A Conversation Research
textbook
A conversation is social there are things we only do if we are interacting face to face or directly , via phone . – move our hands around , point , laugh ,
Problems with communication .-.
Topics people talk about .-.
free time , language barriers, confidence , dyslexia, internet access , barriers to effective c ommunication - personal barriers - emotional – perceptual – organizational – linguistic – cultural
weather, clothes, job, music, school ,gossip, family, sport, travel , hypotheticals, activities, dreams, tv, local events, celebraties , their day, films, news , music , books, world topics, climate change
How do we communicate ? .-. speech ,letters, body language, eye movement, sign language, phones, images, skype , social media ,text talk , emails,
social media pros - connectivity , information at touch of a button , cons - can lead to loneliness , depression , take up time , how do children communicate ? - cup and string phone – shouting – crying - actions
Climate change It is estimated that within 100 years there will be no rainforests facts : >Agriculture is the leading cause of deforestation >One and a half acres of forest is cut down every second. >Loss of forests contributes between 12 percent and 17 percent of annual global greenhouse gas emissions. (World Resources Institute) >If the current rate of deforestation continues, it will take less than 100 years to destroy all the rainforests on the earth. >The over exploitation of forests is making it extremely difficult to replant a new ecology. >20% of the world’s oxygen is produced in the Amazon forest. > Up to 28,000 species are expected to become extinct by the next quarter of the century due to deforestation. > Worldwide more than 1.6 billion people rely on forests products for all or part of their livelihoods. > Tropical forests, where deforestation is most prevalent, hold more than 210 gigatonnes of carbon. > According to Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
about half the world’s tropical forests have been cleared or degraded. >Tropical rainforests which cover 6-7% of the earth’s surface, contain over half of all the plant and animal species in the world! >Deforestation affects water cycle. Trees absorb groundwater and release the same into the atmosphere during transpiration. When deforestation happens, the climate automatically changes to a drier one and also affects the water table. > The world’s forests store 283 billion tons of carbon present in the biomass. The online business > One can save up to 20 square feet of forest with online contributions thereby conveniently prevent deforestation. > Over 4 million tons of junk is created online by spamming. > 41 pounds of these junk mails are sent to almost every adult in the United States. > 44% of the junk mail goes unopened. >People in America spend more than 275 million dollars to dispose junk mails. >The paper industry is fourth largest in producing greenhouse
gas thereby majorly contributing to deforestation. > A lot of paper and cardboard is used unnecessarily for packing. This means more tree felling. > Re- use paper and plastic bags to discourage deforestation. > Use canvas or paper bags as another alternative. >Pick products which require less packaging. >Be creative and mail manufacturers telling them to use eco-friendly products. Show them your deforestation knowledge by highlighting certain important facts using statistics. > Support eco-friendly companies buy buying their products that promise more durability in an inexpensive way. > Be active and plant trees- it can be at your homes, backyards or you can join any organization keen on stopping deforestation. > Reduce the consumption of beef to tone down the pressure to clear more forests for the cattle. > Boycott companies by supporting organizations that care about the environment at the cost of fighting back for the evergreen trees.
Topic : Text talk
Topic : Accents
examples
accents are all about dropping letters , and adding them in, there a way of distinguishing between where we are from and is learnt from an early age . its also about set phrases that are used in everyday talk but only for that area or town
2moro - Tomorrow 2nite - Tonight BRB - Be Right Back BTW - By The Way lol – laugh out loud TTFN – tata for now B/C - because FB– facebook U – you BF, GF– boyfriend girlfriend all abbreviations of word we use often but unless you already know the abbreviation are it could be easily deciphered from within the body of text they are useless
i.e
put wood in the hole = close the door Hoo’s ya fettle = how are you Gan canny = be carefull Champion = great ,lovely Hadaway man= im still not convinced Pet = a term of endearment Owtelse = is there anything else Ah dinnae ken = I don’t know Quit ya belly- aching = stop moaning Ah’ll go t’ foot of our stairs = an exclamation of surprise Yorkshire accent: House” is pronounced “ ‘ouse” Get off” becomes “gerroff” With” becomes “Wi “Farther” is pronounced “father”; “car” is pronounced “cah” “Writing” becomes “writin’” Scotish :
Dyslexia: condition that affects the way the brain processes written and spoken language. people with dyslexia are often very creative. It’s unclear whether such creativity comes from thinking outside the box or from having a brain that’s “wired” a bit differently. Dyslexia also makes it hard to understand and remember what they’ve read. Genes and heredity: Dyslexia often runs in families. So if your child has dyslexia, there’s a chance you or another relative may have it too. About 40 percent of siblings of children with dyslexia may have the same reading issues Struggles : People with dyslexia have trouble with reading and spelling. Others may struggle to write or to tell left from right. complex language skills, such as grammar, reading comprehension and more in-depth writing. Dyslexia can also make it difficult for people to express themselves clearly. It can be hard for them to structure their thoughts during conversation. They may have trouble finding the right words to
say. Others struggle to understand what they’re hearing Struggles with reading out loud Doesn’t read at the expected grade level Has trouble understanding jokes or idioms Has difficulty organizing and managing time Struggles to summarize a story skills effected : Social skills: There are several ways dyslexia can affect your child’s social life. Struggling in school can make your child feel inferior around other kids. Your child may stop trying to make new friends or may avoid group activities. Your child may also have trouble understanding jokes or sarcasm. You can help your child decode humor and also try different strategies to improve self-esteem. Listening comprehension: People with dyslexia tend to be better listeners than readers. But dyslexia can make it hard to filter out background noise.[6] This means your child could have trouble following what the teacher is saying in a noisy classroom. Sitting near the teacher can help reduce distractions. Memory: Kids with dyslexia can take so long to read a sentence that they may not remember the
sentence that came before it. This makes it tough to grasp the meaning of the text. Listening to an audio version or using other kinds of assistive technology can help. Navigation: Children with dyslexia may struggle with spatial concepts such as “left” and “right.” This can lead to fears about getting lost in school hallways and other familiar places. Using a buddy system can help with transitioning from class to class. Time management: Dyslexia can make it hard to tell time or stick to a schedule. A cell phone alarm, picture schedule and other prompts can help keep kids (and adults) on track High in IQ, yet may not test well academically; tests well orally, but not written. Talented in art, drama, music, sports, mechanics, story-telling, sales, business, designing, building, or engineering. Seems to “Zone out” or daydream often; gets lost easily or loses track of time. Learns best through hands-on experience, demonstrations, experimentation, observation, and visual aids.
Complains of dizziness, headaches or stomach aches while reading. Confused by letters, numbers, words, sequences, or verbal explanations. Reading or writing shows repetitions, additions, transpositions, omissions, substitutions, and reversals in letters, numbers and/or words. Complains of feeling or seeing non-existent movement while reading, writing, or copying. Seems to have difficulty with vision, yet eye exams don’t reveal a problem. Reads and rereads with little comprehension. Spells phonetically and inconsistently. Has extended hearing; hears things not said or apparent to others; easily distracted by sounds. Difficulty putting thoughts into words; speaks in halting phrases; leaves sentences incomplete; stutters under stress; mispronounces long words, or transposes phrases, words, and syllables when speaking. handwriting varies or is illegible. Clumsy, uncoordinated, poor at ball or team sports; difficulties with fine and/or gross motor skills and tasks Can be ambidextrous, and often confuses left/right, over/under. reads slowly and painfully Experiences decoding errors, especially with the order of letters Shows wide disparity between listening compre-
hension and reading comprehension of some text Has trouble with spelling May have difficulty with handwriting Exhibits difficulty recalling known words Has difficulty with written language May experience difficulty with math computations Decoding real words is better than nonsense words Substitutes one small sight word for another: a, I, he, the, there, was
Invisible disabilities are chronic illnesses and conditions that significantly impair normal activities of daily living. In the United States, 96% of people with chronic medical conditions show no outward signs of their illness, and 10% experience symptoms that are considered disabling.
Some examples of invisible illnesses are: Allergies and Food In-tolerances Rheumatoid Arthritis Cancer Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Fibromyalgia and Chronic Myofascial Pain Depression and Mental Illness Diabetes and other Blood Sugar Issues Digestive Disorders (such as; IBS, colitis, Celiac, etc.) Headaches, Migraines, etc. Heart Conditions Lupus Lyme Disease Multiple Sclerosis Neurological Diseases Sjogren’s Syndrome dysautonomia learning difficulties people often judge others by what they see, concluding that they are either capable or incapable based on the way they look. It may, therefore, be difficult to understand someone who “looks” fine, but acts incapable. All too often judgments are made that the patient cannot be ill, because they do not look sick
The Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PoTS) is an abnormality of the autonomic nervous system (sometimes called ‘dysautonomia’). The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is in charge of all bodily functions that we don’t have to think about, such as: Heart rate and blood pressure regulation Digestion Bladder control Sweating Stress response The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system. It produces the ‘fight or flight’ or ‘stress’ response. When activated, a chemical called norepinephrine is released. Amongst other things, this causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. When a healthy person stands up, blood vessels contract and heart rate increases slightly to maintain blood supply to heart and brain. What happens when I have PoTS and stand up? In PoTS, this automatic adjustment to upright posture is not working correctly, resulting in an excessive rise in heart rate, increased norepinephrine in the blood and altered blood flow to the brain.
10 Common Misconceptions about the Chronically Ill blog by Toni Bernhard J.D. Illness-related pain and debilitating fatigue are not cured by engaging in strenuous exercise, although I’ve read many accounts of doctors who have prescribed this very treatment. This lack of understanding from the medical community can have serious, even fatal, consequences because we may become gunshy about seeing a doctor when a new symptom appears—one that could be a sign of a life-threatening medical problem, unrelated to our current illness. we may be treated as malingerers by family members, friends, employers, the medical profession, even the general public. After I was interviewed on a local National Public Radio show, I received an email from a listener, telling me that he didn’t want his tax dollars going to support “an amotivational slacker.” Whoa. I was confused: Did he mean I was an “amotivational slacker” as opposed to a “motivational slacker”? I’m making light of his comment now, but at the time I read it, it stung—badly. people in chronic pain are often misunderstood and mistreated by the medical community. They get labeled as “drug seekers” in emergency rooms and, as a result, are denied much-needed pain medication. , we face misunderstanding over what it means to be disabled. Just because we’re too sick to work and be active for extended periods doesn’t mean we can’t sometimes go out to a restaurant or have people over. This misunderstanding can have tragic consequences. I’ve read about people who’ve had their longterm disability payments revoked because an investigator who was sent to check up on them saw them being active in some way, perhaps going to the store. If people’s mental state (emotional stress for example) makes them feel worse physically, then their chronic illness cannot possibly be physically based. If you’re not sick or in pain, I invite you to try this simple two-part exercise, so you can test this misconception out for yourself. Part One. The next time you feel under stress—maybe you’re angry at someone or worried about something—stop; close your eyes; and pay attention to how your body feels. Can you feel that your muscles have tightened? In addition, your heart may be beating faster and your whole body may be pulsating. You may even have broken out in a sweat. These are just some of the ways that mental stress manifests in the body of a healthy person.
spoons theory : The spoon theory is an analogy used by some disabled people and people with chronic illness to describe their everyday living experience when their disability or illness results in a reduced amount of energy available for productive tasks. Spoons are an intangible unit of measurement used to track how much energy a person has throughout a given day. Each activity “costs” a certain number of spoons, which will only slowly be replaced as the person “recharges” through rest or other activities that do not require (or even refill) spoons. A person who runs out of spoons loses the ability to do anything other than rest. One of the tenets of the spoon theory is that people with disabilities or chronic illness must plan their daily activities to conserve their “spoons,” while healthy, able-bodied, and/or neurotypical people have a “never-ending supply of spoons” and thus have never needed to worry about running out.[1] Because healthy people do not feel the impact of spending spoons for mundane tasks such as bathing and getting dressed, they may not realize the amount of energy that chronically ill or disabled people may have to get through the day. Spoons are widely discussed within the autoimmune, disabled and other communities,
“invisible illness is like a light being switched on, it slowly fills the space. the space is still the same, same size ,same items within it but something new is added, it’s the same and yet the light changes everything, but if people don’t see the light all they see is darkness.”
Invisible illeness