Oppiplaas 15

water quality and vegetable irrigation

• Chemical, physical, and biological factors impact the quality of water used to irrigate vegetable crops.

• Salinity and alkalinity are important chemical characteristics of irrigation water.

• Irrigation water sources should be protected from contamination with plant and human pathogens.

The quality of irrigation water can affect crop growth and the soil environment in vegetable production systems. Water quality criteria include salinity, sodium hazard, pH, alkalinity, particulate matter, and the presence of microorganisms. Water test results should be evaluated along with soil test results to help maximize crop production. Crops vary in their tolerance to water quality parameters, so growers should become familiar with the specific requirements of their crops.

Chemical characteristics

Chemical aspects of water quality include salinity, sodium hazard, pH, alkalinity, and specific ion concentrations. Of these, salinity is often the most important, especially in arid regions that receive little rainfall during the growing season.

Salinity: Salinity is a measure of the total salt concentration in the water as measured by electrical conductivity (ECw).

The salinity of the water can have short-term effects on the growth of the current season’s crop and long-term effects on the salinity of the soil (ECe). All irrigation water contains some level of dissolved salts. When the water evaporates from the soil or is transpired through the plant, the salt is left behind.

The salinity of the soil increases with each irrigation if the accumulated salt is not leached from the root zone by natural precipitation or an abundance of irrigation. A soil is classified as saline if the salt level in the root zone is high enough to reduce crop growth and yield. 2,3 In general, vegetable crops are more sensitive to saline conditions than cereal crops.1,2,3 Most vegetables are considered sensitive to moderately sensitive, with yield reductions starting when salinity levels reach 1.0 to 3.0 dS/m and have zero yield when levels reach 7.5 to 15.0 dS/m, depending on the crop.2

Soil salinity issues may be mitigated by applying excess water to help leach some of the salt out of the root zone. If lower salinity water is used during the early stages of crop establishment, water with a higher saline content can be used later in the season; however, the salt will need to be washed from the root zone by rainfall or high-quality irrigation water before the next crop is planted.3

Sodium hazard: The sodium hazard relates to the proportion of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) ions in the water. A high proportion of Na in the water can cause soils with a high clay content to swell, resulting in reduced water movement through the soil, soil crusting, and plugging of soil pores. Irrigation water with high Na levels may need to be treated to adjust the ion ratios of the water.4

pH and Alkalinity: pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of water or other liquid with a range from 0 to 14. A pH value of 7.0 is neutral, with values below 7.0 considered acidic and above 7.0 considered basic or alkaline. The pH of irrigation water should be between 5.0 and 7.0.5,6

Highly acidic or highly basic irrigation water can affect the availability of nutrients in the soil solution, leading to nutrient deficiency and toxicity problems. Highly acidic water can also increase the rate of corrosion of irrigation equipment.1,4

Alkalinity is a measure of the water’s capacity to neutralize acidity or the ability to resist a change in pH.5,6 The terms alkaline and alkalinity are not synonymous, nor do they refer to the same property of water. Tests for alkalinity measure the levels of carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides in water.

Carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides are introduced into the water from materials like limestone and dolomite in aquifers. High alkalinity can result in the precipitation of calcium and magnesium out of solution, forming calcite scale that can clog drip emitters and micro-spray nozzles.

Low alkalinity levels can also be problematic when using acid fertilizers due to the low buffering capacity.1,4 The alkalinity level of irrigation water should be between 0 and 100 ppm, with an optimum range of 30 to 60 ppm.7

Measurements of both the pH and alkalinity level of irrigation water should be tested. However, the alkalinity level is usually more informative as a measure of water quality because the alkalinity level can directly affect the availability and balance of nutrients in the soil solution that impact crop development.1,5

Specific ion concentrations: Irrigation water with high chloride levels can cause leaf burn when applied using overhead sprinklers. Using drip irrigation, drop nozzles, and drag hoses can help reduce leaf burn by minimizing application directly to the foliage. High boron levels can reduce yields in boron-sensitive crops such as beans, onion, garlic, and lettuce.3,4 High iron levels can result in the formation of sediments that clog irrigation equipment. Iron can also cause foliar spotting and toxicity problems on iron-sensitive crops.1

Photo 1: The quality of water used for irrigating vegetable crops can impact crop growth, soil properties, irrigation equipment, and food safety.

Particulate Matter

Particulate matter such as sand, soil, algae, and other forms of organic matter, needs to be removed to prevent clogging of pipes, valves, nozzles, and emitters. Surface water taken from ponds, lakes, and streams is most likely to contain particulate matter, but groundwater can also contain sand and other particles. Levels of particulates can vary over the season from factors such as algae growth and spring runoff. Particulate matter should be removed by filtration, with filters selected based on the results of water analysis. Filter system flow rates should be designed to supply needed amounts of water during periods of peak demand. Filter systems need to be monitored and maintained on a regular basis throughout the season. 7

Microorganisms

Another aspect of irrigation water quality is the presence of microorganisms. Surface sources such as ponds, streams, creeks, lakes, and tailwater retention basins are subject to contamination by microorganisms from surrounding soil, water runoff, windblown particles, nearby livestock, and wild animals. These sources of contamination can introduce microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans and crops.8,9

Contaminated irrigation water can disseminate plant pathogens resulting in the infection of susceptible plants and infestation of fields. The pathogens Phytophthora, Pythium, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia have all been detected in surface water sources in the U.S. Because of increased levels of crown and fruit rots caused by Phytophthora capsici , fewer cucumber growers are now using surface water for irrigating their crops.8

Well water is less likely to be contaminated than surface water, but shallow wells can be infested if not properly capped or if the well casing is cracked. Well water stored in open containers or impoundment areas also can become contaminated before use. Municipal water is less likely to be contaminated, as this water is usually monitored and often treated by the supplier.8

Irrigation water can also become contaminated with microorganisms that cause human illness, typically from contact with human and animal feces.9 As with plant pathogens, human pathogens are most likely to be found in surface water sources, less likely in well water, and even less likely in municipal water sources. The proximity of water sources to wastewater discharge areas and livestock operations should be noted when selecting sources of irrigation. The

method of application can affect the level of risk for contamination. Water applied to foliage and fruit using overhead irrigation systems is more likely to result in contamination of the harvested product than water applied using drip or furrow irrigation systems. Applications close to harvest are also more likely to result in the presence of unwanted microorganisms on the product than are applications earlier in the season.9 Water can also be treated to remove pathogens by methods such as filtration, chlorination, electrolysis, and UV irradiation.10

Growers should follow procedures to protect irrigation water quality. Properly construct, protect, and maintain wells.

Limit the access of livestock and wildlife to production fields and areas that drain into irrigation sources. Test well water biannually and treat if coliform bacteria are detected. Test surface water sources quarterly in areas with warm climates and three times per season in northern areas. Request test results of municipal water from the water authorities. Use methods that minimize the direct application of irrigation water to produce. Treat water if necessary. Keep accurate records of sources, methods, and timing of irrigation.9,10

Sources:

1. Swistock, B. 2022. Interpreting irrigation water tests. PennState Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/interpreting-irrigation-water-tests.

2. Dukes, M., Zotarelli, L., Liu., G., and Simonne, E. 2021. Principles and practices of irrigation management for vegetables. UF IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ publication/CV107.

3. Grattan, S. and Oster, J. 2003. Water quality guidelines for vegetable and row crops. UC Davis Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources. Drought Tip 92-17. https://lawr.ucdavis.edu/cooperative-extension/irrigation/ drought-tips/water-quality-guidelines-vegetable-and-rowcrops.

4. Bauder, T., Waskom, R., Sutherland, P., and Davis, J. Irrigation water quality criteria. Colorado State University Extension Fact Sheet No. 0.506.

5. Cox, D. 1995. Water quality: pH and alkalinity. UMass Extension Greenhouse Crops and Floriculture Program. University of Massachusetts Amherst.

6. Ornamental production: treating irrigation water. Texas A&M Extension, AgriLife. https://aggie-horticulture.tamu. edu/ornamental/greenhouse-management/treatingirrigation- water/.

7. Water quality for crop production. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment. https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/greenhousebest-management-practices-bmp- manual/water-quality-forcrop.

8. Gevens, A., Granke, L., Hausbeck, M., Hendricks, K., and Roberts, D. 2014. Chapter 4: Irrigation water and the health of vegetable crops: Case studies of plant-pathogenic oomycetes in major U.S. vegetable production areas. In “Biology, Detection, and Management of Plant Pathogens in Irrigation Water”, Eds. Hong, C., Moorman, G., Wohanka, W., and Büttner, C. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul. Ppg 31-42.

9. Bourquin, L. 2009. Good agricultural practices – summary of guidance on irrigation water quality – working copy. Michigan State University.

10. Banach, J. and van der Fels-Klerx, H. 2020. Microbiological reduction strategies of irrigation water for fresh produce. Journal of Food Protection, 83:1072–1087.

unlocking onion success: slotting trial of our onion assortment

article by dr quintin muhl

In the world of agriculture, timing is everything. This is especially true when it comes to growing onions, where the right sowing time can significantly impact yield and quality. At our research farm, located just outside Brits in the North West province we embarked on an extensive slotting trial aimed at pinpointing the optimal planting window for each of our intermediate and short-day onion varieties.

Understanding Onions

Onions are biennial plants that are typically grown as annuals. Bulbing refers to the formation of the edible part of the onion that we harvest. Short-day onions require a relatively shorter duration of daylight (typically 10-12 hours) to trigger the bulbing process. They are usually grown in regions closer to the equator or in southern regions where the day length naturally stays within this range during the growing season. This is in contrast to long-day onions, which require longer daylight hours (usually 14-16 hours) to bulb. Short-day onions are often planted in the autumn in regions with mild winters, allowing them to mature during the cooler months.

Variety-Specific Sowing Times

To determine the optimal sowing time for each onion variety, we conducted a six-month experiment where we sowed all varieties every two weeks starting in December. This allowed us to observe how different sowing times affected their growth and development. By systematically testing each variety at regular intervals, we aimed to identify the most suitable sowing slot for maximizing their yield and quality.

Key Findings and Insights

• Impact of Sowing Time: We observed significant variations in growth and development among our onion varieties based on different sowing times.

• Yield Variation: The timing of sowing directly influenced the yield potential of each variety, with certain sowing slots correlating to higher yields compared to others.

• Quality Assessment: By systematically testing each variety at regular intervals, we were able to assess and compare the quality attributes such as size, uniformity, and bolting tolerance.

• Recommendations for Farmers: These findings provide valuable insights for farmers to strategically plan their planting schedules, optimizing their timing to achieve maximum yield and quality for each of our onion varieties.

Implications for Future Cultivation

With this additional data, we are now better equipped to tailor the recommended planting schedules for each of our onion varieties. By synchronizing sowing times with their specific environmental needs of a variety, we anticipate increased efficiency and enhanced yields in future seasons.

This slotting trial has been a journey of discovery and refinement underscoring the importance of precision farming techniques in optimizing agricultural productivity. By sharing our findings and insights with growers, they are able to integrate them into their farming practices. Together, we advance agricultural innovation and ensure food security for future generations.

advancing beyond the basics

seeds | science | service

Hacienda Expression*

• Early intermediate-day onion

• Uniform brown bulbs with high yield potential

• Intermediate resistance to pink root (Pt) and medium tolerance to Fusarium (Foc)

• Ideal for an early harvest and quick sale

Itaparica*

• Early short-day onion suitable for the fresh market

• Very uniform bulbs of excellent quality

• Very thin neck to ensure quick drying

• Deep round shape with straw-brown skins

• Good range of adaptation

• Vigorous early intermediate onion

• Large, uniform, round medium brown bulbs

• Excellent productivity and great adaptation to the summer growing conditions in Limpopo province

Maragogi

• Early short-day onion

• Firm with small root attachment

• Very thin neck

• Suitable for the fresh market

rooted in success! disease focus: beetroot

SIn recent years many growers were faced with huge losses due to a detrimental disease on beetroot, called Rhizomania (Beet Necrotic, Yellow Vain Virus).

Rhizomania refers to an abnormal development in the taproots of certain plants, particularly sugar beets and beetroot. It is characterized by the growth of fine, hairy secondary roots. This condition is caused by the infection of the plant with a virus transmitted by a fungus. When beets are infected with rhizomania, they exhibit excessive growth of secondary roots along the taproot, giving them a “bearded” appearance.

Additionally, the disease leads to large necks with petioles emerging across the top and even down the side of the beet. The internal tissue of the affected beets may also appear whiter than normal. The virus responsible for rhizomania is transmitted by a soilborne fungus called Polymyxa betae, which forms long-lived survival structures and making it impossible to eradicate from infected soil.

Photo 1: Red beet infected with Rhizomania with a very hairy taproot.

Photo 2: Red beet infected with Rhizomania with a very hairy taproot.

article by lindie oberholzer

Symptoms

Early infection may result in stunted plants and plant death. Massive development of fine, hairy secondary roots can give the taproot a rough and beardy appearance. Later infections may cause roots to become slender with characteristic high crowns. Water and nutrient uptake of infected roots will function less than optimal. Consequently, the foliage shows symptoms similar to water stress or nitrogen deficiency. Yellowing of veins and necrosis of leaf tissue is found less frequently. Foliage and roots of plants infected late in the growing season may look healthy. Diseased plants usually occur in patches in the field. During transmission the wet conditions that the fungus thrives on will also promote secondary root decay by other root rotting soil borne pathogens.

Development and infection

BNYVV and some other viruses are transmitted by the soil borne fungus Polymyxa betae. Red beet is a host to both the vector fungus and the virus. Polymyxa betae is a widespread soil inhabitant which by itself does not cause significant damage. Once infected it will spread the virus by means of stationary resting spores and motile zoospores. The resting spores released into the soil by decaying tissue permit the virus and its vector to survive for more than ten years, These spores germinate and release numerous zoospores in the presence of a host, free moisture and soil temperatures ranging from 15 to 28 degree Celsius. Infected roots produce and release new zoospores attracted to surrounding root tissue. This repetitive infection cycle rapidly increases fungus and virus in soil. Neutral to slightly alkaline soils increase disease development.

Photo 3: Red beet infected with Rhizomania in field.

Three strains have been identified: A,B and P. Type A is widespread throughout the world. Type B and P are more restricted.

Prevention and Control

Resistance is the most important and effective means of control. Factors that affect spread and development of Polymyxa betea will directly impact the incidence and severity of Rhizomania. Early planting, when soil temperatures are cooler, rapid establishment of the plant canopy and soil drainage will reduce the risk of loss. Avoid spread of infested soil and tare dirt into uninfested fields. Once a field becomes infested, crop rotation will not significantly reduce the risk of infection due to the persistence of the resting spores.

Bejo is at the forefront of breeding resistance against the virus and have several commercial varieties available.

Contact your regional sales representative for more details or visit our website for more information. You can also use the Bejo Cropalyser app, available on the Playstore and Apple store to identify major pests, diseases, and disorders in vegetable crops.

Photo 4: Manzu has intermediate resistance to Rhizomania.

research cropalyser

Bejo’s innovative app for crop health management

Bejo has introduced the Cropalyser app, designed to be an invaluable resource for customers and agricultural professionals. This practical tool assists users in identifying major pests, diseases, and disorders affecting vegetable crops, including red beet, carrots, cabbage, onions, and celery. The app provides comprehensive information to help monitor and enhance the health and growth of your crops.

Key Features

1. User-Friendly Search Function

The “Cropalyse” feature is a standout tool within the app. It guides users through a series of questions about crop irregularities, helping them analyse growth developments and recognize symptoms. This interactive approach facilitates accurate diagnosis and tailored advice.

2. Comprehensive Advice

Cropalyser offers detailed recommendations for crop control and the prevention of pests and diseases. Users can access practical advice based on the specific issues identified, helping to implement effective management strategies.

3. Accessible Information

The app ensures that growers have essential crop information at their fingertips, available both offline and online. This means you can access critical data and guidance regardless of your internet connection, making it a reliable resource in any field condition.

4. Detailed Symptom and Disease Search

During various growth stages, users can search for symptoms using images and detailed questions. This feature helps identify which diseases or pests might be affecting the crop, allowing for timely intervention and management.

How to Access

Download the app today from Google Play Store or Apple App Store.

The Cropalyser app is a valuable tool for modern growers, providing practical, actionable insights to ensure healthy and productive crops.

Google Play Store

Apple App Store

success is in the detail

seeds | science | service

Omero

• Red baby cabbage

• Suitable for the fresh and pre-pack markets

• Average head weight: 0.5 - 1 kg

Megaton

• Excellent winter cabbage with large uniform heads

• Ideal for the informal market

• Average head weight: 5 - 8 kg

Excalibur

• Ideal for the fresh market and bagging

• Well adapted for the highveld summer and winter in warmer areas

• Average head weight: 3 - 6 kg

Cairo

• Late variety producing large round heads

• Very good field storage

• Highly productive with dense internal structure and small core

• Average head weight: 1.5 - 2 kg

ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COMPLEMENT EACH OTHER

BREEDERS HAVE GENETICS ON THEIR SIDE

BREEDERS ARE ALWAYS LOOKING FOR NEW WAYS TO IMPROVE CROP VIGOUR AND HEALTH. THE ORGANIC SECTOR BENEFITS FROM BREEDERS’ EXPERIENCE WITH CONVENTIONAL CULTIVATION, WHILE ORGANIC GROWING CAN LEAD THE WAY TOWARD INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE TRADITIONAL SEGMENT. ‘WE STRIVE FOR A WHOLE PACKAGE INTO WHICH WE STACK AS MANY RESISTANCES AND TOLERANCES TO FUNGAL INFECTIONS, BACTERIA AND INSECTS AS WE CAN.’

“We are working on the resistance of brassicas to fungal diseases.”

Jan-Sybe Wijngaarden

In the 1980s, Bejo discovered a source of resistance to downy mildew, found in a wild onion. Our breeders saw the potential. After all, the fungus (Peronospora destructor) can cause a lot of damage. They included the resistant wild variety in their crossing and selection programs. In the early 2000s, after 20 years, their work paid off with the development of the first highly resistant yellow onion.

Conventional growers didn’t show much interest at first. At the time, they had good chemical agents for keeping downy mildew under control. The rapidly growing organic sector, on the other hand, welcomed the new variety with open arms. After all, without fungicides they could only do one thing in the event of an infection: harvest as soon as possible. As a result, their yield was completely unpredictable: a grower who achieved 50 tons per hectare in a good year might not get more than 5 tons if an outbreak hit. Such large fluctuations are disastrous for mainstream retail sales.

That changed with the introduction of varieties with a high resistance to downy mildew, such as the yellow onion Hylander and later the red onion Redlander. Growers can now count on a steady annual yield of at least 25 to 40 tons per hectare. This continuity in supply has delivered a breakthrough for organic onions in traditional supermarkets, especially in Germany. The conventional sector is following close behind. In France, for example, chemical control of downy mildew is under scrutiny and the retail >>

HYBRIDIZATION

Modern breeding generally uses hybrid varieties. A hybrid is a crossing of two parental lines, each of which has been selected and developed to emphasize certain characteristics. A targeted combination of two lines produces a next generation (F1) that outperforms either parent. Hybrid varieties are vigorous, get off to a fast start and develop evenly. They suit efficient, mechanized cultivation methods and meet demand for a reliable supply of a uniform product.

The refinement of specific characteristics or the introduction of a new characteristic, such as disease resistance, can be done more quickly through hybrid breeding. Hybrid varieties can’t be used for seed propagation. Within organic agriculture there is a small movement that prefers to use only open-pollinated varieties. The markets in which Bejo’s customers are active work with hybrid varieties.

market is looking for resistant onion varieties. Based on the same genetic source, Bejo has now also developed a variety for onion sets (Boga) and seed shallot (Innovator).

Organic and conventional play to each other’s strengths

The example of highly resistant onions shows that breeding for the organic sector benefits from efforts in conventional growing. Timo Petter, Crop Research Manager at Bejo, comments: “When we started working

“Healthy foliage keeps the crop greener, and that means better overall resistance”

Wim Zwaan

fltr: Jack van Dorp, Wim Zwaan, Jan Sybe Wijngaarden, Timo Petter and Bert Janssen

“We strive for a combined variety into which we stack as many resistances and tolerances for fungi, bacteria and insects as possible.”

Bert Janssen

on onions in the 1980s, we were looking at applications in conventional growing. Otherwise it wouldn’t have occurred to us, because in those days organic was nowhere near the big market that it is now. As it turned out, the variety succeeded in response to increased demand from the organic side.” Bejo’s breeders work for the organic and conventional markets simultaneously, and that makes sense, because both markets want progress in the same characteristics. Petter says: “Conventional growing is shifting towards organic. The use of artificial fertilizers and chemical crop protection products is already limited, and the trend is expected to continue. Breeding supports the move toward sustainability. If you have genetics on your side, you don’t need chemistry.”

Fusarium

The conventional market can learn from organic growers’ experience in working without chemicals. Conversely, the organic sector can find solutions more quickly because breeders can draw on the varieties and parent lines that Bejo has developed over decades of conventional breeding.

Sometimes the answer is already on the shelf. Petter mentions the soil fungus Fusarium as an example. “Until recently, Fusarium rarely caused problems on organic farms. We now see that changing. The good news is that we started looking for resistance in our programs 20 years ago, because this was already an issue in conventional cultivation.” >>

NATURAL AND INDUCED CMS

In hybrid breeding, a targeted crossing of two parent lines yields a variety with the desired characteristics. To prevent self-pollination in the maternal line, seed breeders use so-called cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS for short).

Preventing self-pollination in the maternal line using male sterility has clear advantages for growers. The seed is more uniform and the crop produces a better yield. For seed production it means fewer losses, hence more sustainable agriculture.

In many crops, such as carrots, onions and leeks, CMS occurs as a natural trait and is crossed by breeders into the parental lines. Other crops, especially brassicas and rooted parsley, lack natural male sterility. The solution comes from an artificial technique called protoplast fusion.

The European and American guidelines for organic farming allow the use of induced CMS. However, biodynamic cultivation requires ‘CMS-free’ varieties. A number of important market participants in some areas, such as Germany, do not accept induced CMS. Bejo is transparent about its use of CMS in protoplast fusion. For the crops in which it is used, a CMS-free alternative is always available.

Researchers are currently studying ways to naturally crossbreed male sterility into maternal lines in brassicas. This has already been done in cauliflower, leading to the development of a new variety with natural CMS, which is still in the testing phase.

“Conventional growing is shifting towards organic.”

Timo Petter

NUMBER OF TESTS AND VARIETIES PER YEAR

A s a supplier of seeds for open field vegetable cultivation, Bejo has a range of more than 40 different crops and over 1000 varieties. Of those, over 35 crops and 170 varieties are produced specifically for organic cultivation, and those numbers are growing.

Plant breeders are constantly looking for varieties with even better performance or attractive new characteristics. Before a particular hybrid can become a new variety, it must undergo years of intensive testing under diverse conditions. Here are two examples: For carrots, Bejo carries out 40,000 such tests at 120 locations on several continents. This produces roughly three to four new varieties each year, the most suitable of which are also intended for the organic market. For alliums, Bejo sows some 46,000 plots per year in breeding trials worldwide, for both conventional and organic. This yields about 10 new varieties each year.

A breeder’s work is never done

Breeding will always be a work in progress. Crop resilience keeps coming up against new challenges, including more intensive land use and the consequences of climate change. Besides, resistances are never absolute and can be penetrated if a pathogen finds an opportunity. Each crop presents different problems. In carrots, for example, breeders are alert for foliage diseases such as leaf blight (Alternaria dauci), Cercospora and powdery mildew. “Healthy foliage keeps the crop greener, and that means better overall resistance”, says Wim Zwaan, Breeding Manager for carrots. He also strives for better resistance to storage diseases such as black rot (Alternaria radicina) and soil-borne diseases such as cavity spot (Pythium). “Carrot cultivation is becoming more intensive and the rotations are getting tighter. As a result, there is an increasing demand for highly tolerant varieties. For example, our cavity spot tolerant varieties Norfok and Nazareth are popular in England.”

Brassicas

In cauliflower, broccoli and headed cabbage, breeders are working on resistance to the fungal diseases ring spot (Mycosphaerella) and downy mildew. Other targets are resistance to the bacterial infection Xanthomonas in headed cabbage and summer cauliflower and the fungal disease light leaf spot in Brussels sprouts, says Breeding Manager Jan Sybe Wijngaarden.

Celery and beetroot

In celery, the relatively recent variety Cumbia appears to be an asset, thanks to a good tolerance against leaf spot disease Septoria, says Jack van Dorp, Breeding Manager for crops including celery and beetroot. The leaf spot disease Cercospora and the virus infection Rhizomania are also common problems in beetroot. “Our Bazzu variety shows the great strides that we’ve already taken. And more will follow. In a number of breeding lines we see the level of tolerance for Cercospora increasing. Crossing resistances into our varieties is a continuous process. We especially focus on combining resistances to arrive at more sustainable solutions.” Plant resilience doesn’t just come from one single defence mechanism. For storage diseases in celeriac, for example, the shape and hardness of the corm are factors worth looking at. “Any damage during harvesting is a potential gateway for infections,” says Van Dorp. “Bejo is currently testing a promising new variety for the fresh-grown market with a round, smooth, attractive shape.”

Insects

The big challenge for the future is how to deal with insects, including aphids, carrot fly, whitefly, thrips and diamondback moth (Plutella). Some plants have natural defences against insects, and it is up to the breeders to identify those traits and cross them into commercial varieties. This work is taking place in all crop categories, and not just in organic varieties. In headed cabbage, for example, solutions are needed almost as urgently in conventional cultivation. Pests tend to shelter inside the rounded leaves, out of reach of chemicals. That’s especially true of thrips, which are notorious for doing damage to headed cabbages, says Breeding Manager for headed cabbage Bert Janssen.

GENE EDITING CAN ACCELERATE SUSTAINABILITY

‘Classical’ breeding is a question of patience. It requires many generations of plant selection, crossing and testing. To develop a new variety often takes 15 to 20 years. This can be done much faster with gene editing (such as CrisprCAS), in which certain combinations of genetic properties can be produced in a laboratory.

Gene editing differs from genetic modification, sometimes called GMO technology. Gene editing creates only combinations that could have been created with natural, ‘classic’ breeding techniques. In genetically modified organisms, GMOs for short, non-species properties can be crossed into a plant artificially. GMO technology is subject to strict regulation in most countries, and regulated GMOs are highly uncommon in vegetable crops. Under European law they are not allowed at all.

The EU currently also bans gene editing, treating it as a form of GMO technology. The European Commission recently announced that it plans to reconsider the ban. Plantum, the Dutch trade association for the plant breeding sector, of which Bejo is a member, applauds this re-evaluation.

Since early 2021, Bejo has had the opportunity to conduct research into the application of gene editing, under a research and licensing agreement with US partners. Use of this technology in the development of varieties will be considered only if it is permitted under current law. European regulation continues to guide the organic sector.

Stacking resistances and tolerances

The more health traits a variety can combine, Janssen explains, the more valuable it is. Janssen says: “We strive for a whole package into which we stack as many resistances and tolerances to fungal infections, bacteria and insects as we can. Our white cabbage Expect is widely appreciated for its tolerance to thrips.” Along with tolerances, other properties are also useful for a healthy crop. Carrot breeder Zwaan mentions vigour as an example. “In carrot cultivation, you want the crop to grow out quickly and uniformly. That way you don’t need to irrigate as much and can suppress weeds more easily.”

Visual quality

But robust plant growth isn’t the only issue. In the fresh segment in particular, organic growers can seldom afford to compromise on the visual characteristics of the product. Zwaan says: “Consumers no longer accept raw carrots with spots. Certainly not in the supermarket, where organic and conventional produce is sold side by side. If the cheaper conventional product also looks better, shoppers are less likely to choose organic.”

Bejo will introduce a new variety only if it has added value on a certain characteristic while still performing at least as well as existing varieties. Wijngaarden says: “When you order seed for your growing operation, you don’t yet know what challenges the coming season will bring. That’s why you need reliable varieties that give good results under a range of conditions. With that in mind, we aim for varieties that score a 7 for each characteristic, instead of a lot of tens plus a 2 or a 3.”

“Any damage during harvesting is a potential gateway for infection.”

Jack

van Dorp

blossom end rot of tomato

• Blossom end rot of tomato is caused by a localized calcium deficiency within tomato fruit and/or environmental stress factors.

• Blossom end rot is often associated with fluctuations in soil moisture or rapid growth and rarely results from inadequate levels of calcium in the soil.

• Maintaining uniform soil moisture and preventing excessive vegetative growth can help minimize blossom end rot on tomato.

Blossom end rot (BER) of tomato is not an infectious disease caused by a pathogen but rather a physiological condition resulting from environmental conditions. BER often occurs following periods of fluctuating soil moisture, such as when heavy rains are followed by a dry period, followed by irrigation. The condition is most common with rapidly growing plants on early set fruit.1,2 The presence of BER on tomatoes renders that fruit unmarketable and can result substantial yield losses.

Symptoms

Symptoms of BER most commonly occur on the first tomatoes of the season but can appear at any time tomatoes are developing.5,6 Symptoms first appear as small, water-soaked, light-green, yellow, or brown spots at the blossom end of the fruit. However, by the time symptoms are noticed, the amount of damage is often much more extensive (Figure 1).2,7 The spots enlarge as the fruits grow, and they may eventually cover one-third to one-half of the fruit surface. The affected tissue becomes sunken, dark (brown to black), and leathery.2,8 Occasionally, internal fruit tissues can discolor and collapse with no external symptoms present.3

Figure 1. (A) Initial blossom end rot symptoms; (B) Advanced symptoms. Dan Egel, Purdue University.

Figure 2. Secondary mold growth on blossom end rot lesions. David Langston, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org.

Calcium and Blossom End Rot

Many studies on BER support the theory that the problem results from a localized calcium deficiency in the fruit. Calcium serves several functions in the plant. Calcium is a component of calcium pectate, the material in cell walls that cements cells together. Calcium is needed by cells for normal cell growth, membrane stability, and for nutrient uptake. When plants are deficient in calcium growing tissues, cells start leaking, the tissue starts to break down, and the cells die.6,7

Plants absorb calcium in the soil solution through their roots. Calcium moves with water into the xylem and is carried up into the plant through the processes of transpiration and root pressure. Leaves are the primary drivers of transpiration, so most of the water, and thus calcium, move from the roots up into the leaves. Young leaves have the greatest density of stomata and a thin waxy cuticle layer, while fruits have fewer stomata and a thicker waxy cuticle. This is why water transpires more rapidly from leaves than it does from fruit and why more calcium is transported to the leaves.1,8

Root pressure is the primary method for moving water through the plant at night, and water movement through root pressure requires adequate amounts of soil moisture. Conditions that reduce water movement in the plant, such as low soil moisture, the closing of stomata, and cool, cloudy days, also reduce the movement of calcium within the plant.1,2,4

Developing fruit require a continuous calcium supply to prevent BER. Problems arise when the need for calcium in the fruit is greater than the amount that can be supplied by the plant. Increased transpiration from the leaves or decreased water movement can reduce the transport of calcium to the fruit. Calcium deficiencies in the fruit are most often a result of the calcium movement in the plant rather than a deficiency of calcium in the soil. There can be an

abundance of calcium in the soil and other plant parts when BER occurs.1,5,8

There is some evidence that the lack of calcium is a result, not a cause of BER.9 This research indicates that BER is caused by other kinds of plant stress. More research is needed to verify the cause or causes of BER.10

Factors affecting Blossom End Rot

The two main factors that affect BER are soil moisture and the vegetative growth rate of the plant. Fluctuating soil moisture levels affect the rate and amount of calcium reaching the fruit, and improper water management can increase BER levels. Conditions that promote vegetative growth, such as nitrogen fertilization, can also result in increased BER.

Other factors can also contribute to BER. High levels of nutrients (cations), including phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4) can reduce the concentrations of calcium (Ca) taken up by the roots.1,7,8 Loss of active root tissue from mechanical root pruning, root diseases, or flooding also reduces absorption of calcium. Weather factors, such as temperature and humidity, affect plant growth rate and transpiration, thus affecting the transportation of calcium within the plant.2,4 Tomato fruit in the rapid expansion phase (one to three weeks after pollination) are particularly susceptible to BER as they have the greatest need for adequate levels of calcium. At that time, the leaf to fruit surface area ratio is the greatest, and calcium is transported primarily to the leaves.4,5,8 However, BER can occur on expanding fruit at any time during fruit production.

BER rarely results from inadequate levels of calcium in the soil solution. Most agricultural soils have adequate calcium levels and receive regular fertilizers containing calcium. Soils containing high levels of calcium carbonate (limestone) naturally have adequate levels

of available calcium, and well water used for irrigation is often a source of calcium.1,4

Managing Blossom End Rot

BER is best managed by minimizing the conditions that favor the development of the problem. Proper soil moisture management is usually the most effective method for preventing BER. Irrigate plants to avoid moisture stress and minimize soil moisture fluctuations. Provide uniform moisture both during the day and at night. Irrigation timing and amounts should be adjusted based on rainfall to avoid overwatering. The use of plastic or organic mulches can help maintain uniform soil moisture levels by reducing evaporation from the soil. Some plastic mulches can warm the soil in the spring, increasing root activity. Silver or white-on-black mulches can help moderate temperatures in the summer and fall, lowering plant stress.1,5,8

Prevent excessive vegetative growth through balanced fertility. Ammonium (NH4) forms of nitrogen compete with calcium for root uptake, so applying nitrate (NO3) forms of nitrogen are less likely to increase levels of BER. Avoid side-dress applications during the onset of fruit set and development.6,7 Plant into a well-prepared soil bed and eliminate compaction zones that inhibit root growth. Minimize factors that damage roots or inhibit root activity, such as diseases, flooding, and mechanical root damage from tillage.2,4,5

Growers should use soil and water testing to determine calcium levels in their soils and irrigation water. Only apply calcium fertilizers to address problems with BER if soil testing indicates a calcium deficiency. Soil test values of medium (900 kg to 1345 kg Ca/ hectare) or high (>1345 kg Ca/hectare) indicate that sufficient amounts of calcium are present in the soil.6 In soils with pH levels below 6.5 and high magnesium concentrations, applying lime to the soil can help increase the level of plant- available calcium.1,8 Foliar applications of calcium also do not consistently reduce BER. Calcium is not absorbed well through the leaves,

and it does not move from the leaves into the fruit because water does not flow that way in the plant, and calcium moves with water.1,6,7,8 When possible, plant tomato varieties that are less susceptible to blossom end rot.2,7

Sources:

1. Hochmuth, G. and Hochmuth, R. 2015. Blossom-end rot in bell pepper causes and prevention. UF IFAS Extension. Publication # SL 284.

2. Scott, J. 2014. Blossom-end rot. In Jones, J., Zitter, T., Momol, T., and Miller, S. (Eds.). Compendium of Tomato Diseases and Pests, Second Edition (p. 129). American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul.

3. Hansen, M.A. 2000. Blossom end rot of tomato. Publication 450-703W. Virginia Cooperative Extension Plant Disease Factsheets, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.

4. Taylor, M.D. and S.J. Locascio. 2004. Blossom-end rot: A calcium deficiency. J. Plant Nutr. 27(1):123-139.

5. Michigan State University Extension. 2016. Blossomend rot of tomato tip sheet.

6. Mayfield, J., William, T., and Westerfield, R. 2015. Blossom-end rot and calcium nutrition of pepper and tomato. UGA Extension. Circular 938.

7. Draper, M., Burrows, R., Munk, K. 2002. Blossom end rot of tomatoes and other vegetables. South Dakota Extension Fact Sheet 909.

8. Fake, C. 2010. Managing blossom-end rot in tomatoes and peppers. University of California Cooperative Extension. Publication Number 31-040C.

9. Saure, M. 2014. Why calcium deficiency is not the cause of blossomend rot in tomato and pepper fruit a reappraisal. Scientia Horticulturae 174:151–154.

10. Hagassuo, D., Francia, E., Ronga, D., and Buti, M. 2019. Blossom end-rot in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.): A multi-disciplinary overview of inducing factors and control strategies. Scientia Horticulturae 249:49-58.

https://qa.vegetables.bayer.com/us/en-us/resources/ growing-tips-and-innovation-articles/agronomic-spotlights/ blossom-end-rot-of-tomato.html

access to premium products

seeds | science | service

SV 2444 TH* Donatello*

• Early indeterminate round variety

• Good set and high production potential

• Average fruit size of 140 - 160g

• Very well suited for open field production

• Able to grow across regions with different climatic conditions

• Excellent cherry plum combined with high yield potential

• Strong plant with very early maturity

• Suitable for single fruit or cluster picking

• Firm fruit offer extended shelf life

• Average fruit size of 22 - 24g

Torcida*

• Vigorous plant with good disease resistance

• Firm fruit with great taste and long shelf life

• Average fruit size of 180 - 200g

• Very well suited for undercover production

Rouja*

• Early indeterminate round variety

• Good set and high production potential

• Average fruit size of 170 - 200g

• Very well suited for open field production

good carrot crop establishment (part 1)

In this two-part article we will look at the different aspects that plays a role during carrot crop establishment.

Akey factor in maximizing the yield of carrots for is promoting the establishment of rapid and uniform crop. Early leaf growth and establishment of a strong root system will help minimize crop variability. Getting optimum carrot establishment relies on good pre-sowing planning, followed up with careful post- sowing crop management. An uneven crop complicates these management practices and can ultimately lead to loss of yield.

Carrot seeds are very small, and while they have the energy required for germination, the embryo inside has not fully formed when the seed is harvested. The embryo is very important as it will develop into the first leaves and root shoots of the carrot plant. As a result, carrot seeds require some time before germination, while the seed prepares its embryo for early plant growth. Seeds can be graded based on the embryo size and this will help improve the uniformity of germination. Using graded seed has been shown to significantly influence variability in seedlings at establishment. Stable moisture content around the seed is of utmost importance and care should be taken with irrigation scheduling.

Configuration and plant density

Row configuration and plant spacing should maximize access to light, water and nutrients. Plants in the outer rows will have greater access to these elements and be bigger/longer than those carrots from the inner rows. To compensate for this effect outer rows may be planted at a higher density to even out the final root size.

Photo 1: Carrot seeds

Photo 2: Seed placement

Photo 3

Optimizing row configuration and density for specific growing conditions is vital for best harvest. The optimum planting density will vary between growers and should be set based on planting equipment, block configuration and the market they are supplying. The planting density will dictate the size and quality of the final taproot.

Seeding rates should be calculated based on the final plant-density and needs to consider seed germination percentage and the possibility of field losses (due to environmental factors) during establishment. Uniform seed size will help improve accuracy of seed placement efficient movement through the seeding equipment.

How to determine the suitable planting density

As an example, a grower is targeting a final plant population of 90 plants per m2. The seed germination is 95% and the establishment rate, considering post-sowing field losses, is 70% (i.e. 30% of the seed planted is lost due to insect or wind damage). What rate (seed per ha) should the carrot seed be sown at?

1. Final population (per m2) x 10 000 = Final population (per ha)

90 x 10 000

= 90 000 plants/ha

2. Planting density

= (Final population/Germination%)x100 000 establishment %

= (90 000 ÷ 95) x 100 000/70

= 1 353 383 seeds/ha

Photo 4

Photo 5

plant health monitoring & disease management summit, july 2024, indaba hotel, fourways

Nuvance recently attended a summit organised by Empire Conferencing Company. The premise was to bring various professional stakeholders in the Agrochemical Industry together to discuss progress and improvements in the IPM industry to benefit the growers and essentially the end user to access quality affordable food products. The key issues were focused around effective, responsible pest and disease control, namely:

• Prevention of Chemical resistance due to incorrect usage

• Prevention of Pest and Disease build up

• Crop scouting

• Climate impact on Chemical usage

• Biological controls

• Digital technologies and integrated AI

• Plant health focusing on inorganic and organic methods.

The presentations were held over 2 days and covered many aspects of IPM and disease control. It was encouraging to see evidence of continued research behind the scenes to develop and streamline more effective use of chemical products currently on the market and a strong focus on a more sustainable approach to crop protection. 10 to 15 years ago, the chemical industry was preaching to farmers about being ‘proactive’ by employing a more preventative approach when it comes to crop protection rather than a ‘re-active’ approach and employing curative spraying techniques. Researchers are now adjusting their thinking and advising growers to focus on scouting and allowing for certain thresholds to be reached before applying the necessary chemical controls. There is merit in this approach, as it seeks to avoid unnecessarily damage to beneficial insects and biodiversity as a whole. I worry that thresholds can be a very fine line before it becomes impossible to regain the required protection. I guess scouting has to be accurate and the set parameters of thresholds have to be understood before following this method.

article by howard champ

Chemical abuse in the form of incorrect mixing rates, not adhering to preharvest Intervals and not reading the product label as often as one should, can also lead to ineffective use of chemicals and have long term issues in terms of resistance build up. Farmers are very aware of these issues but its always good to go back to basics and check to see if GAP are being adhered to.

The other fascinating discussions were centered around AI and its potential contribution to effective farming in the form of early pest and disease identification in the field. Programs are currently being tested to identify issues in any targeted open field crop via satellite links. The resolution accuracy these days is down to 20mm in the field. As an example, this program would be able to identify the difference on a crop of maize being affected by either Grey Leaf Spot or Sunburn, which can often be easily misdiagnosed. Technology is evolving at a remarkable pace and will allow for far greater early warning systems in crop protection in the immediate future. There are also moral issues involved in this technology, but everyone is working hard to find a way to make AI as effective as possible without becoming unnecessarily intrusive. Exciting times ahead!

Often with different speakers the issue of checking the label first was highlighted. With all these topics being discussed in depth there is an ongoing need to remind commercial growers of the importance of responsible usage of Agro-chemicals and also within the informal sector where often language barriers can create more problems than solutions. Quite rightly it was pointed out that most labels are printed in English and or Afrikaans; more needs to be done to facilitate other languages in the industry so that all stakeholders can fully understand the correct usage of the products. This is not always practical in a situation like South Africa where there are multiple languages used as official languages. Maybe more needs to be done by using simple pictorial diagrams on the label. This is already effectively used with seed companies on their packaging. In any event all users need to adhere to the label recommendations and incorporate other mechanical and biological processes to reduce pest and disease pressure.

Bejo is NAL-AUTHORIZED.

Naktuinbouw Authorized Labor atories (NAL) authorizes corpor ate labs for sampling and seed testing

RECEIVING OF THE SEED

From all over the wor ld to Bejo War menhuizen (NL) 2,500,000 KG OF SEED / YEAR

SAMPLING

We take a sample of each seed batch

ENHANCEMENT

At customer s request, we treat the seed for even bet ter results PRIMING: COATING: PELLETING: for improved sowabilit y

for a quick star t and unifor m grow th for improved sowabilit y and vitalit y

PACKAGING & LABELING

Packaging units r ange FROM 100 TO 10,000,000 SEEDS.

BEJO’S SEED JOURNEY

TESTING

Throughout the entire process, we per for m tests on:

HEALTH: presence of bac ter ia, vir uses or fungi

QUALITY: ger mination, pur it y and other seed deter mination

MORE THAN 100 000 TESTS / YEAR

CLIMATE- CONTROLLED

STORAGE

Optimal constant temper ature (12°C) and humidit y (30%) 10,000 M2 4,000,000 KG OF SEED

DISINFECTING

Using steam, hot water and hot air, we disinfec t the seeds to remove pathogenic FUNGI, BACTERIA AND VIRUSES

CLEANING & UPGRADING

We remove impur ities from the batch and SORT BY SHAPE, WEIGHT, SIZE, COLOUR AND MATURITY of the seed This way we only selec t the best seeds On aver age, 60% of the seeds received meets the Bejo qualit y requirements

ORDER PACKING & SHIPMENT

We ship our seeds to MORE THAN 100 COUNTRIES in the wor ld.

cultivation of brassica and challenges

In the world of agriculture, the cultivation of Brassicas is a unique set of challenges. During the Bejo symposium ‘Headed Opportunities, Cabbage: breeding, cultivation & innovation’ Jan Hoogland, researcher at Bejo, delivered an illuminating presentation that delved into the intricacies of Brassica cultivation and the formidable hurdles it faces.

Jan Hoogland’s work is centered at Bejo’s research center with a specialized focus on Brassicas, a family of plants known for their varied edible parts, including roots, stems, leaves and flowers. This diversity is both a blessing and a curse, as each part is susceptible to different diseases and pests, making Brassica crops particularly vulnerable.

Five specialized departments

To tackle these challenges, Jan highlighted the significance of five specialized departments within the research center: Phytopathology & Content matter, Tissue culture & cell biology, Marker technology & Genomics, Seed pathology, and Seed Physiology. Each of these departments play a crucial role in supporting breeding efforts and understanding the complexities of Brassica cultivation.

Compositio of Bejo assortment brassicas

Kale Leaves

Cabbage

Terminal leaf bud

Brussels Sprouts

Lateral leaf buds

Broccoli Flower buds/stems

Cauliflower Flower buds

Kohlrabi Stem

Wild Mustard Plant Brassica Oleracea

6 VEGETABLES THAT ARE ACTUALLY THE SAME PLANT

Classifying Brassica diseases: biotic and abiotic challenges

One of the themes of the presentation was the classification of diseases affecting Brassicas. The challenges were divided into two categories: biotic and abiotic diseases. Biotic adversaries include fungi, oomycetes, viruses, bacteria and nematodes. Each of these pathogens can damage Brassica crops, requiring distinct management strategies. The Cropalyser app is a valuable source for in-depth disease descriptions.

The importance of distinguishing between primary and secondary infections when dealing with these pathogens was stressed, a crucial factor in crafting effective disease management plans. Abiotic factors, such as nitrogen excess and nutrient deficiencies, were also discussed for their impact on Brassica health.

The complexity of Brassica diseases extends beyond the diversity of pathogens to the different plant parts they affect. He explained how pathogens can target roots, stems, leaves, or even flowers, resulting in distinct diseases with varying symptoms and management challenges.

Xanthomonas on Brassicas

A major focus was the bacterial disease known as Xanthomonas on brassicas. This disease, characterized by V-shaped lesions on mature crops, poses a substantial threat to the industry. detailed the transmission modes of Xanthomonas, which include mechanical means, water droplets, and even insects. Disease-free seeds and stringent hygiene practices emerged as essential tools in its management.

The battle against clubroot

An other challenge in Brassica cultivation is clubroot. Caused by a protist, this disease primarily affects the plant roots, causing malformation and stunted growth. The role of varietal differences in susceptibility to clubroot and the importance of hygiene practices to curb its spread was emphasized.

Effective strategies for disease management

In conclusion, the presentation unveiled the multifaceted challenges faced by brassica cultivators, from diverse diseases to the complexities of managing specific pathogens like Xanthomonas and clubroot. His insights emphasized the need for ongoing research, collaboration, and innovation within the industry to develop effective strategies for disease management and crop improvement in the world of brassicas.

Cauliflower

Broccoli

the red onion market: is acreage reaching its limit?

Red onion acreage has been expanding steadily. Certainly, in the last five years, growers have gained more from red onions than yellow ones. Is there a limit? No, says Jaap Jonker at De Groot en Slot. Yes, argue the grower Menno Torringa and the processor Jan Franje. “There’s still good demand for red onions, but the smaller

types

are at the tipping point,” Franje says.

In the Dutch village of Leens, growers Menno and Jesse Torringa produced 14 hectares of Red Tide last year. They sold some off-farm and put the rest in crate storage. Demand for red has always been good, but the tide appears to be turning this year, Menno says. “It seems to me that there’s more demand for yellow than red. We had to work harder in 2022 to sell our onions off-farm. Just look at the onion price quotes right now [in mid-September – ed.]. Red onions are €25 to €30. That’s a good price, but the mood is lacklustre. Yellow onions are easier to sell right now. I think red acreage is reaching its limit.”

Crate storage

That won’t stop the Torringas growing red onions again next year, though, Menno adds. They’re sticking with their current strategy. The farm has space for crate storage, and it’s set up to grow red onions. “Twenty years ago, we also grew onions for a couple of years – first yellow, and then red the next year. Red onions were a niche product back then, and they did great on our soil, better than yellow. We didn’t have crate storage back then, and we sold them off-farm.” Despite the positive experience, Torringa stopped growing onions after a few years, mainly because of a lack of storage options. They were also hit with neck rot in the final year.

After they built a new shed with crate storage in 2016, though, the opportunity arose to resume growing red onions. “Red ones are softer than yellow ones,” Menno says. “You have to store them in crates to prevent damage. And the processors like them delivered in crates. The advantage of crate storage is that you can be flexible: you can deliver one or two crates or get everything picked up.” Menno – who uses Profytodsd’s crop advisors – prefers Red Tide over Red Baron because of the variety’s storability. “Red Tide has good quality even under tough harvesting conditions. We store the onions when they’re green and use a drying wall with heaters to dry the crates. It always works well.”

Feeding the world

De Groot en Slot’s Benelux sales manager, Jaap Jonker, meanwhile, predicts that the market for red onions will keep expanding. The global population continues to grow, and onions are a popular vegetable, he points out. “Around the world, red onions are the most grown and consumed. When pink ones aren’t available, big onion-eating countries like India and Bangladesh use red. Every year we keep thinking we’ve hit the limit for red, and then it turns out we haven’t. Consumption just keeps rising, and there’s a healthy relationship between supply and demand.” Demand for Dutch

onions continues to rise, says Jonker. “We export more onions every year, and red are systematically performing better than yellow. So I don’t see any limit to red for the time being.”

Bejo/De Groot en Slot sells its range of red onions around the world. The company always tries to offer several varieties for every day length, Jonker says. “Lately there’s been a trend of growers spreading risk by cultivating red onions along with yellow ones. But red onions are a bit more delicate than yellow, so storing them in crates is recommended. Not every grower is equipped to do that.” Yields per hectare are no longer increasing, but varieties are getting better, the sales manager says. “You can clearly see a trend of people wanting hybrids like Red Tide and Red Ray. These onions are more uniform, ripen earlier, and can be stored longer. Quality is guaranteed. That gives growers security.”

Jonker doesn’t believe the ongoing increase in onion acreage shows any sign of ending. “Definitely not with the weather extremes we’re dealing with all over the world. Yields are falling because of excesses like floods and extreme heat happening while the onions are trying to grow. And that’s changing the market. Because whatever happens, the global population needs to be fed.”

Price changes

Franje Onions is a modern Dutch family farm with decades of experience in buying, selling, sorting, storing and packing onions. Owner Jan Franje takes the view that red onion acreage is reaching a limit, but he isn’t worried: “As long as there’s demand there’ll be a market.” Red onions still cost more than yellow, but

that’s changing, Franje says. “This season small red onions are cheaper than small yellow ones. The onions are smaller this year because of the drought, and there’s plenty of product on the market. That makes it harder to find sales channels for the 40-to-60mm size range.”

Buyers are more interested in larger (60mm+) red onions, Franje says. Size is key in red onions. “There’s always more demand for the bigger ones. Supply is lagging behind demand this season, so bigger onions are fetching higher prices.” But business depends on what happens around the world, he adds. “A country could open up tomorrow that mainly wants small red onions. It’s about which countries want which kind and where the shortages are. Some countries are still fine with small red onions, although that’s getting less common.”

Franje still thinks that the world will always need quality red onions. “Red Tide, Red Baron and Redlander from Bejo/De Groot en Slot are good varieties, as long as they’re grown in good soil and lifted at the right time, when the tops are still partly green. Skin quallity is really important for export. Red onions need a good jacket.”

boro ’n globale sukses

As jy die beste wil wees, moet jy die beste plant. Dit is presies waarom meer as 50% van die wêreld Boro plant. Boro is die perfekte kombinasie van kwaliteit en kwantiteit, met mooi, uniform ronde donkerrooi beet wat verseker dat enige eindverbruiker sal glimlag.

products

artikel deur robert janse van rensburg

Hier kan gesien word hoe ’n kommersiële boer vanaf Brits, NW, die Boro-varieteit bemeester. Die boer is tevrede met ’n gemiddelde oes van 50 ton/ha, en die grootte van sy beet is tussen medium en groot, wat sy palette een na die ander laat volstaan. Die blare van Boro is van so ’n gehalte dat daar selfs tydens oes nog nuwe blare uitgestoot word, terwyl die eerste blare steeds groen vertoon. Enige kultivar is net so goed soos wat dit geboer word, en daarom is ons ongelooflik dankbaar om sulke talentvolle boere in ons omgewing te hê.

Bejo is trots om kwaliteit saad te produseer en ons wil vir boere net die beste diens verskaf, waar moontlik. Daarom is daar verskillende saadgrootte beskikbaar vir boere om te kies, wat hulle in staat stel om hulle stand te manipuleer. Byvoorbeeld, 3-3,5 mm sade sal meer enkel- of dubbel sade per kapsule oplewer, terwyl 3,5-4 mm sade uitstekende waarde vir geld bied weens die meer sade per kapsule (gemiddeld 2-3). 3,5-4 mm is ook ons mees gewildste saadgrootte. Daar is ook ’n opsie van 4-4,5 mm, wat wat weer goed aangewend kan word in baie warm toestande waar Pythium die stand kan belemmer.

attention to detail is the key to kelnik’s tomato success

At Nuvance, we have been privileged to assist Dawie Van der Vyver with tomato varieties over the past 4 to 5 years. Dawie, who manages the Kelnik brand, often referred to as Top T, has a long history dating back to when most tomato growers in the East London area supplied their products to the East London Tomato Packers.

Visiting Dawie’s farm, one might be forgiven for thinking that he has never faced any operational challenges due to the immaculate condition of his farm. However, having worked with him over the years, I am acutely aware of the numerous hurdles he and other growers in the area have faced. These include disease and pest pressures, unwelcome windstorms causing damage to multispan structures, water quality issues, and the ongoing challenge of poor market prices impacting return on investment. Despite these challenges, Kelnik continues to produce first-class tomatoes for the market. As seed distributors, we cannot claim any part of the grower’s success given the many variables they encounter, but we strive to support growers through our Product Developers, who work closely with them to provide the most effective variety for their needs. Although this is a small part of the business chain, it remains a crucial one.

We are pleased to acknowledge that Dawie has achieved excellent results with the SV4129TH variety and continues to benefit from its performance. By transplanting healthy SV4129TH seedlings into new pine shavings in an open bag for the first crop, followed by a second planting of grafted SV4129TH seedlings into the same bag, Dawie effectively uses an 'insurance policy' to ensure a healthy second crop in the same medium, allowing him to continue using SV4129TH throughout most of the season.

Many growers in the East London area experience disease pressure from Fusarium race 3 in the summer and often substitute SV4129TH with F3-resistant varieties, which can slightly compromise yield. Dawie has managed this trade-off by grafting the second crop and maintaining SV4129TH as his primary variety. Although grafting seedlings is a costly endeavour, the benefits of consistent yield and quality harvest outweigh the alternatives.

While this approach may sound logical and straightforward, it involves numerous trade secrets and significant behind-the-scenes effort that contribute to Kelnik’s profitable success. Attention to detail is crucial, and I’m happy to share one of the many innovations in Dawie’s operation: his uniquely designed hanging string butterfly. Intrigued, I inquired about this setup, and Dawie explained that the butterfly’s deep trough and extended length allow it to hang without the string unravelling. This design helps staff quickly drop the crop with a flick of the butterfly and reset without having to re-anchor the string, thus optimizing staff productivity and efficiency.

article by howard champ

As mentioned earlier, much thought and trial and error have gone into every aspect of Dawie’s operation to maximize the potential of his end product. Dawie relies on a very dedicated and invested support Farm Manager in the form of Steve Nass who has his fingers on the pulse of the operation. Steve, although very busy, always has time for us to bring us up to speed on the operations and is always hungry for advice. We value these attributes and know that the crop and all our continued trials are in excellent hands. At Nuvance, we remain committed to providing ongoing product and field support and wish Kelnik continued success in the future.

uitnemende kwaliteit: die sukses van expression*

Vartikel deur harold lindeque

ir die afgelope twee seisoene spog Nuvance met een van die mees uitnemende uie variteite nog. Expression* het veral uitgestaan in die vroeë saaivenster, vanaf begin Desember tot begin Januarie.

Uie aanplantings in die Vivo/Dendron area het van die beste tot dusver gevaar en ons het baie positiewe terugvoer ontvang van boere in die omgewing. Dit is opmerklik dat boere ons bewus gemaak het van die ongelooflike goeie kwaliteit wat Expression* lewer, met sy uitstekende ontkieming en groeikrag.

’n Paar belangrike eienskappe wat ons opgemerk het, sluit in:

• Eenvormigheid

• Fermheid van die bol

• Dun nekke

• Sterk wortelstelsel

• Mooi kleur

Expression* was een van die min variëteite wat ook baie goeie houvermoë getoon het tydens meganiese oes sowel as in die pakhuis. Stoorvermoë is ook een van die kenmerke van hierdie variëteit wat uitgestaan het.

As gevolg van Expression* se dun nekke is sy vloei deur die masjiene in die pakhuis baie effektief.

Nuvance is opgewonde oor die toekoms van Expression* in die Limpopo provinsie. Verskeie kliënte is saam met ons opgewonde oor die planttyd en die tydperk vanaf plant tot oes wat aansienlik vroër is as by baie ander variëteite.

Dit gee boere die voordeel om vroeg die mark te betree en sodoende koste te bespaar deur twee tot drie weke vroëer te begin bemark wat ook addisionele kostes en water toediening verminder.

Kortom, Expression* bied uitstekende kwaliteit en opbrengs vir die vroeë mark.

access to premium products

seeds | science | service

Yildo*

• Parthenocarpic smooth mediterranean cucumber

• First picking 45 days after sowing

• 2 - 3 fruits per node

• Average fruit size: 18 - 20 cm

• Average fruit weight: 150 - 200 g

• High tolerance to Ccu, PRSV, WMV and ZYMV

• Intermediate tolerance to CMV and CVYV

Sentinel

• Elongated oval shape

• High yield potential

• Excellent internal and external quality, with bright red, sweet, crisp flesh

• Average fruit weight: 10 - 13 kg

SV 9054 YG*

• Good fruit quality

• Dark green fruit colour

• Indeterminate growth habit

• Intermediate tolerance to: PRSV, SLCV, WMV and ZYMV

• Early

• Blocky-oblong type with vigorous vines

• Strong vigorous plant, with high yields

• Average fruit weight: 10 - 13 kg

Crimson Sweet

advancing beyond the basics

seeds | science | service

• Good shelf life

• Average fruit size of 10 x 10 cm

• Blocky sweet pepper

• Suitable for the fresh market

PS 16351609*

• Tolerant to Phytophthoracapsici

• Extended harvest periods

• Improved marketable yield

Dunbar* Nizao*

• Attractive fruit colour

• High-quality fruit with high yield potential

• Compact plants with a concetrated fruit set

• Vigorous plant featuring large leaves that produce excellent cover

• Bright yellow fruit colour

• Excellent fruit quality and high yield potential

• Attractive blocky fruit shape with thick walls

• Vigorous plants with short internodes

• Best suited for undercover production

nizao*: an outstanding yellow sweet pepper variety products

article by heigers campher

Nizao*, tested in the Hoedspruit area, has proven to be an exceptional greenhouse variety. The trials have demonstrated that Nizao* not only meets but also exceeds industry standards. This variety stands out for its superior fruit quality and high yield potential.

Key Attributes of Nizao*

• Fruit Quality: Nizao* is distinguished by its excellent fruit characteristics. The variety produces fruit with a very attractive blocky shape, which is ideal for the pre-pack market and “robot packs”. This blocky shape and its uniformity make it a preferred choice for high-quality pack-outs and automated processes.

• Performance: Nizao* has shown remarkable performance compared to standard varieties. In trials, it has consistently delivered fruits that match or surpass the standard in terms of quality and yield. This robust performance highlights Nizao*’s ability to thrive under controlled conditions and deliver consistent results.

• Yield Potential: One of Nizao*’s standout features is its high yield capability. The variety has demonstrated the ability to produce significant quantities of fruit, making it a valuable option for growers looking to maximize their yield.

The promising results from the Hoedspruit area trials highlight Nizao* as a top contender for growers seeking a dependable and high-performing yellow sweet pepper variety.

For more information on Nizao* or to discuss its potential for your farm, please contact your local sales representative.

Photo 1 and 2: Nizao* Undercover

Photo 3: Nizao* Fruit

old faithful: revelation

Revelation can be seen as an old-timer that still turns heads in the world of sweet pepper cultivation.

Under open field conditions, it can produce between 50-80 tons per hectare over a 24-week period. This extended growing season can be further optimized by planting Revelation under protective cover, such as shade cloth or plastic. When grown under such protection, yields of up to 120 tons per hectare have been reported.

In short, Revelation is an ideal cultivar for producing high yields over a prolonged period. However, each grower must determine the optimal production period for their specific farm, as environmental factors can significantly impact the results.

Photo 1: Revelation without trellising

Photo 2: Young Revelation with trellising

Photo 3: 20-week-old, trellised Revelation

Photo 4: Revelation under plastic

article by anina meyer

Revelation has good disease tolerance to Bacterial Leaf Spot (races 0-3, 7, 8), Potato Y Virus, Mottle Virus, and Tobacco Etch Virus, as well as observable field tolerance to Bacterial Wilt. Despite this robust disease package, Revelation is noted for its ability to produce fruit under stressful conditions.

In a highly competitive market, Revelation continues to outshine many opposition varieties. For this reason, Revelation should always be part of your sweet pepper cultivation plan.

Freshly harvested Revelation

Revelation can produce large, dark green fruit

Revelation is well-known for its long production season

Excellent fruit set throughout the growing season

Good-looking and high-quality Revelation fruit

The thick fruit wall of Revelation (top) compared to an opposing variety (bottom)

ps16351609, gee sonder ophou

artikel deur robert janse van rensburg

PS16351609 is ’n semionbeperkte groen tot rooi kleur soetrissie, met uitmuntende weerstand teen Phytophthora. As daar een soetrissie is waarop jy kan staatmaak, is dit 1609. Hy bied ’n ongelooflike lang groeisiklus en kan beide hitte en nat klimaatstoestande uiters goed hanteer.

Pluk die vrug met PS16351609 wat gee sonder ophou! Hier sien ons hoe PS16351609 presteer in die Brits-area, waar dit dalk een van die droogste en warmste somers op gruisgronde was. Die kratte kom steeds een na die ander af met kwaliteit wat jou nie in die steek laat nie. Dit is nie net die geweldige goeie raklewe nie, maar ook die uniforme “10 x 10cm” grootte pepers wat enige verbruiker sonder twyfel keer op keer sal kies.

Kunsmis toegedien op die blok was soos volg:

• MAP: 150 kg

• CaNO3: 550 kg

• KNO3: 1000 kg

• MgSO4: 200 kg

Ons wil graag ons dank betuig aan die boere wat ons ondersteun en hul geld en tyd in ’n produk soos PS16351609 belê. Ons is dankbaar dat ons vir ons boere ’n goeie oes kan beteken.

torcida* vs sv4129th

Sarticle by howard champ

V4129TH has proven to be a reliable and consistently high-yielding indeterminate tomato variety for the tunnel market in the East London area. Several growers have successfully used SV4129TH during the winter months to supply the market. The variety consistently produces fruit weighing between 180 and 240 grams, with excellent truss set continuity, allowing for extended harvest periods with minimal crop wastage.

Eugene Vermeulen from Harmony Farm has been a leader in achieving first-class yields with SV4129TH and has maximized pack-out consistency with minimal wastage. While we at Nuvance are pleased with the performance of SV4129TH in the field, we continually seek new varieties that can match or surpass the performance of our current offerings. To this end, we have recently introduced a new variety called Torcida*, which features the same disease resistance package as SV4129TH. Trials in East London are ongoing, and the results so far are promising.

We were impressed by Torcida*’s ability to maintain excellent flower and fruit set throughout an extended growth period. The image above of Torcida* shows the fruit size at seven months after planting, with no evidence of size diminution, even at this late stage.

The growth characteristics of Torcida* are similar to SV4129TH, with the primary difference being in fruit shape. Eugene noted that Torcida* produces round, smooth fruit, compared to the flat-round appearance of SV4129TH. This difference is visible in the comparison below. Additionally, Torcida* features a small calyx break joint, which gives the tomatoes a clean appearance both at harvest and on the shelf. Despite these differences, the yields of Torcida* are comparable to those of SV4129TH.

We are confident that Torcida* has significant potential for growers nationwide, based on the positive results of trials conducted in the East London area. Torcida* seed is now commercially available and is priced similarly to SV4129TH. We will continue to trial this variety throughout the region.

Torcida* Fruit shape comparison

the evolution of beetroot cultivation in south africa

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris), originally native to Europe and parts of Asia, arrived in South Africa through colonial trade routes, marking the start of its rich agricultural history in the region. This versatile crop, valued for both its culinary and industrial uses, has evolved to include specific varieties like Boro and Manzu, each optimized for different planting seasons and climatic conditions across the country.

Historical Roots and Development

Introduced during the colonial era, beetroot quickly gained popularity among settlers due to its nutritional benefits and adaptability to South Africa’s diverse climates. Initially cultivated on a small scale for subsistence, its production expanded as agricultural techniques advanced and market demands increased. Over the years, specific varieties were developed to thrive under varying environmental conditions, showcasing the country’s agricultural innovation and commitment to maximizing crop yield and quality.

Varietal Diversity and Preferred Planting Seasons

Two prominent beetroot varieties in South Africa are Boro and Manzu, each tailored to specific planting seasons to optimize growth and productivity:

• Boro Beetroot: Known for its early bolting tolerance and adaptability to warmer climates, Boro matures within 75-90 days. It features medium-long, dark green leaves and round roots with a smooth exterior. Boro’s robust growth and high-quality yields make it a preferred choice for farmers across South Africa. With tolerance to Cercospora beticola, Boro provides growers with protection against a disease that could negatively impact yields. Its excellent internal and external root quality makes it suitable for pre-packing, fresh markets, and bunching, catering to both commercial and small-scale farming ventures.

• Manzu Beetroot: Known for its vigour and early growth speed, Manzu boasts a maturity period of 75-95 days. It produces upright foliage and round, medium to large smooth beets with deep red interiors. Manzu is the flagship variety to Rhizomania infected soils, which offer growers added protection and peace of mind. This variety is also suitable for pre-packing, fresh markets, and bunching, providing growers with versatile marketing options.

Boro Beetroot

Manzu Beetroot

article by jacques louw

Climatic and Soil Requirements

Beetroot thrives in South Africa's varied climatic conditions, preferring temperatures between 15°C to 25°C for optimal growth. It can tolerate temperatures up to 35°C but requires well-drained, deep, friable soils with a pH range of 6.0 to 8.0. Adequate soil preparation, including thorough tilling and levelling, ensures optimal seed germination and root development, crucial for maximizing yield potential.

Cultivation Practices

Successful beetroot cultivation in South Africa depends on strategic planting periods and proper agronomic practices:

• Sowing: Beetroot seeds, characterized by their corky exterior and multi-germ nature, require careful sowing practices to ensure uniform germination. Sowing densities vary based on intended use, ranging from 250,000 to 500,000 plants per hectare for different market segments, such as mini (baby) beets or standard-sized roots.

• Market Impact and Economic Significance: Beyond its agricultural merits, beetroot plays a vital role in South Africa's economy by supporting livelihoods through employment and contributing to both domestic consumption and export markets. Varieties like Boro and Manzu underscore the country’s commitment to sustainable agriculture, offering farmers reliable options to meet growing market demands throughout the year.

Conclusion

As South Africa continues to innovate and diversify its agricultural practices, beetroot remains a resilient crop deeply rooted in the country’s farming heritage. With ongoing advancements in agronomy and a commitment to sustainability, beetroot cultivation in South Africa continues to flourish, promising a robust future for farmers and consumers alike. The Bejo beetroot range is known to be the best in the world. Nuvance is proud to bring the full Bejo beetroot range to the South African market.

For more information on Boro, Manzu, or any of our market-leading varieties and crops, please feel free to contact the sales representative in your area or to visit our website.

products

the international marcom seminar 2024: three days of training and inspiration

In early June 2024, Bejo hosted its annual Marcom Seminar in Warmenhuizen, the Netherlands. This event brought together attendees from 25 countries, including representatives from Nuvance, South Africa. The seminar featured a rich program designed to provide both inspiration and practical insights, welcoming many new participants and introducing a range of fresh marketing topics.

Highlights and Key Themes

A central focus of the seminar was Generative AI, which emerged as the most compelling topic. The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence and its implications for professional operations were thoroughly explored. Guest speaker Etienne Donicie delivered a fascinating presentation on ChatGPT, showcasing its capabilities and potential applications. Following this, IT Security Officer Nico van der Gragt provided a critical overview of the associated risks, delivering a sobering reminder of the need for vigilance and the risks associated with such applications.

Program Overview

The three-day event was packed with diverse sessions, including:

• Product and Event Marketing: Strategies for effectively promoting products and organizing impactful events.

• Photography: Techniques and best practices for capturing high-quality images.

• Design Applications: Hands-on workshops with various design tools and the introduction of the new Perfion application.

• Corporate Communication: Insights into effective corporate and internal communication strategies.

• Labour Market Communication: Approaches to engaging with and recruiting talent in a competitive job market.

Marcom 2024 participants

article by marissa goussard

regional news

Attendees also had the opportunity to visit Trambaan 8, where they toured the research facilities and seed processing plant at Bejo’s head office.

Networking and Wellness Activities

Beyond the professional sessions, participants enjoyed valuable networking opportunities during mealtimes, fostering connections and camaraderie. The seminar also included #BEJOFIT, a wellness initiative led by Kim van Straaten. Kim encouraged physical activity and well-being through various engaging exercises, including a rhythmic percussion session in Limmen, which added a unique and enjoyable dimension to the seminar experience.

Conclusion and Appreciation

The seminar concluded with a celebratory gathering at the hotel on Thursday evening. This event provided a fitting end to our time together, offering an opportunity to reflect on the knowledge gained, connections made, and memories created.

We extend our sincere thanks to Bejo for hosting the Marcom Seminar 2024 and providing us with such a valuable and enriching experience.

Trambaan 8 Facility

butterflies

Ibrought my one-and-a-half-year-old daughter into the greenhouse one morning to check on the plants. She pointed at the cabbage, saying ‘butterfly.’ I replied, ‘No, sweetie, that’s a baby plant.’ Nevertheless, she continued to repeat the word ‘butterfly.’ My toddler reminded me of an important lesson that day: perspective is everything. Now, every time I look at these young cabbage plants, all I can see is a kaleidoscope of butterflies, reminding me that sometimes we need to try to see the world through a different lens.

article by itzke river farm (facebook)

welcoming: marissa goussard

Hello!

I am delighted to announce my recent move to the Nuvance team as of April 2024. Embracing a dynamic marketing role here has been a fantastic opportunity to channel my passion for creativity and strategic thinking.

Before joining Nuvance, I spent three valuable years at NWK Ltd as a marketing intern. NWK Ltd is a leading agricultural production company in South Africa, specializing in retail, maize, and other related crops. This period was instrumental in refining my interpersonal and marketing skills while also deepening my understanding of the agricultural sector’s unique challenges and opportunities.

Transitioning to Nuvance — and by extension, Bejo Zaden B.V. — has been an exciting and enriching experience. Vegetable seed production and distribution are quite different from what I was used to. Adapting to this new industry has allowed me to apply my background in innovative ways, bringing fresh perspectives to our marketing campaigns.

My educational journey in business and marketing management, which I completed in 2019, has provided a solid foundation for this career path. Moving from my small hometown to Pretoria has been a refreshing change, with many new experiences and challenges. I am grateful for the opportunity.

At Nuvance, I’m eager to contribute to innovative campaigns and collaborate with all my new colleagues. Reflecting on my time at NWK Ltd, I am thankful for the growth and learning it offered, and I am equally enthusiastic about the new opportunities and challenges that lie ahead at Nuvance.

I’m looking forward to working with you all.

success is in the detail

seeds | science | service

Natuna Belgrado

• A large, mid-early variety

• Strong, healthy leaves with good resistance against Alternaria

• Very cylindrical, well-rounded roots

• Very uniform cylindrical carrot

• Good tolerance to Alternaria

• High yield potential

• Suitable for the 1, 3, and 5 kg packing market

Berlin Baltimore

• Productive and uniform Berlicum carrot

• Large, bulky and cylindrical

• Strong, healthy leaves with good resistance against Alternaria

• Highly adaptable variety

• An early, cylindrical, smooth, well filled Belicum carrot

• Strong leaf attachment

• Is suitable for mechanical harvesting

• Harvest ready after 100 to 110 days

• Suitable for the fresh and processing market

verkoopspan | sales team sales

SADC

SADC

SADC

SADC

oplossings gedryf deur advies

saad | wetenskap | diens

Subeto

• Medium-vroëe kultivar

• Regop groeiwyse

• Uistekende somerkultivar

• Geskik vir die varsmark

• Hoë toleransie teen blaarvlek

Manzu

• Oesgereed binne 80 tot 100 dae

• Geskik vir die verpakkings- en bossiemark

• Goeie toleransie teen Rhizomania

Boro

• Goeie toleransie teen blaarvlek

• Uitstekende somerkultivar

• Boro is geskik vir die verpakkingsmark

“Agriculture is our wisest pursuit, because it will in the end contribute most to real wealth, good morals and happiness”

“Agriculture is our wisest pursuit, because it will in the end contribute most to real wealth, good morals and happiness”.

- Thomas Jefferson

- Thomas Jefferson

solutions driven by advice

seeds | science | service

Zaragoza*

• A smooth growing summer cauliflower

• Produces heavy, dense heads

• Highly resistant to the most common races of Clubroot

Alcala

• A medium early variety

• A late summerautumn variety in the highveld region

• Uniform and productive

• Excellent for pre-packing market

• Average head weight: 750 - 900g