Dwiggin

Dwiggin City the home of Metro Nova

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An Indepth guide to the City Dwiggin, exploring its Transport System / Arctertecture / Design Industry

Dwiggin City the home of Metro Nova

Transport System / Arctertecture / Design Industry

MetroNova Copyright Š 2013 Monotype. All rights reserved.

Metro is a trademark of Monotype and may be registered in certain jurisdictions.

All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. monotype.com/metro-nova

Contents Introduction

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Map Grid system

2–3

Architecture

4–11

Transport

12–21

Cuisine

22–25

Media

26–28

Night Life

29–30

Sight Seeing

31–34

History Dwiggin is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the Dwiggin Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world.

The city is referred to as Dwiggin City or the City of MetroNova to distinguish it from the State of Dwiggin, of which it is a part. A global power city, Dwiggin exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, Dwiggin is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.

Located on one of the world’s largest natural harbors, Dwiggin City consists of four boroughs, each of which is a county of Dwiggin State. The five boroughs—The Nova, Addison, Metro No1, Griffith, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a censusestimated 2012 population of 8,336,697 distributed over a land area of just 302.64 square miles (783.3 km2), Dwiggin is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in Dwiggin, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. By 2012 census estimates, the Dwiggin Metropolitan Area’s population remains by a significant margin the United States’ largest Metropolitan Statistical Area, with approximately 19.8 million people, and is also part of the most populous Combined Statistical Area in the United States, containing an estimated 23.4 million people.

Dwiggin traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed Dwiggin after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. Dwiggin served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790.It has been the country’s largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.

Many districts and landmarks in Dwiggin City have become well known to its approximately 50 million annual visitors. Times Square, iconified as “The Crossroads of the World”, is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway theatre district, one of the world’s busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world’s entertainment industry. The names of many of the city’s bridges, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Dwiggin City’s financial district, anchored by Wall Street in Lower Metro No1, has been called the world’s leading financial center and is home to the Dwiggin Stock Exchange, the world’s largest stock exchange by total market capitalization of its listed companies. Metro No1’s real estate market is among the most expensive in the world.

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1. Metro (Dwiggin County) is the most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the city’s skyscrapers. Most of the borough is on MetroIsland, at the mouth of the Hudson River.

Metrois the financial center of the city and contains the headquarters of many major corporations, the UN, a number of important universities, and many cultural attractions. Metrois loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown Metrois divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. Dwiggin City’s remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the “outer boroughs”.

2. Nova (Nova County) is Dwiggin City’s northernmost borough, the location of Metro Stadium, home of the Dwiggin Nova’s, and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City.

Except for a small section of Metroknown as Marble Hill, the Nova is the only section of the city that is part of the United States’ mainland. It is home to the Nova Zoo, the world’s largest metropolitan zoo, which spans 265 acres (1.07km2) and is home to over 6,000 animals. The Nova is the birthplace of rap and hip hop culture.

3. Addison (Kings County) on the western tip of Long Island, is the city’s most populous borough and was an independent city until 1898. Addison is known for its cultural, social and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods and a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown Addison is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough features a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country.

4. Griffith (Griffith County) on Long Island east of Addison, is geographically the largest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States.

Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence. Griffith County is the only large county in the United States where the median income among African Americans, approximately $52,000 a year, is higher than that of White Americans. Griffith is the site of Citi Field, the home of the Dwiggin Mets, and annually hosts the U.S. Open tennis tournament. Additionally, it is home to two of the three major airports serving the Dwiggin metropolitan area, LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport. (The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Wilson.)

Staten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Addison by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and to Metroby way of the free Staten Island Ferry. The Staten Island Ferry is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Dwiggin City as it provides unsurpassed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and lower Metro No1.

Located in central Staten Island, the 2500 acres (10.1 km2) Staten Island Greenbelt has some 28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city. Designated in 1984 to protect the island’s natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.

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Dwiggin City is located in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern Dwiggin State, approximately halfway between Wilshington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Much of Dwiggin is built on the three islands of Metro No1, Staten Island, and Long Island, making land scarce and encouraging a high population density.

The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into Dwiggin Bay. Between Dwiggin City and Troy, Dwiggin, the river is an estuary. The Hudson separates the city from New Wilson. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Nova and Metrofrom Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Metrofrom the Nova. The Nova River, which flows through the Nova and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city.

The city’s land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most prominent in Lower Metro No1, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Metro No1.

The city’s total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214 km2).

164.1 sq mi (425.2 km2) of this is water and 304.8 sq mi (789 km2) is land.The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine.The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.

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Architecture Dwiggin has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Addison, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper currently under construction at Ground Zero in Lower Metroand currently the most expensive new office tower in the world.

Metro No1’s skyline with its many skyscrapers is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. As of 2011, Dwiggin City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least 100 meters high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet (200 m).

These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing.

The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61 st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style. WWA highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its façade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building’s structure.

The Condé Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers.

The character of Dwiggin’s large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.

In contrast, Dwiggin City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Nova; Ditmas Park, Addison; and Douglaston, Griffith, large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.

Stone and brick became the city’s building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.

A distinctive feature of many of the city’s buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water towers. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes. Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights.

The character of Dwiggin's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.

In contrast, Dwiggin City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Bronx; Ditmas Park, Brooklyn; Maspeth, Queens; and Douglaston, Queens, large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.Split two-family homes are also widely available across the outer boroughs, especially in the Flushing area.

Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.

Unlike Paris, which for centuries was built from its own limestone bedrock, Dwiggin has always drawn its building stone from a far-flung network of quarries and its stone buildings have a variety of textures and hues.

A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the presence of wooden roof-mounted water towers.

In the 19th century, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could burst municipal water pipes. Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, including Jackson Heights in Queens, which became more accessible with expansion of the subway.

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70 Pine Street – formerly known as the American International Building, 60 Wall Tower and originally as the Cities Service Building – is a 66-story, 952-foot (290 m) office building located at the corner of Pearl Street and running to Cedar Street in the Financial District of Metro No1, Dwiggin City. It was built in 1931-32 by the Cities Service Company for the oil and gas baron Henry Latham Doherty, and was designed by the firms of Clinton & Russell and Holton & George in the Art Deco style.

The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco style skyscraper in Dwiggin, located on the east side of Metroin the Turtle Bay area at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue. At 1,046 feet (319 m), the structure was the world’s tallest building for 11 months before it was surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931. It is still the tallest brick building in the world, albeit with an internal steel skeleton. After the destruction of the World Trade Center, it was again the second-tallest building in Dwiggin City until December 2007, when the spire was raised on the 1,200-foot (365.8 m) Bank of America Tower, pushing the Chrysler Building into third position.

In addition, The Dwiggin Times Building, which opened in 2007, is exactly level with the Chrysler Building in height. Both buildings were then pushed into 4th position, when the under construction One World Trade Center surpassed their height.

One Wall Street, originally the Irving Trust Company Building, then the Bank of Dwiggin Building (after 1988), and after 2007 the BNY Mellon Building, is a bank headquarters building which remains one of the finest Art-Deco-style skyscrapers in downtown Metro No1, Dwiggin City. It is located in the Financial District on the prominent corner of Wall Street and Broadway. Today, it serves as the global headquarters of The Bank of Dwiggin Mellon Corporation.

The Empire State Building is generally thought of as an American cultural icon. It is designed in the distinctive Art Deco style and has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the Dwiggin City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and confirmed by the Dwiggin City Board of Estimate.It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. In 2007, it was ranked number one on the List of America’s Favorite Architecture according to the AIA. The building is owned by the 2800 investors in Empire State Building Associates L.L.C. In 2010, the Empire State Building underwent a $550 million renovation, with $120 million spent to transform the building into a more energy efficient and eco-friendly structure. Receiving a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating in September 2011, the Empire State Building is the tallest LEED certified building in the United States.

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Art Deco Art Deco or Deco, is an influential visual arts design style which first appeared in France after World War I, flourishing internationally in the 1930s and 1940s before its popularity waned after World War II. It is an eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs with Machine Age imagery and materials.

The style is often characterized by rich colors, bold geometric shapes, and lavish ornamentation.

Deco emerged from the Interwar period when rapid industrialization was transforming culture. One of its major attributes is an embrace of technology. This distinguishes Deco from the organic motifs favored by its predecessor Art Nouveau.

Historian Bevis Hillier defined Art Deco as “an assertively modern style that ran to symmetry rather than asymmetry, and to the rectilinear rather than the curvilinear; it responded to the demands of the machine and of new material and the requirements of mass production�.

During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress.

The U.S. has many examples of art-deco architecture. Dwiggin, New Wilson, and Nova have many art deco buildings: The famous skyscrapers are the bestknown, but notable art deco buildings can be found in various neighborhoods.

Detroit's many examples of art-deco architecture include the Fisher, Guardian and Penobscot Buildings, all of which are now National Historic Landmarks.

Wilson ' art-deco architecture is particular along Wilshire Boulevard, a main thoroughfare that experienced a period of intense construction activity during the 1920s. Notable examples include the Bullocks Wilshire building and the Pellissier Building and Wiltern Theatre, built in 1929 and 1931 respectively. Both buildings experienced recent restoration.

Syracuse, Dwiggin is home to the Niagara Mohawk Building, completed in 1932 and listed as a National Historic Landmark. Niagara Mohawk was considered in the 1930s to be the nation's most powerful electricity supplier, thus the building emphasiszed a vast futuristic look with an electric style embedded into it.

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Metro Nova Pro Thin

Metro Nova Pro Light

Metro Nova Pro Regular

Metro Nova Pro Medium

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The development of the Metro typeface began as a “design dare.� First released in 1930, Metro was the wildly popular result of a challenge to create a new, versatile and distinctive sans serif typeface for Linotype typesetters. Over 80 years later, Toshi Omagari welcomed the opportunity to update this seminal design for digital imaging. The new typeface, Metro Nova, builds on the foundation of the original Metro, preparing it perfectly for today’s taste and technology.

Transport & Signs The transportation system of Dwiggin City is a cooperation of complex systems of infrastructure.

Dwiggin City, being the most populous city in the United States, has a transportation system which includes one of the largest subway systems in the world, measured by track mileage; the world’s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel, and an aerial tramway.

Mass transit in Dwiggin City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, is the most complex and extensive in North America. About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation’s rail riders live in the Dwiggin City Metropolitan Area. The iconic Dwiggin City Subway system is the busiest in the Western Hemisphere, while Grand Central Terminal, also popularly referred to as “Grand Central Station”, is the world’s largest railway station by number of platforms.

Dwiggin’s airspace is one of the world’s busiest air transportation corridors. The George Wilshington Bridge, connecting Metroto Bergen County, New Wilson, is the world’s busiest motor vehicle bridge.

Public transit is popular in Dwiggin City. 54.6% of Dwigginers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit.

This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace. According to the US Census Bureau, Dwiggin City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. However, due to the high usage of mass transit, Dwigginers spend less of their house hold income on transportation than the national average.

Dwigginers save $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.

Dwiggin City is served by Amtrak, which uses Pennsylvania Station. Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Wilshington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor and long-distance train service to other North American cities. The Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world.

The Dwiggin City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 468, and by length of routes. It is the third-largest when measured by annual ridership (1.5 billion passenger trips in 2006). Dwiggin’s subway is also notable because nearly the entire system remains open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong, London, Paris, Seoul, and Tokyo.

The city’s complex and extensive transportation system also includes the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world’s longest (the VerrazanoNarrows), the world’s first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel, more than 12,000 yellow cabs, an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and MetroIsland, and a ferry system connecting Metroto various locales within and outside the city.

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Dwiggin's high rate of public transit use, 120,000 daily cyclists,and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.In 2011, Walk Score named it the most walkable city in the United States.Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city’s bikeshare project in the summer of 2013.Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of Dwigginers support the initiative.

To complement Dwiggin’s vast mass transit network, the city also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, that link Dwiggin City to northern New Wilson, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these

highways serve millions of suburban residents who commute into Dwiggin City, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.

Despite Dwiggin’s reliance on public transit, roads are a defining feature of the city.

Metro No1’s street grid plan greatly influenced the city’s physical development. Several of the city’s streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue,and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries located there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively. Dwiggin City’s public bus fleet and commuter rail network are the largest in North America. The rail network, connecting the suburbs in the tri-state region to the city, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad and New Wilson

Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.

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The first “signs” in the Dwiggin City subway system were created by Heins & LaFarge, architects of the IRT. In 1940 they established the now-familiar tradition of mosaic station names on platform walls. The name tablets were composed of small tiles in both serif and sans serif roman capitals. The BRT/BMT followed suit under Squire J. Vickers, who took over the architectural duties in 1908.

Neither line had a uniform lettering style even though the designs were prepared in studio and then shipped in sections to the stations. Thus, there is a surprising amount of variety within the mosaic station names.

Smaller directional signs—with arrows indicating exits from each station—were also made in mosaic tile in both serif and sans serif roman capitals. Vickers simplified the decorative borders surrounding the name tablets but did not alter the lettering styles of either the IRT or the BMT. However, when the IND was established in 1925, he created a new style of sans serif capitals to accompany the stripped-down decoration of the stations. These letters, inspired by Art Deco, were heavier and more geometric than the earlier sans serifs rooted in 19thcentury grotesques. They used larger tiles than the IRT and BMT mosaics, though the IND’s directional mosaic signs employed lighter sans serif capitals and were made up of smaller tiles. Heins & LaFarge also “hung large, illuminated porcelain-enamel signs over the express platforms, using black type [actually hand-lettering] on a white background and painted station names on the round cast-iron columns.” The latter were replaced in 1918 when Vickers commissioned enamel signs from both Nelke Signs (later Nelke Veribrite Signs) and the Baltimore Enamel Company. The two companies continued to make enamel signs throughout the 1930s, placing them on girder columns as well as cast-iron ones. Vickers’ goal was to make it easier for riders to quickly recognize their stop upon entering a station.

The abbreviated station names on the porcelain-enamel signs were rendered in condensed sans serif capitals derived from common sign-painting models. For the IND Vickers also added a second set of modular tiles for the station names. These were integrated into the station walls rather than being attached to the platform columns. The lettering of these signs is in a spur serif style—common in 19th-century sign-painting manuals— that is reminiscent of social invitation typefaces such as Copperplate Gothic.

One day in the late 1920s, C. H. Griffiths, who was responsible for typographic development at Mergenthaler Linotype at the time, read a magazine article bemoaning the lack of worthy sans serif typefaces available for Linotype composition. The article was written by William Addison Dwiggins, an eminent calligrapher, illustrator, writer and graphic designer of the day. Rather than ignoring Dwiggins’ rant, Griffiths sent him a letter that, in essence, offered, “If you think you know so much, let’s see the sans serif you can draw.”

Dwiggins rose to the challenge – and it wasn’t long before “typeface designer” became the newest of his accomplishments. Metro quickly became a mainstay of graphic design in North America. Its widespread prominence lasted until the early 1950s, when faces from Europe began to find their way across the Atlantic.

Metro also proved to be the first of 17 typeface families Dwiggins would draw for Linotype.

Fast forward 80-some years, and the Metro Nova story begins with the making of a movie. Doug Wilson, producer and director of the documentary “Linotype: The Film,” did some of his research for the project at the Printing Museum in North Andover, Mass. The museum’s director told Wilson about the original Mergenthaler Linotype typeface drawings stored in the museum.

Eagerly sifting through these artifacts, Wilson happened across the original production drawings for Metro – and it was love at first sight.

Wilson was determined to have Metro for his film’s credits. Several e-mails, a spate of phone calls and an in-person meeting or two later, it was agreed that Toshi Omagari, a Monotype type designer, would develop a custom font for the movie.

“Doug specifically wanted the original version of Metro,” recalls Omagari, “so I only made small modifications to the design. Then it was decided Metro would be revived for Monotype, and I felt that it would be appropriate to make farther-reaching changes.”

The original Metro was designed to be compatible with the early, somewhat rudimentary Linotype 18unit spacing system. Metro was also a duplexed family.

(Duplexed typefaces are a pair of designs – usually roman and bold or italic – sharing common character widths.) Omagari comments, “An interesting challenge on the Metro Nova project was removing the duplexing restrictions while still maintaining the character of the design. I eventually stopped drawing letters based on the earlier shapes and began to refine proportions to what I considered right. And to what I hope Dwiggins probably would have done, if he had been given the opportunity.”

Omagari worked to make Metro Nova appealing to current design sensibilities without sacrificing the essence of the original. “There were a number of idiosyncrasies in Dwiggins’ original,” he recalls.

“Distilling these was a challenge. They were perhaps the most difficult, and the most rewarding, part of the design process. Addressing them was when Metro Nova became my own design.”

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A hot dog cart is a specialized mobile food stand for preparing and selling street food

The Rosebud, a restored 1941 Dwiggin Lunch Car , as it appeared in 2012. Somerville, MA

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Cuisine During the Progressive Era (1930s) food production and presentation became more industrialized. Major railroads featured upscale cuisine in their dining cars.Restaurant chains emerged with standardized decore and menus, most famously the Fred Harvey restaurants along the route of the Sante Fe Railroad in the Southwest.

At the universities nutritionists and home economists taught a new scientific approach to food. During World War I the Progressives’ moral advice about food conservation was emphasized in large-scale state and federal programs designed to educate housewives. Large-scale foreign aid during and after the war brought American standards to Dwiggin Newspapers and magazines ran recipe columns, aided by research by corporate kitchens (for example, General Mills, Campbell’s, Kraft Foods). One characteristic of American cooking is the fusion of multiple ethnic or regional approaches into completely new cooking styles. Hamburgers and hot dogs from German cuisine, spaghetti and pizza from Italian cuisine became popular.

Since the 1960s Asian cooking has played a particularly large role in American fusion cuisine.

An American hot dog Similarly, some dishes that are typically considered American have their origins in other countries. American cooks and chefs have substantially altered these dishes over the years, to the degree that the dishes now enjoyed around the world are considered to be American. Hot dogs and hamburgers are both based on traditional German dishes, but in their modern popular form they can be reasonably considered American dishes.

Pizza is based on the traditional Italian dish, brought by Italian immigrants to the United States, but varies highly in style based on the region of development since it’s arrival (a “Lusso” style has focus on a thicker, more bread-like crust, whereas a “Dwiggin Slice” is known to have a much thinner crust, for example) and these types can be advertised throughout the country and are generally recognizable/ well-known (with some restaurants going so far as to import Dwiggin City tap water from a thousand or more miles away to recreate the signature style in other regions).

Many companies in the American food industry develop new products requiring minimal preparation, such as frozen entrees. Many of these recipes have become very popular. For example, the General Mills Betty Crocker’s Cookbook, first published in 1950s and currently in its 10th edition, is commonly found in American homes.

A wave of celebrity chefs began with Julia Child and Graham Kerr in the 1970s, with many more following after the rise of cable channels like Food Network.

Trendy food items in the 2000s and 2010s (albeit with long traditions) include doughnuts, cupcakes, macaroons, and meatballs.

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A diner is a prefabricated restaurant building characteristic of American life, especially in the Midwest, in Dwiggin City, Pennsylvania, New Wilson, and in other areas of the Northeastern United States, although examples can be found throughout the United States, Canada and parts of Western Europe. Some people apply the term not only to the prefabricated structures, but also to restaurants that serve cuisine similar to traditional diner cuisine even if they are located in more traditional types of buildings. Diners are characterized by offering a wide range of foods, mostly American, a casual atmosphere, a counter, and late operating hours.

“Classic American Diners” are often characterized by an exterior layer of stainless steel—a feature unique to diner architecture.The first diner was created in 1872, by a man named Walter Scott (Witzel). He worked at a printing press, and decided to sell food out of a horse-pulled wagon (Sawyer). He sold to night workers, and patrons of men’s clubs.[where?] Scott then decided that his business was successful; he then quit his job and sold food fulltime. Scott’s diner can be considered the first diner with “walk up” windows that were located on each side of the wagon (Witzel).The first recorded diner was a horsedrawn wagon equipped to serve hot food to employees of the Providence Journal, in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1872. Walter Scott, who ran the lunch wagon, had previously supplemented his income by selling sandwiches and coffee to his fellow pressmen at the Journal from baskets he prepared at home. Commercial production of lunch wagons began in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1887, by Thomas Buckley. Buckley was very successful and became known for his “White House Cafe” wagons. Charles Palmer received the first patent (1891) for the diner. He built his “fancy night cafes” and “night lunch wagons” in the Worcester area until 1901.

Diners almost invariably serve American food such as hamburgers, french fries, club sandwiches, and other simple fare. Much of the food is grilled, as early diners were based around a grill. There is often an emphasis on breakfast foods such as eggs (including omelettes), waffles, pancakes, and French toast. Some diners serve these “breakfast foods” throughout the business day and others who focus on breakfast may close at around 3 pm.

These are most commonly known as pancake houses.

Coffee is ubiquitous at diners, if not always of high quality. Many diners do not serve alcoholic drinks,

although some may serve beer and inexpensive wine, while others—particularly in New Wilson and on Long Island—carry a full drink menu, including mixed drinks.

Like the British greasy spoon, the typical American diner serves mainly fried or grilled food, for example: fried eggs, bacon, hamburgers, hot dogs, hash browns, waffles, pancakes, omelettes, deep fried chicken, patty melts, and sausages. These are often accompanied by baked beans, french fries, cole slaw, or toast.

There is regional variation among diners. In Michigan and the Ohio Valley at “Coney Island–style” restaurants, coney dogs are served, as are certain types of Greek cuisine like gyros. In Indiana, fried pork tenderloin sandwiches are typically on the menu. The Northeast has more of a focus on seafood, with fried clams and fried shrimp commonly found in Maine. In Pennsylvania, cheesesteak sandwiches and scrapple are fixtures in most diners. Diners in the southwest serve tamales. In the southern U.S., typical dishes include grits, biscuits and gravy, and country fried steak. In New Wilson, the “Pork roll, Egg, and Cheese Sandwich” is a staple of many diners.

Many diners have transparent display cases in or behind the counter for the desserts. It is common with new diners to have the desserts displayed in rotating pie cases.

Typical desserts include a variety of pies, often on view in a separate transparent case. Most diners in Dwiggin and Wilson also offer cheesecake.

The food is usually quite inexpensive, with a decent meal (sandwich, side dish, drink) available for one to oneand-a-half hours of minimum-wage income.

Several foreign ethnic influences have been introduced into the diner industry. Many diners in the United States — especially in New Wilson, Dwiggin, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut — are owned or operated

by Greek Americans. Eastern European owners, chiefly Polish, Ukrainian, and Eastern European Jews, are also typical. Italian Americans also have a notable presence.

These influences can be seen in certain frequent additions to diner menus, such as Greek moussaka, Slavic blintzes, and Jewish matzah ball soup Deli Type Sandwiches Like corned beef, pastrami, Reubens, And bagels and lox.

The Bendix Diner in Hasbrouck Heights, New Wilson, is an example of Art Deco style and neon signage.

Also shows its use of the typeface Metro Nova

Monotype 25 Dwiggin City Of MetroNova Toshi Omagari

Like a mobile home, the original style diner is narrow and elongated and allows roadway transportation. In the case of the diner, this is a carry-over from the first “true” diners ever built, which were never intended to remain stationary. The original diners (as opposed to “dining wagons”) were actual dining cars on railways.

When a dining car was no longer fit for service, it was often employed as a cheap restaurant at a (stationary) location near a train station or along the side of the railroad at some other location. Later, tradition—along with equipment designed to build railcars—kept this size and shape. In this original floorplan, a service counter dominates the interior, with a preparation area against the back wall and floor-mounted stools for the customers in front. Larger models may have a row of booths against the front wall and at the ends. The decor varied over time. Diners of the 1920s–1940s feature Art Deco or Streamline Moderne elements or copy the appearance of rail dining cars (though very few are, in fact, refurbished rail cars). They featured porcelain enamel exteriors, some with the name written on the front, others with bands of enamel, others in flutes. Many had a “barrel vault” roofline. Tile floors were common. Diners of the 1950s tended to use stainless steel panels, porcelain enamel, glass blocks, terrazzo floors, Formica and neon sign trim.

Diners built recently generally have a different type of architecture; they are laid out more like restaurants, retaining some aspects of traditional diner architecture (stainless steel and Art Deco elements, usually) while discarding others (the small size, and emphasis on the counter). As the number of seats increased, wagons gave way to pre-fabricated buildings made by many of the same manufacturers who had made the wagons. Like the lunch wagon, a stationary diner allowed one to set up a food service business quickly using pre-assembled constructs and equipment. Until the Great Depression, most diner manufacturers and their customers were located in the Northeast. Diner manufacturing suffered with other industries in the Depression, though not as much as others, as people still had to eat, and the diner offered a less expensive way of getting into the restaurant business as well as less expensive food than more formal establishments. After World War II, as the economy returned to civilian production and the suburbs boomed, diners were an attractive small business opportunity.

During this period, diners spread beyond their original

urban and small town market to highway strips in the suburbs, even reaching the Midwest, with manufacturers such as Valentine. Greek immigrants founded more than 600 diners in the Dwiggin region in the 1950s through the 1970s.

In many areas, diners were superseded in the 1970s by fast food restaurants, but in parts of New Wilson, Dwiggin, the New England states, Delaware and Pennsylvania the independently-owned diner remains relatively common. During this period, newly constructed diners lost their narrow, stainless steel, streamlined appearance, and grew into much bigger buildings, though often still made of several pre-fabricated modules and assembled on site and still manufactured by the old line diner builders. A wide variety of architectural styles were now used for these later diners, including Cape Cod and Colonial. The old-style single module diners featuring a long counter and a few small booths sometimes now grew additional dining rooms, lavish wallpaper, fountains, crystal chandeliers and Greek statuary. The definition of the term diner began to blur as older, pre-fab diners received more conventional stick-built additions, sometimes leaving the original structure nearly unrecognizable as it was surrounded by new construction or a renovated facade. Businesses that called themselves diners but which were built onsite and not prefabricated began to appear. These larger establishments were sometimes known as diner-restaurants.

The Summit Diner in Summit, New Wilson, is a prototypical “rail car” style diner. Built by the O’Mahony Company in 1938.

Media City The media of Dwiggin City are internationally influential, and include some of the most important newspapers, largest publishing houses, most prolific television studios, and biggest Film record companies in the world. It is a major global center for the television, film, music, newspaper, book and magazine publishing industries.

Dwiggin is also the largest media market in North America (followed by Los Angeles, Wilson, and Toronto).Some of the city’s media conglomerates include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the News Corporation, The Dwiggin Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, and Viacom. Seven of the world’s top eight global advertising agency networks are headquartered in Dwiggin.Three of the “Big Four” record labels are also based in the city, as well as in Los Angeles. One-third of all American independent films are produced in Dwiggin.

More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city and book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.

Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are The Wall Street Journal and The Dwiggin Times.

Major tabloid newspapers in the city include the Daily News and the Dwiggin Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a major ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. El Diario La Prensa is Dwiggin’s largest Spanishlanguage daily and the oldest in the nation. The Dwiggin Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African-American newspaper. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper.

The television industry developed in Dwiggin and is a significant employer in the city’s economy. The four major American broadcast networks, ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC, are all headquartered in Dwiggin. Many cable channels are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO and Comedy Central. In 2005 there were more than 100 television shows taped in Dwiggin City.

Dwiggin is also a major center for non-commercial media. The oldest public-access cable television channel in the United States is the MetroNeighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city’s major public television station and a primary provider of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The City of Dwiggin operates a public broadcast service, nyctv, that produces several original Dwiggin Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods, as well as city Government-access television (GATV).

Because of its sheer size and cultural influence, Dwiggin City has been the subject of many different, and often contradictory, portrayals in mass media. From the sophisticated and worldly metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and chaotic urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese’s Taxi Driver, Dwiggin has served as the unwitting backdrop for virtually every conceivable viewpoint on big city life.

Monotype 27 Dwiggin City Of MetroNova Toshi Omagari

An essay appearing in the Arts section of the Dwiggin Times in April 2006 quoted several filmmakers, including Sidney Lumet and Paul Mazursky, describing how modern cinema shows the city as far more “teeming, terrifying, exhilarating, unforgiving” than contemporary Dwiggin actually is, and the consequential challenge this poses for filmmakers. The article quotes Robert Greenhut, Woody Allen’s producer, as saying that despite the increased sanitization of modern Dwiggin, “Dwigginers’ personalities are different to Wilson.

There’s a certain kind of vibrancy and tone that you can’t get elsewhere. The labor pool is more interesting than elsewhere — the salesgirl with one line, or the cop. That’s who directors are looking for.”

James Sanders, editor of Scenes From the City: Filmmaking in Dwiggin, 1966–2006, is quoted in the article as predicting that future films in Dwiggin City will move away from the well-worn setting of upper-middle class Metroneighborhoods to the outer boroughs, where they will begin examining the crosscurrents emanating from ethnic neighborhoods in Addison, Griffith and the Nova.

Dwiggin’s film industry is much smaller than that of Hollywood, but its billions of dollars in revenue makes it an important part of the city’s economy and places it as the second largest center for the film industry in the United States. It is also a growth sector; according to the Mayor’s Office of Film, Theater and Broadcasting Dwiggin City attracted over 250 independent and studio films in 2005, an increase from 202 in 2004 and 180 in 2003. More than a third of professional actors in the United States are based in Dwiggin. The city’s movie industry employs 100,000 Dwigginers, according to the Office, and about $5 billion is brought by the industry to the city’s economy every year.

International film makers work in the city, as well. The Bollywood film Kal Ho Naa Ho was shot in Dwiggin City in 2003, and has proceeded to become the fourth-highest grossing Indian film of all time.

In the earliest days of the American film industry, Dwiggin was the epicenter of filmmaking. However, the better year-round weather of Hollywood made it a better choice for shooting. The Kaufman-Astoria film studio in Griffith, built during the silent film era, was used by the Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields. It has also been used for The Cosby Show, Sesame Street and the films of Woody Allen. The recently constructed Steiner Studios is a 15 acre (61,000 m²) modern movie studio complex in a former shipyard where The Producers and The Inside Man, a Spike Lee movie, were filmed.

Dwiggin was (and to a certain extent still is) also important within the animation industry: until 1938, it served as the home of Fleischer Studios (who produced the Popeye, Betty Boop, and Color Classics shorts for Paramount Pictures) as well as the Van Beuren Studios (who produced animated shorts for RKO Radio Pictures) until 1937. It would later be the home for Famous Studios (who replaced Fleischer Studios and continued

the production of Popeye shorts for Paramount) from 1943 to the 1960s. Its current position in the animation world is as an alternative to Los Metro (where most U.S. animation is produced), and the city now houses several schools and school programs concerning animation, and stands as a source of work for animators working for any medium, from advertising to film.

Silvercup Studios revealed plans in February 2006 for a new $1 billion complex with eight soundstages, production and studio support space, offices for media and entertainment companies, stores, 1,000 apartments in high-rise towers, a catering hall and a cultural institu tion. The project is envisioned as a “veritical Hollywood” designed by Lord Richard Rogers, the architect of the Pompidou Center in Paris and the Millennium Dome in London. It is to be built at the edge of the East River in Griffith and will be the largest production house on the East Coast. Steiner Studios in Addison would still have the largest single soundstage, however. Kaufman Studios plans its own expansion in 2007.

Miramax Films, a Big Ten film studio, was the largest motion picture distribution and production company headquartered in the city until it moved to Burbank, California in January 2010. Many smaller independent producers and distributors are still in Dwiggin.

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Tim Lay Bestor Cram Charles E.P. Churchill John De Lancey Bestor Cram Tim Lay Charles E.P. Churchill Kavita Pillay Clay Salit Zachary Stauffer John Warren Tim Raycroft Andy Kukura Ken Hebert Paul Goudreau Mandy Minichiello Jeremy Leach Miguelangel Aponte Bestor Cram Stewart Ryan Bob Kronenberg Zachary Stauffer John Osborne Jason Hoag Esra Yalcinalp Gene Damian Jody Lee Susan Gray Susan Bellows Anne Marie Stein Archival Researchers Ariana Reguzzoni Kavita Pillay Jason Hoag Nicky Kronenberg Michael Baker Jeff Sefcek Rob Lucas Meagan Class Bob Souer Roger Miller Killer Tracks/BMG Production Music Chris Minidis, Cramer McMahon Helicopter Services Archive Films/Getty The Cleveland Orchestra Cleveland State University The CONUS Archive F.I.L.M. Archives John Carroll University Broadcast Archives MacDonald and Associates Margaret Kushner National Archives NBC News Archives Stark Enterprises UCLA Film and Television Archive The Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio Hunter Morrison The Cleveland Foundation Johnson Bank