

single company Pharmacia/Monsanto is responsible for 94% of GM crops sown. 98%

Engineering: not the only option. Published

by ILEIA (Centre for Information on Low

are grown in Argentina, Canada and the USA, with four principal crops: canola, cotton, maize and soybeans. The major GM benefit is

External Input and Sustainable Agriculture, The Netherlands), the magazine is also available in Spanish. There is an interactive website at www. ileia.org. The issue arrived

herbicide tolerance (75% of total GM crops grown) with Bt engineering the only other GM technology in wide use. Other highlights of this report are that ten seed firms control one third of the world’s commercial seed market with

ten agrochemical corporations controlling 84% of the world’s agrochemical market. The report

questions if effective world monitoring is

ERYBOOY~

careFulir!

LUSTER were’s THE PLAN...WE ALL PRETEND To BE HARMLESS FOR A FEW YEARS, AND THEN WHEN THEY RELEASE US

with the December 2001 Biotechnology and Development Monitor (The Network University,

The Netherlands) which included eight additional GM articles including one on Monsanto: rewriting the script plus two on Bt, one on maize in Kenya and the other on Bt cotton in South Africa.

Source: LEISA Magazine, December 2001

Letter to Bees for Development Traqi beekeepers are trying their best In spite of all the difficulties facing the Iraqi Beekeepers we are still determined to work hard for our bees and utilise any drop of nectar available to overcome the unjustified sanctions imposed on our country and to help our people who are facing hunger. Honey is well regarded as a medicine used by children and sick people.

We currently face many circumstances that put honeybee populations in real danger: Unfortunately Varroa mites have built up resistance against pyrethroids. This is a problem because of the difficulty of getting alternatives treatments. *

The drought which the country has endured

in recent years and the lowering of the waiter level

in the main rivers of Iraq as a consequence of dam building on these rivers outside our frontiers.

The increased numbers of natural enemies increases the burden of protecting colonies. *

The UN sanctions have reduced the possibility for people to have money to buy honey at a reasonable price, and this has led a lot of beekeepers to give up their careers and to have no interest in rebuilding their lost apiaries.

The Iraqi Beekeepers’ Association is gathering hundreds of beekeepers towards one goal of improving the hygiene and performance of their colonies. We would welcome any sharing of comprehension from beekeepers around the world on a personal or association level.

Dr Dhafer Behnam lraqi Beekeepers’ Association, dhbehnam@uruklink.net

ANTENNAE UP Your opinions are important to Bees for Development. Letters will be published only with your permission. Our contact details are given on page 2.

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Bees for Development Journal 63

OF PLANTS, HIVES, CONSE!

by Ann Harman, Virginia, USA

Ann Harman has worked as a volunteer in many countries including Armenia,

Azerbaijan, Brazil, Egypt, Hungary, Macedonia, Moldova, Panama, Russia, Uganda and Ukraine. Ann has discovered a universal desire to learn more about honeybees, “People have worked with have realised how much can be learnt from sharing information about bees and also never fail to learn more”. |

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An essential challenge is to understand the climate of the region where am working. One way to do this call ‘reading |

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the plants’. During the latter part of the 1800s trees and all sorts of smaller plants were transported around the world. Some became established and today are recognised as part of the landscape and not always acknowledged as being exotic.

Such plants can give excellent clues to the type of climate. For example in Armenia found that everyone had at least one fig tree, some quite large. The presence of figs indicates a mild winter with little frost or snow. At my home in the mountains of

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Virginia growing a fig tree is impossible: the tree would not last even through mild winters.

WINTERING A reason to use plants as an indicator of climate is because beekeepers do not always give particularly accurate answers.

Individuals living in temperate climates describe their winters as very cold, whether or not they actually are! Fuel to keep homes warm is expensive and not always available and electricity supplies may be unreliable and also expensive.

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Therefore a family may use only the kitchen as living quarters during the winter and leave bedrooms unheated.

If people are cold, the weather is

described as extremely cold.

follows then that the bees must be cold.

Beekeepers in the temperate climate of Eastern European countries put great effort into keeping their bees warm.

If cellars are available, hives are kept there for three to five months, or if left outside, stuffed with straw or wool (this is It

_

Ascosphaera apis. Today plastic hives of various kinds are being made and sold.

But where is the research that shows such hives are successful homes for bees?

Here is a situation where it seems that new inventions are not always suitable and no reason for using plastic really fits in with the natural life of the honeybee.

THE PURPOSE OF PLASTIC

DRIFTING

An item in today’s modern world that has indeed influenced beekeeping is plastic.

Sheets of plastic are used to cover hives, both around the outside and placed under the top cover. The reasons for using plastic vary. Some beekeepers explain it keeps the hives dry because rain cannot leak in, whilst others say it keeps the bees warm. visited an apiary with every hive Wrapped in plastic, from the top all the way down to the ground and buried in the earth. Yet the day was very warm, the sun was bright and moisture was running down the inside of the plastic.

This environment is not healthy for the bees and a common and severe problem have observed with plastic-covered hives

In tropical regions where hives are widely spaced apart and surrounded by vegetation, drifting of bees from one hive to another is not a major problem.

In some countries, where hive or honey theft occur frequently, hives are best kept in a small area close to an occupied house. This means spacing between hives is minimal (they almost touch) and the distance between rows is only enough for the beekeeper to walk and work.

|

:

"

frequently left in place all year round).

We now understand ‘wintering’ better, and know that bees do not heat their whole hive. Instead they cluster and heat themselves only: not unlike the family living in the kitchen where the heat is.

In these countries most beekeepers follow traditional Russian management methods since this was, for generations, the only information available. However, not every country that was once part of the Soviet Union has the same climate or resources, and although the approach to management is the same, problems with bees and hives differ.

,

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is the fungal disease

chalk brood

By tradition the hives are often painted the same colour. What is a poor forager bee to do in this situation? Drifting is a severe problem in such apiary sites, but frequently goes unrecognised.

Bees for Development Journal 63

RVATION AND COMPUTERS

Poor performance from hives in the centre of such apiaries is often not addressed

properly. Sometimes the queen 1s blamed, or hunger suspected. One approach where

drifting is suspected Is to let the bees explain what is going on. Encourage the beekeeper to open a number of hives on the perimeter and compare that population with the ones centrally placed.

If drifting is indeed the culprit, disparities should be evident and you can address how to better mark hives so returning bees can tell where their home ls.

NATURAL RESOURCES The conservation of trees and forests differs widely around the world. Some countries are almost devoid of trees, whilst in others cutting down a tree is prohibited. This leaves us with the question of where to get the wood to build hives? In western Russia, in Kaliningrad, the answer is “Go to the forest and cut down a tree”. In Haiti, a tree provides the only fuel available for cooking and is therefore a precious item. Whether log hive or manufactured hive, wood to build

hives is invariably difficult to find at a reasonable cost.

An axiom of some development programmes is that traditional hives or

honey hunting are less productive than beekeeping with hives such as top-bar or frame hives. Nothing could be further from the truth! A successful transfer of

information depends on understanding the constraints on building any hive and learning the management necessary for beekeepers to have success. We must be flexible and work with what works best.

AND FINALLY... a word about computers! I, like many, find them a useful tool and also a curse.

Computers can indeed give beekeepers the chance to ask questions and receive answers. Web sites show diagrams and photographs to illustrate without words so

that language 1s not necessarily a barrier.

Computers do not need to be owned by every person. An agricultural extension office can receive information and pass it along to beekeepers in remote places.

A computer can open the world of beekeeping to those without books or access to a library.

A Bees for Development publication

view the use of computers as an extremely valuable resource for the future.

Since the time spend tn any country and with its beekeepers is limited, welcome the opportunity the Internet offers to extend and continue discussion, and bring |

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the latest information from around the world or just around the corner. Not all of it is good information but with care Is a useful tool and can be used to inform,

educate and teach.

aU

REVIVAL OF AP/S CERANA POPULATIONS

IN

uk

aol,

THE HIMALAYAS

by Faroog Ahmad, Anirudha N Shukla, Uma Partap, Surendra R Joshi and Min B Gurung .

This is the sixth article in the series bringing news about the work of the Austrian Government funded beekeeping project at ICIMOD in Kathmandu, Nepal. ICIMOD and

Austroprojekt GmbH in Vienna, Austria jointly manage the project. In BfD 62 we told you about women and beekeeping in Nepal. Here we tell you about our success in

reviving Apis cerana beekeeping in mountain areas of India and Pakistan.

Ten years ago it was reported that the indigenous hive bee Apis cerana had all but disappeared in Pakistan and could be found only in a few villages

The disappearance of this bee, and of the services it provided in terms of pollination, was a matter of concern for ail bee in the north of the country.

people. (The advantages of Apis cerana particularly for pollination of plants and early

flowering crops in high mountain areas were described in BfD 58). The disappearance of Apis cerana was attributed in part to the effects of Thai sacbrood virus, to government policies, and to the lack of promotion by state agencies

and NGOs. But the Pakistani beekeepers themselves were equally responsible; few people thought of bees except in terms of honey, and

most beekeepers preferred Apis mellifera as it could be managed to produce more honey. Until 1980 Apis mellifera was little known in Pakistan

more honey and have the characteristics preferred for domestic management.

The expertise of Apis cerana technicians was streamlined into the development efforts;

gender-balanced training programmes are now being organised to support the extension efforts

at community level.

The beekeepers

in north Pakistan, the gene

pool area of Apis cerana, have been happy to

see the change in the focus of policy and development efforts at HBRI. Some have realised the advantages of keeping Apis cerana as a ‘stationary’ bee in addition to migratory hives with Apis mellifera, and farmers have

again started to keep bees to help their crops and boost income.

The Apis cerana programme is now so strong that it not only supports the provincial

and beekeepers kept Apis cerana: within ten years, the species had been almost forgotten!

programmes of beekeeping but also provides expertise and technical backstopping to

The Indigenous Honeybee Project at ICIMOD

ICIMOD’s Indigenous Honeybee Project.

embarked on a process of encouraging all stakeholders — beekeepers, government agencies, extension workers

—

to refocus on the indigenous

hive bee. The Project joined with the Honeybee Research Institute (HBRI) of Pakistan to carry out research on the population status of Apis cerana and introduce development interventions for its promotion. The results have been impressive:

Government policies were re-vised and promotional efforts for Apis cerana intensified.

An Apis cerana selection programme focusing on action research was initiated at HBRI with the aim of selecting Apis cerana that produce

Apis cerana bees can now be seen in many parts of north Pakistan. They are clearly visible on flowers, where, slowly, they are even

outnumbering Apis mellifera. Farmers report that log and wall hives are being reoccupied.

This underlines the extraordinary strength of

this bee species, which can maintain itself under difficult circumstances and returns to previously inhabited areas naturally as soon as conditions are favourable. Independent of the development efforts, it seems that Apis cerana is recovering from the pressures associated with the introduction of Apis mellifera and the use of pesticides. There has been similar success in the hills of Himachal

Pradesh, India, where our partner institution, Dr YS Parmar University of

Horticulture and Forestry, is focusing on promoting

Apis cerana for pollination and biodiversity conservation, even where

Apis mellifera is kept for honey production.

Beekeepers, apple growers, and extension workers are being trained in the management of Apis cerana and its role in pollination and as a means of

income-generation.

A Bees for Development publication

These efforts are supported by an ongoing selection programme, which includes an action research component. Already, the benefits are showing. There has been an increase in the quality of apples and the bees have helped in

activating the replenishment cycle. Seeing the results, farmers are now motivated to use integrated pollination management as a tool for improving ‘eco-services’ and enhancing

agricultural production, particularly of apples.

While development efforts are being carried out, the species itself is contributing greatly to the expansion of its area of influence.

The experiences

in Pakistan and India

show the

huge benefits and vitality of using a partnership approach to conserve biodiversity and improve rural livelihoods. ICIMOD is now replicating these

efforts with other partners in Bhutan, China

and Nepal.

|

Bees for Development Journal 63

PHILIPPINES

LOOK AHEAD BRAZIL

Asian Apicultural Association Conference 23-27 February, 2004, Los Bafios 7®

Further details from: Dr Cleofas Cervancia E-mail cleofas.cervancia@up.edu.ph

XIV Brazilian Apicultural Congress 16-20 July 2002, Campo Grande

RUSSIA

Further details from:

Intermiod 2002 3" Exhibition and Conference

www.congressodeapicultura.com.br

on Beekeeping

COSTA RICA

11-15 September 2002, Moscow Further details from: Exhibition Complex E-mail expostroy@expostroy. ru

APIMONDIA Symposium: on Tropical beekeeping: research and development for pollination and conservation

16-19 February 2003 Further details from: |sanchez@una.ac.cr

GERMANY

Further details from: Apimondia 2003, Mr Gorazd Cad, Cultural and Congress Centre

residues in honey

10-11 October 2002, Celle Further details from: Dr Werner von der Ohe E-mail info@bieneninstitut.de

INDIA International Workshop on Sustainable Beekeeping Development and All India Honey Festival (Apiexhi 2003)

15-19 January 2003, Bangalore

ITALY 8-13 June 2002, Rome Further details from: www. forumfoodsovereignty.org Summit

+

26 August

-

4 September 2002, Johannesburg Further details from: www.earthsummit2002.org

UNITED KINGDOM

National Honey Show 14-16 November 2002, London Further details from: Rev F Capener, Honorary General Secretary E-mail nathon@zbee.com [Visit the Bees for Development stand!]

five years

10-13 June 2002, FOA Rome

Further details from: www.fao.org

VII

SOUTH AFRICA World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio’ Earth Summit 10)

Seale Hayne Beekeeping Conference 12-14 July 2002, Newton Abbot Further details from: jane.ducker@hemscott.net

NGO/CSO Forum on |Food Sovereignty

World Food

www.apimondia2003.com

Sixth European Bee Conference 1-5 July 2002, Cardiff Further details from: IBRA www. ibra.org.uk

Further details from: Dr MS Reddy E-mail jenureddy@yahoo.co.in

The

Congress

24-29 August 2003, Ljubljana

APIMONDIA Symposium: Prevention of

SLOVENIA XXXVIII APIMONDIA International Apicultural

International Symposium on Hazards

toBees

of Pesticides 4-6 September 2002, University of Bologna

LEARN AHEAD

Further details from: Dr Claudio Porrini E-mail cporrini@entom.agrsci.unibo. it

KENYA

JAMAICA

ShortCourses

Third Caribbean Beekeeping Congress

21-27 July and 3-9 November 2002, Molo Further details from: Baraka College Beekeeping Development Unit E-mail baraka@net2000ke.com

16-20 September 2002, Kingston Further details on page 16

JAPAN XIV International Congress of the International

(IUSSI)

Union for the Study of Social Insects 28 July — 3 August 2002, Sapporo Further details from: Professor Seigo Higashi, Hokkaido University

UNITED KINGDOM/TANZANIA Beekeeping in Rural Development Training Course Cardiff University and Njiro Wildlife Research Centre Further details from: Bees for Development

www.coop. hokudai.ac.jp/gakkai/iussi2002/

If you want notice of your conference,

KENYA

workshop or meeting to be included here send details to: Bees for Development,

First

PROTA

International

Workshop

23-25 September 2002, Nairobi Further details from: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA) www.prota.org

Troy, Monmouth,

E-mail

NP25 4AB, UK

info@beesfordevelopment.org

MALAYSIA

SPACE FOR RENT

Symposium on Stakeholders of the Giant

Advertising in B&D offers the best chance to reach readers in over 100 countries. Excellent value for money. Advertisements: quarter page, two-colour costs 65; a full page 200. Other sizes available.

Honeybees March 2003, Pedu Lake Further details from: Or Makhdzir Mardan

www.bee.upm.edu.my/gianthoneybee2003

Notice Board items are 0.50 per word.

Enclosures: 50 per kilogram for insertion and distribution of flyers. Our rate card is available from the address above.

(Prices subject to VAT in EC countries)

A Bees for Development publication

Bees for Development Journal 63

NEWS AROUN REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AFRICAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION During the Apimondia Congress held in Durban in October 2001 a meeting

was held and it was agreed unanimously to establish the African Apicultural Association.

The following objectives were agreed: The Association should address issues relating to research, training, development and dissemination of

NETWORK OF CARIBBEAN BEEKEEPERS’ ASSOCIATIONS TO BE LAUNCHED

SURINAME send greetings from the beating heart of the Amazon. In February began a project in La Poule, Saramacca District to train 15 men |

|

Beekeepers from around the Caribbean will converge on Jamaica in mid September for the Third Caribbean Beekeeping Congress (see page 16 for details). The First Congress was held in Tobago in 1998, followed by the

Second in Nevis in 2000.

and 5 women in top-bar hive beekeeping and honey harvesting.

chose top-bar hives because of their low production cost. The EU provided a grant for 75% of the costs and |

|

As a strategy towards deepening the

|

had to raise

also have sad news.

|

discovered

process of co-operation and collaboration amongst the Caribbean

Varroa sp in the hives — when it was believed that there was no Varroa in

Suriname.

Apimondia Congress.

beekeeping community, participants at the Nevis Congress unanimously adopted a Resolution committing to the

The Association should ensure that

institutionalisation of Caribbean

African problems and developments are placed on the international agenda.

beekeeping. Participants also endorsed the setting up of a Steering Committee comprising representatives from Tobago,

The Association should promote

Nevis and Jamaica to spearhead the institutionalisation process.

information.

A Congress should be held at least on a biennial basis, preceding the

greater interaction with research institutions and development

organisations elsewhere. The African Apicultural Association should also promote greater interaction between African institutions, on apiculturerelated issues such as pollination and biological diversity.

It was agreed that the African Apicultural Association should be affiliated to APIMONDIA. An interim Steering Committee was formed to draft a proposed constitution for circulation to all those who attended the meeting, prior to presentation at an inaugural congress for ratification. The logistics and sources of funding for this

congress where a permanent management committee will be elected were also discussed.

Adriaan du Toit, President of the Interim Steering Committee, African Apicultural Association

The Committee's report will be submitted at the Third Congress and will include amongst its recommendations the establishment of a Network of

Mohamed S Khodabaks

SIERRA LEONE We have just completed a beekeeping training course for two communities in the Freetown Peninsula Area. The Conservation Society of Sierra Leone sponsored the course. Beekeeping is a good tool to encourage people to

Caribbean Beekeepers’ Associations and a framework for its operation.

protect the forest where they live, and rely on for income from charcoal

Gladstone Solomon BfD’s Correspondent in Tobago

burning and woodcutting.

Abu Ansumana

See also AAA on pages 4 and 5

APIMONDIA APIMONDIA is the world Federation of Beekeepers’ Associations. APIMONDIA represents the interests of beekeepers worldwide, and organises a major international congress every second year. One benefit of your association belonging to APIMONDIA is that all

members of your association then become eligible for reduced registration fees for APIMONDIA Congresses.

A Membership form and further details are at www.apimondia.org, or please contact:

[Ed: we will bring you updates about the

APIMONDIA Secretary General, Corso Vittorio Emanuele 1101 00186 Rome, ITALY

progress of this new Association as information

Phone

arrives at Bees for Development]

E-mail apimondia@mclink.it

+39 06685 2286 www.apimondia.org

@

25% myself.

A Bees for Development publication

Bees for Development Journal 63

D THE ORLD CAMEROON

ETHIOPIA

Mokenge Tobias (centre) explains the use of top-bars in the catcher hive produced by the group he is training. Front left is the youngest bee farmer

Stamps depicting traditional Ethiopian hives (published by the Ethiopian postal service) sent to Bees for Development by Mehari Yoseph who says,

Rallie Ndombo Mandalo “ready for action”.

“This is a good initiative considering the bee resources of the country are ever declining due among other things to the high rate of deforestation and pesticide use”.

HAAG EST Oe |

'

:

Qa

NIGERIA USAID/Winrock International beekeeping project in Zaria USAID provided a grant of US$ 13,500 to the Biye Beekeepers’ Society to support their project for improving beekeeping. The project started in January 2002 targeting 50 beekeepers selected from four villages. Winrock International sponsored two beekeeping volunteers, Bob Cole and Ann Harman, to visit the project in February

2002.

Movable-frame hive beekeeping was introduced to the area in the early 1960s at the Maigana Farm Service Centre (now Kaduna State

Agricultural Development Project).

In 1980 beekeeping became part of the diploma qualifications for agricultural extension agents and as a consequence beekeeping workshops were held in 1996, 1998, and 2002. Despite these inputs beekeeping practices on the whole remained unhelpful to the beekeepers and the bees.

Farmers were unaware of the primary importance of bees for crop pollination and the existence of bee

products apart from honey. In 1996 founded the Biye Beekeepers’ Society after receiving training as an extension worker. My objective was to carry out beekeeping extension as a community based |

project for rural farmers.

The financial assistance from USAID helped us to increase the awareness of farmers around Zaria.

To date the Society has recorded 120 farmers attending beekeeping meetings for more information.

Apitherapy and crop production packages for maximum yield are being used as extension approaches.

appreciate the information in the Workshop Box received from Bees for Development, which has helped me greatly with my work. |

|

Alh Idris Zaria, President, Biye Beekeepers’ Association

in Nigeria,

A Bees for Development publication

which

itis feped will

help -with honey marketing:

®

Bees for Development Journal 63

0

(

How to manage the blue orchard bee as an orchard pollinator

Bumblebees

KEYSTONE INFORMATION

Christopher O'Toole

Honey hunters and beekeepers

Jordi Bosch and William Kemp 2001 88 pages

_

Paperback

2002 42 pages

of Tamil Nadu

Paperback Available from

Snehlata Nath, Pratim Roy, Mathew John and Robert Leo

Bees for Development price 5.50 Code 0160

Available from Bees for Development price 15.90 Code B475

te

For a long time the only

perat

Europe. Some species have adapted to the high altitudes of the Himalayas and to the Arctic areas

dependent on this single species. In the USA the reduction in the number of honeybee colonies due

in tropical Central America and in South America

pollinator for orchard crops. The blue orchard bee is a close relative of Osmia cornifrons the

hornfaced bee that has been used commercially in Japan as an apple and cherry pollinator since

the 1960s, and Osmia cornuta developed as an orchard pollinator in Europe.

Section

1 of this new manual provides an overview of fruit crop pollination. Section 2 explains the general biology of the blue orchard

bee and sections 3 and 4 describe rearing and management. Sections 5 and 6 explain bee densities and the ways to extend nesting periods and progeny production to enhance pollination.

of North America and Eurasia. A few species live

along the Andes. There are some bumblebee species in North Africa, but bumblebees are absent from Africa south of the Sahara. This book

explains the natural history of these social bees

including chapters on colony activity, pests, bumblebees as managed pollinators of crops, and how to encourage bumblebees to live in your garden. The book ends with 11 lovely colour plates of different species of foraging bumblebees of different species.

Bees dance 2001 46 pages

BEES

A4+ size hardback Available from Bees for /

Development price 16.80 Code C090

j

mortality during development and pests, predators and pathogens of the blue orchard bee.

Entomologist and ethologist Rémy Chauvin joined forces with cartoonist and art director

Well illustrated with black and white and colour

Patrice Serres to produce this unusual book,

illustrations, this manual is a useful addition to the literature available on non-honeybee pollinators.

which offers an alternative view of

John and Dawn Yates BEEKEEPING STUDY NOTES

2002 261 pages Paperback Available from Bees for

DOCUMENT

Keystone Foundation

of Tamil Nadu in

southern India. Keystone undertook to discover the various honey hunting groups and to

document what they do with the harvested honey and beeswax. The survey revealed a range of development issues related to changes in traditions, in the economy and in the

accessibility of the hill areas. Honey hunting and beekeeping in Tamil Nadu have been affected drastically by ecological changes.

The book discusses appropriate ways to help.

This newly published book was previously available as a survey report document (reviewed in BfD 45).

communication strategies within the hive.

Originally published in the French magazine

Figaro this hyper-realistic fiction shows bees living in the world of insects alongside humans here on

Honey hunters of the Blue Mountains CD Rom Keystone Foundation

2001 138 pages Available from Bees for Development Code VID20A price 22.80 This newly available CD Rom offers an alternative opportunity to view the documentary about the honey hunters of the Nilgiri Mountains of South India and their relationship with the

giant honeybee Apis dorsata. A review of the video format appeared in BfD 59.

Instrumental insemination

Earth as they have done for thousands of years.

With colour cartoons the story tells of Daftara

of honeybee queens

from Ethiopia and his young assistant Mikle who install a tiny remote controlled robot on the comb

Inseminacién instrumental de abejas reinas

within a hive. This device can communicate with

Development price 21.50 Code Y100

Susan Cobey

the bees that have evolved a highly sophisticated language, a small segment of which is seen by

A 25 minute, step by step training video. FAO,

This new book in the series of study notes for the British Beekeepers

beekeepers in the waggle dance.

Association examinations provides an excellent guide to the BBKA Certificate in Beekeeping Husbandry. The authors have many years’ experience as Master Beekeepers and provide

comprehensive information on all aspects of practice and current disease terminology.

®

Honey hunting is a traditional part of life for people living in the hills

ae

SURVEY

Rémy Chauvin and Patrice Serres

The next two sections explain the factors preventing population growth including the (limited) knowledge on pesticide damage,

Beekeeping study notes

Development price 14.65 Code K305

od td A

2001 138 pages Paperback Available from Bees for

lim te

occurring throughout North America, Asia and

was the honeybee Apis mellifera, which meant that commercial pollination of insect-pollinated crops was

commercialisation of the indigenous North American blue orchard bee Osmia lignaria, as a

OF TAMIL NADU

Bumbiebees live mostly in

pollinator commercially available in large numbers

to low honey prices and the introduction of parasitic mites and exotic pests, has led to the

HONEYHUNTERS & BEEKEEPERS.

Although the book is designed to be primarily fun it does carry facts about behaviour including foraging, queen production, reproduction and swarming, in addition to the details about

communication within the hive. There is a brief glossary.

A Bees for Development publication

the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN has a limited number of copies of this video, available in English or Spanish and in PAL or

NTSC format.

If

you are an apicultural researcher

in a developing country, then you may request

a copy.

Contact: HoZoo.Lea@fao.org

Bees for Development Journal 63

Uludag Agricilik Dergisi The Uludag Bee Journal is new from the Uludag Beekeeping Association in Turkey.

The journal publishes mainly in Turkish but English manuscripts are accepted. Articles on beekeeping,

diseases, pollination, apitherapy, honeybee races, honeybee breeding and genetics, equipment, bee products and marketing are required.

Contact the Editor on: mcivan@superonline.com.

ISSN 1304-0248

ULUDAG ARICILIK DERGISI Uludag Bee Journal Sayn: Number:

cil

2 2

Eyliil 2001

|

sd

x

September 2001

THE NATIONAL HONEY SHOW

Natio

4)

14-16 November 2002 Kensington Town Hall, London UK

A three-day programme

including lectures plus a range of trade exhibitors and beekeeping organisations to take your interest

%

%ey si

Many honey classes are open to the world:

prepare your entries now!

Schedules available from August

Contact: Rev H

F Capener, Honorary General Secretary

Baldric Road, Folkestone, Kent CT20 2NR UK E-mail nathon@zbee.com Tel/Fax +44 (0) 1303 254579 www.honeyshow.co.uk |

The National Honey Show takes

place in London,

UK 14-16 November 2002 _

A Bees for Development publication

Registered Charity 233656

®

—

16 20 SEPTEMBER 2002,

Kingston

:

22

2

Organised by The Ministry of Agriculture and Jamaican Bee Farmers’ Association in collaboration with The Eastern Jamaica Agricultural Support Project and

Agricultural Support Services Project.

The theme of the Congress is BEEKEEPING: STRATEGIES

FOR REAPING SWEET SUCCESS

REGISTRATE

FED

Keynote speakers will include researchers, producers and suppliers of technology | The Congress Registration Fee is for beekeeping. There will be poster exhibitions, country reports presenting US$ 300. This includes: in since the Second Caribbean in admission, Congress papers, Congress happenings beekeeping 2000, Congress and two field trips to showcase local beekeeping activities.

Congress field trip, Congress reception as well as {unch plus morning and Participants are anticipated from around the globe, in addition to the local afternoon coffee/tea for the five days Caribbean network of beekeepers, researchers and members of the public. of the Congress.

The Congress Secretariat is inviting papers and posters for the following areas of beekeeping: @ Rural Development through Beekeeping @ Application of Technology to the Beekeeping Industry @ Local and International Laws Governing Beekeeping @ Economics of Beekeeping @ Pest and Disease Management in Apiculture @ Pollination Contribution to Agriculture ®

Apitherapy

ACCOMMODATION

Details of accommodation close to the Congress venue are available from the address below.

ENQUIRIES ;

;

Dr Joseph Lindsay, Mr Reginald Peddy or Mr Hugh Smith

Bodles Research Station

GUIDELINES FOR ABSTRACTS AND PAPERS

Abstracts should be

in English

.

.

(MS Word, Times New Roman 12 point)

and should not exceed 250 words.

should be in double line spacing with ample margins and include any Papers . figures, tables and illustrations. .

.

References should be arranged alphabetically by author and take the form: surname(s) of author(s), initials; year of publication in parenthesis; title of article; title of journal, volume number; and page numbers.

All abstracts and full papers should be submitted by e-mail or post. Two copies of papers are required, typed on one side, with tables and graphs on separate pages. High-density double-sided diskettes should be submitted with files in MS Word and graphs converted to Excel files or the programme applications in which the graphs were produced indicated on the label.

Deadline for abstracts for papers and posters 14 June 2002 Deadline for papers is 28 June 2002 e All changes in papers should be submitted no later than 31 July 2002

Old

P

Harbour

°

St Catherine

Jamaica .

Wiest Indies

E-mail -mal bodlesresearch@cwjamaica.com Telephone

(+876) 983 2267

or

(+876) 983 2281

Fax

(+876) 983 2822

@ ~

:

@

Your participation is welcomed!

~

COUNTRY REPORTS

~.A summary of the Country Report from “ each participating Caribbean and Latin American

JAMAICA

country should be submitted to the Secretariat in accordance with the guidelines shown above.

i

!

Bees for Development Journal is published quarterly by Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP25 4AB, UK Telephone

+44 (0)

16007 13648

Printed on environmentally friendly paper.

E-mail info@beesfordevelopment.org ISSN 1477-6588

Web www.beesfordevelopment.org Bees for Development 2002

x