European Cities and Sustainable Urban Practices by Beth Clausing

EUR

Study Abroad

European Cities and Sustainable Urban Practices Knowlton School of Architecture Ohio State University

Study Abroad Team

Terry Barr

City and Regional Planning

Kurubel Belay

Industrial Systems Engineering

Elizabeth Brady

City and Regional Planning

Beth Clausing

Landscape Architecture

Ran Duan

City and Regional Planning, Graduate

Kori Goldberg

Environment, Economy, Development, and Sustainability

Terel Howard

City and Regional Planning

Will Hughen

City and Regional Planning

Zach Karto

City and Regional Planning

Kai Kleer

City and Regional Planning

Jeremiah Lawson

Industrial Systems Engineering

Nichole Martin

City and Regional Planning

Jesus Lara, PhD.

Associate Professor of City and Regional Planning

Book Design and Editing by Kai Kleer and Will Hughen

The Netherlands

Germany

Denmark

Photo Essay

118

Introduction

Jesus Lara, PhD.

The diverse approaches to planning, urban design and development found in Northwestern Europe were the focus of the international study program for 2014. The physical and social structure of cities and redevelopment projects were analyzed to understand historical precedents, cultural differences, and planning/design priorities. The course took an in-depth look at four major European cities and other sites of interest in four separate countries that have made a conscious and comprehensive effort to become more “sustainable” in a variety of ways. The course addressed the general principles of sustainability and then examined in the field, how some of these principles have been put into practice. Participants not only gained an understanding of the planning, design and function of the European cities, but discussed and analyzed how applicable these approaches and technologies might be for U.S. urban areas (especially applied to Midwestern U.S. urban centers). In other words, “what would it take” for communities in the U.S. to follow these models. In addition, the class also involved considerable discussion about what participants are seeing in these cities (and hearing from lectures), to what degree these innovations are sustainable (and why); and whether any of these ideas are transferable to the U.S. While the emphasis of the program is on experiencing important cities and sites, a number of academic exercises are required to facilitate critical analysis and reflective thought. This course was an intensive field study program that included guided field trips, lectures, group activities and prescribed small group and individual activities. Assignments included the following: 1. Dimensions of Sustainability and Urban design Case Studies: This assignment introduced students to standards in urban environment and sustainable urban design, and experiences through field surveys. Methodology included: filed studies, observation, photo documentation, analysis and documentation during your site visits 2. Comparative Critical Analysis of Selected Topic: daily visual journal and urban photo essay of critical analysis across the cities visited during the summer abroad program. The specific topics were selected based on students’ interest. 3. Group Blog/Retrospective and Testimonials: The group maintained a Facebook page (OSU CRP: Sustainable Urban Planning Practices Study Abroad) as way to document and share their daily activities and learning experiences throughout the trip.

NLD

Netherlands

Dimsnsions

Sustainability

Dam Square Morphological Dimension Social Dimension Visual Dimension Functional Dimension

18 20 22 24

Damrak

Street Morphological Dimension Social Dimension Visual Dimension Functional Dimension

28 30 32 34

Eastern Docks Morphological Dimension Social Dimension Visual Dimension Functional Dimension

38 40 42 44

Dimensions of Sustainability The Netherlands

Source: Amsterdam

Sustainable Housing in Amsterdam

Dutch Windmills at Night

Netherlands

Source: Kurubel Belay

Source: Kai Kleer

Sustainability for the Dutch is considerably advanced by world means. The Dutch require the practice of sustainability because so much of their built environment is prone to the forces of nature. As the threat of global warming seems inevitable Dutch culture is aware and not intimidated that most of their land is located under sea level. As the Dutch invent and implement new aspects of sustainability they reorganize their built enviroenment to meet both current and future needs.

Windesheim University School of Business and Economics

Netherlands

Source: Will Hughen

Electric Car Share in Amsterdam

Source: Kai Kleer

Source: Kurubel Belay

Innovative Crosswalk Design in Rotterdam

Mode Choice in Amsterdam

Greenhouse gas emissions cause irreversible damage to the planet including climate change, contaminated air, loss of biodiversity and adverse effects on human health. Across the world, cars continue to be an overwhelming source of pollution. In the U.S. alone, transportation accounts for 28% of greenhouse gas emissions, with vehicles accounting for 82% of those emissions. Transportation plays a large role in the sustainable development and planning of the cities in the Netherlands. Converting from gasbased cars to electric and biofuel cars, increasing public transportation ridership, and encouraging alternative modes of transportation such as biking and walking are key steps to reducing the Netherlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dependence on fossil fuels. Another way that The Netherlands is working to create a sustainable public transit system is by make 12

energy efficient stops. Tram and bus stops provide low energy lighting that can power the traffic lights throughout the day using previously harnessed solar energy. Though some of the ongoing global environmental problems require high-tech, scientific solutions, a promising way to reduce vehicle emissions has been successfully implemented through many of the major cities in the Netherlands. According to the Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Holland is the most bikefriendly country in the world, their main competitor being Denmark where nearly half of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s children and more than one third of the adult population biked to school and work respectively in 2010. In the European Commission Future of Transport Report, 31% of survey respondents from Holland said their main mode of transportation

Cycling in the Netherlands

Source: Kurubel Belay

Source: Will Hughen

Public Art in Amsterdam

Cycling Parking in Amsterdam

was biking. The Netherlandsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; populations of 16 million have about 18 million bikes and continue to be Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest bicycle producer. Producing bicycles and maintaining safe, clean paths for citizens to enjoy requires that the Netherlands invest over one billion euros per year, with individuals in Amsterdam paying approximately 25 euros annually. In addition, the Netherlands has built innovative biking infrastructure into its cities to make cycling more comfortable and convenient for residents. One such example is the Hovenring roundabout, a circular bicycle bridge suspended seventy meters above the ground, separating bicycle and vehicle traffic. Biking to or from school or work, to run errands, or just for leisure allows people to take their mind off work, enjoy the outdoors and get to know their city better. Fewer pollution-related

Netherlands

Source: Will Hughen

health problems and personal exercise combine for healthier and happier communities. In addition to the frequent bike trips made by residents of the Netherlands, cycling is a common way for visitors to reduce their in-country carbon footprint. Tours typically run all summer, averaging 350 km and servicing the largest cities in the Randstad including Utrecht, Amsterdam, The Hague, and Rotterdam. The Netherlands have committed to investing in clean forms of energy to help the environment and to improve economic independence. Wind, solar, geothermal, and bio-energy forms made up just 4% of the Netherlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy use in 2010 (Government of the Netherlands), though the country is aiming for a 10% increase in renewable energy use by 2020. In addition, the country has set a target of 80-95% CO2 emissions reduction (from their 1990 emissions level) by 2050. Though 13

Netherlands

Source: Kurubel Belay

Dutch Connection to Water

Source: Kori Goldberg

Systems Integration in Dutch Housing Developments

Downtown Rotterdam

other forms of renewable energy are used in the Netherlands, biomass produces the overwhelming majority, about 62% of the country’s renewable energy. Wind power is a promising alternative to fossil fuels in the Netherlands, as the country is relatively flat and has large expanses of open countryside, agricultural sites, and open water areas where wind turbines can be implemented. With over 100,000 people employed by the energy industry in the Netherlands, and 7% of the GDP attributed to this sector, it is a key area of focus within the Netherland’s plan for sustainable development. Currently, the Netherlands is one of the world’s largest crude oil processors. Rotterdam is especially involved with the production and transportation of crude oil, as the international port is the largest in Europe and is constantly importing and exporting large volumes of crude oil. 14

Converting from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy can provide new jobs in the green energy market, stabilize the economy and reduce the country’s carbon footprint. Creating and using clean energy is a priority for the Netherlands as part of their sustainability agenda. They are trying to decrease their impact on the planet’s natural resources by using less fossil fuels and replacing their carbon based fuel purchases with investment in renewable energy sources. The Netherlands has set a goal to have 15,000 to 20,000 electric cars on the road by 2015. They plan to create a low impact city through recycling and alternative methods to fuel and energy. The Netherlands government has created a partnership to be able to meet their sustainability goals. One plan in place to help is called the Green

Netherlands

Source: Kurubel Belay

Practical Transportation Solutions in Amsterdam

Source: Kori Goldberg

Integration of Water into Dutch Daily Life

Ijburg Development’s Floating Housing

Deal which makes it easier for people set up energy programs. As a way to generate and implement ideas related to energy efficiency, the program helps companies and people overcome the initial problems they face during the startup of individual energy projects. The government’s attempts to move away from a strictly fossil fuel based economy will bring investment diversity to the Netherland’s economy, conserve global resources and decrease the country’s CO2 emissions. By partnering with local companies and universities the government has initiated sustainability programs, inviting citizens and businesses to be a part of the country’s transition to a state of sustainability.

In recent years, The Netherlands government has proven its commitment to sustainable development through high investment in the construction and renovation of homes and businesses that prioritize spatial quality and usage. Main cities such as Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague are known for their cluttered urban landscapes and city layouts. In 2009, city and regional governments began implementing construction reform in order to increase the green space within the urban areas of the Netherlands. They have implemented spatial quality standards for new constructions and developed an incentive program to stir economic growth within the past 5 years.

Dam Square - Amsterdam

Netherlands

Background Dam Square dates back to the 13th century as a result of flood control techniques in The Netherlands. The square formed during of damming of the Amstel River, which was dammed to stop flooding throughout the city of Amsterdam. The square is often referred to as the main square in Amsterdam and full of history about the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s past. The site was created after hundreds of years of growth in the city of Amsterdam. During the 13th century settlement existed on both sides of the Amstel River. Both river sides would use the square a place of trade. Amsterdam became one of the most important port cities in the Netherlands due to the successful trading markets, most notably Dam Square. Many important events have taken place at Dam Square. It has seen many protests, riots, and events of civil unrest over its 800 year history. Towards the end of World War II, Dutch citizens gathered in Dam Square to welcome allied troop back to the Netherlands. Remaining German soldiers open fired on the returning soldiers, killing many citizens in the square. Other individuals also got into the Royal Palace and bombed the building until allied troops could get in to stop them. Making this one of the most important event in the Dam Square during World War II.

Netherlands Source: Wikipdeia Commons

Source: Wikipdeia Commons

Dam Square in the 1600s

Dam Square in 1885

Source: Wikipdeia Commons

Dam Square in 2005

Morphological Dimension Dam Square emerged over the centuries adapting to the need of the cities. The site has always been an area for trade and business as well as creating on open space for public gathering and human interaction. Dam Square has a large plaza with allows for the human interaction and public gathering. The plaza space of the square can be defined by the building surrounding the area. The surrounding building are medium height mixed use and located close together. This give the square a defined boundary to let people know when they have enter the square. The buildings are very old which give the square a sense of history. The Dam Square is broken up into two different parts divided by Rokin Street. This street divides the square into a smaller triangular shape plaza on the east side and a larger plaza located on the west side of the square. Each plaza has a different feel to it the west plaza is large and more open where the east plaza is small and surrounded by building. The Road cutting through the Dam Square as well as alongside it also help to define the boundaries of the square. The roads help to create a unique space by allowing the side to be seen thought modes of transit like bicycles or trams. These road also allow for people to get to the site from anywhere in the Amsterdam. By having roads that run through and around the Dam Square it create a site that is easily accessible to visitor. The Physical structures of the Dam Square helps to create a space for human interaction and interaction with the Square itself. Source: Kelana

Dam Square Today

Netherlands

Source: AmsterdamTips

Source: Kranendonk

Aerial View of Dam Square

Transit Integration in Dam Square

Source: Schlijper

Panoramic of Dam Square Today

Netherlands

Source: Kai Kleer

Dam Square Pedestrian Envionment

Multiple Access Points

Source: Kai Kleer

Areas for a Variety of Interaction

Netherlands

Source: Kai Kleer

Pedestrian and Transit Movement

Social Dimension Dam Square was created and evolved over time to be a social center of the city. The Dam Square started out as a place to buy and sell good. A market place for business and social interaction between people. The square has not strayed far from the ideas that it was founded upon. The Dam Square has a public space that can help to engorge and invite public interaction. The Dam square has some very distinctive land mark such as the National monument a large obelisk located on the eastern side of the square. The National Memorial Statue to honor the Dutch soldiers who die in World War II. Every year people come to pay their respect to the soldiers who served in World War II. Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transit system provides people with many different options to travel around the city. Transit options like buses, cars, bikes, tram system and metro system. It is easy to take some form of transit to Dam Square from anywhere in Amsterdam. The metro run between 6 A.M. and Midnight and has stop in and around Dam square with allows access almost all day long. The infrastructure for pedestrians, bike and the tram system helps to make the site accessible. The large open space is allows for impromptu streets shows that attract locals and tourist to go gather and spend time in the square. Source: Kori Goldberg

Use of Landmarks

Netherlands

Visual Dimension The buildings on the outskirts of the Dam square are not too tall which help create an open space that is human scale. The build do not overwhelm people when they are spending time in the square. Formal and informal spaces are both present in the Dam Square. There is formal space that is present in the square when event are being held and there is structure to the square. Other time when there are no large event taking place Dam Square is more of an informal space with people sitting relaxing and street performers show for the public. The faรงade of the building surrounding the Dam Square are very unique. The royal palace was completed in the 1655 so many of the building surrounding has similar renaissance architecture. The different faรงade help to give the dam square to a sense of history.

Source: Will Hughen

The Dutch National Monument

Netherlands

Dam Square Details Source: Kai Kleer

Netherlands

Source: Will Hughen

The Base of the Dutch National Monument

Source: Kurubel Belay

Dam Square at Dusk

Netherlands

Functional Dimension The Dam Squareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s large open space serves many different functions. The plaza can be used for active like street performers and traveling fairs. The Dam square can also allow for people to spend time relaxing and sit in the plaza area. Depending on the events taking place in the square visitor can have a very different experience. Like any other square throughout the world the Dam Squareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goal is to attract people to interact and enjoy the space. Dam square in Amsterdam does this with it unique history, connection to nature and it many attractions and site. The different amenities offered in the square like food shopping museums and historical building will appeal to a number of different people who visit the site. Dam square is a space where people can interact with one another as well as the square itself.

Source: Kai Kleer

Activity Despite Unideal Conditions

Eastern Docks - Amsterdam

Netherlands

Background Oostelijke Havengebied, commonly known as the Eastern Dockland, is a highly populated neighborhood located east of Amsterdam Center in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The area is nestled between the IJ Lake and the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal. Originally the main commercial port of the Netherlands, the area has been transformed into a high occupancy residential area known for its urban design and architectural preeminence. The Docklands consist of 4 artificially constructed peninsulas, (Borneo, Sporenburg, KNSM, and Java Islands), all of which served as former industrial locations. The docks were laid out in order to facilitate the booming sea trade of the harbor in the late 19th century. Bridges were constructed to connect the peninsulas to one another and to the main land. The docks served as a center of trade and society until after WWII where the popularization of airlines and bulk cargo transport prompted the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s decay. The area quickly became an obsolete development home to squatters and abandoned buildings. The renovation of the Eastern Dockland into a residential district began in the 1980s. Due to the lack of available land space, the area was constructed as a high- density neighborhood averaging 100 dwellings per hectare. Throughout the next few decades, the Eastern Dockland matured into a district harboring contemporary architecture and urban design. Juxtaposing its history with modern design has crafted the Dockland into an attractive living community and tourist hotspot.

Netherlands Source: CityScape Value Plan

Source: Eastern Docklands of Amsterdam

Eastern Docks shown in Plan of 1940

Aerial View of Eastern Docks

Source: Eastern Docklands of Amsterdam

Aerial Detail of Eastern Docks

Morphological Dimension The four peninsulas formerly served as industrial centers with old docks and port buildings alongside the IJ lake waterfront. Over the course of two decades, these buildings were renovated into housing developments. The architects and designers for each peninsula focused on a clear delineation of public and private spaces while increasing the total green space of the district. Green space in the area is limited due to the high prevalence of waterways and demand for high density housing. In addition, the existing structure of the harbors and piers was served as the basic foundation of the traffic system configuration. The peninsulas offer both high rise buildings and compact low-slung row houses to accommodate the need for high density housing. Due to the limitation of green space around the developments, the architects were tasked with creating light courts and outdoor spaces alongside the internal dimensions of the constructions. Many of the developments boast terraces and patios. By emphasizing light and vistas, the small volumes of the residences were designed to appear larger while maintaining privacy. Due to the long, horizontal orientation of the Eastern Dockland peninsulas, the main streets and thoroughfares are designed narrowly. The street scale of the district only accommodates a single lane of vehicular traffic, a parking lane, and a bike lane with wide and substantial sidewalks. This is due to the pedestrian culture of the Docks and the minimum usage of vehicles. Foot bridges are prevalent throughout the region and connect the individual peninsulas and cross both major and minor waterways. 28

Netherlands

Source: Eastern Docklands of Amsterdam

Eastern Docks Connectivity

Netherlands

Source: Kurubel Belay

Activity Space

Source: Kurubel Belay

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Area

Netherlands

Source: Kurubel Belay

Structure Reuse

Source: Kurubel Belay

Transportation Options

Social Dimension

Source: Kurubel Belay

Interactions with Water

The Eastern Docklands juxtapose private residences with trendy urban amenities to create a highly modernized cosmopolitan living quarter. The emphasis on innovative design has formed a trendy atmosphere for the residents of the Docks. Many art & design shops as well as restaurants, cafes, and clubs are situated alongside the IJ River. This area has attracted the young professionals of the region. The urban lifestyle with its proximity to shopping, amenities, and public transport has caused the Docks to become a booming and youthful living environment. In addition to the metropolitan services, the central area of the Eastern Docklands boasts some of the most striking and innovative housing designs of the entire region. Roof top gardens overlooking the canals and waterways advance the quiet and peaceful nature of the private residences. The culture of the inhabitants and the region reflects the designerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s emphasis on the separation of public and private spaces.

Netherlands

Visual Dimension The visual layout of the Eastern Docklands is highly influenced by the historical purpose of the port city. When renovating the region, the canals and waterways constrained the construction of streets and thoroughfares. As a result the Docks now have oversized sidewalks and accommodating canal docks with scaled and narrow streets and roadways. This has created a pedestrian lifestyle within the city. To increase accessibility and unite the four peninsulas to the main land, bridges and tunnels were implemented across the Eastern Docklands. The engineers designed sprawling and innovative bridge designs that have become landmarks and visual monuments across the region. The high density living developments permeate a sense of crowdedness on the peninsulas. The towering buildings were constructed to minimize space between one another to increase the number of available units. As a result, rows of high rise constructions are visible across the Docks. This space conservation is compensated by the expansive walkways. Source: Kurubel Belay

Housing Design

Netherlands

Eastern Docks Details Source: Kurubel Belay

Netherlands

Source: Kurubel Belay

Open Spaces

Source: Kurubel Belay

Transportation Options

Source: Kurubel Belay

Unique Activity Spaces

StrĂ¸get in 1945

Netherlands

Source: Kurubel Belay

Functional Connections to Area History

Some Spaces Remain in Development

Source: Kurubel Belay

Pedestrian Prioritization

Functional Dimension The functionality of the Eastern Docklands is reflective of the culture set by its inhabitants. The Dutch are famous for their bicycle friendly cities and the Eastern Docklands fair as one of the friendliest. Most of the main streets in the city have bicycle lanes and bike racks are a common fixture of public space. Roughly 40% of all journeys within the city are made by bicycle. In addition to bicycles, boats and tram lines are the most utilized sources of transportation. The large collection of canals and waterways stretch across all four peninsulas and serve as transportation routes to the mainland of Amsterdam. The footbridges have been designed to accommodate the heavy flow of boat traffic in the city. Bus and tram lines operate across the individual peninsulas. These lines expand from the main metro area to the regional and suburban districts of the Eastern Docklands. To accommodate bicyclists, ferries shuttle across the IJ River. Transportation by vehicle is not encouraged by the local government of the region. The design of the narrow, one-lane streets reinforces this focus on bicycling and public transportation.

Source: Kurubel Belay

Access to Transit Options

Damrak Street - Amsterdam

Netherlands

Background The Damrak is Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main street ending at Dam Square at the southern end and the main railway station, Amsterdam Centraal, at the northern end. The bustling street is filled with pedestrians, vehicles, and cyclists and is serviced by Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf, a transportation company operating five tramlines along the Damrak. This commercial street is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Amsterdam as it is the arrival point for many visitors coming into the city from Amsterdam Centraal and is located in the center of the city. Along the Damrak is a mix of densely packed historical buildings as well recently redeveloped buildings designed in a modern architectural style. Due to the high tourist traffic the area receives the Damrak has experienced a huge increase in fast food restaurants, souvenir stores, and currency exchanges which the city government has been trying to address in order to maintain the cultural and visual integrity of the street.

Netherlands

Morphological Dimension Damrak’s previous role as a canal leading to the IJ and eventually flowing into IJmeer, a large lake located east of the city, ended when the majority of the canal was filled in during the 1800s. Before structural modification, the Amstel river ran through to the IJ, Amsterdam’s central body of water, a saltwater bay. The name Damrak comes from “rak”, a Dutch word for a straight waterway and dam because the Darmrak ends at Dam Square, once the location of a major dam along the Amstel river.

Source: Clarke

1835 Amsterdam City Plan shows Damrak in Center 38

Damrak Street in 2000

Source: Google Earth

Damrak Street in 2013

Netherlands

Source: Google Earth

Netherlands

Source: Will Hughen

Damrak Street Activity Level 40

Netherlands

Source: Kori Goldberg

Use at a Variety of Times of Day

Social Dimension

Source: Kai Kleer

Connections to Dam Square

In the past few years the Darmrak has developed a reputation as a touristy, dirty area, constantly crowded by people arriving from the rail station. Though it retains some of its historical architecture, the cheap souvenir shops and transnational fast food restaurants have overtaken much of the real estate along the street. Locals tend to avoid traveling along the Damrak because of its excessive commercialism and traffic. Dam Square, where Damrak becomes Rokin, is an open space suitable for large events and public gatherings. However, its use as a social meeting site has an unfortunate history due to one incident. In 1945, just several days after the surrender of Germany in World War II, German soldiers opened fire on Dutch citizens on Dam Square who were celebrating the end of the war, leaving 22 dead and 120 with serious injuries. Today it is a popular open space, frequently visited by tourists and the site for annual fairs and local celebrations. The square is home to several notable buildings including Nieuwe Ker, a church whose construction dates back to the early 1400s. The neogothic architectural style of the building has been restored after enduring at least three fires. Originally Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s town hall, the 17th century Royal Palace is considered the center of the city. Now a palace for the Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s many meetings and entertainment events, the building is also accessible to the public for a tour fee. In addition, the National Monument, a limestone pillar to commemorate soldiers lost during WWII is located on the eastern end of this plaza. 41

Netherlands

Visual Dimension Nicknamed Amsterdam’s “Red Carpet”, the Damrak is a lively commercial street that starts at the main railway station in Amsterdam and ends at Dam Square, one of the city’s most popular public plazas. The distance between the two end points is approximately .8 kilometers. The Damrak ends at the northeast end where it reaches Amsterdam Centraal but the southern end of the major avenue runs along Dam Square where it continues as Rokin, another filled-in main street that was once part of the canal leading to the IJ. Since it is the main street leading out from the railway station it is often the first thing visitors experience when arriving in the Netherlands. The wide avenue, commonly just called “Damrak” is lined with historic buildings, souvenir shops, casinos, restaurants, and bars. Small, densely packed buildings line the sides of Damrak. In the Netherlands the name Damrak is considered interchangeable with the Amsterdam Stock Exchange because the Beurs van Berlage building housed the stock exchange before it converted to a virtual market and combined with the stock exchanges of Brussels and Paris to form Euronext in 2000. Built at the beginning of the 1900s the 5,550 m2 picturesque red brick building now serves a concert hall and conference center located in between Amsterdam’s Centraal Station and Dam Square. Another site of architectural interest along the Damrak is the dancing canal houses, a densely-packed cluster of six slightly titled houses, each built in a different architectural style than the others. 42

Source: Kori Goldberg

Adjacent Charasmatic Materiality

Netherlands

Dam Square Details Source: Kori Goldberg

Netherlands

Source: Kori Goldberg

Direct Connections to Transit

Source: Kori Goldberg

Evening Activity Levels, even in Unideal Weather

Netherlands

Functional Dimension With 880,000 bicycles in Amsterdam the Damrak includes bike lanes for the convenience of commuters, tourists, and others who choose biking over driving. The street offers wide sidewalks with limited vehicle parking along the sides. The street is also often the start point for canal boat tours around the city of Amsterdam. Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf, or the GVB, is an Amsterdam-based company that operates multiple forms of Amsterdam’s public transportation including the ferries, buses, trams, and the Amsterdam metro (composed of the light rail and a rapid transit system). Five of the GVB’s tram routes run along Damrak street making Dam Square easily accessible from Amsterdam’s central railway station by many modes of transportation.

Source: Kori Goldberg

Large Amount of Space devoted to Pedestrians

Netherlands

Works Cited About Transportation & Climate Change: Transportation’s Role in Climate Change: Overview - DOT Transportation and Climate Change Clearinghouse. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2014, from http://climate.dot.gov/about/transportations-role/overview.html Andersen, T. (2013, November 26). The Dutch approach – lessons learnt from a Danish perspective. Retrieved March 28, 2014, from http://www.cycling- embassy.dk/2013/11/26/the-dutch-approach-lessons-learnt-from-a-danish-perspective/ BBC. (2013, August 7). Why is cycling so popular in the Netherlands? Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23587916 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Greenhouse Gases Overview. (2013, September 9). Retrieved March 28, 2014, from http://www.epa.gov/ climatechangeghgemissions/gases.html Government of the Netherlands. (n.d.). Sustainable energy. Retrieved March 28, 2014, from http://www.government.nl/issues/energy/sustainable-energy Hovenring. (2012). News. Retrieved April 11, 2014, from http://hovenring.com/news-2/NL EVD International News. (2013). Feature Stories. Retrieved March 27, 2014, from http://www.hollandtrade.com/media/features/feature-stories/?bstnum=4960 Self guided cycling tours in Holland. (n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2014, from http://www.bike-netherlands.com/ U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis. (2013, May 30). Retrieved March 27, 2014, from http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=nl Amsterdam Smart City. Project: Climate Street. Retrieved March 30, 2014,http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/9/slug/climate-street Green Growth and Sustainable Development Green Growth in Action: The Netherlands. Retrieved March 30, 2014. http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greengrowthinactionthenetherlands.htm Government of the Netherland: Green Deal. Retrieved March 30, 2014 http://www.government.nl/issues/energy/green-deal Andersson, Eve. Damrak, Centrum district. Photo. 31 May 2008. Amsterdam, Holland. Amsterdam. Web. 21 April 2014 “Amsterdam Royal Palace.” Amsterdam Facts. Amsterdam.info, 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. “De Nieuwe Kerk.” I Amsterdam. N.p., 2014. Web. 10 Apr. 2014 Jacobs, Allan B. Great Streets. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1993. Print. JLG Real Estate. “The Damrak.” N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. <http://www.jlgrealestate.com/english/amsterdam/damrak/>. Joseph, Kristen De. “Best of Dam Square.” About.com Amsterdam Travel. N.p., 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. Jonge, Derk De. “Images of Urban Areas Their Structure and Psychological Foundations.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 28.4 (1962): 266-76. Print. Netherlands Board of Tourism. “Beurs Van Berlage.” N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. <http://www.holland.com/global/meetings/article/beurs-van-berlage-9. htm>. Steve, Rick. “Rick Steves’ Walk: Amsterdam City Center.” N.p., 14 Feb. 2012. Web. 9 Apr. 2014. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2QVAC5V0w8 oC&oi=fnd&pg=PT2&dq=damrak+street&ots=5tnpEFzyFN&sig=20lmVazQAc-Ja_r-Jr76zh3WwjU#v=onepage&q=damrak%20street&f=false>. Tagliabue, John. “The Dutch Prize Their Pedal Power, but a Sea of Bikes Swamps Their Capital.” N.p., 20 June 2013. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. <http://www.nytimes. com/2013/06/21/world/europe/a-sea-of-bikes-swamps-amsterdam-a-city-fond-of-pedaling.html?_r=0>. “Your Ultimate Guide to Amsterdam.” Activities, Attractions and Things to Do in Amsterdam – Time Out Amsterdam. TimeOut Amsterdam, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. Abrahamse, Jaap Evert. Eastern Harbour District Amsterdam: Urbanism and Architecture. Rotterdam: NAi, 2003. Print. “Amsterdam Docklands | History of Eastern Docklands Amsterdam.” Amsterdam Docklands | History of Eastern Docklands Amsterdam. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. “Eastern Docklands Amsterdam; Design Bridges.” Eastern Docklands Amsterdam; Design Bridges. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. “The Eastern Docklands – ( Het Oostelijk Havengebied ).” Makelaar Amsterdam Eo JLG Real Estate Verkoop En Verhuur. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Abrahamse, Jaap. “Construction of The Eastern Harbor District, 1903.” Eastern Harbour District Amsterdam: Urbanism and Architecture. N.p.: NAi, n.d. 15. Print. Abrahamse, Jaap. “The Eastern Harbour District as Part of the Plan for the Southern Bank of the IJ, 1989.” Eastern Harbour District Amsterdam: Urbanism and Architecture. N.p.: NAi, n.d. 19. Print. “Eastern Docklands, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 30 December 2004. “From Polder to Pavlova Paradise.” Architecture Now. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. “Eastern Docklands of Amsterdam.” Amsterdamming. N.p., 20 June 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.

Netherlands 47

DEU

Germany

Dimsnsions

Sustainability

58 60 62 64

HafenCity Morphological Dimension Social Dimension Visual Dimension Functional Dimension

68 70 72 74

Unter

78 80 82 84

Linden Street Morphological Dimension Social Dimension Visual Dimension Functional Dimension

den

Germany

AlexanderPlatz Morphological Dimension Social Dimension Visual Dimension Functional Dimension

Dimensions Germany

Sustainability

Source: Kai Kleer

Formal Gardens of Schloßpark

Source: Will Hughen

The Reichstag Dome

Efficient Energy Use Mobility Guarantees Healthy Produce Shaping Demographics Industrial Site Redesign Innovational Enterprises Reducing Land Use

Source: Will Hughen

Source: Beth Clausing

Berlin’s Central Train Station

English Gardens of Schloßpark

Germany

• • • • • • •

Germany

Germany is located in central Europe. It borders the Baltic Sea and North Seas, and is neighbors with the Netherlands, Poland, and Denmark. Sustainability has become a way of life for the citizens of Germany. The federal government has undertaken multiple sustainability initiatives to generate a society that can fully provide for tomorrow’s inhabitants. Around nine billion people will be living on Earth in the year 2050. It is important that the problems of today’s inhabitants are not left for people of future generations. The methods implemented by the government are many. Projects are consistently being monitored for their continuous results. Each of the three sustainability keys: Economics, Environmental, and Social. The current key sustainability focus points in Germany include:

Source: Will Hughen

Eastern View from the Reichstag Dome

Source: Beth Clausing

Germany

Tiergarten Memorial

Source: Will Hughen

Source: Beth Clausing

Tram Mobility Options in Berlin

Berlin Cathedral

Germann energy policy has emplaced wind parks along the Baltic and North Sea. These generated a total capacity of around 2,000 to 3,000 megawatts. This lowers Germanyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dependency on energy imports and sets the country ahead economically. Germany also lowered the use of fossil fuels and sees worldly environmental impact through this initative. In Germany, transportation has maintained a direction of decreasing automobile use. Major cities utilize the Inner City Express (ICE) railway. The public transportation mode is located in three different types of locations throughout the city: A, B, and C location. The differences are classified based on their accessibility by automobile. In MĂźnster, as well as the rest of Germany, bicycle riding has been encouraged by governmental policies. Bike lanes, paths, accessible shortcuts, and promotional events have created a new haven

for this transportation mode. MĂźnster boasts a Bicycle expressway which connects full circle through the city. Cycling has been a segment of the mobility focus point. Other programs include automobile ride sharing systems and shortened travel distance for commuters. Sharing vehicles and systems thinking designs of city layouts help to promote a greener way for the future. Maintaining a healthy population means continuing to promote fresh foods for consumption. The German government has released a detailed cell phone application that explains numerous benefits and strategies for purchasing fresh produce. There is also the German Festival Garden, which is described in greater detail later in this text. The idea behind employment and lifelong meaningful work is also addressed by the Germans. They want to ensure that each child is cared for adequately so he or she is able to

Source: Beth Clausing

SchloĂ&#x;park

Germany

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Elbe Philharmonic Hall in HafenCity

IBA Project in Hamburg

contribute to society. Later in life, ideas for less stressful positions for older Germans would help relieve a lack of income for some after retirement. Education is a must for each German, and making lifelong learning a possibility is essential for the continued growth of the nation in to the future. The main goals of this education are to develop personality, social awareness, and employment ability. Enterprise in Germany has developed into a great provider for humanity. The role of business in the future of human interaction relies on its role as a key supporter of the sustainability initiatives. Companies and corporations must embrace and participate by creating company culture which is inviting towards these new ideas. Both long and short term goals must be identified by the business. Public disclosure must be made to increase accountability by the

business; process management techniques are important for accomplishing the goals. Each of these are evaluated based on specific quantitative measures, which are identified within the source. The IBA Housing project is an example of research for Germany. It is described in detail later in this report. Technology must continue to play a role in the development of society to optimize all work standards. Information systems of the future must be set up for accessibility and speed. A soft workforce where innovation is encouraged plays the best role in setting up a great future. Building an effective community network is vital to great communication systems. Each of these focus points for Germanyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s continuation of sustainability into the future. Adding to the environmental, economic, and social factors, these will create a place where each person can thrive in his or her own way.

Germany

Source: Beth Clausing

Schloßpark

Source: Beth Clausing

Schloßpark

Source: Beth Clausing

Schloßpark 54

Source: Beth Clausing

Formal Gardens of Schloßpark

Brandenburg Gate

Overall Garden Festivals are a way of bringing new ideas to an area, spurring growth and development within a city. This growth is centered on what starts as a tourism magnet turns into a development project once the festival ends. While most of the exhibitions put in place are temporary and only for the length of festival, other projects come in afterwards. In most cases at least one public park is saved from development out of the whole space. Because of the amount of public and private investment it takes to put on this event, there is considerable investment in making the space successful, both during the event and afterwards when it is reprogrammed for other uses. These events are great for bringing awareness to different issues and experimenting with solutions in ways that are not practical for a permanent installation necessarily. With an overall focus within design to be more sustainable, this type of event allows professionals to highlight new and exciting ideas while having a test run of how well they function and perform during implementation. Because of the number of visitors expected to the area and the manpower to run the event, development of other amenities spring up in the surrounding area such as housing projects, and public transportation expansion. Looking into Grounds for Review: The Garden Festival in Urban Planning and Design by Andrew C. Theokas, one can see all of the different aspects of how hosting a garden festival can

impact an area. He looks into both International Garden Show (IGA) and biennial events within Germany Bundesgartenschauen (BUGAs). Each show moves around the country/world to highlight what is happening in each area. They are assigned years in advance to allow for proper planning for the event and site. The point of such garden festivals is to provide public space to the area while drawing attention to new practices, particularly sustainable technologies that are emerging within the highlighted fields of practice. Berlin has started construction for hosting the IGA in 2017 in the Marzahn-Hellerdorf district near the area of the Gardens of the World. They are using the idea of at the outskirts and in the city center as the new model for urban living, a model for the city of the future. When people arrive they will be able to experience garden art, nature, and landscape design as an integrated thematic and natural unit, offering games, recreation, sports, arts, and culture within the Festival. As part of the plans the landscape discovery park will be created and the Gardens of the World will be doubling. The aim of the design is to create green urban spaces where the garden of the future can exist as a piece of urban land and source of future food diversity, alternative energy supplier or meeting point of the “rurban” society. For the upcoming IGA in Berlin, they have six focuses for the festival to revolve around. Each of the focuses relates back to sustainability in

Source: Kai Kleer

Malmo

Auftakt Hellersdorf – Reconnecting Urban Spaces and Landscape, Wuhletal – Discovery Space Nature, Kienberg – Serpentines and a Future Unobstructed View, Garden Strip – Staged Diversity, Gardens of the World – Dialogue Between Cultures. The International Garden Show happens every ten years in Germany and focuses on highlighting forward looking landscape planning and urban development problems in Germany. “Garden shows have stimulated the urban as well as the ecological, demographic, cultural and economic development of their respective venues and can be rightly considered to be large-scale lighthouse projects” For this to all happen the Garden Festival needs room to showcase all of these ideas properly so they have an area will be 103 hectares of space that require a ticket, 66 hectares surrounding that don’t require a ticket and pockets of interest throughout the entire city linking back to the main grounds. Within the main area is Gardens of the World which is 25 hectares currently which will grow for the exhibit. The grounds will connect two neighborhoods that were founded and built in the 1980’s, they merged in 2001. This event, while being planned for 2017, certain aspects have started to run and others are already planned out. The event will run from April 2017 to October 2017, resulting in a 170 day run for the festival. The construction work begins in 2014, and ticket sales will be starting in 2016.

Germany

some way. Watching Gardens – “It Won’t Become Any Greener” which focuses on connecting larger “gardens” to individuals gardens, expanding the site of IGA to include all of Berlin. They are also striving to understand what a garden can be in the future. Another one is Experiencing Nature – “Differently Green” which relates to environmental education and sustainable protection as the sites move throughout the city. Urban Gardening – “Natur (ally) in the City” will be focusing on urban gardening and food production within the city as a means of feeding people in a sustainable and healthy way on a larger scale. Moving in the open – “IGA in Motion” is about getting people out and moving around the city and the site of the festival, particularly in sustainable ways such as public transportation along with trails for bicycles and walking. Discovering – “Broadening Horizons” is about quality of life in Berlin as they move forward in development with renewable energy and how that changes the future of land use based on potential values. The final focus of the IGA in 2017 is Networking Art – “Masterpiece Nature” which is a method of creating a link between art, culture and the environment by using the grounds of the festival as a way of displaying various forms of art from music to sculpture to design. By creating five areas within the festival they are allowing each to of the focusing on the festival to come to the forefront in a particular area. These five areas are:

Alexanderplatz - Berlin

Germany

Background Alexanderplatz, simply referred to as “Alex”, is a modern transit junction and shopping area in the heart of Berlin, Germany. The total area reaches 1,300,000 square meters. This is including space for 350,000 square meters of shopping facilities, 650,000 square meters for offices, hotels and entertainment venues, and 300,000 square meters for apartments. The area was founded in the 13th century when an old trading route linked Berlin to the Baltic region and ended here. Before the site was developed the city map showed a great potential for growth in the respect to traffic and economical development. In this regard Alex was referred to as an “eye of a needle”. Alexanderplatz was named in honor of Alexander I, the Czar of Russia during his visit in 1805. Before this time Alex had been referred to as “Ochsenmarkt” (oxen market) later called “Viehmarkt am Stelzenkrug” the “Wollmarkt” (wool market) and the “Wochenmarkt” (weekly market).

Source: Google Earth

1945

2000

2006

Germany

Source: Google Earth

Morphological Dimension Alexanderplatz is the social gathering point on the eastern side of Berlin. It has many features that are used as meeting points throughout the day including the International Fountain of Friendship, the World Clock and the famous TV Tower. Throughout all times of the day Alex is filled with people from different social classes all which utilize the in different ways. You can see businessmen and women briskly walking through to catch the train to work as well as people enjoying a cold refreshment in reclining chairs. Even in the late evening on a work night you will find people walking around. Throughout the day you can experience and eclectic range of street performers ranging from a group of people with huge speakers rapping to a young man strumming his guitar by himself. Alex is surrounded by buildings and has a light rail line going straight through it. Some people would question the safety of this since people are able to walk right through the tracks but the trams are controlled by an engineer who is able to see any people that might be in the way. The lighting throughout the area helps to see at night and feel more secure walking around in an unfamiliar area.

Germany

Source: M端ller

Alexanderplatz in 1940, 1953, 1989, and Today

Germany

Source: Beth Clausing

Social Interaction

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Passive Space

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Improvised Space

Germany

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Interactive Space

Social Dimension

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Multiple Settings for Social Interaction

Alexanderplatz is the social gathering point on the eastern side of Berlin. It has many features that are used as meeting points throughout the day including the International Fountain of Friendship, the World Clock and the famous TV Tower. Throughout all times of the day Alex is filled with people from different social classes all which utilize the in different ways. You can see businessmen and women briskly walking through to catch the train to work as well as people enjoying a cold refreshment in reclining chairs. Even in the late evening on a work night you will find people walking around. Throughout the day you can experience and eclectic range of street performers ranging from a group of people with huge speakers rapping to a young man strumming his guitar by himself. Alex is surrounded by buildings and has a light rail line going straight through it. Some people would question the safety of this since people are able to walk right through the tracks but the trams are controlled by an engineer who is able to see any people that might be in the way. The lighting throughout the area helps to see at night and feel more secure walking around in an unfamiliar area.

Source: Beth Clausing

Germany

Site Identity at Night

Visual Dimension You can tell that you are in Alexanderplatz by noticing the major features that have been recently discussed. These major features would be the highlights of the area that grasp peoples attention which are strategically located throughout Alex. None of the features are located directly next to each other. It can be assumed that this is because these landmarks are used as meeting spaces for groups and having multiple meeting places right next to each other would defeat the purpose. Other than the monumental features Alex is not an extremely flashy place. Being on the east side of Berlin it holds more of a historic looking faรงade. That is historic in the German sense of buildings that are very similar due to the communistic nature of the area in the past. There are a few things that catch your attention as you walk into Alex including a bar on the eastern side surrounded by simple walk up bars with lounge chairs facing the walkways for people to watch the rest of the world as it continues on. The overall density of the area is consistent with the surrounding area. It is surrounded by stores and completely open in the middle.

Source: Beth Clausing

Landmarks at Night

Germany

Alexanderplatz Details Source: Elizabeth Brady

Germany 64

Source: Beth Clausing

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Places for Activity and Rest

Transportation Options

Source: Beth Clausing

Night Activity

Landmarks

Source: Beth Clausing

Diverse Usage

Germany

Functional Dimension Alex is connected to its surroundings in every way. It is extremely simple to walk to Alex if you are within a few miles of it due to the good walking infrastructure. Other options of getting to Alex include using the trains while are in the middle of Alex at the train station, the trams that circulate out of Alex like arteries and as most Berliners get around, bikes. Alex is a very open area that does not necessarily have just two ways of walking. There is no gridded street pattern to it since it is simply a gathering space and not that large in retrospect. You see people walking every which way to all the different outlets on all sides of it. All of the forms of transportation work well with each other throughout all of Berlin but especially through this area. In comparison to the United States if a bicyclist went through the middle of a public square with a lot of people walking through it it would be frowned upon and they would most likely be scolded by a few individuals. But it works in Berlin and in Alexanderplatz. There is a respect for all forms of transportation and they all work very well together.

Source: Beth Clausing

World Clock Landmark

Unter Den Linden Street - Berlin

Germany

Background Unter den Linden is a major street in Berlin that a boulevard of linden trees was planted by the Great Elector in 1647 in front of the gates to the city. They originally connected the palace to Tiergarten so the king could reach his hunting grounds more comfortably. At the end of the 17th century it became the central axis to the suburb of Dorotheenstadt. During the 18th century grand plans were made to dedicate it to the arts and sciences, bringing cultural pieces to the area, however those plans were paused for the Frederican wars. During the 19th century a new urban space was created between Brandenburg Gate and Castle Bridge. This was done to celebrate the freedom from Napoleon and therefore was filled with monumental buildings and statues of important generals. For the next hundred year the site was used by the Kaisers and then by the Naziâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s for power demonstrations. During the 20th century, the area was destroyed during the Second World War. Buildings in the eastern section were restored to the historical condition. After the wall went up in the 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, most of the buildings near the border were embassies of allied countries. The buildings on the western side were built in a modern style to reflect the image GDR wanted to send about their level of modernity. Since the GDR was dissolved, Pariser Platz has been reconstructed to match historical ground plans. Since then the area has become an upscale area full of nice hotels, embassies, along with centers for the arts and sciences.

Germany

Source: Google Earth

1943

1953

2006

Morphological Dimension The street has been an important part of the development of the city over time, especially relating to the power struggles in the country. It was constructed as a path from the palace to the Great Electorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hunting grounds, making the trip more enjoyable. Friedrich II wanted to make it a Forum of culture, focusing his political manifesto on a link between him, the sciences and the arts. The urban space between Brandenburg Gate and Schlossbrucke was created to honor the victory over Napoleon, which added monumental buildings and statues to the space. The Kaiser and Nazis used this space to show power. The Nazis used it for the Olympic torch final destination location, parade grounds and a gathering place for speeches. During the Second World War, it was destroyed by bombing efforts. Reconstruction of the street and surrounding areas was based on power struggles between a variety of groups with differing agendas. Some wanted to secure historical buildings, others wanted to use the area for different political needs, mainly communist and socialist-realist. When the East German State was established the street restoration was designed to show that they were capable of political-economic power. Marxist-Leninist ideas proved important to the restoration of most of the buildings as they honored architecture as an art form through socialist-realism. Plans for complete redevelopment of the area were in place but never acted on as the focus shifted away from creating a grand parade space to creating socialist housing projects. However they occasionally still focused on rehabilitating one single important building at a time. The site was given attention due to its proximity to the Berlin Wall; since the fall of the wall and a unified Germany the area has served as a meeting place between the two and has been well redeveloped and restored. Source: Google Earth

2013

Germany

Source: Beth Clausing

Street Culture

Source: Beth Clausing

Street Wayfinding

Street Cafes

Germany

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Source: Beth Clausing

Lunch Time Crowd

Street Life

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Street Performer

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Bicycle Taxis near Brandenburg Gate

Source: Beth Clausing

Night Traffic

Source: Beth Clausing

Joining Walkway

Germany

Source: Beth Clausing

Parisierplatz at Night

Social Dimension

Source: Beth Clausing

The street is a wide boulevard, in the center there are four rows of linden trees. Outside of that, there are the lanes of traffic, one direction on each side. Beyond that, there is a wide sidewalk and grand public buildings. There are quite a few embassyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, along with cultural jewels. The center space is quite wide to allow street vendors and busy commercial areas to have space while also creating an easily walkable axis between Pariser Platz and the statue of Fredrick the Great that is on the site. People work, shop and visit the area, however there is not residential nearby. Because of the embassies and cultural heritage that lives on this site, it is fairly well protected, at least along the edges. Pariser Platz does not have security, as it is a public square. With the Brandenburg Gate at the end between the boulevard and Tiergarten, there are many tourists in the area.

Brandenburg Gate at Night

Source: Beth Clausing

Germany

Street Landmark

Visual Dimension The quality of the street is good from after the war, at least. It was kept in decent shape by the GDR because it was right next to the wall, allowing people from the other side to see how the Communists were doing at keeping up public spaces. After the war, there were many bombed out buildings that have been rebuilt or replaced. The landscape in the area has been restored to recall the historical significance.

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Street Artist

Germany

Street Details Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Germany 74

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Multiple Uses

Places for Meeting

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Utilized Space

Large Amounts of Street Activity

Germany

Functional Dimension There are a variety of activities along the road, mainly programs such as commercial, cultural and public service. The circulation of the space is based on pedestrian in the middle and along the edge, next to the buildings, with one-way traffic on either side of the center allee, creating a boulevard. The square allows for many activities to come as needed, while the central space in the boulevard is used for street vendors stalls.

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Integrated Systems

HafenCity - Hamburg

Background Germany

The HafenCity urban project on the northern shore of the Elbe River in the central core of Hamburg, Germany, is currently stated as the single largest inner-city development in Europe. The project of 157 hectares is unlike many other downtown development projects. The project’s materiality and mix of uses is particularily notable. not only for the style in which it was created using artificial mounds or warfts, but the variety of uses the plan calls for. These uses include workplace, residential, cultural, leisure, and tourism uses. The area also contains a vast array of retail facilities to meet the needs of not only the residents, but those coming to area to visit. The HafenCity urban project master plan by Kees Christiaanse with help from the HafenCity Hamburg GmbH and the Hamburg Urban Development and Environment Ministry was approved February 29th in 2000 by the Hamburg Senate, but lacked any sort of detailed planning for the eastern part of the plan. The three neighborhoods in eastern part were only planned with a flexible basic framework, lacking a clear end goal. However in 2010 with intensive public discussion, with a more than 40 events, a detailed plan for the three eastern neighborhoods was developed. HafenCity was not an empty area of land in which the German government and developers had free reign to do what they wished with. The area of where HafenCity now resides was once an important shipping and industrial center for the city of Hamburg and even to many a gateway to both North American and South American cultures. During the 1940’s, the area was almost completely destroyed by allied bombing during World War II due to its commercial and industrial importance. After World War II, the area was largely rebuilt into the same sort of commercial and industrial port, but soon the use of larger cargo ships would ultimately lead the container terminals and container storages area to the southern shore of the Elbe River. In the 1997, the Senate made the choice to create a new city on the northern shore, which would be known as HafenCity. The area was almost entirely cleared of existing buildings to be replaced with new “Green” sustainable structures with an exception of a few structures.

Source: Google Earth

1943

2000

2013

Germany

Source: Google Earth

Morphological Dimension The HafenCity urban development is nestled along the northern shore of the Eble River in Hamburg, Germany. This 157 hectares site was once an important industrial and commercial shipping center for Germany, however has recently turned into one of Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest inner-city development projects. This trendsetting sustainable development concept will enlarge the city center by roughly 40 percent and contain a gross floor area (GFA) of 2.32 million square meters for new buildings. The master plan also calls for more than 6,000 homes and hopes to create more than 45,000 new jobs when completed. Currently the site is still in development, however 56 projects have been completed to date with 49 under construction or planned for upcoming development. The structures onsite are not all entirely new, however most are, a few older structures have been saved and renovated for continued use. The Kaispeicher B, the oldest building in HafenCity, is a fine example of repurposing the old for the new. The Kaispeicher B was a warehouse from 1879 which was converted into a museum, the International Maritime Museum. However, like stated before most of the buildings are or will be new and ecologically and environmentally focused. This is the big concept of HafenCity, to become an ecologically and environmentally friendly area all while remaining sustainable.

Source: Elizabeth Brady

2014

Source: HafenCity

1943

2000

2013

Germany 79

Germany

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Public Space

Blending of Private and Public Space

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Public Seating

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Public Space Orientation toward other Systems

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Social Gatherings

Germany

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Temporary Events

Social Dimension

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Varied places for Interaction

Once a leading industrial port district, HafenCity is quickly becoming a social center for Hamburg. Many also consider HafenCity the new city center of Hamburg, supporting a diverse mix of uses and space. The uses call for a varied social infrastructure, which is ever evolving and growing with the new district. HaffenCity was developed as an “all in one” community, insuring that residents and visitors alike have a multitude of activities and spaces to choose from. All of the public spaces within HafenCity allow for social interaction for both visitors and residents alike. The best example of this is the public squares with HafenCity, like Marco-Polo terrassen, which allows for a many activities to happen within a single area, like biking, the displaying of art, sunbathing, eating, etc. People have the option to do what they wish for their enjoyment within the beautifully planted public spaces, which range from public squares to a large “central” park. Lohsepark or the “central” park, a large open space, will be constructed in the open coming years. Along with public space and parks, HafenCity was developed with cafés and shops to ensure that people could meet every need possible without leaving HafenCity. This also to be said about the education system, because there have been various schools, colleges, and a University built to again ensure the needs of the people are met. HafenCity is truly developing into an all in one community. 81

Citation: Jeremiah Lawson

Unique Materiality

Unique Interactive Art Elements

Germany

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Visual Dimension HafenCity, an urban development, was founded on an island in the middle of Elbe River and on a previous industrial and commercial port. The development covers 157 hectares with 127 of that being physical land. The Western part of the development is the only piece that is nearing completion, whereas the Eastern is still in the planning phase. The land area was full of older structures and larger warehouses. The designers saved a few of the older key structures to reuse and incorporated them into the design, however much of the area was leveled to make way for new sustainable structures and usable open spaces. The area was developed with a plethora of open and public spaces with vibrant views and a multitude of activities for people. The public parks, squares, and promenades are spread throughout HafenCity. When visiting the area many tend to first notice the modern styled buildings with a mixture of older structures, a network of public space, and vibrant residential units. But when studied closer, the area is beginning to develop a strong and distinct image separate from the surrounding area. HafenCity is quickly becoming the hub for bustling activity within Hamburg.

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Reuse of Past Structures

Germany

Visual Details Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Germany

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Functional Architecture

Areas for Water-based Transportation

Source: Elizabeth Brady

Reuse of Past Infrastructure

Pedestrian Priority

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Public Space in Unusual Places

Seperation of Pedestrian and Auto Connectivity

Citation: Jeremiah Lawson

Emphasis on Pedestrian Scale

Germany

Functional Dimension With a multitude of activities and spaces, HafenCity is becoming quite successful with the interaction between the private and public spheres. The public spaces within HafenCity were developed in a way to ensure that a range of people could, in comfort enjoy the space how they deem fit, either passive or active engagement. How the public spaces were designed, they allow for many activities to take place all at once, like biking, running, sun bathing, people watching, picnics, etc. HafenCity is not only quite successful with open spaces, but the overall lifestyle the area provides is one of a kind. The area allows people to life and work within close proximity to one another. The area is also home to many schools, colleges, just recently to a University, and a few museums. The overall area is quite pedestrian friendly and the need for a private automobile is not necessary. HafenCity is quickly becoming a city within a city, functioning like one in a total of 147 hectares.

Source: Jeremiah Lawson

Human-scale Connectivity

Germany

Works Cited Germany. Nachhaltigkeitsn strategie für Deustchland. Ten Years of Sustainability “Made in Germany”: National Sustainable Development Strategy. 11044 Berlin: Press und Information Office of the Federal Government. April 2012. Web. 14 April 2014. Germany. Infomaterial der Bundesregierung. Perpsectives for Germany: Our Strategy for Sustainabile Development. 11044 Berlin: Press und Information Office of the Federal Government. 2014. Web. 14 April 2014. Beatley, Timothy. Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities. Washington, DC: Island, 2000. Print. Rat für Nachhaltige Entwicklung.The German Sustainability Code: Recommendations by the German Council for Sustainable Development 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Rat Für Nachhaltige Entwicklung : The Sustainable Shopping Basket. The German Council for Sustainable Development RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. https://www.abroad.pitt.edu/index.cfm?FuseAction=Programs.ViewProgram&Program_ID=10843 https://app.box.com/files/0/f/1838502527/1/f_16145710251 http://www.bloomberg.com/blogs/sustainability/the-grid/37/?format=html http://planetgermany.wordpress.com/2010/11/20/munster-town-of-bicycles/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICE_IGB3.jpg http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/german-chancellor-angela-merkel-takes-a-tulp-from-a-robot-news-photo/483212811 http://www.voyagesphotosmanu.com/education_germany.html http://www.t-systems.hu/innovations/horizontal-innovation/horizontal-innovation Brandenburg Gate at Night. Photograph. Trip Advisor. http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g187323-d190518-Reviews-Brandenburg_Gate_ Brandenburger_Tor-Berlin.html November 2005 Web. 14 April 2014. Müller, Micahel. “Urban Construction.” Alexanderplatz Berlin/ Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment Berlin. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. n.d. Clarke, W.B. and Davies, B.R. “Amsterdam.” Engraving. 1835. 1835 S.D.U.K. City Map or Plan of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Geographicus. Web. 10 April 2014. Stangl, Paul. “Restoring Berlin’s Unter den Linden: ideology, world view, place and space.” Journal of Historical Geography 32 (2006): 352-376. Web. 8 April 2014. “Monuments in Berlin: Unter den Linden” Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment. n.p. n.d. Web. 8 April 2014. Google Earth Shot of Unter den Linden area in 1943. Photograph. n.d. Google Earth. Web. 12 April 2014 Google Earth Shot of Unter den Linden area in 1953. Photograph. n.d. Google Earth. Web. 12 April 2014 Google Earth Shot of Unter den Linden area in 2006. Photograph. n.d. Google Earth. Web. 12 April 2014 Google Earth Shot of Unter den Linden area in 2012. Photograph. n.d. Google Earth. Web. 12 April 2014 Koard, Peter. From the top of the Brandenburg Tor. Photograph. 1977. Historical Research blog. Web. 12 April 2014 Rossonera, “Unter den Linden.” Photograph. 2009. Trip Advisor. Web. 13 April 2014. Unter den Linden: Street View. Photograph. n.d. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment. Web. 13 April 2014.

Germany 87

DNK

Denmark

Dimsnsions

Sustainability

96 98 100 102

Superkilen Morphological Dimension Social Dimension Visual Dimension Functional Dimension

106 108 110 112

Stroget Street Morphological Dimension Social Dimension Visual Dimension Functional Dimension

116 118 120 122

Denmark

Ă&#x2DC;restad Morphological Dimension Social Dimension Visual Dimension Functional Dimension

Dimensions Denmark

Sustainability

Source: Will Hughen

Västra Hamnen Housing Development in Malmö

Source: Will Hughen

Cyclists in Copenhagen

Citation: Will Hughen

Source: Vendena

Denmark

Denmark is located in Northern Europe. It is bounded by Germany to the South, Sweden to the East and the North Sea to the North and West. The largest city in Denmark and the capital city is Copenhagen. Most recently, Denmark has been on the world stage as the country with the happiest people according to the World Happiness Report developed by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network in 2013. While it has long been accepted that wealth can impact happiness there is new research that suggests that environmental and social factors also play a large role in overall happiness. Denmark exceeded other nations in the happiness index ranking because of their strong performance in positive health outcomes and perception of social support. Sustainable environmental policies and social practices in Denmark today have directly contributed to the country’s role as a leader in sustainability and in overall happiness. Denmark’s investment in the environmental and social equity components of sustainability have translated into economic sustainability as well. Sustainable environmental practices in Denmark include traditional and nontraditional methods. The traditional methods include implementing alternative energy solutions and green building practices. The nontraditional methods include long range planning for climate change.

Development Connectivity

Source: Cphcool.d

City Architecture

Source: New Royal Playhouse

Denmark

New Royal Playhouse in Copenhagen

Source: Offshore Windmills

Source: Mountain Dwellings

Offshore Wind Turbines in Denmark

Mountain Dwellings Project in Ørestad

When you think of Denmark you may think of windmills. The country has a rich history of windmill use for agricultural use, in the 21st century Denmark has made an impact refining design, transportation and installation of modern windmills. The investment that Danish companies have made in wind power technologies have made the nation more sustainable environmentally and economically. Today, 28% of electricity in Denmark comes from wind power. In addition, 90% of today’s stock of offshore wind turbines were installed by Danish companies. While implementing alternative energy practices in Denmark is certainly a sustainable and forward-thinking practice the Danish government did not feel that alternative energy alone was a truly sustainable and resilient system for the future. Energy demands for the future are projected to continue to increase so a plan to reduce energy usage, Energy Strategy 2050, aims to address the greatest wastes of energy. The number one offender is buildings — consuming energy for temperature control and lighting. By taking

measure to ensure that new and old buildings are more energy efficient and less wasteful Denmark believes they can cut their energy consumption by 6% in 2020. Projections, like future demands for energy, are crucially important in the quest to be both a sustainable and resilient nation. Planning for climate change is similar. While there is no doubt that the climate is shifting it is unclear how quickly it shifting and what cities should do to be prepared. Copenhagen’s Climate Adaptation Plan beings to consider the ‘What Ifs’ of the future and how that will impact sustainability in Copenhagen. The plan creates and implementation framework that addresses projections based on Levels 1, 2 and 3 plans and within that prioritizes them by cost and probability. The main focus of these level is water management. If water can be managed by implementing local projects to improve sewers and rainwater run-off measure will not have to be taken to limit the scope an event. If the scope of the event can be limited effectively with warning

Source: Marstal Powerplant

The largest Danish Solar Powerplant in Marstal

Source: Politicians

Source: Rooftop Urban Garden

Denmark Politicians Cycling through Copenhagen

TagTomat (Roof Tomato) Urban Garden in Copenhagen

consumers an opportunity to meet the producers of their food. This as well as a shift in the Danish diet has been greatly attributed to the manifesto. Denmark is also home to many clean technology companies and they pride themselves on their environmental awareness. Companies such as Sunmark help power Denmark with various methods of green energy, with Sunmark in particular dealing with solar energy. Due to a long term public subsidy allocated to solar energy, Denmark has become one of the leading countries in the usage of solar energy. Ă&#x2020;rĂ¸ is home to the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest solar thermal energy plant, which provides all of the energy for the Danish island. With the innovations made in clean energy, the Danish are able to export energy solutions which have increasingly become more and more important in trade. Copenhagen is known as the first bike city in the world, and encourages biking throughout the city. With its pedestrian centric plan, Copenhagen caters to cyclists as a priority rather than their automobile counterparts. Copenhagen has a long

Denmark

systems and adaptable space that can hold water in a large event measures will not need to be taken educate the public on what to do if there is a large water event. This plan is a great example of how Denmark is not only trying to be sustainable, but also resilient to future changes. Sustainability reaches all areas of society in Denmark, as seen with its influence on food. By passing the New Nordic Food Manifesto in 2005, Denmark took large strides towards becoming a resilient and sustainable country in terms of food production. This manifesto pledged to steer away the tasteless yet efficient food produced at the time, and move toward foods that characterize the people and culture of Denmark. Due to the influx of organic foods, restaurants around the country began to prepare foods in new and unique ways. While staples such as open face sandwiches and fish are still prepared, the improved quality of ingredients used provides for better and more diverse food experiences. Groups like Copenhagen Food Cooperative work to provide a unique experience to that of the supermarket, offering the

Source: Will Hughen

Denmark

Ørestad Development

Source: Will Hughen

Seating near the Copenhagen Central Library

achieve carbon-neutral status by 2025, a policy that guides decisions in all city and regional planning challenges. Areas like transportation and urban design are receiving reevaluation in anticipation of reaching this goal and becoming the first carbon-neutral capital city. Copenhagen’s rapid sustainable planning policy for urban design has shaped many current choices in the city. The city mandates that all new buildings must “be created for life” in that structures must be designed to last well beyond their intended period of use. When designing a building or development, Copenhagen requires designers to include costs related to future energysaving building elements in structure cost. This ensures the high up-front costs of sustainable buildings are not overshadowed by their longterm benefits. Copenhagen developments such as Nordhavn and Ørestad have embraced this idea and Quite simply, Copenhagen is a model city for world implemented it on a major scale. Even the smallest sustainability that excels in all areas of resilience. details are not overlooked in these developments. Since its Post-WWII Master Plan, the city has Streetlights have received a comprehensive LED launched itself into the world of global recognition technology redesign in order to conserve 30-40% and imitation. The city is sustainable on in all areas of CO2. Municipal buildings and public squares of urban design and has implemented perhaps the in Copenhagen have been some of the first to most strict policies and benchmarks for sustainable receive these sustainable treatments. It is clear that growth and development. the national and local government’s approach to sustainable urban design is not viewed as a fad but In 1947, Copenhagen adopted the Fingerplanen a strong commitment to creating a society that will (Finger Plan), a sustainable development strategy continue to excel for many generations. that continues to guide Copenhagen’s regional Copenhagen’s transportation network is planning. In the plan, development was restricted a model for sustainability throughout all modes. to five corridors (the fingers) centered around The use of bicycles is widespread and nearly the S-Train Commuter Rail, all emulating from the highest percentage of population in the world. city center (the palm of the hand). In the original Copenhagen has encouraged bicycling by following plan, most land uses were only permitted in each the idea that people will travel by the mode that corridor development zone, with the area between moves them from origin to destination in the least reserved for agriculture, recreation, and green time possible. Using an automobile in Copenhagen space. The plan’s general image can be observed has been disincentivized by simply making it take today even though it was only followed to a general more time to travel. Because the bicycle became degree. the fastest mode of transport, many individuals Today, failing to recognize the benefits have switched and adopted this sustainable of sustainability is an issue that plagues many transport option. Copenhagen has also developed urban areas; in Copenhagen, this is not the case. its Metro system in response to street congestion A lineage of mayors have adopted direct personal among automobiles and bicyclists. and political opinions on the matter. This political support has guided Copenhagen’s decision to

Source: Will Hughen

Västra Hamnen Housing Development in Malmö

Interconnected Systems in Västra Hamnen

In order to become a sustainable city, Malmo took several measures: 1. Housing project near the shore In the late 1990s, Malmo developed a housing plan for the area near the sea shore. In 2001, the city held a city building exposition (Bo01). New apartments and villas were built up and become the city’s new community. The exposition was mainly divided into two parts as “temporary exhibition area” and “permanent residential district”. The Residential district that it showed was very ecological sustainable and the renewable energy system was named the best energy-saving projects, and is recognized as the demonstration project for sustainable building. 2. Garbage classification and energy conversion In Malmo, only 5% of the waste of the city is directly goes to landfill. Garbage disposal is being classified, grinding, and recycled. And these wastes can be turned into electricity and other energy. What is most important, the energy production is enough to meet the demand of households’ lighting electricity usage throughout the year. The buring of the waste also provide energy for households’ heating systems. Through a special pipe, the kitchen food waste can be collected and transformed into biogas. It can be used as the fuel of street bus.

3. The use of clean energy for heating Malmo is building a “zero emissions” community. In 1996, the government hired more than 20 construction companies and over 30 design companies to participate in a project called “Bo01”. The power in the community is mainly from wind and heating is mainly depends on the solar panels and heating pump. Many of the houses have installed the solar panles on the walls and roofs. The panels are becoming a main tool for providing renewable energy for the city. And the heating pump can obtain energy from the aquifer water. It also helps the city with energy saving.

Denmark

Malmo is the third largest city in Sweden. It is located at the southern Sweden and near the Baltic sea. On the other side of the strait is the Danish capital, Copenhagen, the two cities are connected by trains and ferries. Besides that there are train-ferry connections between Trelleborg and Malmo, which is a city south of Malmo and Saass Marcantonio in German. Malmo is a typical European industrial city. The city began to experience heavy development in the 19th century. In the 1970s, because of the open immigration policy, Malmo attracted a large foreign population. So far, 40% of Malmo residents have foreign background, 30% of residents were born abroad. At Malmo, even though there are only 30 million people, you may hear over 170 kinds of different. In the 1960s, Malmo put much efforts on developing industry, shipyards , steel mills. Among them, cranes and large machinery are the symbol of the city. After 1970s, the world’s industrial production center gradually shifted from Europe to Asia, Malmo became depressed during this period. The port which used to be the central axis of city was wasted. And many factories were shut down. Malmo fail into its worst time from its best period became the highest unemployment rate city in Swedish. However, at the decade between 1990s and 2000s, Malmo transformed from an industrial city into a green city, it is becoming one of the successful examples of sustainable urban development cities in Europe.

4. Flood control strategy on rooftops Every summer, Malmo is suffering plenty of rainfall. The rainwater often diffuses across the street. Therefore, Malmo government encourages citizen to plant green plants on the roof. So they cannot only successfully absorbs 50% of the rainwater, but also serves to prevent heat or cool air lose from the house. 5. Construction and building materials selection Because of cold weather conditions, the materials used for Malmo residential windows and wall can well reduce heat loss. The dwellings at coastal area are regular rectangular designed and the walls are thickened to against the wind. Large windows are designed for utilizing the natural lighting to reduce the power consumption. 95

Ă&#x2DC;restad

Background Denmark

At the end of the 1980s, Copenhagen was burdened with some serious problems: low economic growth rate, high unemployment rate, and the debts of the City were worrying. The situation was not much optimism for Denmark, and in general Copenhagen was not an attractive place for neither families nor companies. The government need to find a way to change this situation. That was why the Ørestad development plan was brought out. Ørestad is a zone located at Amager Island in Copenhagen Denmark. It is a newly developed zone between the old town of Copenhagen and Copenhagen International Airport. It is a zone of 3.1 million km² with length 3 miles and width 2000 feet. Though the connection of rail transit, people can go to the central station in Copenhagen in 7 minutes from Ørestad. The Copenhagen international airport is located at the eastern of Ørestad with few minutes’ drive. In addition, by using the bridge between Denmark and Sweden, people can go to Malmo, the third largest city in Sweden within 30 minutes.

Morphological Dimension

Denmark

This unique location gives Ørestad many development advantages. In order to develop this area, Ørestadsselskabet (Ørestad Development Corporation I/S) was established in 1993 to plan both the new Ørestad and the building of the new metro of Denmark. According to the development plan, Ørestad is being divided into 4 areas: Ørestad Nord, Ørestad city, Ørestad Syd and the Amager Fælled District. Ørestad Nord is the most developed district. The main building and places of this district are DR Byen, the IT University and the University of Copenhagen, Amager. Ørestad City was being developed since 2001. By then end of 2006, the development plan was finished and this district was defined as the city central of Ørestad. There are many amazing housing projects located in the district. “The Mountain” and “VM House” are the ones that with several architecture rewards. Also, the large shopping mall - Field’s - is located in this district. Ørestad Syd is a district that under construction right now, in the future it will be an area with mixed use of residential and business uses. For the Amager Fælled District, only the eastern part has been developed. Amager Hospital, the, Ørestad Friskole, and the day-care center of Småland are located in this district.

Source: Google Earth

Ørestad North in 2014 98

Source: Google Earth

Ørestad South in 2014

Denmark

Source: Ran Duan

Ørestad under Construction

Citation: Ran Duan

Citation: Will Hughen

Large Sections of Ørestad remain Undeveloped

Strong Public Life

Source: Ran Duan

Ametity Access

Mixed Activity Spaces

Denmark

Source: Will Hughen

Source: Ran Duan

Activity Oriented toward Water

Source: Will Hughen

100

Pak Seating Detail and Materiality

Source: Will Hughen

Movable Seating

Seating Detail

Source: Will Hughen

Water Seating

Source: Will Hughen

Park Seating

Ørestad provides a great space for people living and working. According to the development plan, Ørestad will continue to be developed in next 40-50 years. By the end of the development, at least 80,000 people will be working here and almost 20,000 people will be living in Ørestad. Also, the two universities: The University of Copenhagen and the IT University are located at Ørestad. Students are enjoying the nice studying environment here. Besides the two universities, Ørestad also offers pre-university education. Ørestad Gymnasium opened in 2007 and since then it has been the most applied-for upper secondary school in Denmark. In summer of 2005, Ørestad built its own private school. In the year 2011 the first public school opened next to the gymnasium which made Ørestad a better place for families. Today, more than 10,000 people are working at Ørestad. There are various kinds of companies in Ørestad and most of them are IT companies, the ones related to medical and consultancy. More than 6,000 residents are living in Ørestad. They are benefiting from different forms of parks/green spaces, cultural life and different cafés and restaurants in this district. Urban life in Ørestad has developed so much since the area was undeveloped. However, the development will never ends, people will never stops on the way pursuing a smarter life.

Denmark

Social Dimension

101

Source: Ran Duan

Unique Architecture

Denmark

Visual Dimension The whole district is about 3.1 million km². It is not a very large space, but with sustainable development concept, Ørestad can be a great example for the future city. According to the development plan, one third of Ørestad’s area consists of parks and green areas. The development plan is aiming to create a livable space for the residents. The density of the city will be different as time passes. Right now, many places of Ørestad is under development and there is an increasing number of people being attracted to this district every day. But there is no doubt that Ørestad is providing high quality living environment for people who living and working there.

Source: Ran Duan

Unique Architecture

102

Denmark

Visual Details Source: Will Hughen

103

Citation: Ran Duan

Denmark

Covered Bicycle Parking Interior

Citation: Ran Duan

104

Source: Will Hughen

Coverd Bicycle Parking

Covered Bicycle Parking

Source: Ran Duan

Source: Will Hughen

Uninterruptted Urban Life

Public Transportation Integration

Source: Will Hughen

Pedestrian Zone Designation

Public Space

Source: Will Hughen

Small Market

Functional Dimension Denmark

Since Ørestad is so close to the motorway and the new Sound Bridge as well as the tunnel connection, the location makes Ørestad has a wonderful beginning for development. Ørestad is between Central Copenhagen and the airport makes it became the middle point of main transit system. In addition, via the Sound Bridge people can easily go to Sweden. All of these provide a great opportunity for Øresund. Getting to and from Ørestad is very easy. Today Ørestad City has six Metro stations and it is a large benefit for people who living and working here, no matter they are living in Ørestad or Copenhagen. Besides that, the Metro drives through Ørestad every 3 minutes during peak hours and every 6 minutes outside peak hours. The efficient schedule is also a plus for Ørestad. The Metro connects Ørestad with the City of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg and other places with Copenhagen’s other railway systems and it is still a developing system. The lines to Copenhagen Airport opened at the end of 2007 really made Ørestad has more advantages for attract more business and residents. From the beginning, Ørestad was meant to be a sustainable city district. The area was designed with functional transportation system and what needs to be mentioned is the system is associating with bicycle lanes in order to minimizing the amount of private vehicles driving on the roads. In order to support public transportation and the environment, the Ørestad Development Corporation adapted a parking standard that let commercial and private car owners to share the parking spaces. In addition, parking spaces Source: Will Hughen

Bicycle Parking under a Structure

105

Superkilen

106

Background Denmark

Superkilen is located in Copenhagen, Denmark in the NĂ¸rrebro district. It is a 30,000 square meter park that was opened in 2012. It is a park built to reflect diversity and functionality in a modern world. Its aesthetic is very unique, with a section of the part painted red, another painted black and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s variety of installations throughout. With each installation comes a small description of its origin, to educate visitors on the world outside of their home. One of the most unique parks in the world calls Copenhagen its home.

107

Source: Google Earth

Superkilen in 2001

Superkilen Today

Source: Wikipdeia Commons

Superkilen Today

Denmark

Morphological Dimension

Source: ArcH2O

Superkilen Plan

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Superkilen is a half mile long urban space, filled with various attractions to define the space. It is divided into three spaces, with various surfaces and colors used to define space and give new life to everyday objects. The three sections include the red square, an urban living room and green space. The largest of these sections is the green space, and it is situated along a hill. The park is very narrow but is full along the entire span. The bike paths were reorganized to fit better with the space as well as new connections made. There was also an extra middle lane and a speed bump added to calm traffic. The red square is the smallest of the sections and encompasses the market and sports activities. It is an extension of the neighboring Norrebrohall, a gymnasium located in the area. The colored surface is integrated both in terms of colors and material with the NĂ¸rrebrohall and its new main entrance, where the surface merges inside and outside in the new foyer. Included in the area are a fitness area, playground, Thai boxing, Iraqi swings, sound system from Jamaica and more. There are also red trees and a basketball court located here. The black square is known as the urban living room, and is intended to encourage social interaction. Mimers Plads is the heart of the Superkilen Master plan. Locals can meet around the Moroccan fountain, the Turkish bench, under the Japanese cherry-trees as the extension of the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s patio. During the week some of the features are reconverted such as permanent tables, benches and grill facilities serve as an urban living room for backgammon, chess players etc. The bike traffic is moved to the east side and enables a bike ramp between Hotherplads and the intersecting bike path connection. There is also a hill located in the north.

Denmark

Source: Terel Howard

Low Night Use

Source: Terel Howard

Low Night Use

Neon Activates Space at Night

109

Source: Will Hughen

Red Square Social Opportunities

Unique Interaction Space

Denmark

Source: Will Hughen

Semi-private Public Space

Source: Will Hughen

110

Social Activity

Source: Will Hughen

Black Square Social Activity

Programmed Event Poster

Source: Will Hughen

Opportunities for Impromptu Social Interaction

Source: Will Hughen

Multiple Public Space Uses

Due to its location and construction, Superkilen is a prime location for social interaction in Copenhagen. The park features objects from across the world, including benches, lampposts and trash cans, to create a diverse environment. This park was created to resemble an urban garden, with concrete landscapes replacing vegetation and allowing for social connections. In the red square a range of recreational offers and the large central square allows the local residents to meet each other through physical activity and games. Physical activity allows for a healthier population and these games can be played by people from different cultures to interact. Not only does the red square provide these opportunities but the black square as well. Its purpose of an urban living room is realized in the games of chess, backgammon and other various games played. Superkilenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dedication to incorporating diversity in their project is key in describing the social dimension. Over 60 nationalities are represented, making visitors from across the world feel home while encouraging the local residents to learn more about others. By educating its visitors, the cultural boundaries begin to break down and improve social interaction.

Denmark

Social Dimension

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Source: Will Hughen

Superkilen Plan

Public Art

Denmark

Visual Dimension Superkilen is a very visually intricate space with bright colors and distinctive structures that provide a unique experience to Copenhagen. The entire space is a work of art, incorporating structures from over 60 countries around the world. The visual dimension is key in creating a successful space and Superkilenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unique visual capacity sets it apart from any other park in the world. The bright colors of the red square have a distinct appeal and define the space while making it inviting. The incorporation of installations from around the world is not only functional, but their visual components add an element not found anywhere else in the world. The features installed around the park have a variety of uses and are from many different countries. Some of these features include a neon dentist sign from Qatar and an octopus that is being used as a playground. The lines that dominate the black square are noted that they move around all of the installed features, making waves throughout the park. The red square has sharper corners painted along the ground that intersect all of its features.

112

Source: Will Hughen

Neon Signs

Denmark

Visual Details Source: Will Hughen

113

Source: Will Hughen

Denmark

Improvised Space Use

Source: Will Hughen

114

Source: Will Hughen

Room for Simultanious Activities

Mixing of Use

Source: Will Hughen

Semi-Private Use

Variety of Activities

Source: Will Hughen

Transportation Integration

Spaces for Unspecific Uses

Source: Will Hughen

Spaces for Specific Uses

Functional Dimension Denmark

With the primary function of this space being a park, the functional dimension is at the core of its design. Each segment of the park has elements that can be utilized practically. As Copenhagen leads the world in bike infrastructure, it is no surprise that there are bike paths throughout. They are incorporated into the aesthetics of the park, whether it is the red of the red square or the waves of the black square. By employing social interaction in these spaces, work has been done to get cultures together. In the red square this is done through physical activity. There are jungle gyms for children, as well as a basketball court and playground. In the black square there are permanent tables that can be used for a number of purposes; picnics, as well as games such as checkers or cards can be played here.

Source: Terel Howard

Open Plan Facilitates a Variety of Activities

115

Stroget Street - Copenhagen

116

Background Denmark

Strøget is a pedestrian zone centrally located in Copenhagen. It is known for being a bustling shopping district that connects two important public plazas. Strøget is a collection of streets all closed to vehicles. The 1.1 kilometer district connects Rådhuspladsen (City Hall Square) to Kongens Nytorv (King’s New Square). Despite Strøget’s overwhelming success and popularity just 50 years ago the area was much different. Not dissimilar from many other central urban areas built before the automobile Strøget was an area of the city invaded by automobiles. Streets built for pedestrians and carts became dominated by cars. In the 1960s influential Danes like Jan Gehl began to study and document public life in public spaces. A movement began to mimic successful pedestrian malls in Copenhagen. Many residents opposed the proposal to permanently close the streets to cars. Despite opposition, in November 1962 the streets were conditionally closed to car traffic. Because of a 35% increase of pedestrian usage of the area in just the first year of closure the area was permanently closed in 1968. After the area success became clear the city began investing money into making better pedestrian facilities and a more attractive public realm

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Source: Wikipdeia Commons

Source: Gammeltorv/Nytorv

Strøget in 1945

Rådhuspladsen (City Hall Square) before 1962

Source: Amagertorv

Strøget before 1962

Morphological Dimension Denmark

Strøget is a network of pedestrian streets. These streets are hugely important to the pedestrian connectivity in Copenhagen. The space offers visitors a variety of options all at a human scale. The area is comprised of three to four story tall buildings with occasional landmark buildings like a church or a public building. The series of public plazas provide areas of relief for rest, relaxation, and additional sun on nice days. Strøget streets measure 11 meters wide allowing the high volume of pedestrians to meander comfortably. Strøget attracts about 77,260 people during a summer weekday evening. This is likely due to the timeless nature of the place. The adaptable building stock and high quality pedestrian infrastructure make it an appealing place for shoppers of all ages. The pedestrian mall has proven to be a sustainable practice in Copenhagen and has been further duplicated by Jan Gehl in other parts of the world. Most recently, New York City’s Times Square

Source: Google Earth

Strøget in 2011 118

Denmark

Source: Nichole Martin

Use Near Landmarks

Source: Nichole Martin

StrĂ¸get Streetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Character

Heavy Pedestrian Use

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Source: Nichole Martin

Street Performers add Sensory Dimensions

Pedestrian Space

Denmark

Source: Nichole Martin

Semi-Private Venues for Interaction

Source: Nichole Martin

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Social Interaction not always Stationary

Source: Nichole Martin

Passive Interaction

Chance Interaction

Source: Nichole Martin

Design that promotes Social Interaction

People are attracted to other people. Despite naysayers that believed a pedestrian zone would not work in Copenhagen because of the culture or weather â&#x20AC;&#x201C; it has. There are seasonal fluctuations in the number of visitors, but it consistently remains busy year round. The legible human-scale streets put shoppers at ease. The physical attributes as well as sheer volume of people create a sense of safety for all types of users regardless of age or gender. The relationship between the buildings and the street enhance the social dimension. Visitors can visually interact with the window displays and shopkeepers from the street. Similarly, this relationship between the shops and the street enhances the sense of security and perception of safety along the pedestrian mall.

Denmark

Social Dimension

Source: Nichole Martin

Street Vendors

121

Source: Will Hughen

Distinctive Street Urban Design

Source: Nichole Martin

Unique Outdoor Seating

Denmark

Visual Dimension As Jan Gehl notes in his research of public spaces, as activity in public urban spaces has become more optional, the design of public urban space has had to elevate to a higher standard. During the industrial age the quality of urban spaces did not determine one way or another if people would use the urban space because they simply had to. Today, Strøget is an example of how high-quality urban spaces can be very attractive to people. The multitude of options that the Strøget provides is very attractive to visitors. There are a variety of businesses: unique local shops, chain stores and high-end fashion houses. There are also a variety of resting options: benches, movable tables and chairs and informal wall seating. It is a combination of people and goods that are visually stimulating to human eye while in Strøget. The places to rest allow visitors to enjoy all the aspects of the pedestrian zone Source: Nichole Martin

Outdoor Pop-up Markets

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Visual Details Source: Will Hughen

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Source: Nichole Martin

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Post Box

Source: Will Hughen

Pedestrian Zone Signage

Variety of Public Uses in One Public Square

Source: Nichole Martin

Self-service Post Office

Trash Collection

Source: Nichole Martin

Bicycle Storage requires no Infrastructure

All Space is for Pedestrians and Cyclists

Source: Nichole Martin

Directional Signage/Advertisment Board

Functional Dimension Denmark

Strøget is well connected to the rest of Copenhagen. Its main strength is its central location and connection to points of interest. The 1.1 kilometer zone begins at Rådhuspladsen (City Hall Square) and ends at Kongens Nytorv (King’s New Square). These major, historically important, plazas provide gateways into the area. The permeability of the district as a whole is hugely important to its long-term success. As a pedestrian on the streets the district is also very permeable. There is a visual permeability between the shoppers on the street and the building facades. The connection to activities in the city center is also important. Strøget is an area where important parades and royal events are held. The ability for visitors to engage in every day activity as well as special activities with entertainers and street vendors is especially unique. The central location and pedestrian connectivity to the rest of Copenhagen has made this

Source: Will Hughen

Undefined Space is Pedestrian Space

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Works Cited

Denmark

“Politicians.” Photograph. 2011. Bicycles to Visit the Queen. Copenhagenize. Web. 13 April 2014. “Offshore Windmills.” Photograph. 2008. The Law of Unintended Consequences. WoodenBoat Forum. Web. 13 April 2014. “New Royal Playhouse.” Photograph. 2011. Lundgaard & Tranberg’s New Royal Playhouse. Lundgaard & Tranberg Arkitekter. Web. 13 April 2014. “Mountain Dwellings.” Photograph. 2009. Fuzzy Logic: The Mountain Dwellings, Copenhagen. ArchDaily. Web. 13 April 2014. “Roofden Urban Garden.” Photograph. 2013. Danish roof-top-garden in Copenhagen named ‘TagTomat or ‘Roof Tomato’. CityFarmer. Web. 13 April 2014. “Marstal Powerplant.” Photograph. 2005. Marstal Powerplant Image. Wikipdeia Commons. Web. 13 April 2014. “Copenhagen Finger Plan.” Digital Image. 2012. Stylized Five Finger Plan Map. Tumblr. Web. 13 April 2014. Vendena, Greg. Bo01 and Västra Hamnen. Digital image. Buildipedia.com. N.p., 1 Apr. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Vendena, Greg. Ecocity Malmö: Sustainable Urban Development. Digital image. Buildipedia.com. N.p., 1. Apr. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2014 Municipality of Malmö. Västra Hamnen in Malmö with the Turning Torso. Digital image. Http://www.nordregio.se/en. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Vendena, Greg. Bo01 and Västra Hamnen. Digital image. Http://buildipedia.com. N.p., 1 Apr. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Cphcool.dk. Copenhagen-architecture. Digital image. Http://www.touristmaker.com/denmark/. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Ørestad-North Aerial. Photograph.2014. Google Earth. Web. 15 April 2014 Ørestad-South Aerial. Photograph.2014. Google Earth. Web. 15 April 2014 “Invest in Copenhagen’s New Neighbourhood.” Ørestad. CPH City & Port Development, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. Grabar, Henry. “Why Has Scandinavia’s Biggest Development Project Abandoned Its Master Plan?” Http://www.citylab.com. N.p., 30 Aug. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. Growing Copenhagen-The Story of Ørestad. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Www.orestad.dk. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

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P H O T O E S S A Y

Terry Barr Kurubel Belay Elizabeth Brady Beth Clausing Ran Duan Kori Goldberg Terel Howard Will Hughen Zach Karto Kai Kleer

Graffiti Bicyclist and Pedestrian Interaction Gathering Spaces Public Art Green Infrastructure Planters Alleyways Bicycling Infrastructure Public Fountains Streetscape Panoramic

Jeremiah Lawson

Transportation

Nichole Martin

Public Seating

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Graffiti - Terry Barr Graffiti is an important part of the urban landscape that reflects the culture of a cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inhabitants. Graffiti is often done on property without permission of the property owner. Although this may give the art a negative stigma there is often truth spoken about an areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s underlying social, cultural and political environment. Every work of graffiti is unique and connected to a specific space.

This piece of graffiti is located in Rotterdam on a storage container. The storage container is located near port with many ships, which explains some of the pictures like King Trident and the mermaid. This style of graffiti is very similar to cartoon animation. 130

This graffiti was located in Amsterdam beside the railroad tracks. The graffiti is a mixture of words and illustration. The larger words have been painted over older smaller piece of graffiti. The font of the word is very bubbly and blends together because it is so close to each other. 131

This piece of Graffiti is located in a skate park in Amsterdam. The graffiti is mostly illustration and relates to skateboarding as well as other extreme sports. The image of a spine or bones could be related to the injuries that people may experience when skateboarding. 132

This large graffiti piece containing mostly word is located on a side street in Amsterdam. The interesting thing about this piece is that you cannot see it unless you walk or look down the side street. It allows you see the piece of graffiti to be seen in different ways depending on how you interact with the street.

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This simple but effective piece of graffiti is next to a Berlin Power Plant. The graffiti is used to protest the plant and the use of coal. The artwork is simple but direct in getting the message of the dangers of coal factories. 134

This is graffiti that is part of the Berlin wall. This is just a small example of the different types of graffiti that can be found on the Berlin wall. This particular part of the wall is spreading the message of peace for the city of Berlin. 135

Graffiti can be found anywhere like this piece located on a utility box in Copenhagen. The style is very simple with large bubble letters. The purple paint is used to help the letters pop out and appear three dimensional. 136

Some graffiti can be simple works of art for example this piece located in Berlin. It is a superhero mask with a question mark on it. The superhero mask can appeal to people of all ages and is less offensive than some other works of graffiti. 137

Some graffiti can be used as advertising like this piece in Hamburg. This piece of graffiti saying Park Sport is located on the wall beside a skate park. This is an inviting piece of graffiti that promotes the skate park. 138

This piece of graffiti is located in Hamburg and is near a playground area for kids. The art is friendly for children who are playing in the area and sends a message to be respectful to other when playing. 139

This piece of graffiti is located under the shelter at a near a playground area in Berlin. The art is not offensive because of its location being visible by children. The colors used are prime colors that help the piece to pop out in the dark shelter. 140

This is located in Amsterdam near the waterfront. The graffiti is painted on building that house utilities. There are many different people who have painted on this building. This can be seen in the many different style of lettering used. The multiple styles of graffiti on the same site are a good way for people to show off and compare work of art to one another.

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Bicyclist

and

Pedestrian Interaction - Kurubel Belay

One of the most significant differences between American and European cities is the implementation of biking as a main mode of transportation. This photo essay aims to highlight the diverse and distinctive strategies European planners have utilized to accommodate bikers in addition to pedestrians in their cities. It showcases the methods meant to legitimize bike travel all while maintaining safe, efficient, and effective roadways across their cities.

A biker uses a bike path in a semi-commercial area near Westergasfabriek, Amsterdam. The signage and excess of traffic lights for both cars and bikers illustrates the intricacy of the Dutch road system. 142

Vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, and a tram cross a busy intersection in an Amsterdam plaza. The infrastructure of the intersection showcases the ease of accessibility to the plaza from the different parts of the city by a variety of means of transportation. 143

A bicyclist uses a dedicated bike lane in an older section of the former East Berlin. The bicycle lanes placed adjacent to vehicle lanes separate the flows of traffic and leave the sidewalks strictly for pedestrian travel. 144

A bicyclist travels alongside vehicles in a developing area of Western Berlin. Even without designated lanes, Berliners manage to safely share the roadways between vehicles, bicycles, and buses. 145

Separate traffic lights are designated for both bicycles and vehicles in most parts of Berlin. The separation of the two highlights the importance and relevance of biker transportation across the city. 146

The inner city of Potsdam has separated the modes of transportation by elevating the bicycle lanes and including a median between bicycles and vehicles. Due to its smaller population, a separate and less trafficked lane suffices for the transportation needs of the smaller city. 147

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Further into the city, colored lanes have been designated for bicyclists across intersections. The bottom right of the image shows a red bicycle lane that continues onto the red path across the intersection. The continuity of the lanes simplifies the mental model of the bicyclist and improves the lane usage.

The image showcases the separation of bicycle and pedestrian crosswalks. The separate and adjacent walkways both use individual traffic lights to accomidate the appropriate traveller. The division allows for quicker and safer travel for the inhabitants of the city. 149

A bicyclist yields to pedestrians crossing an intersection in Copenhagen. Considered one of the most biker friendly cities in the world, Copenhagen has incorporated bicycles into their daily transportation and culture. 150

Near the heavily trafficked square of Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, wide and highly salient bike lanes have been incorporated to accommodate the heavy bicycle usage. The bicycle lanes are greater than the car lanes and are meant to increase the flow of traffic within the area. 151

Bicyclists of all ages travel across the city during rush hour in Copenhagen. In a city where over a third of the workforce bikes to and from work daily, an average intersection can see upwards of 40,000 bikers per day. 152

Roads outside the inner city of Copenhagen have designated pathways strictly for bicycles and pedestrians. This accommodation decentralizes the focus on vehicles and more on sustainable modes of transportation. 153

Gathering Spaces - Elizabeth Brady Social gathering spaces are at the core of human interaction, which makes it a very important topic in any aspect of urban planning. We plan for the people and people have to have a place they can go to unwind and catch up on everyday life. Without places for people to go and meet up with friends, family and even coworkers we would be stuck inside and not able to enjoy the benefits of Mother Nature. In these photos you will be able to see what makes an outdoor space into a place people want to spend their time. Some of these variables include seating both movable and stationary, open space, entertainment and interactive infrastructures.

This is a perfect public space for anyone who is just trying to escape the city life. The calm water and public seating make it a great place to meet a friend for an afternoon picnic. 154

Alexanderplatz is the most used meeting places in Berlin. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s widely known TV Tower, Fountain of International Friendship and World Clock provide specific monuments to help tourists meet up with friends. 155

The Sony Theater in Potsdamer Platz is an area full of public as well as private seating. Its use of green space and fountains make it aesthetically pleasing and relaxing. 156

Unter de Linden is a boulevard that is located near many interesting parts of Berlin. It serves as a perfect spot to gather and take pictures of the historical monuments that surround it. 157

People love relaxing and soaking in beautiful scenery. This park in Berlin, Germany is the perfect place to do just that and sit back and relax in some lawn chairs and watch the nightly fountain show that the city performs. 158

Another way to enjoy a nice fountain show is to have an open space to lay down a blanket and get comfortable with your friends and loved ones. 159

HafenCity is a great place to gather with a group of people. Throughout the whole area there is plenty of places for the community members and workers to take a break from their daily tasks. 160

Playgrounds area an obvious place to gather with friends and family. This specific park was not like one you would see in the United States. There were places for parents to relax while the children played on numerous types of play equipment. A nice thing about this park is that the community members got to have a say it what went in it.

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Placement of public seating needs to be taken into consideration when planning a public space. These benches were strategically placed so multiple people could gather on one together as well as look out into the harbor. 162

Throughout research in place making it is proven that people like seats that they can move around at their own will. The red chairs in this photo were moved multiple times throughout the day to help people sit by friends or have an independent lunch. 163

In the city center of Hamburg there are plenty of place to sit and look out into the harbor during your break or after a hard days work. 164

A gathering space doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t always need to be filled with interesting activities or even seating. It can consist of an open space in the heart of a city where people can run around and play. 165

Public Art - Beth Clausing I have chosen to examine public art as it relates to the public spaces and how people use the surrounding areas. I wanted to see if the presence of art influenced the type or number of people who were in the space. I was hoping to find that art has a positive effect on the space, raising the value of the surrounding area, and creating strong communities. Along the way I found that typically public art was something in public spaces, however it wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t apparent how much of an impact it was actually having on the public spaces, particularly on the side of the road where people seemed to simply move past them.

In this image you can see how two pieces of sculpture are placed along a trail in a park. This placement allows people to utilize the space nearby but only temporarily as people will continue along the path and cannot actually access either pieces. 166

In this image you can see a famous landmark of Amsterdam that is a feature of many photos, this is typically a highly tourist visited area as people pose along the words. I believe that while this is not the most typical form of public art or sculpture, it is a successful piece, as people come to take pictures and then see the surrounding areas.

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In this image you can see a wave like sculpture that comes out of the ground before disappearing into it again. I appreciate that this piece of work relates to the surrounding area as it is on the waterfront, while also offering a variety of uses to the people who pass by. 168

In this image you can see a sculpture that is in Gartens der Welt, that is set in the more pastoral area of the park, rather than in an area dedicated specifically to a culture. I was intrigued by this one as it is in a slightly depressed area, and no one was using any of the space near it. 169

In this image you can see how a piece of art is used as an entrance marker to a playground and to highlight a water collection area behind the sculpture. This sculpture seems to be one that most simply walk past on a regular basis or use as a landmark, rather that using the space around it. 170

In this image you can see an abstract piece that is near the edge of the water in a park. Here I believe people use the surrounding areas, but I am not sure that the sculpture has impact on the amount of use or types of use that occur nearby. 171

In this image you can see how a piece of sculpture has the ability to go through a wall rather than simply staying on one side. Because it goes through, there is a hole in the wall that allows you to peek through and see what is happening on the other side. 172

In this image you can see a dragon that is near a playground, it appears to be partially underground. I believe that this one helps the space as it encourages a sense of magic and play in an area that allows people to express both while playing. 173

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In this image you can see a bust that is there to greet you at the bottom of the stairs in the gardens surrounding the palace in Potsdam. I found this one interesting as it was placed at a height that made it hard to interact with either from the bottom of the stairs or from the top. The stairs leading down were very worn however so it is obvious many people have at least past through the space.

In this image you can see how a bench and a sculptural element can come together to form one piece that adds to the space it is in. I believe that while this combination makes it hard to see the art while sitting, it does make the space around the art more appealing and therefore more functional and appreciated.

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In this image you can see a sculpture that is not only something to experience by walking around or near, but you can walk through. I find this type of sculpture more interesting as you can have a much different experience by walking within and interacting with the shadows created within. 176

In this image you can see a sculpture located outside of the Orestad housing project, within a plaza space. While the areas around the apartment buildings did not seem active while we were visiting, the space seems functional and it could act as a central meeting point. 177

Green Infrastructure - Ran Duan Transportation energy use, especially fossil fuels, makes up a large portion of each countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy consumption. GHG emissions increase as fossil fuel use increases. European countries have put forth much effort to reduce vehicles on the roads and use renewable energy for transportation. This photo essay captures some of the most common facilities, as well as some novel ones.

A charging station for electric vehicles in Amsterdam. Charging is free and people can get a free parking ticket for charging their car. The government encourages people to use electric vehicles. 178

Tram in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Amsterdam has a developed tram system, which has been a mean public transportation tool of the city. 179

A train track in Berlin, Germany. The train in Berlin is a combination of subway and train. The lines cover almost all the area of Berlin. 180

Bike renting facility in HafenCity, Hamburg, Germany. Bike renting stations are quite common in Hamburg. By simply insert the card in the machine people can pick or return a bike at every station in the city. 181

Subway in Hamburg, Germany. The subway system helps the city to reduce traffic load. 182

Car-to-go in HafenCity. All car-to-go vehicles are electric. 183

Bike renting facility in Copenhagen, Denmark. Bikes are the main transportation tool in Copenhagen. There are lots of functional bike facilities in this city. 184

Electric car charging station in Copenhagen, Denmark. 185

A parking meter with a solar panel on it in Copenhagen, Denmark. 186

Train station in Copenhagen, Denmark. In addition to the bicycles, the train is another important public transportation choice for people. 187

An electric car charging station in Malmo, Sweden. There are small pieces of solar panels on the roof. 188

This E-Vehicle Charger is called The Giraffe. It is a hybrid wind-solar power station, which produces up to 11,000 kWh/year of green power. Malmo, Sweden. 189

Planters - Kori Goldberg I chose to analyze planters for my critical analysis because I am interested in ways nature is integrated into cities. Biophilia is the predisposition for humans to crave contact with nature, a term coined by environmental researcher and activist E.O. Wilson. Planters are a great way for cities to include nature that require relatively low maintenance. They can attract customers, offer a visual break from the hard surfaces of buildings and sidewalks, and make pedestrian areas more appealing to walk. Interaction with nature has been proven to improve both concentration and mood. The planters themselves and the flowers that filled them differed across the countries though there were some common themes throughout. Planters in many of the plazas of Amsterdam were filled with bright, tall tulips, taking advantage of the short season for the colorful blooms. 190

Many of the cafĂŠs and shops in Amsterdam had unique planters outside, such as this metal planter filled with a variety of flowers including daisies, muscari, and daffodils. The planters made walking along the streets and sitting along the canals more enjoyable. 191

The planters in Rotterdam along the water had a tropical theme, such as these palms in square stone pots at a waterside eatery. There was notably less greenery in Rotterdam than in Amsterdam. 192

This fancy planter was located near Potsdamer Platz, West Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main shopping center. The upkeep of this planter is an indication of the clean, upscale atmosphere of the area. The different shapes of the structure, the pansies and the tree make the planter a charming addition to the sidewalk.

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The planters at Westergasfabriek mimicked the theme of the urban park. Like the park that was transformed from a coal power plant to a â&#x20AC;&#x153;culture parkâ&#x20AC;?, these planters appear to be repurposed as well, from garbage cans to planters. 194

The landscaping of the grounds at Charlottenburg Palace was impressive in size and quality. The pots were all the same but the trees were different, offering an interesting contrast of tree types, colors and sizes. 195

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The planters in East Berlin were less well-maintained. The general area was not as clean or modern as its western counterpart; the atmosphere and delayed development a lingering consequence of the Cold War. As opposed to the neatly manicured flowering pots in West Berlin, an overgrown cypress tree sits in an ordinary pot along East Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s streets.

At Garten der Welt, or Gardens of the World, in Berlin there were artful planters brimming with a diversity of flowers around every corner. This particular one included twigs painted light blue to bring a new color and height dimension to the planter. 197

The majority of planters were filled with pansies, a good option for their durability during cooler weather, the ease of planting and removing them and their countless combinations of bright colors. 198

These planters in Hafencity fit with the over-the-top, beautiful atmosphere of the city. The fun wooden baskets and bright petunias correspond with the fair theme of the area, centered on the giant Ferris wheel seen in the background. 199

In the upscale shopping area of Hamburg the planters were simple and neatly clipped. This brings greenery into the area to improve shopper experience without distracting from the clothing and items for sale. 200

The planters along the coast of the Elbe River had a nautical theme. Along the water near the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main library were square wooden planters filled with sand, little toys and sparse plants. 201

Alleyways - Terel Howard An alley is defined as â&#x20AC;&#x153;a narrow lane, path, or passage way, often for pedestrians only, which usually runs between or behind buildings in cities.â&#x20AC;? Often in America, these spaces are not utilized and can be dark, unsafe and uninviting. Throughout this trip I have noted many instances which show the possibilities of these spaces. With increased density across Europe, space is at a premium. Therefore, there was a need for creative solutions to solve these problems making these spaces intertwined with public life. These small passageways act as capillaries to these cities, pumping life in the most miniscule areas. Making these spaces safe and inviting is key and it must serve as a blueprint to improving alleyways elsewhere. An alleyway in Amsterdam, which has enough space for one car to pass through. This is one of the wider alleys, but it also has areas for residents to use the space in front of their homes for social interaction. 202

One of the first alleyways I encountered in Amsterdam. It is only wide enough for one small vehicle to pass through, but is still well lit and used by the surrounding residents. 203

Along the canals of Amsterdam there are many small alleys, this particular one included a flower market. Although the space is small, every inch of it is being used with the market on the left and shops on the right. 204

Near Reeperbahn in Hamburg, there are alleys lining the streets that hide housing. Behind this gate there was a small plaza with green space and entrances to many apartments. 205

This alley in Hamburg had a large gate to help provide privacy for residents. Behind this gate there was green space as well as movable furniture where social interaction took place. 206

An alleyway in Copenhagen which was full of shops, yet well lit. Using the most of the space provided is key and even though the passageway is small these businesses still are active and thriving. 207

An alleyway in Copenhagen leading to private residences. This area is used for parking of cars as well as bicycles and provides a private courtyard for residents. 208

A private alleyway in Copenhagen, which contains a bench and other movable furniture. While the area wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t being used during the visit, it is an excellent area for social interaction. 209

A private alleyway in Copenhagen, leading to private gardens. This area also contained some parking and the green space is key in its functionality. 210

Another example of a private alleyway in Copenhagen. There were doors to residences lining the alley and parking in the interior. This provided for optimal use of space with very little waste. 211

A green alleyway in Amsterdam that was being used solely as a bike path. It was located in the heart of the city, yet the greenery was kept as a key feature of the pathway. 212

An alleyway in Malmo used as outdoor seating for a restaurant. While this alleyway was not lit very well, it provided a different experience while eating and used the space adequately. 213

Bicycle Infrastruture - Will Hughen The United States lags behind most countries in bicycle usage, acceptance, and safety. This is alarming. As a mode of transport, it is undeniable that bicycling is the ideal from a sustainability perspective. It is relatively fast compared to energy expended, produces no emissions, and is cost-effective. In order for bicycling to increase in popularity, it must become the quickest option for transportation. Implementing innovative bicycle infrastructure in the United States is critical - luckily, one does not have to look far to find best practice. Bicycle parking is a challenge directly approached in the Netherlands. When given the option, the Netherlands typically chooses to expand bicycle parking capacity rather than automobile parking. This project, the Fietsflat (literally, bicycle flat), can accommodate 2,500 bicycles in a facility built over a canal. 214

It is easy to tell what mode of transportation has priority in the Netherlands. Besides dedicated lanes, the shape of the roadway can provide insight into bicycle priority. This traffic calming speed bump is designed to accommodate pedestrians as an at-level crosswalk while being accommodating to cyclists. The design slows the speed of cars but not the speed of pedestrians or bicyclists. 215

The city of Amsterdam dispatches overflow bicycle parking barges in areas of heavy construction activity. This innovative strategy is practical for a city reclaimed from water. The barges promote cycling in times of development and can be moved dependent on demand. 216

Dedicated bicycle traffic lights are common in all areas of Europe. This simple infrastructure addition helps ease conflicts between automobiles, cyclists, and pedestrians, ultimately impacting the safety of all travelers. In this image, there are bicycle traffic lights dedicated to continuing straight or turning left, a common occurrence at complex intersections.

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This Berlin intersection features a separated space dedicated to bicyclists who are waiting to turn left in a so-called Copenhagen Left Turn. In the United States, a bicyclist typically rides with traffic to complete a normal left turn. In the Copenhagen Left Turn process, an individual turning left at an intersection proceeds straight and then left in two separate phases. This left turn strategy is nearly fool-proof in terms of safety; the added 218 infrastructure only encourages safe cycling.

In Europe, it is a priority to accommodate all modes of transportation in areas of construction. For bicyclists, this often leads to challenging situations. Berlin confronts these challenges head on by creating yellow temporary bicycle lanes and adding in ramps in places with sectional changes. 219

Bicycles are fully integrated into all forms of Copenhagen public transportation. In this train, there are three cars for bicycles that can hold a combined total of 30 bicycles. It is free to bring a bicycle on a train at any time, and is convenient due to staircase amenities that allow easy access to platforms. 220

This Copenhagen gas station provides many essential amenities for a bicyclist, including air, towels, and a bicycle stand for repairs. Typically public repair stations in the United States become damaged shortly after their construction, rendering them useless. In contrast, this Danish example is well-lit, privately managed, and durable. It will be functional when needed and repaired when necessary. 221

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Many Copenhagen intersections have received engineering adaptations that make cycling the easiest, fastest, and safest mode of transportation. Pre-greens give cyclists a green light a few moments before automobiles receive a green light. This simple engineering gesture gives bicyclists a head start to begin navigating often-complicated intersections. In this image, bicyclists and pedestrians have a green light but automobiles do not yet have a green light.

The thoughtfulness of Copenhagenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bicycle infrastructure is one of the keys to its success as the best city for bicycling in the world. In this image, a bicyclist is stopped at an intersection but does not have to set his foot down or dismount his bicycle due to a simple piece of infrastructure placed adjacent to the cycle track. Innovations like this increase the comfort of bicyclists and encourage more individuals to cycle. 223

In Copenhagen, several major bicycle commuting routes have been outfitted with innovative engineering treatments that make bicycling the most convenient transportation mode. This images illustrates the Green Wave. In this initiative, traffic lights along Copenhagenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most used bicycle commuting route are timed to turn green for a bicycle traveling at 20 km/hr (12 mph). This allows bicycles to continue flowing relatively 224 uninterrupted while slowing other vehicular traffic.

Often, increasing the amount of bicycle parking requires innovations in bicycle parking design. This example of bicycle parking in Malmo, Sweden, doubles the capacity when compared to one level of parking. This design is especially useful in high-use areas like this site near a major commuter train station. 225

Public Fountains - Zach Karto Throughout the study aboard trip I looked at how water features were incorporated into public space, peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interaction with the feature, and whether the interaction was passive or active. It soon became evident that there are many shapes and sizes, but all served similar purposes. Water features have the ability to define a space and its use.

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This water feature was used as both an art piece and memorial site for the murdered Gypsies of Europe in Berlin, Germany. The water feature was placed deep in a park, where noise was at a minimum and those visiting could reflect on those lost. This was the idea behind the passive reflecting pool.

Found in Berlin, Germany, this fountain used as an anchor point in a large green space between two large historical structures shoots water high into the air creating a geyser type effect. The piece acts as a social meeting place, artwork, and a water activity, hitting both passive and active dimensions.

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This feature used purely as an aesthetic art piece is found at the base of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Twisting Torsoâ&#x20AC;? in Malmo, Sweden. The piece is a passive reflecting pool. 228

All water features do roughly the same thing, like controlling the flow of water, but not all do this while benefitting the infrastructure at the same time. This piece is small part of a much larger green infrastructure system directing rain water away from streets and structures. Found in Malmo, Sweden, the piece is also a small passive rain garden.

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Both an interactive and passive art piece, this feature again is part of a much larger green infrastructure system in Malmo, Sweden directing rainwater to the nearby bay in the background of the photo. People can roll the large stones and play in the water all along the piece. 230

Found in a large garden in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, this piece is very much an active piece. The water sprays up from the ground allowing those standing directly above to get wet on hot summer days, allowing for plenty of social interaction between the participants and those watching. 231

This large garden fountain found at a palace in Potsdam, Germany is a passive anchor point for the garden. A central point for the garden, mainly an artistic piece, gives structure for the surrounding structures and sculptures. 232

Found at NEMO, a science center in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, the fountain was mainly designed for the youth in mind. The piece can be played with and people have the chance to change flow of water by turning valves on a multitude of pipes. 233

Not all fountains or water features have to be large in size to make a large impact, like this one found in a church on palace grounds in Potsdam, Germany. The passive fountain is the central point of the entire space connecting those sitting on the surrounding benches together. 234

The Netherlands shows that with a little light, a fountain can remain a focal point of a public square. This allows for both active and passive interaction to happen throughout the night. 235

This fountain found in Copenhagen, Denmark is both an active and passive piece. The feature acts as the anchor point for the public square. People were seen at all hours of the day sitting on or near enjoying the fountain, allowing for social interaction. 236

The fountain in the picture is found at a palace in Potsdam, Germany. There is an identical fountain found on the opposite side of the sidewalk. The passive fountains are acting as a gateway to the garden rather than a central or anchor point for the garden. 237

Panoramic Streetscape - Kai Kleer

Panoramic photography is typically referred to as wide angle photography. This type of aspect ratio is unique because of the wide angles it can capture as part of pictures. The following pictures help viewers visually understand streetscape and buildings within a single frame . Top: This is the business building of Windesheim University in Zwolle, Netherlands. The building was built uniquely of glass and steel. The lawn in the front doubles as a roof garden and gathering space. 238

Bottom: Pariser Platz is a public square in Berlin, Germany. To the left of the gate is the United States Embassy. During World War II most all of the places around the gateway were destroyed while the above was mostly intact and restored after the war. 239

Top: Berlin Central Station or â&#x20AC;&#x153;Berlin Hauptbahnhofâ&#x20AC;? is the central station in Berlin which received heavy damage from the war. It was renovated 1987 and is home to S-Bahn and regional services. 240

Bottom: Schloss Charlottenburg Palace is a 17th century riverside palace and garden that lies in West Berlin, Germany. The Baroque architectural style is similar to many palaces built in Germany around this time frame. 241

Pictured is the Sans Souci Palace which is the former summer palace of Fredrick the Great. It was built in the 18th century and is located about one hour west of Berlin, Germany. 242

The Berlin Wall Memorial was part of the old Berlin wall that signified the division of East and West Germany. Berlin symbolically represents the division through the use of street pavers and also by leaving parts of the old wall in tact. 243

Although some streets in Hamburg were at one time used strictly for the automobile, Hamburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population has reclaimed this space into pedestrian only space. 244

HafenCity, Hamburg is a new development that is revitalizing old docks into residential and mixed use space. The architecture is significantly different from the rest of the city and takes a modern approach to city design. 245

The IBA development is a project of smart price houses that emphasize the use of green development and environmentally sustainable practices. 246

The IBA project green wall is a thin panel that uses lightweight materials to help provide insulation, cooling, and water absorption. 247

Top: The Reichstag Dome is located in Berlin, Germany and houses the debating chamber of the German parliament. The mirrored center cone is used as part of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heat recovery system. 248

Bottom: Malmo, Swedenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Western Harbor redevelopment uses a creative approach to convert what was once an industrial wasteland into a sustainable housing project. The project uses an underground garbage disposal system, bio swales, green roofs, and solar panels to reduce energy consumption. 249

Transportation - Jeremiah Lawson A functioning city relies on an effective transportation system. Each comes with its own inherent history and culture; realizing the differences of these methods can give insight to the most effective future developments.

Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history of success is rooted in its many canals. A boat travels along while overhead two Regiorunner trains transport passengers to and from the city. 250

Tourists and Amsterdammers alike roam the area just outside of the Amsterdam Centraal rail station, the brick building. Notice a white tram with blue stripes. 251

The Amsterdam tram system extends all over the city. Amsterdammers use it frequently. 252

Cycling is not only welcome in Amsterdam; it is a way of life. This image depicts bicyclists and automobiles sharing the infrastructure. 253

Berlin boasts road transportation like that of a major American city. This is taken from an overpass in East Berlin. 254

Berliners ride the U-Bahn, an underground train transit route. The U-Bahn encircles the inner city, while the S-Bahn (not shown) reaches to the outskirts of Berlin. 255

Bicyclists are prevalent in Berlin. However, bicycling is less common than in Amsterdam or Copenhagen. 256

Hamburg is a harbor similar to Amsterdam. This is the view from a ferry. 257

The central station at Hamburg welcomes travelers into the popular German city. Like Berlin, Hamburg uses a U-bahn and an S-bahn. 258

Of the four cities visited, Copenhagenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transportation system maintains the highest volume of bike riders. Observe the number recently waiting at the intersection for the green light. 259

This is Copenhagenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public metro. The metro is a small system in comparison to other cities, since most people travel via bike and automobile. 260

Of the four cities observed, Copenhagenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bike paths are the widest. This allows the great number of cyclists to easily navigate the city. 261

Public Seating - Nichole Martin Public seating is a very important component of any urban street. Having a spot for pedestrians to rest and interact with each other informally can enhance the liveliness and total use of a street or plaza. Public seating can occur in traditional and non-traditional forms. Traditionally, park benches might come to mind, but public seating occurs in many non-traditional shapes and sizes. The best case studies of public seating offers the user options: backrest, no backrest, one arm, no arms, individual seating, group seating, movable chairs, or stationary benches just to name a few. The following images should be guide to the diverse range of seating types encountered throughout our study abroad experience. A one arm, mosaic bench in front of the University of Amsterdam offers passersby an intriguing place to stop and rest. When the bench is not in use it doubles as a piece of street art. 262

A modern bright teal bench in Ijburg, a modern housing project just outside of Amsterdam, is context sensitive and simultaneously playful. By offering seating in front a store there is space for patrons to linger. 263

A traditional style bench at a transit stop in Amsterdam is very versatile. By choosing a bench with no arms it allows users that know each other to sit more closely to one another. On the other hand it allows users that are not comfortable with on another to spread out as much as possible. 264

This bench in Amsterdam serves a dual function as place to sit, but also as visually interesting piece for visitors to observe. The high back creates something graphically interesting to look at rather than just a blank building wall. This attention to detail is on way in which public seating in Amsterdam differs from most seating in Columbus.

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At the Sony Center in Berlin there is a large amount of seating for visitors to the shopping plaza. The extra deep, curved, bench-style, seating offers lounge seating for close to a hundred people. By allowing people a place to relax visitors are more apt to stay in the plaza longer. 266

A utilitarian concrete block offers a different approach to public seating outside the central train station in Berlin. People will sit almost anywhere that is available to them. This type of inexpensive seating is proof of this concept. 267

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Similar to the seating at the central train station, this seating at Tempelhofer Park in Berlin, a former airfield turned park, is extremely utilitarian. However, it suits the low cost approach to revitalizing the area. Working with in a budget while still successfully revitalizing an underutilized area is a financially sustainable approach and should be applied in Columbus.

Individual seating in Hamburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central downtown is extremely context sensitive. It multitude of individual seats in this plaza allow people who work in the offices to eat lunch individually while enjoying the outdoors. By considering who will most likely use the space the plaza is extremely well used.

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Movable seating is an extremely important type of outdoor public seating. This movable seating is in front of Copenhagenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main library. Movable seating allows people to personalize the space depending on their mood and size of their group. This type of seating can often attract the widest variety of people.

A dual-purpose bench and pick-nick table in a playful plaza in Copenhagen is absolutely ingenious. There are many options for how this piece of street furniture can be used: sitting with a backrest, sitting with no backrest, sitting with a table. 271

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A brightly colored circular bench in one of Copenhagenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pedestrian plazas allows multiple groups of people to converse independently. The playful color and shape is attracting to shoppers passing by. By creating a place for rest the sense of place in this pedestrian plaza is enhanced. People can sit and enjoy themselves versus constantly moving.

Traditional park bench seating along StrĂ¸get, a pedestrian street in the heart of Copenhagen, is extremely well used. Traditional seating along this traditional historic street makes a lot of sense given the context. As demonstrated by the photograph you can see that it is very well used for resting and activity like playing music!

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