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Up-scaling Bio CNG Production by Down-scaling Gas Compression Rate.
22 Interview
In conversation with Dr. R.K. Malhotra (Bio) Fueling Innovation in the Netherlands -India / (Indo -Dutch) Alliance.
Unlocking Sustainable Energy:
The Transformative Potential of Bio-Methane Liquefaction (Bio LNG) in Biogas Plants
Co-generation CBG and Premium Bio-Fertilizer plant – the silver bullet to make CBG plants viable organically
Organic and Bio-Fertilizers in Nutrient Economy of India Waste-toEnergy Industry Embraces AI for Greener, More Efficient Future
EverEnviro’s Compressed BioGas (CBG) Plant in Indore Sets Global Benchmark in Sustainable Inno-
“Dear Readers and esteemed members,
Welcome to the latest edition of our biogas magazine! Post-election, we are filled with new hope and determination to drive sustainable energy solutions forward.
Recently, we coordinated an offline workshop organized by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), an inter-ministerial event with key industry leaders. The panel discussions focused on the "National Biogas Roadmap for Viksit Bharat," addressing financial, technical, and policy aspects of biogas. This event facilitated critical dialogues to advance biogas initiatives in India.
More specifically, in this edition of our magazine, you’ll find a diverse array of articles. One of the interesting write-ups covers attributes of a successful cutting-edge Municipal Waste-based Compressed Bio Gas (CBG) Plant in Indore,". This plant stands as a global example of sustainable innovation, with advanced technology and operational excellence setting new standards for efficiency and environmental stewardship.
Other couple articles span the value-added facets of Fermented Manure, wherein it explores a revolutionary approach to enhancing the economic viability of CBG plants. This holistic co-generation technique produces compressed biogas and high-quality bio-fertilizers, maximizing resource usage and economic benefits. These articles explore the role of organic fertilizers in the improvement of soil health, boosting crop yields in the long term, and adoption of sustainable agriculture practices upon reducing chemical inputs.
In our contemporary technology-related coverage, the article, "Up-scaling Bio CNG Production by Down-scaling Gas Compression Rate," examines innovative methods to enhance bio CNG production efficiency. By optimizing the gas compression process, this article reveals how producers can significantly increase output while reducing operational costs. This breakthrough provides a practical pathway to scaling up bio-CNG production, making it a more attractive and feasible option for energy producers.
Likewise, our coverage on "Unlocking Sustainable Energy: The Transformative Potential of Bio-Methane Liquefaction (Bio LNG) in Biogas Plants" discusses the exciting prospects of bio-methane liquefaction. Converting biogas into liquid form can create new opportunities for storage, transport, and utilization, expanding the reach and application of biogas. The potential for Bio LNG to revolutionize the energy market and enhance energy security is explored in depth, showcasing its role in the broader energy transition.
Happy Digesting!
In our article on AI, we look at how innovative technology could be used for the seamless operation of waste-to-energy projects.
Surely, this edition highlights the ongoing efforts for innovation and sustainability that shape the biogas sector. Together, let's champion biogas as a vital part of our energy future. Your support and involvement are crucial as we work towards a greener and sustainable world.
Thank you for joining us on this journey of discovery and transformation of the biogas industry. Enjoy reading!
Dr. A. R. Shukla President Indian Biogas Association
Chief Editor: Dr. Savita Boral
Editors: Abhijeet Mukherjee, Gaurav Kumar Kedia
Copy Editor: Mansha Tejpal, Dr. K. Rohit Srivastava, Lakshey Sehgal
Creative Director: Jyoti Narang
Production: Jyoti Malik, Arjun Gambhir
Tech Support: Sangram Rout
Print Coordinator: Pawan Sahoo
Know us more
The “Indian Biogas Association” (IBA) is the first nationwide and professional biogas association for operators, manufacturers and planners of biogas plants, and representatives from public policy, science and research in India.
The association was established in 2011 and revamped in 2015 to promote a greener future through biogas. The motto of the association is “propagating biogas in a sustainable way”.
Steverding Agitator Technology
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IBA's Commitment to Advancing Industry Prospects for Biogas/Bio-CNG
- Period: April '24 - June '24
IBA organized a workshop on “National Biogas Roadmap for VIKSIT BHARAT ”:
The 'National Biogas Roadmap for VIKSIT BHARAT' workshop was held on May 22, 2024, at Atal Akshaya Urja Bhawan in New Delhi. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) organized the event in collaboration with the Indian Biogas Association and BDO India LLP, who served as the knowledge partner. The workshop aimed to develop a comprehensive national biogas roadmap for India
(VIKSIT BHARAT) by fostering collaboration amongst stakeholders, exploring international best practices, and addressing policy and technological challenges; representatives from various government ministries emphasized the importance of biogas in achieving waste management goals, energy security, and rural development.
Honorary dignitaries from MNRE, MoPNG, the Department of Fertilizer, MoAFW, MoHUA, and MDDWS addressed the inaugural session. Thereafter, the Workshop was divided into five technical sessions, covering topics related to International Best Practices, Future Potential and developments, brainstorming on opportunities and New Market Development, Advancements in Technology, and Success stories.
The workshop fostered a productive dialogue among stakeholders, laying the groundwork for a national biogas roadmap. The discussions centered on collaboration, best practices, technological advancements, market opportunities, and replicability of successful projects. The output from this workshop will be instrumental in developing a relevant biogas roadmap for the country, which is essential for advancing India towards a more sustainable biogas future.
IBA pitches for a Tradable
CBG Certificate System‘ Valuing the Green Component ’:
The Government of India has taken significant steps in the past decade to promote the Indian biogas industry, with programs like SATAT, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) subsidy scheme, and the FOMMDA (Fermented Organic Manure – Market Development Assistance) scheme. However, further measures are needed to expedite the growth of the biogas industry. The current offtake price of compressed biogas (CBG) is pegged to a discounted retail price of CNG, which is counterintuitive considering the critical need to prioritize climate change mitigation.
As part of its biogas approach to accelerating industry growth, the Indian Biogas Association proposed to the government the establishment of a more efficient and rational pricing mechanism. IBA reiterated the fact that CBG deserves premium for the environmental benefits, it has an offer. Currently, while the retail selling price of CBG is aligned with CNG, the procurement price is unfortunately linked to the Retail Selling Price (RSP) of CNG. This pricing structure fails to recognize the inherent environmental value of CBG. Ideally, CBG should command a premium reflecting its green credentials.
To address this critical gap at this crucial juncture of the energy transition, it is imperative to establish a system that acknowledges and financially rewards
the green attributes of CBG. Currently, there is no dedicated framework for buying, selling, or tracking CBG's green credits. To address this, a comprehensive CBG mechanism encompassing a tradable CBG certificate system needs to be developed. This system would require the creation and administration of a CBG certificate registry. Currently, CBG is simply delivered and traded like regular natural gas. The Indian Biogas Association (IBA) proposes a minimal of linking the CBG offtake price by OGMC’s to the market price of CNG. This adjustment would provide much-needed financial support to CBG producers and incentivize further development in the sector.
IBA-supported events on CBG:
IBA participated in the biofuel expo organized by the Indian Exhibition Services and the Green Society of India from June 5th to 7th, 2024. The international expo focused on biodiesel, ethanol, biogas, and hydrogen for manufacturers, biofuel plant equipment suppliers, machine manufacturers, biofuel refiner-
ies, and allied industries. This expo aimed to showcase the latest key trends in the national and international biofuel industry.
In another promotional event, Centre for High Technology (CHT), under the aegis of the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, organized a 2-day ACM on “CBG”. CHT regularly conducts Activity Committee Meet (ACM) in the various fields of Energy sector and in India’s pursuit to increase the share of gas in energy consumption from the current 7 percent to 15 percent by 2030, this proved to be an excellent platform for interaction among all stakeholders attending the event. The first day of the event featured presentations from various Technology Suppliers, Biomass Aggregators, OGMCs, Consultants, Vendors, and Ministry Officials spanning topics pertinent Technological Innovations in the industry, FOM & other by-products, CO2 capture & By-products valorization, financing in CBG, and Policy framework. While on the second-day, visit to HPCL’s Badaun plant in Uttar Pradesh was scheduled.
Meet the Author
Mr. Abhijeet Mukherjee Director-Operation Indian Biogas Association
Agitator Technology from Germany – ‘Made In India’
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Up-scaling Bio CNG Production
by Down-scaling Gas Compression Rate.
Introduction
Biogas's availability at low pressure limits its usage, and plants that produce only biogas are not economical. It is required to purify the Biogas by removing corrosive gases like CO2 and H2S, followed by its Compression. At high pressure, its gas volume decreases and density increases, making it easier to store, transport, and use as a fuel in compact containers. Biogas that has undergone the Purification process and subsequently Compressed to 250 bar is referred to as BIO-CNG.
Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as agricultural residues, household waste, and sewage sludge. The main components of biogas are methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2),
with trace amounts of other gases.
The biogas production depends upon the efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process and feed stock availability through the plant’s operating time span.
Generally, the Biogas generation process starts around 20 to 22 days after the feedstock is fed to the digester. After 22 days at the initial stage, the gas generation begins with a flow rate of 10 to 25 %; it takes around 2 months to ramp the Biogas generation from 25% to its full 100% capacity. During regular operation also, one can see the drastic variations in biogas generation.
facilitate the purification process as well as its further storage and distribution process.
Capacity reduction upto 25% can be achieved
Biogas generated at low-pressure needs to be pressurized to
In a biogas and Bio-CNG production plant, various Compressor types are utilised. Centrifugal, Screw, and Reciprocating Compressors play significant roles in such plants. Based on their specific characteristics, these compressors are utilised for specific applications in gas purification and gas compression. Dynamic Compressors are well suitable for Low Pressure and high flow applications; but they cannot generate high discharge pressures. Positive displacement compressors i.e., reciprocating type compressors, are used to compress gas up to 250 Bar. These compressors use a piston-cylinder arrangement to compress the gas.
Refer comparison below to understand the compressors briefly.
Criteria
Displacement Compressors
Types Reciprocating (Piston OR Diaphragm), Rotary -Screw
Operating Principle
Reciprocating or rotary mechanisms
Flow Rate Low to Moderate flow rates
Reciprocating can generate High discharge Pressures
Pressure
BioGas compression
BioCNG application
A screw can generate low to moderate pressures
Suitability for Semi purified Biogas compression
Compressors
Centrifugal
Rotating impellers or blades
High flow rates
Can generate low to moderate pressures
Suitability for Semi purified Biogas compression
Only Reciprocating Type compressors are suitable to generate 250 bar pressure, i.e., Bio-CNG application Not suitable for Bio-CNG application
However, the positive displacement compressors struggle to operate at lower gas flow rates than their rated flow rates and require a 100% flow rate at their cylinder inlet. Hence, most high-pressure gas systems are not suitable for compressing
the gas at the initial stage or in the upset scenario. The delayed production of gas leads to the no compression situation, hence leading to the monetary loss.
Generally, in the Bio-CNG industry, gas is compressed if the Gas generation flow rate is above 50%. If gas is generating with flow rates i.e., less than 40-45%, the current practice is to vent the gas; this is clear monetization loss.
0 to 2 Months and Intermittent upsets if any
Around 0% to 25% Not economical to compress
No compression.
Production loss
No Monetization
Economical to compress. But unable to compress. • No compression. • Production loss • No Monetization After 2 Months 50% to 100%
Around 25% to 50%
The Plant's uninterrupted Operation, Biogas Generation, and Bio-CNG Production Rate depend upon the Synchronization of various Systems involved in the Plant. Every System of the
Compression resumes • Monetization starts.
plant shall be capable of adjusting itself to variations in operating parameters. Failure in synchronization will lead to Production loss. Hence, designing a gas compression system suitable
to operate with variations in flow rates is critical from a Plant Economy point of view.
Capacity control methods: Capacity control methods can
The table below depicts the monetization period of the CBG plant.
overcome the limitations of the Gas compression system. It is essential for reciprocating compressors for several reasons, primarily optimizing their performance, meet variable demand, and ensuring efficient operation.
The three primary capacity control methods are:
1. Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
Control: This is a more advanced form of modulation control where the compressor motor speed is continuously adjusted using a variable speed drive. VSDs efficiently match the compressor output to the changing demand, resulting in energy savings.
2. Gas Recycling: Gas is recycled from the High Pressure Discharge Side to the Low Pressure Suction Side.
3. Valve Unloading: Compressors can be equipped with multiple steps or stages, and the capacity is adjusted by activating or deactivating these stages. Each step corresponds to a different capacity level.
These control methods come with limitations. The table above depicts the constraints and not economical for the CBG plant.
However, by combining the Compressor Speed Reduction and Gas Recycling method the capacity control can be achieved, which is more economical and reliable.
Capacity Control Method Limitation
Compressor Speed Reduction with VFD Motors.
Gas Recycling from Compressor Discharge Side to Suction Side
• Cannot go below the minimum operating speed of Compressor
• Cannot achieve capacity reduction below 50%.
• JT effect limits the use as pressure difference is around 210 to 240 bar.
• Difficult to handle very low temperature gas which is at around-50 Deg C. Led to design a system considering cryogenic service and is not economical.
• Driver Power loss.
Valve Unloading - Converting Double acting Cylinder to Single acting Cylinder.
By running the compressor to its minimum allowable operating speed, the reduction in flow rates is achieved from 100% to 65%. Further capacity reduction can be achieved by operating the Compressor with Gas Recycle mode. Further Reduction in flow rates is achieved from 65% to 25%.
With the careful and innovative design of the gas compression system and its components, we can achieve a capacity reduction of 25%. With such a compression system, around 25% of gas,
• Susceptibility to Torsional - Vibrational loads
which is generally flared/vented, can be compressed. From initial stages, only the Plant can start the gas compression along with its monetization. During regular operation and in case of process upsets, the compression process will keep on operating due to its capability of de-scaling the flow rates and adjusting to variations in gas generations.
Hope this will help in improving the efficiency and monetization of Gas generation, purification, and compression Plant to the next level.
Mr. Pravin Nilekar Dy. General Manager – Head, Design and Development, Process Gas Systems Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Ltd.
(Bio) Fueling Innovation in the Netherlands – India
/ (Indo-Dutch) Alliance.
The use of biofuels – liquid or gaseous fuel for use in transport and produced from biomass can significantly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As per the International Energy Agency - Over the next five years biofuel demand is set to expand by 38 billion liters, a nearly 30% increase from the last five-year period. Total biofuel demand will rise 23% to 200 billion litres by 2028, with renewable diesel and bio jet fuel accounting for almost half of this growth, with the remainder coming from ethanol and biodiesel.
In the quest for sustainable solutions in clean energy and green fuels, the strategic partnership
between India and the Netherlands shines as a model of innovation and cooperation. This alliance can leverage India’s vast agricultural biomass resources and the Netherlands' technological expertise in biofuels & bioenergy segments to pave the way for significant advancements in renewable energy.
The roots of Netherlands-India dynamic collaboration trace back to significant global initiatives for many years, which was further catalysed in 2018, when the Netherlands signed the Framework Agreement of the International Solar Alliance, underscoring its commitment to solar energy and sustainable
practices worldwide. This early commitment would be the cornerstone for deeper cooperation in more targeted areas such as bioenergy and biofuel innovations.
The EU Directive on Renewable Energy sets targets to stimulate the use of sustainably produced biofuels, and these have been implemented in national legislation by the Netherlands Parliament. The Dutch government is actively working on becoming a net zero emission country by 2050 by focusing more on alternate/renewable energy sources such as Solar, on/offshore wind energy, Biomass to energy, Geothermal & Hydropower, and so on. The Dutch government sees the business communities as critical partners in achieving the energy transition goals; hence, it offers many incentives for businesses to invest in sustainable energy. Some of the notable schemes are the renewable energy grant scheme (SDE++), The Energy investment tax credit, Sustainable Energy investment grants (ISDEs), the Climate Energy Resilience Fund (CERF), etc.
On the other hand, India has set ambitious goals for achieving its carbon neutrality by 2070 by keeping an active ground on biofuel production, blending, and large-scale adoption across the country. India’s National Policy on Biofuels had set promising blending targets for ethanol (20% by 2030) and biodiesel (5% by 2030), the introduction of phase-wise mandatory blend-
ing of CBG in CNG (Transport) & PNG (Domestic) segments of CGD sector. CBG Blending Obligation (CBO) will be voluntary till FY 2024-2025, and mandatory blending obligation will start from FY 2025-26. CBO shall be kept as 1%, 3%, and 4% of total CNG/PNG consumption for FY 2025-26, 2026-27, and 202728 respectively. From 2028-29 onwards, CBO will be 5%.) etc. This further fueled biofuel production, especially ethanol, and today, India is the world’s 3rd largest producer and consumer of ethanol. Beyond blending targets, India established guaranteed pricing, long-term ethanol contracts, and technical standards and codes. Financial support for building new facilities and upgrading existing ones was also provided. Besides, India’s abundant
Municipal solid waste (62 million metric tonnes) and the surplus availability of around 350 million metric tonnes of unused crop residues provide a great opportunity for enhancing the country’s Biogas production and adoption. Government initiatives such as SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation), BPGP (Biogas based Distributed/Grid Power Generation), GOBARdhan (Waste to Wealth), Biogas programme from MNRE, PM-PRANAM pro-
gramme, etc. are further fueling India’s Biofuels/Bioenergy transition goals.
EU (Bio) transition goals and adoption in the Netherlands
The Netherlands has taken a proactive step to implement the EU directive on renewable energy, which urged all member states to increase the proportion of energy from renewable sources, including biofuels, to 20% by 2020. The revised Dutch annual obligation for renewable energy aims at an increase of 20 petajoules, effective 2024-25.
The partnership between India and the Netherlands in the Bioenergy / Biofuel transition exemplifies a synergistic fusion of Dutch technological expertise and India’s rich biomass resources.
Much biomass is produced and used in countries outside the Netherlands, and international agreements must be made on sustainable production. The Netherlands is working with other countries on developing policies for sustainable production of biofuels and liquid biomass. The Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management is a member of the Global Bio-Energy Partnership (GBEP). GBEP is a global cooperation of governments, international organizations, and companies to advance sustainable use of bio-energy. In The Gleneagles Plan of Action (July 2005), the G8 +5 (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South
Africa) included the launch of the GBEP to support more comprehensive, cost-effective biomass, and biofuels deployment, particularly in developing countries where biomass use is prevalent. GBEP has since been expanded with other countries including the Netherlands. GBEP has developed sustainability indicators for bio energy for national voluntary use. Currently, these indicators are being tested by several GBEP partners, and their use is promoted in other countries around.
The Dutch Edge in Technology
The Netherlands boasts a dynamic nexus of innovation in bioenergy, fostered by collaborations between leading companies, research institutions, and universities. Entities like Bio Energy Netherlands and Futuria Fuels are at the forefront, transforming sustainable biomass into valuable energy sources such as biogas, syngas, and bioLPG. Bio Energy Netherlands specializes in converting biomass into biogas for producing green hydrogen and CO₂, crucial for green chemistry and biofuels. Meanwhile, Futuria Fuels, a part of SHV Energy, focuses on creating renewable liquid gas, significantly advancing bioenergy technology while reducing carbon emissions.
Institutions like TNO and Wageningen University & Research (WUR) enrich the research landscape, which spearheads
projects ranging from microbial techniques for increasing biogas yield to innovative gasification methods for efficient syngas production. The Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), part of TNO, is renowned for developing renewable energy solutions, including those that optimize biomass conversion. Collaborative ventures, supported by the Dutch Research Council (NWO), link these research activities directly with industry applications, enhancing scalability and market reach. Notable successes include the development of a new catalyst that efficiently converts plant residues into biofuels and bioplastics and a joint initiative that has pioneered a process of converting biogas into green hydrogen, illustrating the practical impact of academic-industry partnerships in driving sustainable innovations.
India’s potential
India is an agricultural powerhouse, producing over 500 million tonnes of crop residue annually with wastage of more than 350 MT. However, the potential to convert this residue into energy has yet to be explored. It is estimated that these residues could generate up to 48.35 GW of power, offering a sustainable solution to meet a significant portion of the country's energy demand. Yet, as of now, a substantial portion of this biomass is either burnt or left to decay, which wastes a valuable resource and exacerbates envi-
ronmental pollution.
The Indian government recognizes the urgency and potential of this situation and has been actively working towards policies and initiatives that encourage biomass conversion into bioenergy. This is where the technological prowess and experience of the Netherlands in biomass technology come into play, offering transformative possibilities for India's renewable energy sector. India also has another opportunity to boost global biofuel deployment through the Global Biofuels Alliance, which it launched in 2023 with leaders from eight other countries. Notably, most of the new biofuel demand comes from emerging economies such as India, Brazil, and Indonesia. Also, to leverage India’s biomass potential, India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has launched the Biogas programme with a solid vision of enhancing biogas production by setting up biogas plants that can produce 25 m3 to 2500 m3 biogas per day for corresponding power generation capacity range of 3KW to 250KW and to also support the farmers in reducing the use of chemical fertilizers by the production of organically enriched bio-manure.
Synergistic Initiatives and Collaborative Projects
The Mission of Innovation on Integrated Biorefineries is a cornerstone of the India-Netherlands partnership. This initiative
aims to develop biorefineries capable of converting biomass into valuable products such as biofuels and biochemicals. The goal is to enhance these processes' cost-effectiveness and overall efficiency, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 50% by 2030 compared to conventional fuels. The programme is co-led by India and the Netherlands by having the European Commission and the UK as a mission support group, and Brazil and Canada as the core mission members. This broader participation offers the opportunity to leverage international expertise and collaboration to support the development of bio-based Sustainable Fuels, Chemicals, and Materials (SFCM), which will be essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improving supply chain resiliency and diversification, and support the global transition to a net-zero economy, to replace 10% of fossil-based feedstock for fuels, chemicals and materials with sustainable alternatives by 2030.
The Horizon Europe program further supports these initiatives through research calls focused on advancing bio-based technologies. These calls aim to improve the sustainability and efficiency of biofuel production, with targets set to increase energy efficiency by 25% and reduce waste production by 30% by 2026. This initiative will also reinforce the European scientific and export potential for renewable fuel production solutions through international collaborations. Conversion of biogenic wastes and residues as well as algae and aquatic biomass through chemical, biochemical, electrochemical, biological, and thermochemical pathways or combinations of them in highly circular processes are also in scope. The call has an initial budget of €7 million.
Incoming / Outgoing Innovation Missions: Innovation tours/ missions to/from the Netherlands are critical instruments of the Dutch government that foster the relationship between
the government, academia, and industry across various thematic areas. The upcoming Innovation Mission to India in October 2024 is a significant initiative focusing on further integrating Dutch and Indian expertise in biorefineries, bioenergy, and biochemicals. This mission will facilitate direct interaction between stakeholders from both countries, fostering exchanges that are expected to lead to groundbreaking advancements in biomass conversion technologies. This mission is anticipated to attract significant participation from Dutch companies and research institutions, catalysing over 200 business-to-business (B2B) meetings and the formation of 20 or more new collaborative projects. These engagements will deepen the technological ties between the two nations and provide substantial economic opportunities within the burgeoning field of bioenergy. We look forward to working with team IBA to integrate the best practices from both countries by facilitating knowledge exchange and capacity-building initiatives among our stakeholders.
Strategic Developments
The alliance is expected to influence both countries' energy landscapes dramatically. and is not only significant from an economic standpoint and crucial for enhancing energy security and reducing environmental impact. Furthermore, the technology transfer and joint ventures anticipated from the Mission Inno-
vation program, Innovation Mission to India in October 2024, and Research calls such as the Horizon Europe & Global Stars aim to significantly enhance India’s biogas production capabilities. This push is expected to bolster energy security and support rural economies, demonstrating the profound societal impacts of effective bioenergy utilization. Policy Framework and Governmental Support
Both countries are supported by a robust policy framework encouraging renewable energy development. The Dutch government, including the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, plays a pivotal role in shaping and supporting these energy initiatives. Collaborations with Indian ministries such as the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) can underpin the strategic alignment between national policies and international cooperation efforts.
Governmental engagements are always instruments that can ensure that the partnership benefits from high-level support and aligns with national and international climate goals, making the initiatives more sustainable and impactful in the long run.
Conclusion:
The partnership between India and the Netherlands in the Bioenergy / Biofuel transition
exemplifies a synergistic fusion of Dutch technological expertise and India’s rich biomass resources. This alliance leverages innovative and cutting-edge research initiatives like Horizon Europe research call and Mission Innovation project to enhance both nations' energy portfolios and innovation capacity, setting a global benchmark in renewable energy collaboration. By combining the Netherlands' advancements in sustainable energy technologies with India's substantial bioenergy potential, this partnership not only strengthens existing relations but also paves the way for a sustainable, energy-secure future, demonstrating the profound impact of international cooperation in achieving global sustainability goals.
References: Government. nl, IEA, ISA, Horizon Europe, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Dutch Research Council, MNRE, MoPNG, WUR, Bioenergy Netherlands, Futuria Fuels, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy Netherlands, PIB.
Meet the Author
Mr. Arun Thekkedath Senior Policy Advisor
Netherlands Innovation Network India, Consulate General of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Mumbai
Dr. Malhotra received B.Tech Mechanical Engineering degree from IIT BHU and Ph.D. (Energy Studies) from IIT Delhi. He is a distinguished Energy professional with expertise in Energy & Environment areas including Renewables, Bio-fuels & Hydrogen. He has over 47 years of experience, which included long tenure of 37 years at Indian oil Corporation, where he was Board Member for four years as Director R&D & held charge for some time as Chairman before his superannuation. Subsequently, he served for nearly 6 years as Director General, Federation of Indian Petroleum Industry.
He is currently member of several important national committees i.e., Expert Member in the Cabinet Empowered Group of Green Hydrogen Mission of the Govt of India. He is also Chairman of the Central Pollution Control Board Committee for formulating Emission Standards of Gensets. In addition, he is Member of the Scientific Advisory Council of Petroleum Ministry, Member of the Research council of Indian oil and Member of the Academic and Research Council of University of Petroleum & Energy Studies. He is presently the President of the Hydrogen Association of India
1. What inspired you to become involved in hydrogen technology, and how do you see its role evolving in India's energy transition? Could you help explain this providing an overview of the current state of hydrogen technology adoption in India?
As an energy professional, I was certain that hydrogen is the ultimate fuel that will be used in the future. It is the most abundant element on Earth, but it is not available in free form. Because hydrogen requires energy to be produced, it is an energy carrier that will allow the use of carbon-free fuel, which is required by various industries for decarbonisation in this era of energy transition
2. What are the main challenges hindering the widespread adoption of hydrogen technology in India, and how is the association working to address them?
Even today, grey or hydrogen from natural gas or coal can be supplied at a reasonable price, and the cost of blue hydrogen with carbon capture, use and sequestration (CCUS) would be less comparable to that of green hydrogen. However, government policies only support Green Hydrogen because they want technologies to develop quickly and costs to fall rapidly, which is, in some ways, the correct perspective. We at the Hydrogen Association of India are of the view that until the cost of Green Hydrogen becomes reasonable,
let's use any hydrogen because rolling out of infrastructure and development of its market, i.e., demand creation, will also take time, and we should be ready for faster adoption of Green Hydrogen when its cost becomes reasonable.
For the past ten years, we organised an annual International Conference on Hydrogen to spread knowledge about its production, storage, supply, and distribution, as well as safety issues.
cluding production, storage, distribution, and utilization?
Net Zero is not possible without Green and Blue
Hydrogen
3. India has ambitious renewable energy targets. How do you see hydrogen contributing to achieving these targets, particularly in sectors like transportation and industry?
India aims to generate 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030. Green hydrogen production, with a target of 5 million tonnes by 2030, will require 125 GW of renewable power. The push for reduced emissions in transportation, decarbonisation in industrial sectors such as cement and steel, and a mandate in refineries for the use of green hydrogen will all assist in encouraging the growth of renewables.
4. What are some successful case studies or pilot projects showcasing the benefits of hydrogen technology in India? and how do you envision the future of hydrogen infrastructure development in India, in-
While I was working at Indian Oil R&D in 2008, we began projects for hydrogen mixtures in CNG (HCNG) and their use in automotive vehicles. The Indian Oil Research Centre in Faridabad installed India's first hydrogen and HCNG dispensing station. A pilot plant for partial reforming natural gas to HCNG and a co-gasification pilot plant for hydrogen production from coal, pet coke and biomass were established.
Hydrogen research was taken seriously, and in 2009, we established the Hydrogen Association of India. I am pleased that Mr. Alok Sharma, who previously worked with me on such projects and in the hydrogen association, is now on the board of Indian Oil as Director of R&D. In recent years, a variety of energy companies have begun to focus on various aspects of the entire hydrogen value chain.
5. Collaboration is crucial for advancing hydrogen technology. Can you discuss any partnerships or collaborations the association has forged with industry, government, or research institutions?
Yes, I agree that collaboration is important, and our Hydrogen Association has been working
closely with hydrogen associations from various countries, including Scotland, Canada, Australia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and a few others. We have provided a platform for B2B meetings through our conferences and webinars. We also help the government make policies by participating in various committees and raising industry concerns.
6. What policies or regulatory frameworks are needed to support the growth of the hydrogen economy in India?
Following the government's announcement of the Green Hydrogen Mission, various ministries are actively working to promote the growth of India's Hydrogen Economy. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, in particular, has implemented incentive programmes for electrolyzer manufacturers and hydrogen production units. The recent call for R&D proposals and schemes for pilot projects in hydrogen mobility are cost-cutting policies.
The Ministry of Heavy Industry has announced a PLI scheme for electrolysers, which should include incentives for hydrogen vehicles similar to those for electric vehicles. We must implement a carbon credit policy for hydrogen production or its use instantaneously. Safety codes and standards for the entire value chain should be developed in accordance with international
best practices.
7. Hydrogen has the potential to address energy security and environmental concerns. How does the association advocate for hydrogen as a sustainable energy solution? And, looking ahead, what are the key milestones or goals that the association aims to achieve in advancing hydrogen technology adoption in India?
Energy security and affordability are critical for a growing economy, which is currently dependent on fossil fuel imports.
The current emphasis on Renewable Energy-based Green Hydrogen production is important for energy security, but it needs to
be boosted significantly to cater for growing energy demands. We must also focus on abundant agriculture and municipal waste for hydrogen production, which can be cost-effective and boost the rural economy while creating millions of jobs. Our Hydrogen Association has partnered with the Indian Biogas Association (IBA), and together, we can provide the necessary impetus for hydrogen production and use in the rural sector.
Unlocking Sustainable Energy:
The Transformative Potential of Bio-Methane Liquefaction (Bio LNG) in Biogas Plants
In the relentless pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, the integration of cutting-edge technologies becomes indispensable. Among the innovations gaining substantial traction is the implementation of Bio-Methane Liquefaction Systems at biogas plants. This revolutionary approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also unlocks a myriad of benefits, transforming the landscape of energy production.
Understanding the Basics: Bio LNG and Biogas Plants
At its core, Bio-Methane Liquefied Natural Gas (Bio LNG), a carbon-neutral fuel, derives
from the liquefaction of biomethane. Biomethane is a product of a meticulous process involving converting organic waste into biogas, and biomethane. The deployment of Bio-Methane Liquefaction Systems in biogas plants promise to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of renewable energy production significantly. Moreover, the further utilization of biomethane, whether for transportation, power generation, or injection into the gas grid, facilitates cleaner energy production compared to direct power generation from biogas combustion. Notably, Bio LNG introduces an additional advantage by enabling the capture of CO2 byproducts from biogas,
resulting in the production of carbon-negative LNG.
The Environmental Imperative
Reducing Methane Emissions:
While biogas plants play a pivotal role in waste management and renewable energy production by harnessing methane from organic waste, Bio-Methane Liquefaction Systems take environmental stewardship to the next level. By liquefying biomethane, the system minimizes the release of methane into the atmosphere, effectively mitigating the impact of this potent greenhouse gas with a significantly higher warming potential
than carbon dioxide.
Closing the Loop on Circular Economy:
Bio LNG aligns seamlessly with the circular economy model by efficiently utilizing organic waste as a feedstock. This closed-loop approach reduces the environmental impact of waste and contributes to the development of a sustainable and circular ecosystem.
Energy
Efficiency and Grid Integration
Enhancing Energy Density:
A standout advantage of Bio LNG lies in its superior energy density compared to its alternate utilization as compressed biogas. The liquefaction process, which typically occurs at temperatures around -140 to 160 degrees Celsius, dramatically reduces the volume of the gas by 600 times, rendering it more economically viable for storage and transportation.
The composition of Bio-LNG primarily consists of methane, produced through the conversion of organic waste into biogas and subsequent liquefaction. This carbon-neutral fuel presents a sustainable alternative, contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Regarding calorific value, BioLNG offers a robust energy content, making it an efficient source for power generation, transportation, and various industrial applications. A compar-
ison with conventional LNG or CNG reveals its comparable performance, further underscoring its viability as a clean and efficient energy solution.
This enhanced energy density ensures efficient storage and transport and opens new possibilities for decentralized energy solutions, facilitating the seamless integration of renewable energy into existing grids.
Flexible Energy Distribution:
The liquefaction of biogas provides a practical solution for more accessible storage and transportation, offering unparalleled flexibility in energy distribution. Bio LNG can be transported and utilized in areas with limited access to gas pipelines, thereby widening the reach of sustainable energy sources.
Current LNG Logistics and Inland Transfer:
Bio-LNG is the way forward
Decarbonizing Road and Water Transportation such as Maritime, Long Haul Road Movement
An integral aspect of Bio LNG's transformative potential lies in its application to decarbonize maritime and long-haul heavy vehicle road transport. By replacing traditional fuels with Bio LNG, we pave the way for a sustainable and environmentally friendly future in the transportation sector, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions and contributing to global efforts for cleaner mobility solutions.
LNG is predominantly imported through ships at ports, with a well-established process in place. The liquefied natural gas is transported in especially designed LNG carriers, ensuring its safe delivery to port facilities. Once at the port, appropriate inland transfer and logistics mechanisms come into play to distribute LNG to various destinations. However, a high cost is involved in transporting LNG from the ports up to the consumption point through these tankers. Therefore, a decentralized LNG generation ecosystem (such as LNG being generated at various biogas plants across the country) can not only reduce the dependence on “imported LNG,” but also result in savings in transportation cost
End Usages of LNG:
The end usages of LNG are diverse, reflecting its versatility as a clean energy source. In heavy vehicles, LNG finds application through mobile refilling stations or the integration of LNG into the existing compressed natural gas (CNG) infrastructure by setting up LCNG Stations. This approach allows for flexibility in fueling heavy vehicles and contributes to the development of a more sustainable transportation
sector.
Challenges in Adopting Vehicular LNG versus CNG:
While adopting LNG in heavy vehicles presents significant environmental benefits, challenges are associated with its widespread use compared to compressed natural gas (CNG). These challenges include considerations related to infrastructure, refueling stations, and LNG availability in areas far away from the coastal areas with ports nearby. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the seamless integration of LNG into the transportation and industrial sectors. To some extent, these challenges can also be alleviated by establishing micro- and Small-scale LNG facilities in the interior regions of our country.
Partnerships
for Progress: Collaboration with European Technology Providers
Our collaboration with a leading technology provider underscores the global significance of this transformative approach.
Leveraging European expertise in Bio-Methane Liquefaction Systems, we bring state-of-theart technology to Indian biogas plants, fostering international collaboration for a sustainable future. Standardized solutions catering to commonly deployed capacities of biogas plants, ranging from 3, 6, 9, 12, to 20 TPD of BioLNG capacity, further exemplify the scalability and adaptability of this technology.
Small Scale, Decentralized Production: A Game-Changer
In addition to its large-scale applications, the benefits of smallscale, decentralized production of Bio LNG cannot be overstated. These systems offer localized solutions, providing environmental and economic advantages. The ability to produce Bio LNG on a smaller scale not only aligns with the needs of diverse communities but also facilitates quicker implementation, reducing logistical complexities
With their small footprint, containerized liquefaction systems revolutionize the landscape of Bio LNG production. These systems minimize site construction work and commissioning time, ensuring efficiency in deployment. The modular and containerized nature of these systems enhances flexibility, making them suitable for various settings and contributing to the versatility of decentralized energy production.
Unmanned Operations for Streamlined Efficiency
Integrating automation options into Bio-Methane Liquefaction Systems allows for unmanned operations, streamlining efficiency and minimizing operational costs. Automated processes ensure precision and reliability in the liquefaction process, optimizing energy production while reducing the need for continuous manual oversight.
Sharing Knowledge for a Greener Tomorrow
As responsible stakeholders in the renewable energy landscape, it is imperative to disseminate knowledge and insights about the benefits of Bio LNG. Educational outreach programs play a pivotal role in empowering stakeholders, from policymakers to local communities, with the understanding needed to embrace and actively support
the widespread adoption of this transformative technology.
Conclusion: A Greener Horizon with Bio-Methane Liquefaction
In conclusion, deploying Bio-Methane Liquefaction Systems at biogas plants is a technological advancement and a profound shift toward a greener and more sustainable energy future. The multifaceted benefits of this transformative technology extends beyond its immediate environmental impact, reaching into realms of enhanced energy efficiency, seamless grid integration, and the fostering of robust international collaboration.
As we navigate the complexities of our energy landscape, Bio LNG emerges as a beacon of innovation, embodying the ethos of environmental responsibility and forward-thinking energy solutions. It's a catalyst for change, driving us towards a future where sustainability isn't just a goal but an inherent part of our energy DNA
Scaling Impact: From Local to Global
The scalability of Bio-Methane Liquefaction Systems is a pivotal aspect of their impact. These systems can be tailored to match the diverse capacities of biogas plants, ranging from smaller-scale operations to larger industrial facilities. This scalability not only ensures adaptability to various settings but also underscores the technology's poten-
tial to address energy challenges on a global scale.
Economic Opportunities and Job Creation
Beyond the environmental and technological facets, Bio LNG introduces exciting economic opportunities. The deployment of these systems fosters job creation and economic growth, particularly in regions with a focus on renewable energy initiatives. As the industry expands, skilled manufacturing, maintenance, and research and development jobs become integral components of a burgeoning green economy.
Strategic Alignment with Renewable Energy Targets
The government of India has ambitious renewable energy targets, aiming to reduce carbon footprints and transition towards cleaner energy sources. Bio-Methane Liquefaction aligns strategically with these goals, offering a reliable and sustainable energy solution that complements broader renewable energy strategies. The adoption of this technology contributes significantly to meeting these targets, positioning it as a critical player in the global shift towards
a low-carbon future.
Looking Ahead: The Road to a Sustainable Tomorrow
As we look ahead, the road to a sustainable tomorrow is illuminated by the promise of Bio-Methane Liquefaction. It represents not just a technological innovation but a paradigm shift, steering us away from traditional energy models towards a future where clean, renewable energy is not just an option but a necessity.
In embracing Bio LNG, we embark on a journey towards energy resilience, environmental stewardship, and global collaboration. The path may be challenging, but the destination—a sustainable, cleaner, and more vibrant future—is undeniably worth the effort.
Meet the Author
Mr. Sandeep Shivhare Managing Director Eurotec Engineering
Co-generation CBG and Premium Bio-Fertilizer plant
– the silver bullet to make CBG plants viable organically
One of the main complaints of the CBG industry is the issue of financial viability of the CBG plants despite the offtake rate increasing and indexed to the Retail Selling Price (RSP) of CNG in the market CBG. To enhance the viability of CBG projects, Govt. amended the Fertilizer (Inorganic, Organic or Mixed) (Control) Third Amendment Order, 2021, to allow CBG plants to upgrade and sell the digested slurry as Fermented Organic Manure (FOM/LFOM/PROM).
PM-PRANAM scheme was further launched in June 2023 to boost FOM sales. Biogas Fraternity has been painstakingly pro-
active to make a case with Union Govt. to ensure a ₹ 5-5.5 per kg. a fixed price for the FOM over and above the Market Development Assistance of ₹ 1.5 per Kg. The demand for FOM from the end-users, namely farmers, remains elusive. Despite the enabling agencies' possible support, incentives and push, it is still challenging to sell FOM to farmers. If the FOM is as good as it is being claimed, it should have been an economically and ecologically better alternative to chemical fertilizers by now. However, it is becoming increasingly challenging to sell FOM on a large scale in the market.
To comprehend this disparity, one must dig into the technical specifications governing these fertilizers. The two main parameters Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Potassium and Phosphorus i.e., NPK (on a dry basis) should be at least 14% and 1.2%, respectively, according to the FCO 2021. Soil organic carbon is the component of soil organic matter which can be measured. Organic matter is crucial in farm fields for nutrient retention and turnover, soil structure, moisture retention and availability, increase soil fertility, prevent soil erosion, and support carbon sequestration. As far as NPK is concerned, Nitrogen (N) in NPK fertilizer has the function of preparing amino acids (proteins), nucleic acids, nucleotides, and chlorophyll in plants. Phosphorus (P) in the NPK fertilizer is required for storage and energy transfer. Potassium (K) in the NPK fertilizer works as an enzyme activator, and helps in the
transport of nutrients from the leaf to the plant tissue. Although the FCO recommended parameters perform well in laboratory tests conducted by scientists under controlled conditions, they are significantly below the desired levels required in the actual farm environment, resulting in less meaningful enhancement in crop yield growth. The majority of FOMs we see on the market are merely upgraded compost or digested slurry, and the proportion of the critical nourishing ingredients for the crops in them fail to have a significant impact on the farmers. Moreover, there is no customization of the FOMs for the crops, making it a one size fits all model for nutrient fixing in soil. Thus, FOM has become a glorified compost for farmers, which is only suitable as a supplementary product and not as a replacement for chemical fertilizers. And therein lies the key reason for elusive pull from farmers, making the
FOM only a wishful solution for the agriculture sector. The CBG projects may wish to become viable with FOM, but this wish is not yielding results.
We believe the way forward is to invest in real R&D and marry India’s traditional knowledge for fixing farm nutrients with advanced crop science. It is essential to develop organic bio-stimulants and herbal extracts that leverage India's traditional understanding of farming while keeping pests at bay to promote the natural farming concepts. It is equally important to leverage advanced science and develop enzymes to fix NPK from the environment. To achieve this, the minimum recommended organic carbon content for farm field fertilizers should be 35-40% and the minimum NPK level 7-9%, which should then be further fortified with crop-specific nutrients. These parameters are however, much higher than the
current prescribed parameters and not an easy feat to achieve. The targeted application with crop specific nourishing is more beneficial to the soil and crop in comparison to any other alternative. Soil Organic Carbon is also a grassroot level of carbon sequestration albeit of much lower quantity compared to carbon capture and storage (CCS).
Over 3 years of extensive research, field trials, collaboration with agriculture experts and generous support from select farmers a technology has been finally achieved by us to make the upgraded slurry that can enhance agriculture in performance on field with significant yield growths. Using these premium bio-fertilizers, farmers in Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh are achieving much higher growth rates Mr. Bhupinder Rathi of Madhya Pradesh reported that after applying organic fertilizer to a 0.5-hectare area, he observed a significant increase in bean yield. Each plant produced between 200 to 250 beans, compared to the 100 beans per plant typically observed with chemical fertilizers.
The results depend on soil and other factors and may vary slightly for other areas but nonetheless a breakthrough has been achieved. The results have been so astounding that farmers and FPOs are vying to become distributors of Premium Bio- Fertilizer products.
The premium bio-fertilizers have the capability to address the core issue of viability of CBG projects. The premium bio-fertilizers deliver proven results and are readily available in the retail sector at prices ranging from ₹100 to ₹350 per kilogram. These prices are 200- 250% above the highest achievable prices for FOM in the market. Moreover, the premium bio- fertilizers can be easily sold at scale with a far less effort required in sales and marketing easily competing against chemical fertilizers, while FOM can't be sold at large scale and definitely can’t replace chemical fertilizers.
geopolitically driven, but the premium bio-fertilizer prices are independent of any of this and are dependent on the brand's sales and marketing strategy.
Revenue Jump can be upto 200%
The revenue jump from a combined CBG and Premium Bio-Fertilizer plant, i.e., a co- generation plant, can be between 50%-200%, at an additional cost of 15-20% of the CAPEX of the "only CBG producing" plants. Thus, the major profitability of the co-generation plant comes from Premium Bio-Fertilizers, not from CBG sales. This changes the role of slurry as a by-product and actually makes it the main product and CBG the by-product. The CBG prices are market dependent, sometimes
With India's quest for Atmanirbhar Bharat in the field of green energy and fertilizers, this concept not only fixes the question of viability of CBG plants but also heralds the way forward to sell digested slurry of CBG plants at higher prices and volumes. The co- generation plant is the most effective way forward for the CBG sector in India, as the CBG with FOM producing plants are unable to meet the targets set by the government. It is the only win-win proposition for all stakeholders in the current scenario especially for the investors of these projects.
Meet the Author
Mr. Ashish Tripathi Chief Strategy Officer Biofics Private Limited
Summary of Workshop on National Biogas Roadmap for Viksit Bharat
The "National Biogas Roadmap for Viksit Bharat" workshop, held on May 22nd, 2024 in New Delhi, aimed to create a comprehensive roadmap for India's biogas sector. Organized by MNRE in collaboration with the Indian Biogas Alliance and BDO India LLP, the workshop brought together government officials, industry experts, and international stakeholders.
Key Goals:
initiatives like the SATAT, Swachh Bharat, and W2E programmes.
International Perspective: In ternational experts shared successful models and insights from countries like Germany, the EU, and Denmark, emphasizing the global importance of biogas and its role in achieving net-zero emissions.
Success Stories: Representatives from successful biogas projects across various feedstocks presented their experiences, showcasing the diverse applications of biogas technology and its potential for waste management and clean energy generation.
Roadmap for
Viksit Bharat:
The workshop concluded with a roadmap for developing a national biogas strategy, featuring key focus areas:
Social: PPP models with farmer inclusion, timely government payments, and certified players.
1. Fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing
2. Exploring international best practices
3. Addressing policy and technological challenges
4. Promoting biogas as a solution for waste management, energy security, and rural development
Key Highlights:
Government Support: Representatives from various ministries emphasized the importance of biogas, highlighting its potential for waste management, energy security, and rural development. The government's commitment to biogas was evident through
Policy and Technological Challenges: Discussions centered on the need for streamlined regulations, improved coordination between ministries, and access to finance for Compressed Biogas (CBG) projects.
Technological Advancements:
The workshop explored advancements in feedstock processing, bio-methanation technologies, and standardization practices. Experts advocated for developing cost-effective and efficient technologies specifically tailored to Indian context.
Market Opportunities: Discussions explored new market opportunities for CBG beyond transportation fuel, including power generation, industrial applications, and bio-based products.
Capital Costs: Price discovery and rationalization of feedstocks, collateral-free financing, and tax exemptions for entrepreneurs.
Operations: Training/capacity building, technical standards and best practices, supplier rating systems.
Built-in condensate separator & dust filter for extra protection
Simultaneous measurement of Biogas & Flow rate (optional)
Internal data storage for over 20,000 readings
SD card, Mini-USB & Bluetooth for data transfer to Smartphone, Tablet or PC
Long-life rechargeable battery with standard USB charger
Organic and Bio-Fertilizers
in Nutrient Economy of India
...continued from edition 27 of Biogas magazine
Commercialization of organic fertilizers
Although the production and use of organic fertilizers is an on-farm activity and is to be taken up by farmers for their use, the availability of biomass from activities other than farms has opened avenues for commercializing organic fertilizers. Degradable city waste, industrial waste from agro and food processing industries, biogas slurry, and fish, poultry and dairy industry wastes are potential sources
that can be transformed into nutrient-rich composts/ organic fertilizers. Mechanization and the declining interest of farmers in keeping cattle has opened avenues for purchasing composts from off-farm sources.
Recently, a significant push by the Government for harnessing the potential of biogas generated from cattle and agricultural waste is emerging as an alternative fuel industry. Biogas slurry is the major by-product that can be transformed into nutrient-rich organic fertilizer. Inherently, organic fertilizers are poor in nutrients (in the range of 1.5 to 3%) and bulky in nature,
and face commercial viability issues when produced away from farms. Due to massive subsidies on chemical fertilizers, there is also no level playing field between chemical and other natural sources. To overcome the constraints and to make organic fertilizers an economically viable industry, there is a need for value addition for nutrient enrichment and volume reduction
Value Addition in Composts
Value addition in compost can be achieved during composting and post-composting operations. The entire process of value addition is depicted schematically here
Nitrogen enrichment
Use of N-rich biomass such as legume straw, press mud and N-fixing bacterial cultures are the best options. Adding pyrite not only helps reduce pH but also reduces nitrogen loss through volatilization. Nitrogen in composted materials can be also improved by reducing the loss of ammonia during the composting process by the addition of clay materials like kaolin powder and natural zeolite as well as lignin-rich material like coir dust. Farmers do the traditional method for the N-enrichment of compost by sowing the seeds of fast-growing pulses/ legumes on compost heaps and incorporating them with compost after 21 days. Allow this mixture to decompose for 15 days. N-enriched compost is ready.
mixing 30 kg of high-grade rock phosphate (containing >30%P) with 70 kg of solid biogas compost and 1% solution of phosphate solubilizing bacterial culture. Allow it to mature under the plastic cover. Good quality PROM will be ready in 30 days.
Potassium enrichment
During last 10 years, organic and bio-input sectors have overgrown and are growing at 10-15% CAGR
Available K content of compost can be enriched by charging the composting substrates with 4% K equivalent waste mica on a dry weight basis of composting substrates. The addition of K-solubilizing microorganisms such as Bacillus mucilaginosus or Bacillus edaphicus hastens the K-solubilization process.
Zinc Enrichment
Phosphorus Enrichment
During composting, rock phosphate is incorporated in the composting substrate layers by spreading rock phosphate dust and sprinkling with 10% fresh cow dung slurry over rock phosphate. Solubilization of rock phosphate can be expedited by mixing 5% pyrite and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms.
Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM) can be prepared by
compost with 10 to 20% fly ash along with biofertilizer organisms such as Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria for about 25-30 days improves the nutrient status of biogas compost. But in such cases care should be taken to ensure that heavy metal contents in fly ash are below the permissible levels applicable for compost.
Recent Innovations
in
Nutri-
ent Enhancement of organic fertilizers
The zinc-enriched compost can be prepared by decomposing organic wastes by following the standard composting method with calculated quantities of Zn as ZnSO4. 7H2O/ ZnO. Zince-enriched compost will be ready in 90 days if the base material is raw biomass or 30 days if the base material is digested biogas slurry. To hasten Zn. Solubilization process zinc solubilizing microbial cultures can also be added during the composting process.
Value
addition with Fly ash
Co-composting of solid biogas
As organic fertilizers are poor in nutrients and bulky in nature, a lot of research has been done to increase their nutrient value through value addition. Any type of organic biomass, semi-mature composts, and solid parts of biogas slurry are ideal base materials for value addition. Some of the popular value-added composts developed by ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal is as follows:
a. Phospho Compost:
The phospho compost is prepared by co-composting of base material with phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (Aspergillus awamori, Pseudomonas strata, and Bacillus megaterium) phosphate rock and pyrite. The average P content of this compost is 2 - 3.50 % (Technical Bulletin (Hindi), Nov. 2000, IISS, Bhopal).
b. Phospho-Sulpho-Nitro Compost:
In this composting process, urea @0.5-1% (w/w), rock phosphate @12.5% (w/w), and pyrite @ 10% (w/w) are added into the composting mixture. The average nutrient value of this compost is 1.5-2.3% N and 3.2-4.2% P (Technical Bulletin No.2/2006, IISS, Bhopal).
c. Spent Wash amended Compost:
This compost is prepared by the heap method, but the water requirement for the composting is met by spent wash, the primary waste material from the distillery industry. Spent wash is rich in organic matter and a good source of plant nutrients like N, P, K, S etc. After preparation, the nutrient value of spent wash amended compost is 1.37% N, 1.30% P, and 1.82% K. (IISS Research Bulletin.No.2, 2012).
d. Enriched Organo-Mineral Compost:
In this method of composting, crop residues are mixed with cow dung or solid biogas compost is co-composted with lowgrade rock phosphate, waste mica, and mineral gypsum, and the composting period is nearly 2-3 months. The nutrient value of enriched organo-mineral compost is 1% N, 1% P, 2.1% K, 1.7% S, and the addition of 1 tonne of compost can supply 10 kg N, 10 kg P, 21 kg K, and 17 kg S to the crop. (ACIAR Project Technical Paper (Folder): Phosphorus, Potassium & Sulphur enriched Organo-Mineral Com-
post Production Technology, IISS, Bhopal).
Regulatory Framework for Organic and Biofertilizers
Bio and organic fertilizer quality is regulated through the Fertilizer Control Order 1985. Every manufacturer needs to obtain the necessary certificate of manufacture and certificate of sales from the respective states. FCO provides for standards and testing methodologies, and manufacturers are required to adhere to the prescribed standards (for details, see “The Fertilizer (Inorganic, Organic and mixed) Control Order 1985, Publ. The Fertilizer Association of India”).
Prospects
Although farmers are aware of the benefits of organic fertilizers, they are not willing to make and use organic fertilizers because of additional cost and cheap availability of chemical fertilizers. During last 10 years, organic and bio-input sectors have overgrown and are growing at 10-15% CAGR.
The compressed biogas industry with biogas slurry as by-product is quickly emerging as an essential contributor to organic fertilizer. Emerging value-addition technologies are offering new avenues for transforming waste into nutrient-rich products, adding to the efforts of a sustainable future of agriculture.
Meet the Author
Dr. A.K. Yadav Former Director National Centre of Organic Farming
CNG / CBG
EverEnviro’s Compressed BioGas (CBG) Plant
in Indore Sets Global Benchmark in Sustainable Innovation
Indore, a beautiful city in Madhya Pradesh, is a vibrant hub for industry, education, culture, and innovation. It is recognized as the cleanest Urban Local Body (ULB) in India, with over 95% waste segregation despite its status as the most populous city in the state. It is also home to Indore Clean Energy Pvt Ltd, India’s largest MSW-based CBG facility, set up by EverEnviro Resource Management Pvt Ltd. From once being a landfill burdened with 2 Lacs MT of waste, the facility today handles 550 MT of organic waste daily. It has the capacity to produce 17 tons of BioCNG and 40 MT of organic fertilizer daily, preventing the potential accumulation of over 4
million tons of waste in the next 20 years. The plant has been frequently visited by national and international delegates, including British High Commissioner Alex Ellis, Shri Chiri Babu Maharjan, Mayor of Lalitpur Metropolitan City, Nepal, and delegates representing PAN India ULBS, amongst others.
EverEnviro's initiative in the city of Indore highlights the remarkable impact of Compressed Biogas (CBG) on the environment and community. This case study examines the plant's journey, illustrating its substantial impact on the city's cleanliness initiatives and its alignment with India's Swachh Bharat Mission to establish 'Garbage Free Cities'.
The Indore Plant - A Beacon of Hope for Environment Sustainability
Largest Cleanliness Drive: EverEnviro's Indore plant is at the forefront of the city's largest cleanliness drive. Through meticulous waste segregation, Enviro trains workers of Indore Municipal Corporation to distinguish between wet and dry waste for better source segregation.
Waste Collection and Processing: The collection process involves gathering wet and dry waste at collection points. Envi-
ro's skilled workforce identifies and removes plastic and metal parts, ensuring the plant receives only green waste.
Processing and Digestion: The collected waste, transported by 45-55 trucks daily, undergoes a comprehensive processing journey. It moves through a deep bunker, a hammer mill, and a digester, ensuring that only green waste reaches the anaerobic digestion stage.
Biogas Production: After 30-40 days of digestion, microbes facilitate hydrogenesis, producing high-quality biogas with a methane content of 96%. This biogas is then compressed to 250 bars, contributing to the success story of the plant.
Success Amid Challenges
Commencing this first-of-its-kind and magnanimous facility in India posed an initial testing phase for the entire project team that experienced difficulties operating the plant, contributing to fluctuating production levels. Overcoming these challenges required strategic planning and
adaptation to ensure the project's financial sustainability in the long run. During this experimental period, substantial investments were made to incorporate cutting-edge global technologies, machinery, and manpower to effectively manage source-segregated organic waste, which is the most suitable input for the plant.
The Indore plant illustrates how private entities can champion environmental responsibility
The facility has reached a significant milestone by becoming the first CBG project in India to reach full operational capacity. With the support of a Public-Private Partnership with the Indore Municipal Corporation, the facility has achieved a consistent production rate of nearly 15 tonnes per day (TPD) of compressed biogas (CBG), reaching a milestone with its highest single-day CBG production of 18 tonnes in March 2024. The site, previously laden with 200,000 metric tonnes (MT) of waste, now efficiently processes 550 MT of organic waste daily.
This daily treatment of segregated organic material has significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions, cutting up to 70,000 metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent (tCO2eq), and enhancing the environmental quality of the region’s 4.3 million inhabitants. The integration of CBG into the Avantika Gas Limited (AGL) network in Indore has facilitated a shift to eco-friendly fuel for roughly 15,000 households. The plant can generate 17 tonnes of biofuel and 40 MT of organic fertilizer daily.
Testimonials:
Mr. KA Chowdary, Chief Project and Operations Head at EverEnviro Resource Management Pvt Ltd, "Stabilizing this pioneering facility in India was initially challenging for our team. During the initial testing phase, significant investments were made in technologies and machinery to effectively manage source-segregated waste, the most suitable input for the plant. We are proud to announce that we have successfully reached nearly 100% operational capacity through continuous learning and effort."
H D Wire was utilizing natural gas at its manufacturing facility for heating needs. However, after thorough discussions and addressing all concerns, we have successfully implemented CBG as our primary heating fuel for our processes. We have
noticed no difference in calorific value compared to natural gas, and EverEnviro’s CBG plant has consistently been prompt in supply. We are delighted to contribute to reducing pollution in Indore, known as the cleanest city in India, says officials from HD Wire
L&T’s TLT Pithampur factory uses CBG as process fuel for heating. The machinery/equipment was installed and maintained by EverEnviro’s Indore Clean Energy Pvt Ltd. This is considered cleaner and greener than earlier fuel since CBG is processed and produced from waste and follows the Reduce, Recycle, Reuse principle. CBG supplied has good calorific value. It is continuous and economical compared to the fuel used earlier. We are happy to use absolute green molecules generated from waste”, says an official from L&T.
“The organic manure, Kissan Amrit, produced at EverEnviro’s Compressed Biogas plant, has helped improve the physicochemical properties of the soil on our farmland, preserving soil quality and enhancing crop productivity. As a result, the yield has increased, and we are receiving maximum benefits from the production. Moreover, we have seen improvement in the carbon content within the soil,” says Piyush Tiwari from village Tajpura, District Khargone, MP
Expansion of CBG Facilities: EverEnviro is already executing
about 20 CBG projects across the states of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Punjab. The significant capital investment is nearly 2000 Crores, resulting in a robust output of 320 metric tons per day (TPD) of CBG.
Fermented Organic Manure
Production: The CBG plant also generates Fermented Organic Manure (FOM), which is essential for soil health and could be utilized as an eco-friendly fertilizer, promoting regenerative agriculture. The product will be launched in the mainstream market within FY ’24.
The Way Forward
EverEnviro's Indore Clean Energy Pvt Ltd plant is making a positive environmental impact. The facility plays a role in curbing environmental impact by preventing over 1 lakh MT of carbon footprints and replacing 20,000 liters of fossil fuel daily, reducing road GHG emissions. The plant's influence extends to transportation, with the Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) using 50% of the CBG produced at the facility. This shift has successfully reduced the dependency on diesel in buses, contributing to a notable decrease in both CO2
and GHG emissions, underscoring its positive contributions to environmental sustainability and cleaner energy practices.
The success story, from tackling cleanliness issues to aiding sustainable agriculture, reflects the positive outcomes of compressed biogas produced at Indore Clean Energy Pvt Ltd., established by EverEnviro Resource Management Pvt Ltd. Challenges along the way have become learning opportunities for growth, shaping a more sustainable future. Looking ahead, with plans for compost production and other sustainable initiatives, the Indore plant illustrates how private entities can champion environmental responsibility.
Meet the Author
Mr. KA Chowdary Chief Projects and Operations Officer EverEnviro
Resource Management
Pvt
Ltd
Biogas is crucial in Germany, providing renewable energy, reducing waste, and supporting the circular economy. It further enhances energy security, cuts greenhouse gas emissions, and aligns with sustainable development goals. The 10,000 biogas plants in Germany serve as a testament to its vital role in the nation's energy landscape.
Sh.
Biogas is sustainable, cost-effective, and versatile, converting organic waste into clean energy, reducing environmental impact, and can provide financial savings. Supported by MNRE, an estimated Rs. 1 Crore CFA investment can yield about Rs. 67 Crores in benefits over 10 years.
OPINION
Renewables like bio-energy, solar, and wind have significant potential to reduce petroleum imports and GHG emissions, benefiting the economy, especially in rural areas. The government supports CBG production with subsidies and blending obligations, which will go up to 5%. CBG is new generation fuel from Waste to Wealth!
With no global benchmark, rice straw as a feedstock holds promise for BioCNG success in India. The by-product of the process is an organic soil fertility enhancer. The industry also provides opportunity for MSME sector for indigenisation of equipment required for BioCNG plants.
Dr. Claudius da Costa Gomez, Fachverband Biogas/GBA
Waste-to-Energy Industry Embraces
AI for Greener, More Efficient Future
Artificial intelligence (AI) is not just a tool but a catalyst for a transformative shift in the biogas sector. Its potential to revolutionize production, management, and optimization is unparalleled. With its rapid integration into various aspects of biogas operations, AI is paving the way for a greener and more efficient future.
While many may use Machine Learning (ML) as synonymous with AI, ML is just one way to realize and implement AI. There are many other ways to implement AI, including rule-based intelligence and advanced an-
alytics. This means that in the large domain of green energy, we can get started with AI with minimal entry effort and get hidden insights out of the plethora of data generated by various building blocks of this sector. Let us look at a few practical examples of how AI can be used in the biogas sector.
Imagine a system that analyzes vast amounts of data to create the perfect recipe for maximum biogas output. Such a system could have been designed based on experts’ vast industry experience and would need constant monitoring and changes based on the parameters being used. AI can do exactly that and with much higher accuracy. By constantly monitoring factors like feedstock composition, temperature, and retention time, AI algorithms can fine-tune operations in real-time, boosting production by a reported 15-20% compared to the traditional methods. AI can also look at various parameters that may evade the detection of a human expert, including historical data, trends over a time period, anomalous behavior of the system, changes due to external factors, and so on. This translates to higher profits for producers and a significant contribution to a sustainable future with minimal or no change in the core operations.
Unexpected equipment failures can be costly and disruptive. AI-powered predictive maintenance systems come to the
rescue! These systems analyze sensor data and past performance to predict equipment failures before they occur, allowing for proactive maintenance and minimizing downtime. This is done by creating a Taxonomy of the system that gives AI the power of logic and reasoning to come to the correct conclusion for equipment failure prediction. This is supported by a vast Corpus of domain-specific cognition. Research suggests this can lead to a 30% reduction in maintenance costs and a 50% decrease in equipment downtime – a win-win for both efficiency and finances. Needless to say, such predictive features of AI can lead to much higher profits due to the increase in the life of the equipment and reduction of downtime.
regulations to generate accurate forecasts, empowering biogas producers to make informed decisions. The possibilities are endless.
AI can be a next layer
APC
Implementing AI in the biogas sector involves collecting data from sensors, meters, and control systems within the plant. This data becomes the fuel for AI algorithms to learn from. Next, these algorithms are trained using machine learning techniques, allowing them to identify patterns and make data-driven decisions. Finally, the trained AI is integrated with the plant's control systems, enabling real-time process optimization. Continuous monitoring and updates ensure the AI system remains effective and adaptable.
AI is not limited to optimizing biogas production within the plant. It can also revolutionize resource allocation, from feedstock usage to water consumption. By analyzing data and environmental factors, AI systems can recommend adjustments to minimize waste and maximize efficiency. Imagine a 10-15% reduction in feedstock usage and a 20-25% decrease in water consumption – that’s the kind of impact AI can deliver for a more sustainable biogas industry. But AI’s benefits extend beyond the plant itself. It can analyze market trends, commodity prices, and
One of the interesting use cases of AI lies with Landfill. AI can not only estimate a landfill's age and size but, combined with gas composition analysis, can further allow us to predict current landfill gas, which is nothing but biogas production. Like a landfill detective, AI can assess the breakdown stage of waste, pinpointing if it's prime for methane generation or past its peak. This empowers us to optimize gas collection and capture valuable renewable energy before it escapes. The same logic can be applied to estimate leachate generation from landfills.
AI can also help the stakeholders in the biogas sector to get fast and accurate answers to their technical questions. This can be done by creating a biogas sector-specific Large Language Model (LLM) that can then be used to ask technical questions in natural language. In simple terms, this would be a chatbot for the biogas domain, but it would involve creating a highly complex and elaborate system to drive such conversations. To create a Conversational AI system, such a system combines many important aspects of AI, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), Computational Linguistics, and Computational Intelligence. When this LLM is kept up-to-date with the help of data collected from the biogas sector, this can prove to be an indispensable tool for all the stakeholders, especially those who do not have enough resources to take the services of experts, hence democratizing the knowledge in this sector. Another important overarching aspect of using AI in this sector is that it will help reduce the carbon footprint of the green energy sector in general and the biogas sector in particular. This will lead to a much greener and more sustainable sector to help us achieve our green energy goals. An investment in AI in this sector will help us be committed to a much cleaner and greener planet.
Given their vast benefits, AI has many use cases in this sector that are hard to ignore. Data is going
to play a major role in realizing all of these use cases. While we have looked at only a few of the important use cases in this article, there are many other potential use cases that will become important in the near future. A few of them worth mentioning include waste sorting and preprocessing, feedstock management and its impact on biogas yield, lifecycle analysis, and sustainability reporting.
In a nutshell, we need to prepare for the integration of AI, which has the potential to be a game-changer for the biogas industry. By optimizing processes, improving efficiency, and effectively utilizing resources, AI will pave the way for increased biogas yields, reduced costs, and minimized risks. As the demand for renewable energy grows, AI integration will become even more vital for achieving sustain-
ability goals and driving innovation in the energy transition. Domain experts in this sector will have an even more important role to play in designing such AI systems.
Meet the Authors
Mr. Nishant Krishna Co-Founder TechMachinery LabsTM
Mr. Gaurav Kumar Kedia Chairman Indian Biogas Association
