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T H E P R E M I E R P E T & AV I A RY B I R D M AG A Z I N E VO L 3 2 I S S U E 7 • F E B - M A R 2019
FIG PARROTS
Spix’s MACAW
MUIR’S
CORELLA
PICTORELLA & CUBAN FINCHES DARK FACTOR PACIFIC PARROTLET Insemination & Fertility Managing Heat Stress
CONTENTS february–march 2019 VOLUME 32 ISSUE 7 T H E P R E M I E R P E T & AV I A RY B I R D M AG A Z I N E VO L 3 2 I S S U E 7 • F E B - M A R 2019
FIG PARROTS
Spix’s MACAW
MUIR’S
PICTORELLA & CUBAN FINCHES DARK FACTOR PACIFIC PARROTLET Insemination & Fertility Managing Heat Stress
COVER IMAGE SPIX’S MACAWS DAVID MONROGER
P ODEKERKEN
CORELLA
FE ATU RES 365
PREPARING THE SPIX’S MACAW FOR WILD REINTRODUCTION By David Monroger David reports on the official signing of the memorandum which will see the Spix's Macaw reintroduced to its natural environment.
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MUIR’S CORELLA By Rosemary Low The Muir’s Corella is Rosemary’s favourite Australian cockatoo. Share her experiences visiting their homeland at Western Australia’s Lake Muir, and discover the threats to them.
380 390 393 396
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THE CUBAN FINCH By Graeme Hyde This attractive, fast-moving, inquisitive and alert bird is relatively easy to care for and a continual breeder, making it an avicultural favourite. THE LARGE FIG PARROTS By Peter Odekerken Peter reports on the Psittaculirostris genus of large fig parrots which he describes as among the most animated and active birds. ICON OF AVICULTURE— LES BANKS By Jade Welch Jade reflects on the wonderful contribution Les, supported by wife Linda, has made to aviculture, over a lifetime. THE BIRD ECONOMY— SURVIVING THE DOWNTURN By Peter Salisbury This is a very practical look at what influences the prices we can obtain for our birds at sale, and what we can do to keep those prices as high as possible. ASA 2019 SPEAKERS Speaker line-up for the 2019 Avicultural Society of Australia Inc conference in Bendigo in April.
REGU L A RS
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FINCH CHARM: THE PICTORELLA By David Pace
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BREEDER PERSPECTIVE: SUMMER AVIARY MANAGEMENT By Andrew Rankmore
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MUTATION MUTTERINGS: THE DARK FACTOR PACIFIC PARROTLET By Paul Court and Ray Chapman
ABOUT BIRDS: STOP THE MUTTONBIRD CHICK MASSACRE—PART 2 By Kit Prendergast
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PET PARROT BEHAVIOUR: FIVE TIPS FOR BIRDS IN A BUSY HOUSEHOLD By Hillary Hankey
CONSERVATION: • WPT: 2018 in Review By Carolyn Pradun • LPF: Assisted Reproduction in Parrots By Dr David Waugh
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WHAT’S NEW: • The Making of Finches of Australia By Col Roberts Renowned photographer and author Col Roberts gives us an inside look at the inspiration and hard work behind his latest coffee table book Finches of Australia.
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WILD CORNER: IVAR, THE BRUSH-TURKEY DICES WITH FISHING LINE By Dr Claude Lacasse
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LAST CHIRP: • Hollows as Homes By Phil Weller • Budgerigar Nationals Go Golden in Brisbane in 2019
CLASSIFIEDS
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HOOKBILL HOBBYIST: BIRD KEEPING IN HAWAII By EB Cravens
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A PARROT’S LIFE: THE BENEFITS OF TRAINING YOUR COMPANION PARROT By Lee Stone
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THE WISE OWL: TRAVELLING NORTH—PART 2 By Dr Milton Lewis
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AVIAN HEALTH WITH DR BOB: IS MY BIRD FERTILE? By Dr Bob Doneley
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the Caatinga in March 2019. This is the location of the last known sighting of the Spix’s Macaw back in 2000. As this story began, on 28 June 2018, the official signing of the protocol agreement for the Spix’s Macaw program took place in Berlin. ACTP president Martin Guth invited me to this historic moment. ACTP director, management consultant and genealogist for the Spix’s Macaw Program and Spix’s Macaw Studbook manager, Dr Cromwell Purchase, gave the Brazilian Minister of the Environment Edson Duarte a guided tour of the ACTP facilities. The Minister was able to appreciate the expertise, the professionalism of this team and the quality of the aviaries.
IN THIS ARTICLE I want to share an historic event for both the avian world and biodiversity. On 28 June 2018, I had the honour of attending the official signing in Berlin of the memorandum for the reintroduction program of the Spix’s Macaw to its natural environment. The Spix’s Macaw will once again be able to fly freely, where in 1819 the German naturalist Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix first described them in the province of Caatinga, in Bahia, north-eastern Brazil.
BACKGROUND The Spix's Macaw Cyanopsitta The majestic Lear’s Macaw is also a focus spixii is a small macaw, measuring of breeding at ACTP approximately 56cm. (It is equivalent in size to the Illiger's Macaw Primolius maracana). To this day, it is considered extinct in the wild. BREEDING AVIARIES AT ACTP In 2011, the animated movie Rio, made this little blue macaw Breeding pairs are housed in aviaries measuring 12–16m long x famous, and helped raise awareness among the general public of its plight in the wild. Even in 1819 the species was considered rare 2–4m wide, with inner aviaries. All are planted with trees. The young are placed in larger aviaries to socialise with other macaws. and little can be found about it in the ornithological literature. In When we arrived in front of two huge aviaries, each measuring the mid-1900s the species was considered extinct, and while a few 20m long x 10m wide, we were at the peak of our visit. These birds were sighted in 1986, by 1990 only one Spix's Macaw could aviaries are where birds are prepared for release. The birds are be found in the wild, living with an Illiger’s Macaw. By 2000 the therefore placed in increasingly large aviaries to accustom species was again believed to be extinct. them to their ultimate flight in freedom. It was amazing to see In the past, some zoos including Walsrode Weltvogeltpark in 20 Spix’s Macaws flying together. It would be impossible to Germany presented Spix’s Macaws to the public. However, in remain insensitive to this magical show. You can see a video recent years the only place to see them was at the Museum of on our website. Natural History in Berlin, at the exhibition ‘Ara’, where a pair is displayed with other extinct macaws. OTHER SPECIES IN PROTECTION PROGRAMS News on the Spix’s Macaw has greatly improved. On 22 We also saw other iconic species for which ACTP has engaged November 2017 two Spix’s Macaw females arrived at the Jurong in ex-situ protection programs, including Lear's Macaws Bird Park in Singapore. This made it possible for the general Anodorhynchus learii, St Lucia Amazons Amazona versicolor public to see the macaws in real life again in the Southern and St Vincent’s Amazons Amazona guildingii. Following Hemisphere. Since there is a supernumerary of females in the Hurricane Maria, which devastated the island of Dominica in breeding program, they have become ambassadors of their September 2017, Red-necked Amazons Amazona arausiaca species for the Far East. Next, in good news for European parrotand a pair of Imperial Amazons Amazona imperialis joined the lovers, on 24 June 2018 the Pairi Daiza Zoo in Belgium announced ACTP aviaries. the public presentation of four Spix’s Macaws. Lear's Macaws, St Vincent’s Amazons and Spix’s Macaws have Before public viewing occurred in two zoos, the main players all successfully bred for ACTP. had agreed that there must be at least 150 Spix’s Macaws in The number of Spix’s Macaws present is impressive. To existence. Those involved in the program include Chico Mendes date, ACTP holds the largest number of specimens of this little Institute for the Conservation of Biodiversity (ICMbio) in Brazil, macaw—more than 100. Recently Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation Alwabra Wildlife Preservation (AWP) in Qatar, the Association of Qatar made a transfer to Berlin of all their macaws birds (120 for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots (ACTP) in Berlin, Spix’s and Lear’s), to protect them, due to the uncertain political Fasenda Cachoeira in Brazil, Singapore Wildlife research, Parrots climate in the Middle East. International, and recently Pairi Daiza Foundation in Belgium. In 1987 it was Loro Parque that organised the first international consortium for protection with the official Spix’s Macaw holders, and the breeding program began after resolution of some disagreements between the participants on 22 September 1989. I also want to mention the private breeders—Antonio De Dios (Birds International Inc, Philippines), and Dr Joseph Hämmerli (Switzerland) who have been an important link because they managed to reproduce this blue macaw— without them, the protection program would never have been possible. THE PROCESS BEGINS Reaching the target of 150 birds would launch the ambitious project ‘Ararinha na Natureza’, which means ‘Macaw in the Wild’, with the first Spix’s Macaws to be reintroduced to their original biotope in
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Breeding aviaries at the Association for the Conservation of Threatened Parrots
BIRDKEEPER.COM.AU | VOL 32 ISSUE 7 | FEB-MAR 2019
This aviary housed three pairs of Pictorellas in 2018. Note the open areas for foraging. Pairs nested both in the brush on the walls and in live grass tussocks near the ground
A juvenile male. Note the white breast feather— first bars appear from five weeks after fledging
Finch Society’s Sixth International Finch Convention, Finches 17, was the use of crickets as livefood, and oiled red pannicum. As I was in the process of building my new aviary complex in South Australia, I made a mental note that I would follow up. HOUSING In December 2017 I received three pairs of young Pictorellas from Cheryl, and liberated them into their recently completed aviary. The north-facing aviary measured 2.6m x 4m x 3m high. Half was open and exposed to the elements. The rear was covered and insulated on both the ceiling and walls. I think this is important for all finch and softbill species due to the extreme heat being experienced on a more frequent basis throughout Australia. Details of the construction can be found in my previous article, Establishing a Finch and Softbill Aviary, ABK, vol. 31, no.3. Three pairs of Pictorella are the focus species for this aviary, however, single pairs of Crimson Chats, Crimson Finches and Painted Finches are included. A pair of Inland Dotterels reside on the aviary floor. I had tried individual Pictorella pairs in separate aviaries in the past, but inspired by Cheryl, I was intent on housing them together. The aviary shelter walls are lined with cut brush at two levels. Brush was placed behind a wooden batton along the top metre of the side walls and again halfway up, knowing Pictorellas like to nest low. The aviary was planted with indigenous grasses such as tussock grass Poa sp. and kangaroo grass Themeda triandra. The feature plants are Kangaroo Wattle Acacia paradoxa and Old Man Saltbush Atriplex nummularia. In some parts the vegetation is dense, but I have been careful to leave open, sunny areas, as Pictorellas do spend time on the ground sunning and foraging.
BREEDING Nesting activity began instantly. Many days of high temperatures in mid-40ºC during January 2018 did not have any effect except to make the Pictorellas look smooth and immaculate. Nests were built by all three pairs—one high up in the brush against the ceiling, one midway down in the brush, and a third concealed in live tussock grass near the ground. The first fledglings occurred in February with a total of 13 from the three pairs. One nest had seven chicks! The following table shows the results over the 12-month period. The pairs rested during July and August and recommenced breeding in spring. PICTORELLAS BRED FEBRUARY–DECEMBER 2018 MONTHS
NUMBER FLEDGED
February 2018
13
From 3 pair
April 2018
10
From 3 pair
June 2018
8
From 3 pair
August 2018
1
From 1 pair
10
From 3 pair
October/ November December TOTAL
4 46
From 1 pair FROM 3 PAIR
It was interesting to note various behavioural traits. Once chicks fledged, it was common to see males driving their females about the aviary, shortly followed by the carting of grasses as nest-building recommenced. FEEDING My Pictorellas are provided with white millet, plain canary and red panicum. These seeds are fed separately. In addition, they are provided with soaked and
Pictorella female feeding on algae from the aviary pond
sprouted seed, made up of equal parts of the three above-mentioned seeds. Pictorellas love ‘oiled’ red panicum and will always be first into the tray when it has been topped up. They are also partial to Lebanese cucumber (more so than any other Australian finch species that I keep). In fact, a sure sign they have young in the nest is when they consume the cucumber down to the skin. Interestingly, when not breeding, they will hardly touch the cucumber. They are provided with seeding grasses when available. When these become scarce in summer, I supply chopped silverbeet. Fine shell grit, baked egg shells and charcoal are always available, as is fresh water. Pictorellas bath frequently. They are first to the water dish when it has been replenished with fresh water. They also harvest algae from the aviary pond. On many occasion I have witnessed them eating algae from their water source. LIVEFOOD Pictorellas are arguably Australia’s most insectivorous grassfinch species and require livefood to breed, in much the same way as African Pytillas do. I am unaware if Pictorellas have ever been bred in Australia without livefood, however, in modern aviculture ‘never say never’. My Pictorellas are fed maggots, mealworms and crickets. Many breeders have listed termites as a food source to ensure breeding success. However, this is a form of livefood I have never used, being scarce in southern Victoria. Termites are more available to me now only a few minutes from home but I’m hesitant to begin using them, preferring to produce strains of species that will not require them.
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BR E EDER P ERSP ECTI V E
SUMMER
AUTHOR AND IMAGES ANDREW RANKMORE
Aviary Management CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR FESTIVITIES inherently bring additional time constraints to bird keepers around the country who are already burdened by the daily husbandry needs of their charges. However, one cannot rest, and summer also brings additional management considerations and actions needed to ensure that our livestock remain healthy and ready for the coming winter, and maybe the next breeding season. Hence, I present some thoughts to be considered in the management of aviaries through the summer period.
Low-cost misting systems designed for small gardens are easily installed on existing framework with zip-ties
J WELCH
TEMPERATURE This is the most obvious aspect when one thinks of livestock and summer. Australian temperatures can easily reach over 50ºC in most aviaries, and this needs to be considered when several days of hot weather are anticipated. One of the biggest issues with heat in Australia is our aviary design, centred on Colorbond™/sheet metal panels, generally with little airflow. Iron roofs and walls are extreme collectors and radiators of heat and this must be mitigated in some way. Regular fresh supply There are many different ways of getting around this issue—using of water is essential shade, insulation, baths (for birds to wet themselves), sprinklers and more. A drop of 10ºC using these methods (or allowing the birds to better regulate themselves) is easily achievable and will save many charges from dying. These days I rarely hear of birds dying due to heat stress drink unfiltered water. This is true, but in but it was once the confines of an aviary, fouling of open highly common and water supplies is a major issue that wild a significant issue. birds are rarely subjected to. The best In the wild, parrots will often have solution to heat several options of water supplies and, management is depending on species, have a particular achieved through preference to the way the water is Climbing plants, such as passionfruit, can be used for shade and aviary design, presented for a reason (size and shape of heat reduction and positioning dam/pond, puddles, etc). Further, captive to best take parrot fouling of open water supplies is advantage of natural elements such as the shade of a tree and far higher than that in the wild due to area density of bird to cage any cool gully or ocean breezes. Secondly, material selection space. Hence, the chance of illness through water contamination is is a worthy consideration at the planning stage to ensure that far higher in a captive situation than in the wild. one has mitigated the radiated heat of metal structures in some If open bowls are used, daily rinsing and/or cleaning will be way. Composite or wood structures are not often used in parrotrequired—even more so in summer due to the birds’ increase keeping in Australia, but if they were, they would go some way in water intake and time spent at the bowl fouling the water. to assisting in keeping the aviary cooler than the metal iron/sheet Summer temperatures also speed up the growth of detrimental equivalent. bacteria and algae populations within the water, increasing the chances of health issues directly attributed to water supply. WATER I have found success using Edstrom® stainless steel water Clean, cool water assists birds to regulate themselves and keep nipples that remove almost all risks of fouling and contamination well hydrated. I know there are many who believe clean, cool when properly set up. Plus, they are very low maintenance—just water is unnecessary due to their understanding that wild birds what one needs at this time of year! BIRDKEEPER.COM.AU | VOL 32 ISSUE 7 | FEB-MAR 2019
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MU TAT IO N M UTTERI N G S AUTHORS AND IMAGES PAUL COURT AND RAY CHAPMAN
THE DARK FACTOR
Pacific Parrotlet THE DARK FACTOR MUTATION in the Pacific Parrotlet Forpus coelestis is an incomplete dominant mutation and has been around for many years worldwide, but only seemed to appear here in Australia relatively recently. Being an incomplete dominant, it comes in two forms; single factor ‘D’ and double factor ‘DD’. The true genetic name is Dark Factor even though many names come up from time to time describing the mutation visually (Olive, Jade, Cobalt and Mauve, rather than the correct genetic name such as DGreen, DDGreen, DBlue, DDBlue).
Dark Blue Pacific Parrotlet
Dark TurquoiseBlue Pacific Parrotlet
Fallow Blue Pied (left) and Fallow Dark Blue Pied Pacific Parrotlets—note the overall darkness of the Fallow Dark Blue Pied
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Fallow Dark Blue Pied (left) and Fallow Blue Pied Pacific Parrotlet
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Approximate good human behaviour Not all family members want to be part of the bird’s everyday life or engage in training sessions to ameliorate problem behaviour. It’s a huge commitment. Getting other family members to stop yelling at the bird, talking to it when it squawks, taunting it, or feeding it unhealthy food items can be an emotional conversation. Break human and bird training sessions into manageable steps, reinforce desirable human behaviour with genuine reinforcers, and look for progress, not perfection. Consistency is an important part of a successful training program, and having multiple household members changing Guide family members how to appropriately interact with the parrots to set them up bird behaviour is frustrating. But the for success neat part about learning is that animals can change despite all of our mistakes and imperfections. It’s easy to alienate family members when we are full of great training ideas we want to implement right away, and a spouse or child isn’t feeling the same enthusiasm. Adjust the approximations as necessary to keep humans engaged in the program.
5
Find common ground In some cases I have found clients’ spouses or families to be resentful of the time or resources spent to have a parrot in the house. Every family dynamic is different but often we have been able to work through tough scenarios with some basic principles of learning and reinforcement. Any pet can be disruptive—whether a dog, cat or parrot—and it is understandable if a family member inadvertently reinforces undesirable behaviour through lack of information. When problem behaviour builds, it can be a downward spiral as the disengaged party gets more frustrated and continues to reinforce increasingly problematic behaviour. The energy ping-ponging in the emotional feedback loop can hit a fever pitch. Families should start on common ground of what they each like to do, trading favours and helping to work on short, simple, no-fail training sessions in exchange for other activities. Pairing this with creating safe spaces for both bird and human, so that there can be some ‘contingency-free’ time for everyone, helps create relaxing periods in the day as well. Finally, creating opportunities to reinforce family members for actions we want to see more of builds lasting behaviour, rather than forcing them to be part of something that they really weren’t keen on from the beginning.
CONCLUSION Living with parrots can be challenging for even the most dedicated parrot-lover. Add in a family dynamic and it is little wonder that parrots find themselves looking for new homes. Using the same principles that change behaviour in our feathered friends to bring about change in our household will see lasting, sustainable movement towards a happier family.
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Create safe spaces for everyone A parrot can be a disruptive member of any household. A parrot behaving badly can be an incredible stressor. Just because a parrot lives in a cage doesn’t mean it isn’t fully capable of making its presence known in the most infiltrating of ways, especially when it either isn’t getting what it wants or has learned that inappropriate behaviour is the key to getting attention from humans. Parrot cages and play gyms are often located in the living room where the family members spend most of their time, and this is great. However, it can also make it difficult to place contingencies on desirable and undesirable behaviour. Keeping these centrally located home and play areas well stocked with enrichment items that the bird will actually engage in is vital to its wellbeing and overall success. A busy bird means a happy family. With that in mind, I have found that a second, well-stocked play cage or aviary is also important for both the family’s and the bird’s wellbeing. This secondary unit should be in an area with plenty of ambient light, sound and, of course, activities for the bird to engage in. It’s not meant to be a punishment cage. But if the family wants to have some quiet time, friends over, or watch a movie, the bird can be in its secondary home playing and enjoying itself in a way that if it calls, the behaviour won’t be inadvertently reinforced by people pacifying it or leaving the room to escape the squawking, because the bird is not in a centrally located area. The same is true for birds that get nervous or excitable around strangers and bite or lunge. Creating safe spaces that prevent the problem behaviour from being rehearsed keeps everyone from feeling the need to engage in the easiest (and not always the best) action available to them.
CODED OPEN LEGBAND CODED CLOSED LEGBAND Patty Harding Tel: 0011-1-626-359-5048 Fax: 0011-1-626-857-7414 dlproductsca@aol.com www.dlproductsca.com BIRDKEEPER.COM.AU | VOL 32 ISSUE 7 | FEB-MAR 2019
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A PA R R OT’ S LI FE AUTHOR LEE STONE IMAGES PARROT LIFE
THE BENEFITS OF TRAINING
Your Companion Parrot
WHEN YOU HEAR THE WORDS ANIMAL ‘TRAINING’ or ‘obedience’ most people think of dogs. Many do not realise that parrots also require and benefit significantly from training. There are a variety of reasons to undertake proactive training with your companion parrot. BONDING Training companion parrots helps to develop and strengthen the parrot-human social bond. A strong bond is truly the foundation of your relationship with your companion bird. Social bonds are extremely important for our companion parrots as they have complex social lives in the wild that we need to try to replicate in captivity. Training helps to cement Leo, an Eclectus Parrot, learns a relationship which is built to step up on trust, mutual respect and positive interactions. You should encourage as many family members and regular visitors as possible to interact with your parrot through training in order to provide them with that all-important social contact. It also ensures your parrot is developing relationships with not only yourself but others. This can help to reduce problems related to codependency, such as biting visitors, separation anxiety etc. BEHAVIOURAL TOOLKIT Through the use of positive reinforcement training you can teach your parrot a host of foundation behaviours. These can include behaviours such as step up, stationing, crating, targeting, recall (come when called) and more. These behaviours will form your behavioural toolkit. Having these foundation behaviours in your toolkit means you can easily crate your parrot for a vet visit or get your parrot back into their cage when necessary. Training them to return to you on cue is a very handy behaviour if your bird manages to escape your house or aviary, while target training allows you to move
Handling this Green-winged Macaw and using positive reinforcers is part of the training and bonding process
them from position to position without the need to physically handle them (particularly important for aviary birds or birds with behaviour problems). ENRICHMENT Training is an excellent way to provide our companion parrots with a portion of their daily enrichment. Enrichment enhances our animals’ lives and welfare by giving them ways to increase their behavioural choices and drawing out species-appropriate behaviours. There are five types of enrichment—social, cognitive, physical, sensory and food. Training can meet all five of these types of enrichment, depending on what activity or behaviour is being trained. Enrichment also provides an outlet for energy and reduces anxiety/stress, helping to prevent problem behaviours. BETTER RELATIONSHIPS Many behaviour problems we see when working with clients are at least partly contributed to by inappropriate relationships between parrot and owner. Training encourages a more appropriate relationship because the interaction is based on learning rather than on physical contact. It is a myth that in order to have a good relationship with a parrot you need to have a mate bond with them. The vast majority of parrots live in flock environments and share a relationship with other birds, not just their mate. It is healthier for you to share a flock bond with your parrot than a mate bond. CO-OPERATIVE CARE All parrots require grooming and handling throughout their lives. Whether this is completed by you (nail clips, medication) or your veterinarian (health checks, blood tests etc) we can utilise training to teach our parrots to co-operate in their own care.
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