RBANMs Artha Magazine | Issue 2 | 2019-20 by black and bold

2019-2020 Artha A multi-disciplinary in-house research journal Issue II Accredited by National Accreditation Council With A Grade (CGPA 3.01) RBANM’S First Grade College Ayn Rand .S Atlas Shrugged - an embodiment of objectivism estrategymanagementwaste Politics & ManagementLibrary

We invite suggestions from the readers and contributors for further quality enIhancement.wishallthe

Artha is an In house Research Journal of our institution and is engaged in multi disciplinary research. We have made a humble beginning by publishing research articles of our faculty and have also planned to accept and publish research articles contributed by academicians and researchers from other Educational and Research Institutions in the coming years. This issue encompasses areas such as literature, Economics, Gender, Political Science and Commerce. The dissemination of the emerging wealth of knowledge in this research publication gives usability to the ongoing research and creates an ambiance for scholars to pursue more research projects and explore new vistas.

Editorial

readers a productive engagement with this issue.

Artha | 2019-20 22 EditorialCommittee Dr.Prathap Principal Prof.RaviH.V VicePrincipal Dr.Shankar R Dept.ofCommerce&Management Prof.MohammedNawaz Dept.ofCommerce&Management Dr.Avinash Dept.ofHistory

Table paper on the key role in and organizing -waste strategy: Challenges opportunities

developing

Ms. Professor, Department of

management

By Dr. Avinash, Assistant Professor, Department of History & social change Assistant of

Mahalakshmi .A, Assistant

of Contents 07 A

13 Land administration

English 25

in the 19thcentury colo-nial Coorg 19 Ayn Rand .S Atlas Shrugged - an embodiment of objectivism Nithya. K,

professor, Department

By Dr. Shankar. R, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Management

Political Science Mr. Puttaraju H.E., Librarian Security measures to be taken to reduce theft, mutilation &misplacement of books under Deemed University,Bangalore Library Resources: An overview 27 Artha | 2019-20 3 qÁ. C«£Á±ï .«, ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ, EwºÁ¸À «¨sÁUÀ PÉÆqÀV£À §gÀªÀtÂUÉUÀ¼À°è ¸ÁA¸ÀÌöÈwPÀ PÁ¼ÀfUÀ¼ÀÄ: MAzÀÄ «ªÀgÀuÉ31 सुनील कुमार,सहयक प्रोफेसर, हहिंदीहिभाग hÝXr gmhË` Am¡a g_mO _| H$hmZr H$m A§Vag§~§Y33

Caste & politics

~Albert Szent Györgyi

“Research is seeing what everybody else has seen and thinking what nobody else has thought.”

The journal provides a look at faculty members research in several fields including commerce, history, languages, and education. Across these pages, you will witness RBANM’s faculties’ advanced knowledge and impact through their research. As teachers, their scholarly engagement enables exceptional student learning on our campus. A true illustration of the college's commitment to offering a broad educational experience, this publication showcases the work of our exceptional faculties, who guide the students towards meaningful lives and productive careers.

Editorial Committee

Sd/

From the Principal’s Desk

5 Artha | 2017-18

I proudly congratulate all faculties on releasing RBANMS FGC’s new initiative - ARTHA.

Our professors routinely publish top journals and other academic publications. Here you can find a sample of publications during 2019 20. -Principal

Developing & organizing emanagementwaste strategy

Disposal of e-waste is an emerging global environmental and public health issue, as this waste has become the most rapidly growing segment of the formal municipal waste stream in the world. E-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) are loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete, broken, electrical or electronic devices.

7. Toys, leisure, and sports equipment (computer/video games, electric trains, etc.)

Electronic waste (e waste) comprises waste electronics/ electrical goods that are not fit for their originally intended use or have reached their end of life. This may include items such as computers, servers, mainframes, monitors, CDs, printers, scanners, copiers, calculators, fax machines, battery cells, cellular phones, transceivers, TVs, medical apparatus, and electronic components besides white goods such as refrigerators and air conditioners.

2. Small household appliances (vacuum cleaners, watches, grinders, etc.)

The composition of E waste is very diverse and complex. E waste contains more than 1,000 substances, which can be classified as hazardous and nonhazardous substances. The electrical and electronic

6. Electrical and electronic tools (drills, saws, sewing machines, etc.

The growing quantity of E waste from the electronic industry is beginning to reach disastrous proportions. Electronic Waste or E waste is the term used to describe old, end of life electronic appliances such as computers, laptops, TVs, DVD players, refrigerators and freezers, mobile phones, MP3 players, etc. have been disposed of by their original users. Thus, E waste is generated out of relatively expensive and essentially durable products used for data processing, telecommunications, or entertainment in private households and businesses. Technically, electronic waste is only a subset of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE).According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), any appliance using an electric power supply that has reached its end of life would come under WEEE.

E waste contains valuable materials such as copper, silver, gold, and platinum which could be processed for their recovery.

Is e waste hazardous?

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8. Medical devices (except all implanted and infected products radiotherapy equipment, cardiology, dialysis, nuclear medicine, etc.)

5. Lighting equipment (CFL, high intensity sodium lamp, etc.)

4. Consumer equipment (TV, radio, video camera, amplifiers, etc.)

3. IT and telecommunication equipment (PCs, printers, telephones, etc.)

The electronics industry is the world’s largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry. Rapid growth combined with rapid product obsolescence resulted in discarded electronics which are now the fastest growing waste stream in the industrialized world.

E waste is not hazardous perse. However, the hazardous constituents present in the e waste render it hazardous when such wastes are dismantled and processed, since it is only at this stage that they pose a hazard to health and the environment. Electronics and electrical equipment seem efficient and environmentally friendly, but there are hidden dangers associated with them once these become e waste. The harmful materials contained in electronics products,

Taxation structure includes two types of taxes they are In India, the quantity of e waste or electronic waste has now become a major problem. Disposal of e waste is an emerging global environmental and public health issue, as this waste has become the most rapidly growing segment of the formal municipal waste stream in the world. E waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) are loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete, broken, electrical or electronic devices. In India, most of the waste electronic items are stored in households as people do not know how to discard them. This ever increasing waste is very complex and is also a rich source of metals such as gold, silver, and copper, which can be recovered and brought back into the production cycle. So, e waste trade and recycling alliances employ many groups of people in India. Around 25,000 workers including children are involved in crude dismantling units in Delhi alone where 10,000.20,000 tons of e waste are handled every year with bare hands. Improper dismantling and processing of e waste render it perilous to human health and our ecosystem. Therefore, the need for proper e waste management has been realized. It is necessary to review the public health risks and strategies to combat this growing menace.

ByDr.ShankarR Assistantprofessor,DepartmentofCommerceandManagement

Editorial Committee

A paper on the key role in developing & organizing e-waste management strategy: challenges & opportunities

equipment can be broadly categorized into the following categories:

Abstract

1. Large household appliances (refrigerator, freezer, washing machine, cooking appliances, etc.)

Introduction

9. Monitoring and controlling instruments (smoke detector, heating regulators, thermostat, etc.)

10.Automatic dispensers (for hot drinks, money, hot and cold bottles, etc.)

The waste electrical or electronic equipment include all components, sub assemblies, and consumables, which are either a part or whole of such products at the time of discarding. The main materials found in electric and electronic waste are ferrous, non ferrous materials plastic, and glass, other including wood, rubber, ceramic, etc.

What is e-waste?

• Users

BP pursued a variety of remedies on the surface and at the wellhead, some successful, many not. Those responses suggest that effective solutions need to evolve as the problem develops and that tackling a catastrophic event often requires multiple remedies: some to clean up collateral damage, others to address the root cause.

Nonetheless, the Deepwater Horizon event provides apt lessons. It occurred in an environment, like space, where it is difficult to assess the consequences of a catastrophe and where expensive, sensor laden robots are required to clean up the collateral damage.

• Recyclers

Most of the activities right from the collection, transportation, segregation, dismantling, etc., are done by unorganized sectors manually. Being a rich source of reusable andpreciousmaterial,E wasteisalsoagoodsourceofrevenue generationformanypeopleinIndia.Thebigportion(ragpickers)of theIndianpopulationearnedtheirlivelihoodbycollectingandselling inorganicwaste likeplastics,polythenebags,glassbottles, cardboards,paper,otherferrousmetals,etc.Figure2showstheroad map/tradechainofElectronicandElectricalEquipmentjourneyfrom manufacture/importertorecycler/disposerfoundinmostofthe Indiancities.

8 Artha | 2019-20

Perhaps the biggest lesson from the Deepwater Horizon spill is that remedies need to be designed and tested under actual operating conditions. The remedies BP fielded during the first 40 days of the spill were ineffective because they had not been tested or proven to work in an extreme deep sea

AMinotaur IV rocket carrying the first space based space surveillance satellite blasts off from VandenbergAir Force Base in California and heads toward orbit on September 25, 2010. The satellite is designed to detect and monitor debris and other space objects that could pose a threat to national security, communications, and weather satellites.

• The stakeholders, i.e., the people who can help in overcoming the challenges posed by e waste, are:

products like computers and cellphones contain a lot of different toxins. For example, cathode ray tubes (CRTs) of computer monitors contain heavy metals such as lead, barium, and cadmium, which can be very harmful to health if they enter the water system. These materials can cause damage to the human nervous and respiratory systems. Flame retardant plastics, used in electronics casings, release particles that can damage human endocrine functions. These are the types of things that can happen when unprocessed e waste is put directly into a landfill.

Horizon spill also suggests that technical remedies alone are not enough. Oil spills deep underwater belong to a set of problems that are not easily observed by those who cause them or who might be harmed by them. Orbital debris is in that same family.

However, unlike oil spills where oily pelicans start to appear on the front pages of newspapers, it’s very difficult for most people to intuitively understand the hazards associated with this problem. For this, the space community needs improved methods for assessing and describing the risk posed by space debris, said Dave Balochi, a RAND engineer who led this study along with coauthor William Welser.

coupled with the fast rate at which we’re replacing outdated units, which pose a real danger to human health if electronics products are not properly processed before Electronicsdisposal.

Theenvironment.Deepwater

E-waste management system in India

• Policymaker

• E waste collection, sorting, and transportation.

A growing amount of space junk has been clogging Earth’s orbit

If the international space community wants to lower the risks and effects of satellites colliding with space debris, it would do well to take lessons from oil giant {The Deepwater Horizon oil spill also referred to as the BP oil spill, the BP oil disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill and the Macondo blowout} BP’s response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, according to a recent RAND study. The study examined whether industry and government approaches to solving problems outside the aerospace industry hold clues for addressing the issue of space debris.

The major components of e waste management are:

• Manufacturers

A Catastrophe in the Deep Sea Can Help Avert One in Outer Space

Fig 1: AP IMAGES/U.S. AIR FORCE, ANDREW LEE

Components of e waste management

Agrowing amount of space junk from expired launch vehicles spent rockets that have exploded, and satellites that have collided or been deliberately destroyed has been blogging on earth’s orbit ever since the launch of Sputnik in 1957. Today, hundreds of thousands of objects larger than a centimeter in diameter clutter the orbital environment of satellites, and any of these objects can cause a satellite to fail catastrophically. While the risk of collision is low, the effects would be highly disruptive, given the world’s reliance on satellites for communications, navigation, weather forecasting, imagery, and the like.

• E waste recycling; involves dismantling, recovery of valuable resources, sale of dismantled parts, and export of processed waste for precious metal recovery.

AP Images/US AIR FORCE, Andrew lee

All these challenges involve situations in which society’s behavioral norms fail to prevent people from engaging in unwanted, problem causing behavior. None of these challenges can be considered solved because their root causes are very difficult to eliminate.

• Glass and other recyclables.

Treatment & processing options for e waste

E wasteisaseriousissueandinabsenceofagloballyacceptablee wastedefinition,itsrelatedenvironmentalandhealthhazardscannot beaddressedgloballyInIndia,thereisnolaworregulation specificallyaddressedtothee wasteproblem:however,most hazardousmaterialsfoundine wastearecoveredunderthepurview ofTheHazardousandWasteManagementRules,2008.underthe categoryofhazardous.andnon hazardous.waste.InmostIndian cities,e wasteistreatedasmunicipalwaste,andnospecialattentionis giventotheactivitiesrelatedtoitscollection,handling,dismantling, andrecycling.Mostoftheactivitiesrelatedtoe wastecollection, handling,dismantling,andrecyclingaremainlybeingperformedby theunorganizedorinformalsectorslackingthetechnicaland infrastructuralabilitiesandknowledgeabouttheseriousimplications ofE wastehandlinganddisposalontheenvironmentandhuman health.TheenvironmentalimpactandhealthrisksassociatedwithE wasteareverycriticalandseriousleadingtodegradationand pollutionofnaturalresourcesandcanleadtochronicdiseasesin humanbeings.Duetothehazardsinvolved,disposingandrecycling E wasteposeseriousenvironmentalandoccupationimplications.

• Formationofthee wasteAgency(EWA)bringstogether industry,government,andNGOtoworkonasustainablee wastemanagementstrategyforBangalore.

• Toxic reduction.

• 2ndleveltreatment

Figure 3: Three tire treatment processes for recovery/recycling of E waste

• Improved awareness:

• Improvedstakeholderengagement:

• Disposal of process waste and residues.

Environmental and health implications

AversatileE wastemanagementtechnologypackageinvolving therecoveryofvaluablemetalsandminimizingenvironmental andhealthimpactswithademonstrationonaviablescaleneeds tobedeveloped.MainlythetreatmentofE wasteisdoneatthree levels.Theoutputofthefirstisinputtothesecondstage. EnvironmentallysoundE wastetreatmenttechnologiesareused atthreelevelsasdescribedbelow:

• Plastics.

Challenges and opportunities

• Improvedestimatesofe waste:

• Nationale wasteworkshopinDelhi,hostedbyMoEF.

• Firstnationale wasteworkshopheld,definedaway forward.

• Eco friendly recovery solutions.

The milestones achieved so far are

• 3rdleveltreatment

The objectives of the initiative are:

Underthescenario,theE wastemanagementstrategyforIndiahas thefollowingchallenges,whichneedtobestudiedandaddressed moresystematicallyandscientifically:

Mostofthetime,dismantlingandrecyclingoperationsare performedbytheworkerswithoutproperPersonnelProtection Equipment.Mostlyhammers,chisels,handdrills,cutters,electric torch/burners,andsometimeselectricdrillswereusedfor dismantlingtheWEEE.Theseoperationsarecarriedoutinvery congestedplacesinthecenterofcitiesandslums.Mostly,the dismantlingandrecyclingareasarewithoutanyproperlighting andventilation.Inabsenceofsuitabletechniquesand infrastructure,theworkersandlaborersworkinginsuchareasare pronetoseriousoccupationalhealthhazards.Thus,thereisno organizedorformalE wastemanagementsysteminIndia.

• 1stleveltreatment

InIndia,mostoftheoperationsrelatedtoE wastesuchas collections,segregation,dismantling,recycling,anddisposalsare performedmanually.Inabsenceoftheadequatetechnologies andequipment,mostofthetechniquesusedfortherecycling/ treatmentofE wasteareveryrawanddangerous.Improper recyclinganddisposaloperationsfoundindifferentcitiesofIndia ofteninvolvetheopenburningofplasticwaste,exposuretotoxic soldiers,dumpingofacids,andwidespreadgeneraldumping.As aresult,pollutantsaredumpedintotheland,air,andwater,which arethecauseofseriousenvironmentalproblemsinIndia.Also, thelaborersandworkersemployedinthedismantlingand recyclingunitsarepoorlyliterateanduneducated,lackingthe basicknowledgeabouttheseriousoccupationalandhealthrisks associatedwiththeoperations.

• ThreeWEEECare!InitiativeworkshopsinBangaloreby theGoetheInstitute.

• Firstnationalworkshopone wasteguidelinesheld, organizedbyMoEF.

Figure 2: Flow Chart of e waste trade cycle in India

• Precious metals.

• Value addition to recyclables for reuse.

• Focusonknowledgetransfertoandskillsupgradeofallinvolved stakeholdersthroughtrainingandseminars.

• Size reduction.

Scientific challenges

• Base metals.

9 Artha | 2019-20

• RapidassessmentsinDelhiandBangaloreofthe quantitiesbeinggenerated,andidentificationofthee wasterecyclinghotspots.

• Targetmainlytheexistinginformalrecyclersallowingfortheir maximumbutsafeparticipationinfuturee wastemanagementby facilitatingtheirevolutionandintegrationinformalstructures.

• Reducetheriskstothepopulationandthepollutionofthe environmentresultingfromunsafehandling.

• National leveldeskstudytoassesse wastequantities.

• Scientific collection, transport, handling, segregation, and disposal of e waste.

• Involvement of SMEs and NGOs.

• Recovery.

shouldbetodesignandfindouteffectivewaysto improvejobqualityintherecyclingindustryinIndia,wherelow skilledlaborisabundant,andpeoplearedesperateforany income.Anyapproachshouldmaintainabalancebetween environmentalandoccupationalhealthalongwitheconomic development.

• Lack of legislation has been the core concern for e waste management. There is no centralized mandatory or strict legislation in this regard. For better management, the legislation must clearly define e waste and its limitations in terms of quantities of waste generated.

Growth opportunities in formal sector & business model

• Due to the diversion of a large chunk of e wastes from retail consumers to informal recyclers and demand supply mismatch organized e recyclers are not getting adequate e wastes to recycle.

The problem of E waste is growing in alarming proportions in India as also in the world.Although many developed countries have established well defined E waste management systems, the systems in India have barriers from socioeconomic, infrastructural, and legal reasons. The E waste recycling and recovery options practiced in India are very outdated and hazardous, causing severe environmental and occupational hazards. There is a fundamental difference between the current European models of e waste management and the reality of E waste recycling in India. There is a need to focus more on levels 2 and 3 treatment

Existing Indian legal environment of e waste management

• There is no recycler for Ni Cd batteries,Alkaline batteries, and Dry cell batteries within the country. Such materials are either dumped in landfills resulting in loss of resources or exported to authorized recyclers in foreign countries resulting in logistic costs.

• Organization and structuring of E waste management system

TheEuropeanregulationsi.e.,thelegislationofWasteElectrical andElectronicEquipment(WEEE)addresstheenvironmental impactofe wasteatallstagesoftheequipment’slifecyclebutare mainlyfocusedontheend of lifestagethroughextendedproducer responsibility(EPR).Thisholdsthemanufactureroftheproduct liableforrecyclinganddisposalactivities.Incomparisontothese regulations,Indianregulationsseemtobeinastageofinfancy.

Otherthanbidding,sourcingisthroughtie upswithvarious corporateconsumerssuchasTCS,WIPRO,HP,Infosys,etc.The procurementhappensattherateofRs.10 15/kg.Incidentally, procurementfromindividualhouseholdconsumershasproved tobeadifficulttaskandposesasignificantchallenge.Currently, someinnovativemethodsofcollectionexistwhicharemostly

• There is no recycler for materials of lamps (CFL bulbs, tube lights, etc.) in India because of cheaper sources in China. Hence lamp recycling is a great challenge in India.

• Appropriate definition for E waste in the Indian context

• Processing.

Organizational challenges

• Inventorization of E waste generation, import, and its characterization

• Recycling.

Theaddressed.policy

Engineering challenges

In-plant processes of e-waste recycling

• Integrated/distributed processing facilities.

Hazardouswaste(Management,Handling,andTransboundary Movement)Rules2,2008currentlycoversthemanagementofe wasteinIndia.However,itdoesnotmentionguidelinestohandle e wastedifferentlyfromanyotherelectricalwaste.The governmenthasissuedavoluntaryguidelinetodemarcateIT productsfromotherelectricalproducts,butitisinsufficientto initiateactionsfromenterprises.Therefore,setdraftruleswere preparedandsubmittedtotheKarnatakaStatePollutionControl Board(KSPCB).TheEuropeanWEEEholdsthemanufacturer oftheproductliableforrecyclinganddisposalactivities.

10 Artha | 2019-20

responsibilityofthegovernmentarevery importantfordevelopingtheE wastemanagementstrategyfor Indiaintermsoftransboundaryhazardouswasteflow,andthe effectofthegovernmentpoliciesonemployment,inbothe wasterecyclingexportingandimportingcountries.Andasglobal hazardouswastealwaysflowstodestinationswithweaker environmentalregulationsorloweconomicdevelopment,the dirtysideofitsrecyclingprocesswouldneverbeproperly

Currently,thisbusinessthatcatersto10%ofthenetdemandhasa marginofnearly25 30%thatiscriticallydependentonthe partnershipcontractswithsupplierslikestate ownedenterprises(e.g., BSNL,MTNL)andcorporatehouses(e.g.,HP,IBM).Currently,the capacityforeffectivedisposalisamatterofconcernfortherecyclers aswellasthesuppliers.

• Lack of motivation for the top management of producers is one of the major concerns and is unable to drive the e Waste management initiative. 90% of Indian electronic producing companies and IT companies are not in favor of the EPR concept.

donebybreakingaparticularareaintoclustersandthenplacingabin tocollectrecyclableproducts.

• Unorganized to organized.

• Training and awareness on safety, health, and Further,environmenttheroleand

Sourcing of e-waste

• Feasible techno economical solutions.

Theprocessinitiateswiththedismantlingofthecomponentslike motherboards,harddrives,cartridges,cabinets,cables,etc.Manual laborseparatesmetal,glass,andplasticsfromthecomponents followedbyshreddingofprintedcircuitboard(PCB).Glass dismantlingisdoneinaprotectivesemi automaticenvironmentand adheringtothepollutioncontrolmeasures.

Implementation challenges for better e waste management in India

• Collection centers are currently present only in a few cities in India and the collection process for these facilities is restricted due to logistical and geographical problems.

Conclusion

Thechallengesofe wastemanagementcanbeclassifiedasalackof appropriateinfrastructure,legislation,andframeworkforend of life products.Thefollowingdescribestheimplementationchallengesfor bettere WastemanagementinIndia:

Unlike the European E waste system where consumers need to pay for the disposal of their e waste or return them free of charge to a recycler, consumers in India, however, expect to receive payment for their E waste, which is viewed as a potentially valuable resource. Due to this, management of e waste, if properly carried out, is an opportunity as it is often called Urban mining. For the environmentally safe treatment and recycling of E waste, high initial investment is required for setting facilities fitted with technologically advanced equipment and processes. The role of public private partnership plays a key role in developing and organizing a sound E waste management strategy in India.Although very few private enterprises have established the facilities for e waste treatment in a few cities like Bangalore, Chennai, and Noida which are handling and treating e waste in a more scientific and environmental friendly manner, more such enterprises need to be established in other cities too. There is a need for further research and consideration on the policy as well as a technical level to answer how to adopt and successfully combined the experience and know how of the existing E waste management models from abroad, with the current E waste system in India, to have the formal and well regulated E waste Management system for India reforming stage, it will be able to achieve the said targets only after including certain appraisals. It has introduced certain changes in the economy, some of the changes are welcomed and some are objected to by the people. Many countries have adopted GST with a positive vision, India has also been expecting positive changes at large which will be achieved in a short period.

• Recycling from e waste to resources, final report, Mathias Schluep. July 2009. Available from: http:// www.unep.org/

systems involving recycling and recovery options for better E waste treatment and management.At the same time, new initiatives and best practices likeARF and EPR need to be introduced in the country.

Artha

References

• Agarwal R, Ranjan R, Sarkar P. New Delhi: Toxics Link; 2003. Scrapping the Hitech myth: Computer waste in India.

• India gets the first e waste management rules Piyali Mandal / New Delhi June 09, 2011. Available from: http://www.businessstandard. com.

• Top E Waste Management Companies in India. Available from: http://entranceexam.net/top e waste management companies in India.

• MoEF (2008). Guidelines for Environmentally Sound

Management of E WASTE. (As approved vide Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) letter No. 23. 23/2007 HSMD dated March 12, 2008).

• Electronic Waste: Where Does It Go and What Happens To It? By Michelle Castillo: January 2011. Available from: http://techland.time.com.

• EU (2002) European Union Waste Electronic Electrical Waste (WEEE) Directive. Brussels: EU.

• WEEE Recycle India Available from: http:// www.weeerecycle. city_background_e_waste_bangaloin/ re.htm

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• E waste management in India. Panda HT. An emerging environmental and health issue. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2007; 11:116.

• Confronting Space Debris: Strategies and Warnings from Comparable Examples Including Deepwater Horizon, RAND/MG 1042 DARPA, ISBN 978 0 8330 5056 4, 2010.

• EU (2003). European Union Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive. Brussels: EU.

NineteenthcolonialcenturyCoorg

The British Commissioners with the reception of a few showed great interest in bringing about reforms in a small hill district; While they showed interest in changing the Political and SocioEconomic scenario, they also showed great concern in preventing the cultural and ancient practices and systems that Coorg had inherited. In this way, Commissioners.

In this article, an attempt is made to bring out how tiny provinces, influenced the British, and the impact of the commissioners. rule and the establishment of the western kind of administration in place of the old native system immensely contributed to bringing about radical changes in local socio economic transition. The commissioners. The rule had far reaching consequences not only on the economy and social structure of the Coorg but also on the various system of land that evolved during the rajah’s period and continued during the colonial rule. The British Commissioners with the reception of a few showed great interest in bringing about reforms in a small hill district; While they showed interest in changing the Political and Socio Economic scenario, they also showed great concern in preventing the cultural and ancient practices and systems that Coorg had inherited. In this way, Commissioners. The rule in Coorg represents a contradiction in Colonial rule.

The second stage may be said to begin in 1865 and continued till 1900. This was a period of great organization. The Judicial, Police, Revenue, Forests, Education, and other branches of the administration were

The first stage roughly embraces the period convened from 1851 to 1865. This period is not remarkable for any striking changes the Coorgs however displayed their unquestioned loyalty to the British connection by aiding the Government to suppress the South Canara rebellion this conduct on their part elicited the warm approval of General Sir Mark Cubbon who in 1861 rewarded the people by exempting them from the operation of the Arms act then known as the DisarmingAct. Is a unique distinction that prevails to this day. In industry, however, a very important event took place in 1853. In that year European capitalists began to grow coffee and from its isolating and came into direct contact with the world markets. The advantages to the mental and material welfare of the community were incalculable.4

Introduction

organized and brought into working order. The economic life of the people was entirely changed from what it was before. Trade developed and business concerns sprang up in the principal towns of the country. The activities of the government are detailed below in sections along the lines of the memorandum issued by the secretary of state on some aspects of British rule for 50 years ending with the year 1908.

Land administration & social change in the 19th centurycolonial Coorg

AssistantByDr.Avinash.VProfessor,DepartmentofHistory

Editorial Committee

The third stage is one of consolidation based on the experiences gained in the past and represents the steady line of progress adopted by the people, especially on the economic side. The detailed changes introduced into the administrative machinery of the country and a comparison of the previous regime made new necessary.

European writings on Coorg in the 19th century started with the missionaries trying to reconstruct the history of Coorg. The colonial writings like the administrative reports, manuals, Gazetteers, and records are helpful to produce a good number of works on this region. The colonial masters express in defense of their conquest of the land and its people. Captain Denis Mahoney, the first Resident at the Raja’s court was also perhaps the first historian of Coorg Rev. Moegling’s Coorg memories (1855) and Richter’s Ethnographical Compendium (1887) is the best example of the ethical writings of Coorg history. Connors Codagu Survey (1817) gives a brief discussion about the land tenure systems and the society of Coorg. Cole’s Coorg Civil Law deals with the problems of partition of ancestral lands, particularly the Jamma lands. The Gazetteer of Coorg by G. Richter mentions that the British administration in Coorg underwent major changes such as revenue, police, forest, medical, and education in this region. The Hukumnama written byA.J. Curgenven (1911) gives some of the nature and infrastructure of the land tenure of Coorg. The British administrators who were scholars, such as Lewin Bentham Bowring (1869), Richard John Meade (1870), James Davidson Gordon (1878), James Broadwood Lyall (1883), Sir Oliver St John (1889), Philip Durham Henderson (1892), William Lee Warner (1895), William Mack worth Young (1895), Donald Robertson (1896), Sir Stuart Fraser (1905), Stuart Edmund Pears (1925), John de la Hay Gordon (1937) and many others made detailed studies of the land tenure system of Coorg, their rights on land and their social problems brought out interesting writings and notes which even today carry great academic value and European writing creates the images as it is known.

Coorg was captured by the British in 1834, thereafter for the requirement of administration and the establishment of colonial hegemony they introduced certain rules and regulations to maintain and protect themselves. Under colonial rule, land revenue was of great importance and it occupied a pivotal position in the general administration of the country.

Coorg came under the control of the East India Company in the year 1834. Colonial masters. expressing 1834 because of the war, the people of the country unanimously accept the British Rule in Coorg.1 The British started to hold Coorg from 1850 onwards. The British change the necessary for the better administration of the province and create six taluks and twenty four nads and again subdivided into grams or villages. Coorg covers an area of 1585 square miles and contains 508 Villages.2 The period can be conveniently divided into three parts making distinct stages of the development of the country under British control.

13 Artha | 2019-20

Abstract

Historiography of Coorg

The physical features of land played an important role in shaping the nature and content of all major tenures. Coorg receives three kinds of tax; those are the house tax, the plow tax, and the holy tax.13 The chief characteristics of tenure were first permanent and

hereditary, second, the assessment was fixed 5 for every 100 butties of land and was unchangeable and their land was to be cultivated by slaves attached to every proprietor. Coorg had four different kinds of land tenures those are Jamma, Sagu, Umali, and Jodi tenure. Each land had its own identity. The land was granted to people who rendered services to the state, religious charitable, and other purposes. Jamma tenure system throws light on the socio economic changes in Coorg.15 Then what is Jamma? It has been the hereditary land. of Coorg. Richter defines that the word Jamma originated from a Sanskrit word that means hereditary by birth it was held byAprivileged class called Jamma ryots. The history of Jamma assessment before the annexation of Coorg; Jamma was hereditary and the assessment on the lands was fixed at half Sagu rates.16 Jamma ryots had to do their work in wetlands without pay.And some time Jamma ryots had to do free services in military and general services, policies, treasure guards, and escorts of the state. Jamma and Umbali ryots paying revenue at reduced rates for their free service (betti) to the state. Ryots who did not wish to render free services or ordinary Ryotwari tenure of land hold on full assessment were known as Sagu land.Another important change in land matters in Coorg affected during the decade was the introduction of certain rules dealing with the settlement of Bane and Hitlumanedalas.

Editorial Committee

Native writers took time to study the history of Coorg, at the end of the 19th century; they brought out their theories, historical interpretations, and traditional relation to land, etc. With the development of nationality, many Indian and native writers took part to reconstruct history on its own.Afew works of Indian writers were an attempt to investigate the political, social, and economic background of the Coorg. Nadikerianda Chinnappa.s Pattole Palame (1924), the land and peoples, especially the Kodava community. M.N. Srinivas made an in depth study of Sanskritisation. theory. L.A. Krishna Iyyar’s the origin and culture of various groups of peoples in Coorg. The native writers of Coorg like K.Appaiah, P.M. Muthanna and recent writers like I.M. Muthanna, B.D. Ganapathy, K. K. Subbaiah, D.N. Krishnaiah, and M.G. Nagaraj have made a comparative study of the changing society in pre British rule and post British rule. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis like, K.M. Lokesh, Coffee Plantation in Coorg under the Colonial Rule in 1834 1947, (1993) this work focuses on land relations and social changes in the province of Coorg and how a tiny hill region was influenced by the European capitalist, early coffee plantation challenges, and transformation in the history of colonial Coorg. T.P. Vijaya’s, Jamma System in Kodagu: Its Socio Economic Dimension (1800 1980) (1993), defines the Jamma land system in Kodagu and the nature of various land tenures, and their impact on the socio economic structure of the Kodava community in Coorg. K.C. Mohan’s, Kodaginali Vasahathushahi Araniya Adalitha (in Kannada), gives light on the land of forest administration and the economic relation of British rule.

Pre-colonial land administration in Coorg

In the British administration, no existing changes took place in the revenue system.18 In the custom of the Raja’s period attached to rice lands, the wasteland was given to the warg to supply the holder with the leaf manure, firewood, timber, and grazing required for the service of warg such lands were known in Coorg Bane. (in Kanara and Malabar were called Kumaki), That was very little cultivation of these lands, so no separate land revenue assessment was imposed on such lands. At the time of allotment of Banes coffee was unknown in Coorg and the Bane land had no special value. When Europeans entered Coorg as planters, they introduced coffee in Coorg. They planted up their Banes with coffee wherever the soil was suitable and, in many cases, occupied more forest to replace the old Bane.20 In 1863.s good number of Cardamom forests were converted into coffee estates. The many native people followed the European planters and opened large coffee estates. Many Coorgs people began to acquire more and more Bane lands and purchase from Sagu ryots, not for paddy cultivation but to cultivate coffee. Later it was converted into Jamma tenure.21 Some Bane’ s (forest land) were occupied for rice cultivation and were converted as coffee estates. Therefore, the nature of the Coorg society and tradition changed after the development of the coffee plantation. The young generation of Coorg made use of the opportunity to become independent from the joint family and acquire the lands on Jamma tenure under the registration in the name of an individual member. In 1863 Government planned to impose a tax on coffee Plantations and the chief commissioners of Coorg decided that ryot could cultivate coffee in his Bane land but should not exceed 10 acres. With the development of coffee, the superintendent of Coorg underlined the principles of assessment.22 In 1864 the government implemented new regulations to collect assessments. Hereafter Rs.1 per acre on the whole area from the May 1, 1864 rules for the first 4 years there should be no assessment and fifth to ninth year government had the right to impose Rs.1per acre and after the 9th year Rs.2. In 1866 the government attempted to restrict the distribution of Bane lands and the extension of coffee cultivation. It stated that the

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It is believed that the early land revenue system begins with the duly tax and it was the first voluntary offering made from the ryots to the Jangama or Lingayat priests who eventually assumed the government of Coorg.9 When the priest became Raja, he converted this voluntary offering to a tax of 1 ½ of paddy and 9 annas, 8 pies in cash for each house per annum. Later, duly Bhatta was converted into money payment or land revenue in Coorg.10 Then they imposed a land tax separately. In the pre colonial period, two kinds of land taxes were imposed by Coorg Raj known as Nello Kanika.And Hoodoo Kanike which continued till 1812. The process of land revenue was systematized by Linga Rajendra II. In 1812 certain modifications took place to the early tax system. The system of revenue assessment kept in the Shist Account was prepared in 1815 and bears the seal of Raja Linga RajendraWodeyar, Hukumnama, or. Standing order of Linga Rajendra explains the rules for the collection of Kandayam (land tax) in Coorg. The Coorg rajas during the period 1805 1816 carried out an elaborate survey of the lands in Coorg and made revenue settlements fixing the taxes and rents payable to the state by the ryots. This settlement was permanent and unalterable by the natives.

Colonial rule and land administration in Coorg

The features of land tenure in Coorg, the Jamma, and Sagu are the main land tenure in Coorg. Sagu and Jamma holding by wars, in only 41 villages out of 526, in 1,358 acres as against 74,922 acres under rice is the warg cropped with ragi. The whole of the cultivable area in Coorg is very small. Out of 10, 12,260 acres in the province 5, 46,850 are forest, and only 1, 36,619 acres are under cultivation. 74,922 acres are rice lands held as Sagu or Jamma warg only 1,657 acres are cultivated with ragi and another foodstuff in 59,787 acres under coffee cultivation almost on Bane lands. The difference between Sagu and Jamma warg is the Sagu tenant holds on ordinary ryotwari tenure paying the full assessment and the Jamma tenure intended especially for Coorgs, Amma Coorgs, Heggades, Eimbokkalus, Airis, Moplas, Gowdas and few others involves payment of an only half rate of the Sagu

revenue officials of lower rank did not co operate in surveying their villages. The state loses half revenue on all existing Jamma lands without obtaining any equivalent.31 In this way the British government officially gave up the policy of controlling the land tenure system in Coorg. The land revenue settlement was completed by the end of 1895 96 and the report was submitted in 1896.32 For this the total revenue of Coorg from all sources in 1834 35 was 1, 17, 021 whereas in 1890 91 amounted to 8, to 77,027.33 In 1897 Donald Robertson the Chief Commissioner pointed out that unfavorable to the introduction of higher Revenue demand.

ryots used to apply to Bane lands not to cultivate paddy but to set up coffee plantations.

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few amendments should be extended to Coorgs as it had been to Mysore J.P. Grant Superintendent Revenue Survey planned to take up the survey of Jamma Bane lands after finishing the survey of Sagu lands. He hoped that the ryots would welcome the settlement as they had suffered more from undue revenue Inrestrictions.somecases,

Consequently, a new class emerged within Coorg society which acquired lands with or without the consent of the Okka (the Coorg joint family).23 In 1875 Richard Meade Chief Commissioner of Coorg ordered that those Coorgs who enjoyed privileged tenures were ordinarily exempted from paying any assessment on coffee cultivation.24 In 1882 W. Hill in his Bane rules for Coorg stated that Bane was given for the supply of forest produce and that no ryots should claim any privilege or right over Bane lands. For this in 1882 ryots and Jamma Coorgs, protested the government’s act and a petition to the Viceroy Ripon that at the time of transfer of this province to the British Government assured the ancient rights, customs and privileges would be respected.According to that new Bane, the rule was. Unnecessary. administrations to the land tenure of Coorg. In 1883 Chief Commissioners replied that Bane holders had violated every condition attached to the tenure. They had separated Bane lands from rice lands for the service to which they had been granted.

The government succeeded in implementing the Bane rules and restricted unauthorized coffee cultivation in Bane lands. In the Madras Boundary mark act on XXVIII of 1860, the British Government was planning to survey lands in Coorg. The official reason was that Coorg ryots avoided paying revenue on land. 1871 H.G. Thomson Superintendent of Coorg disapproved the plan of survey of Jamma lands for political reasons. However, in 1875 captain C.J. Van Someren the conservator of forest in Mysore and Coorg made suggestions to the Chief Commissioners that a survey of the lands in Coorg be carried out to check the encroachments. In 1876 Coorg planter’s association pointed out those thousands of acres that were occupied by ryots illegally. However, the Jamma ryots supported the survey plans of the government for different reasons.27 In 1878 they pointed out Bane which lands did not show clear boundaries so they felt that a proper survey would completely define boundaries more clearly and prevent needless litigation.28 In 1878R.M. Clarke the acting 1st Assistant Superintendent of Coorg pointed out that Coorg ryots were in the habit of selling their Bane lands, but they don’t have legitimate rights to do.And he suggested that a survey of land not only prevent the Coorgs from encroaching on government lands, but it would most effectively put a stop to all illegal sales of Bane lands. Haller theAssistant Superintendent of Land Records gave another report to the Commissioner a history of the survey and settlement details of the probable results. James Gordon the Chief Commissioner of Coorg reported craftily had obtained lands from the British Government under the Jamma tenure. But they did not contribute to filling the loss of revenue to the Government, so he called to stop the acquisition of lands from Sagu tenure to Jamma tenure. For all these reasons Governments of India pointed out that the land may be granted on Jamma tenure to Coorgs, for old wasteland cultivation, and of the Jamabandi for 5 years or upwards. In 1885 the first round of the survey was completed, J.B. Lyall the Chief Commissioner of Coorg recommended to the government of India that the Bombay survey act with a

The elites of Coorg ryots began to submit a series of memoranda against the new settlement and the inhabitants of Coorg questioned the Government’s authority to impose an assessment on Jamma and Sagu lands. They argued that Government already unjustly taxed Bane which had been granted free of assessment. Now the poverty and poor economic condition of ryots made them unable to pay enhanced revenue.34 Jamma land holder Mr. Ganapathy urges the argument that the Jamma assessment was not originally fixed concerning any obligation of service to be rendered by the Jamma ryots to Government, but settlement made by the former Rajas of Coorg. The Jamma assessment was fixed permanently at the rate of Rs. 5 per 100 Bettis (free) and he pointed out that there is nothing in the sands granted to the Jamma ryots to show that any conditions of service were attached to this tenure.35 Jamma ryots were dissatisfied with the unnecessary interference of the Government in their right to permanent settlement. The Jamma land tenure divided the British rule and legalized holdings of Jamma lands secured during Raja’s regime.36 In the British regime between 1876 and 1895 the Sagu lands were converted into Jamma lands and added to the Jamma Boomi. Only the wetlands were considered Jamma lands under the Raja’s regime and this system continued under the British administration also. Hereafter in 1895 British office stopped granting lands on Jamma tenure. Subletting is prohibited and Jamma lands are not allowed to be granted by sale or mortgage.37 Orders have been passed by the Chief Commissioner’s office; enforcing strictly Jamma riots have cultivated their lands themselves. When lands are sublet it is generally on the warm tenure half the produce to the owner who provides the seed and pays the Kandayam and half to the cultivation who must provide the manner.

In Coorg, tenancy based revenue settlement could not be introduced. Transport and communication were very limited in Coorg and out sliders could not settle down and extremes of climate. The value of agricultural holdings was also much less. In Coorg, different rates of assessment and different descriptions or classes of lands in other taluks came to be fixed. Orange was cultivated in a large part of Coorg, but no assessment was demanded. The extent of cultivated land and the total revenue demand settled with little variation from one area to another.According to a rule introduced in the year 1899. The land revenue could be paid in three installments at the rate and if the summer crop was raised land revenue could be paid in four installments. In two of the major revenue survey and settlement cooperation conducted in 1896 97 and 1907 13 respectively the main intention of the government was not to increase its revenue but to assent to its right to revise the existing structure of revenue and impose a new Itone.isalso

7. Singh Mahender. (2012), Imperialism in action: Colonial Land Revenue Policy and the South east Punjab of British India, International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences ISSN: 2278 6236 Vol. 1, No. 6.

2. Richter. G. (1870), Manual of Coorg. A Gazetteer, low prize publication, Mangalore.

5. Srinivasa, Raghavaiyangar S. (1893), Memorandum on the progress of the Madras presidency during the last forty years of British administration, printed by the Superintendent, Government Press, Madras. (Tamil Nadu national archives Egmore).

1. Surynath. U. Kamath (1983), Karnataka State Gazetteer, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.

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Under British rule, land revenue had an essential position. The structure of administration, the mode of assessment, and collection were continued.40 Land revenue was not rent but a tax that the peasantry must pay in extreme circumstances. Hereafter no certain changes in the existing revenue system were introduced in Coorg. The first major change in administration was the abolition of slavery in 1843A.D, the Imperial Government abolished slavery in all British colonies. It had a sweeping effect on landholders. Slavery as an institution was so deep roped in contemporary Coorg. But in the early year of the abolition, the native did not face much difficulty. But the increasing cultivation of coffee and labor problem took place in Coorg. That bringing labor from the neighboring regions to work on native farms increased the cost of living in the tiny province. The Superintendent of Coorg observed in 1864 that one side of labor migration and Bane lands were converted into coffee lands. When the British realized the certain development, introduces captain Le hardy’s Jamabandi and the fixed assessment by the old sistu system. The preparation of Jamabandi registers (record of rights) for a time to time supplement of land revenue. This system continued with the introduction of the summary land revenue settlement of 1896. The Chief Commissioner William Mackworth Young undertook a revenue survey in the year 1896. His report submitted in the year 1898 had the sanction of the government of India.

11.The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg, Memorandum, File no. 29 of 1890, Bangalore, old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

true that the social structure of Coorg society drastically changed. Coffee plantations and English education immensely change the face of Coorg in the last decades of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. British indirectly encouraged the partition of ancestral property and Coorgs to imitate the culture of the Lingayats and Brahmins on the one hand and British lifestyle on the other. In this way, the early transition took place in Coorg.

assessment. Every original wargdar had a right to the jungle within the area of the village and their Banes are entered with the vaguest descriptions of areas in the Shist. The original Bane attached to the warg became converted Sagu Bane into Jamma Bane. Under this process, the Chief Commissioner states that land administration in Coorg has been very much in a weak position, when coffee became popular, Bane land acquired a new value. New areas were brought under coffee cultivation and development took place in the coffee industries. The British made deep elucidation into the native system of landholding and made it impossible for the tenures to remain and continue as the British found them in 1834. Most privileged tenure became continuously subjected to changes and alterations by the new economic forces that entered Coorg. The new economic forces also ensured that the traditional stronghold of Coorg social unity cracked up, and many compromises were made it merely shows that the Coorg society did not remain stagnant in its idyllic world. It is interesting to note the role of women in the social order of Coorg.Awoman could not hold Jamma lands. But she can hold lands under the family settlement, and it was controlled by her husband or head men of the family.

References

6. Bernard S. Cohn. (1997), Colonialism and Its forms of Knowledge, Oxford University Press. London.

Haller, in Coorg, the class of tenants hardly existed, and all lands were cultivated by the landholders themselves.

3. The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg, Historical Summary of the British Rule in Coorg During the past Seventy years, Mercara, Dated 14th August 1922. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room).

8. Surendra. Rao. B. (1997), Conquest through Knowledge: A Case of the 19th Century Colonial Coorg. Processing of Indian History Congress, 51 sessions in Calcutta.

9. Rev. F. Kittel, Merkara. (1881), Coorg Superstitions, the Indian Antiquary, Swati Publication, Delhi, Vol. X. 1984.

4. The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg., File no. 02 of 1865, Rules of 1865 for the Assessment of coffee lands in Coorg, Bangalore. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

Conclusion

10.The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg, Serial. No. 42 of 1835, the Revenue Code of Capt. C.F. Le hardy. s Report of 1835, Bangalore old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

This led to an increase in land revenue assessment. The system of land tenure in Coorg was essentially Ryotwary. There were no intermediaries, and each holder was required to pay the land revenue directly.A full assessment was payable only by the holder of Sagu lands. They were not under any obligation of rendering free service to the government. The Sagu tenure comprised about 43 percent only. In the various land tenures in Coorg that about 1/3 of the area was assessment free.According to the report of Gustav

35.The office of the chief commissioner of Coorg, Letter. no. 438, Merkara, From, Colonel T.G. Clark Commissioner of Coorg, To, the Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, 4th February 1890, Bangalore. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

23.The office of Superintendents of Coorg., File. No.116 of 1863, For the Sale of wasteland in the district of the Coorg, 19th Nov. 1863. (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

15.Mangalore.Vijay,T.P.(1993), Jamma System in Kodagu: It’ s Socio Economic Dimension (1800 1980), (UN published PhDs thesis), Mangalore.

17.The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg., Appendix. G, Rules for classifiers Specimen of the Sist of Dodda Vira Rajendra Wodeyar of 1811. (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

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24.Kodava SamsukurthikaAdyyana Peeta., Report on the Administrations of Coorg for the year of 1875 76. Mangalore University. (unpublished report Madikeri record room).

37.The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg., Sl. No.1412 88, File.no. 92 of 1892, Settlement of Coorg Revision of Assessment, dated Shimla, the 7th July 1892. (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

30.The office of the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, File. No.211 of 1890, Letter. No.806, C. J. Lyal esp. Secretary to the Government of India, Home Department to The Chief Commissioner of Coorg, Bangalore. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room).

38.The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg., Note as to Settlement officer for Coorg 1910 (unpublished Report Madikeri record room)

20.Surendra Rao. B, and Lokesh K.M. (Ed), (1998), Coorg Invented, Nineteenth Century European Writings on Kodagu, Madikeri.

29.The office of the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, File, No.92 of 1892, Letter. No. 1411, Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Coorg., Bangalore. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

36.The office of the chief commissioner of Coorg, Letter. no. 438 Merkara, From, Colonel T.G. Clark Commissioner of Coorg, To, the Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, Bangalore, 4th February 1890, (unpublished report Madikeri record room).

16.The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg, Latter. No. 681, L. S. New March Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, File no. 169 of 1890, Bangalore. Old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

19.The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg, Proceedings of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg, File. No 132 of 1885, Instructions for dealing with certain cases of coffee cultivation in Bane heretofore allotted, Bangalore. Old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

26.The office of the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, File.

32.The office of the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, File. No.95 of 1895, Letter. No. 542, W. Lee Warner Chief Commissioner of Coorg to the Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Revenue and Agriculture Shimla, Bangalore. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

12.The offices of the Chief Commissioner of Coorg., file. no.235 of 1910, Revenue settlement of Coorg 1910 (unpublished Report Madikeri record room)

No 172 of 1893, Viceroy and Governor General of India in Council, Calcutta. Memorialist Village of Shrimagalla, Mascara Talaq in the Province of Coorg, Bangalore. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

34.The office of the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, File. No.225 of 1899, Letter. No. 1263, Lenient Colonel Donald Robertson. C.S.I Chief Commissioner of Coorg, Bangalore, to the Secretary to the Government of India, Home Department, Bangalore. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

13.The office of the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, Serial. No.136, Brief Memorandum on the material Condition of the people more especially of the ryots and laboring classes in Coorg 1881 1891. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

14.Vijay. T.P. (1991), Inner Tension in Jamma Tenure and their impact on the Social structure of Coorg 1800 1956, Perspectives on Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu, Published by Mangalore University,

22.Delhi.Theoffice of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg, File no. 02 of 1865, Rules of 1865 for the Assessment of coffee lands in Coorg, Bangalore. Old records (Coorg record room) the cultivation of dry crops like coffee has been planted in their lands.After the survey of land settlement effected by the Government, the cultivation of coffee began to extend in Coorg, Halut or excise duty was imposed by the government on all coffee wherever grown. In 1862 Coffee planters were unsatisfied with the Halut tax of 1 to 7½ per acre according to the class of cultivations. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

33.The office of the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, Serial. No.136, Brief Memorandum on the material Condition of the people more especially of the ryots and laboring classes in Coorg 1881 1891, old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

25.The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg., File. No. 1138, From Gustav Haller Esq., Settlement Officer Coorg Mercara, To, The Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of Coorg Bangalore Mercara 18th February 1910. (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

27.The Office of the chief commissioner of Coorg., File. No.18, Coorg Planters. Association and Proceedings of a General Meeting held at the North Coorg Club House. Mercara, dated 6th December 1894, Coorg. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

28.The office of the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, File. No.316 of 1884, Notification. the following rules for the sale of wasteland in the district of Coorg have been approved by the governor general in Council, Bangalore. old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

40. Kamath. U. Surynath (1993), Karnataka state Gazetteer, Kodagu District, Pari three printers, Bangalore.

21.Vijay, T.P. (1995), Honour in Chains: The Problems of Hitti Bitti Chakri in Jamma Tenure in Coorg (1800 1930) in The Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. XXXII, No.2,April June 1995, New

31.The office of the Chief Commissioner of Coorg, File. No.209 of 1892, Note as to settlement offices for Coorg, Bangalore. old records (unpublished Report Madikeri record room)

39.T.P. Vijay. (1991), Inner Tension in Jamma Tenure and their impact on the Social structure of Coorg 1800 1956, Perspectives on Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu., Mangalore University, Mangalore.

18. The office of the Chief Commissioners. of Coorg, Bundle 2 of 1834, Future Administration of Coorg in 1834, Old Records, old records (unpublished report Madikeri record room)

This paper aims to analyze and interpret Ayn Rand’s novel Atlas Shrugged (1957) to illustrate her distinct life philosophy called Objectivism. The theoretical part of this thesis focuses on the essence of Ayn Rand’s philosophy. The practical part deals with how the philosophy is presentedand dramatized in the book itself.

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The main aims of this work are to show how the basic principles of Objectivism are illustrated in Atlas Shrugged and to compare the two systems that Rand puts in opposition, to see into the characters that Rand creates, and try to realize whether they are realistic or not by depicting certain pieces of dialogues from the book and analyzing them.

Editorial Committee

Atlas Shrugged is a very controversial book that has incited many discussions mainly about what selfishness is and when charity end and self sacrifice begin. It is a book that capitalists take as their guide and a book that socialists despise. The theoretical part of this thesis explains the fundamental concepts of Rand’s philosophy, and the second part deals with the concrete situations in the book that displays how the theory is to be put into practice. Rand claimed that she had lived by the laws of Objectivism and that is guided by reason is the only way of surviving and achieving happiness. In her book, Rand always deals with two extremes and there is always only one correct answer to everything, one way of doing things properly. It is the rational approach since the irrational one always leads to death.

• One does not need another person to make him happy. One should not expect that others will make him happy. The only one who can make you happy is yourself. If helping someone contradicts your interests, then there is no reason why you should do this. One is an end in himself, not the means to the end in others. He must exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others nor sacrificing others to himself. The pursuit of his rational self interest and his happiness is the highest moral purpose of his life.

• Rand had a very clear notion of how the state should be arranged politically and economically. She also puts clear boundaries on how far the governmental power should be extended. The ideal political economic system is laissez faire capitalism. It is a system where people deal with one another as traders, by the free, voluntary exchange for mutual benefit. The government acts only as a police officer that protects man’s rights; it uses physical force only in retaliation and only against those who initiate its use, such as criminals or foreign invaders.

At the metaphysical level,Ayn Rand’s Objectivism begins with axioms fundamental truths or irreducible primaries that are self evident using direct perception. Objectivism’s three basic philosophical axioms are existence, consciousness, and identity presuppositions of every concept and every statement. It means

Introduction

Abstract

Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shruggedan embodiment of objectivism

Rand has presented her philosophy as follows

AssistantByNithya.KProfessor,DepartmentofEnglish

Objectivism

Ayn Rand named her philosophy. Objectivism. and described it as a philosophy for living on Earth. Objectivism is an integrated system of thought that defines the abstract principles by which a person must think and act if he or she is to live the life proper of a human being. Ayn Rand’s view on the ideal way of living was well presented in her best selling novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. The most distinctive idea of Objectivism is that one should live for the sake of his or her happiness,

not someone else’s. However, this does not mean that one is to be disrespectful toward other people. Objectivism holds that there is no greater moral goal than achieving happiness, but one cannot achieve happiness by wish or whim. Fundamentally, it requires rational respect for the facts of reality, including the facts about our human nature and needs. One of the most important reasons forAyn Rand’s novels to continue to sell well is their optimistic message which holds that anyone could achieve anything and live the life they have always dreamed of despite of their background and origin.At a sales conference at Random House, preceding the publication of Atlas Shrugged

Metaphysics

Rand’s philosophy is influenced byAmerica’s Founding Fathers and preaches freedom of speech and action for everyone. Rand had a chance to compare two different systems and based all her theories on the conclusions that she withdrew from her experience with differently organized societies, socialism, and capitalism. Atlas Shrugged represents her philosophy and convictions and illustrates that her theories do not only work on paper but apply to real life. Every character she creates serves to represent her ideas and thoughts.

• Reality exists as an objective absolute. facts are facts, independent of one’s feelings, wishes, hopes, or fears. This means that the way you feel about something does not make it that way. If, for example, you do not like a person, it does not make him or her a bad person unless your feelings are based on facts, e.g., the person killed someone.

• Rand believed that one’s only means of obtaining information necessary for one’s survival and well being is the reason. Reason (the faculty which identifies and integrates the material provided by one’s senses) is one’s only means of perceiving reality, his only source of knowledge, his only guide to action, and his basic means of survival.

According toAyn Rand, epistemology is a science devoted to the discovery of the proper methods of acquiring and validating knowledge. The only way for a person to acquire knowledge is by observing things around him or her and making the right conclusions, not by making things up and claiming that they are true because he or she feels that way. Younkin notes that epistemology refers to the nature and starting point of knowledge, with the nature and correct exercise of reason, with reason’s connection to the senses and perception, and with the possibility of other sources of knowledge. Facts are the only things on which you should base your theories. Objectivism rejects skepticism which claims that no true ideas or opinions exist due to different circumstances under which one might find oneself. The followers of Objectivism believe that someone who claims that no real knowledge is possible is asking you to abandon your mind. The kind of thinking that allows us to formulate true ideas is the one where people are objective.

The concept of identity identifies the fact that everything that exists is a thing or other. that it has a specific, non contradictory nature. No matter how you call things, it will not change their nature.According to Rand, you are alive when you are happy. If you are not, you are on your way to

that any religion or belief that is not based on concrete facts but on one’s personal feelings or fears are wrong. Therefore, the task of a person’s consciousness is to perceive reality, not to create or invent it. Saying that something exists. You feel that there must be something beyond the physical world or believe in life after death because you fear it, does not make life after death real.

Objectivismdeath.claims

that no claim or statement is regarded to be true unless it is supported by facts. The concept of existence implies that the world is not affected by what you think about it. Something exists independently of your choice or opinion on it. It does not matter if you choose to ignore the fact that something exists, it will still be there. The concept of existence identifies as basic and unquestionable the fact that something exists; to ask for a cause or explanation of there being something rather than nothing is to misunderstand the place of existence in the hierarchy of concepts.

Human nature & ethics

Human nature is one of the most important issues of Objectivism.Ayn Rand believed that rational selfishness is the ultimate expression of human nature. In her book, The Virtue of Selfishness, Rand gives the exact meaning and dictionary definition of the word ‘selfishness., which is concerned with one’s interests. Each living creature is

Epistemology

initially concerned with its own life; therefore, Rand concludes that selfishness is the right moral value of human life.

Aynsystem.Rand

Atlas Shrugged is a novel written byAyn Rand in 1957 in the United States ofAmerica. The genre is not monothematic, the book includes elements of romance, mystery, and science fiction. It is Rand’s longest novel in which she expresses her ideas and shows how the theory of her philosophy, Objectivism, should work in practice.

also mentions that there should be a complete separation of the economy and government. There should be no regulations made.As she said, .it is the system of separation of economy and state, just as there is the separation of the church and state, and for the same essential reason: because each person has a right to live as his conscience dictates, and because we all benefit from everyone having that freedom. The economy exists independently from the state just as religion does and for the same reasons.

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Ayn Rand holds the opinion that no one has the right to seek values from others using physical force. The only case in which one has the right to use force is when it is self defense and only against those who initiate it first.According to Rand, the only economic system that enables people to trade and get the mutual benefit without using force and violence is laissez faire capitalism.

Atlas Shrugged and its criticism

Younkin explains that epistemology exists because people are limited beings who learn in disjointed incremental steps and who therefore require a proper procedure to acquire the knowledge necessary to act, survive, and flourish. People must realize that the knowledge they acquire is vital for their well being, therefore one must be guided by reason, and not mislead himself or herself with beliefs. The science of epistemology would not exist if human knowledge was automatic and absolute. Throughout human life, one must learn to distinguish truth from deceit and apply this knowledge to one’s way of living to survive.

Politics

The title of the book is a reference to a Titan of Greek mythology who holds the world on his shoulders without asking for anything in return.Atlas is parallel to the main protagonists in the book who are, as Rand calls them, the motor of the world. Unfortunately, people take them for granted and do not appreciate their work. The industrialists, people of a great mind, who have achieved everything by themselves, who have earned every single penny they own are being bullied by the rest of the world who claim to be less lucky but just as capable of creating and managing

Ayn Rand considers capitalism to be the only just economic system that enables people to trade freely and benefit from their diligence. Some might argue that it is a system that favors big businesses but in its pure form capitalism, on the contrary, is a social system characterized by individual freedom. It is the only system that enables poor people to become rich by using their abilities and not by asking others for help. Because Rand believes that there are no external forces that might prevent you from reaching your goal and rejected the statement that we are what society made us, it is only a matter of having the right political and economic

Amorality of rational selfishness enables people to achieve ultimate happiness, which is the primary goal of every human being. Many might argue that selfishness is a negative trait of character, but what Rand means is that success and prosperity should be achieved by one’s virtue, and not be expected from someone else.Ayn Rand defines ethics as a code of values to guide one’s choices and actions. Rand explains that one must choose his or her actions, values, and goals by the standard of that which is proper to a human. to achieve, maintain, fulfill and enjoy that ultimate value, that end, which is his or her own life. She also says that productive work is the central purpose of a rational person’s life, the central value that integrates and determines the hierarchy of all his other values. The reason is the source, the precondition of his productive work. pride is the result.

Almost all of these characters are flat, there is no development of them shown throughout the book. Just like Rand herself, they only develop their ideas but do not change the fundamentals. Businesspeople never doubt their actions and their right to earn and live for their merit. None of the looters ever realizes that he or she may be wrong. Even when they see the whole world falling apart, their first instinct is to force Galt to save them, not to admit that the system they were trying to build is not working. Galt, in his speech on the radio, says: There are two sides to every issue: One side is right and the other is wrong, but the middle is always evil. However, this stability of the characters might be a good thing, because, as has already been mentioned earlier, during her life, Rand has not changed her philosophy or beliefs herself, so her creating stable characters might be a way of showing that strong people who stay by their thoughts and actions do exist and are to be glorified. Rand said about her book:Atlas started with a plot idea. The first step was to project, in a generalized way, the philosophical progression of what would be needed, and what kind of man or characters would be needed to carry a story of that kind. So that the characters then came out

’

of the philosophical issues involved and the generalized nature of the plot. Because the book is mainly aimed to display the fundamental principles of Rand’s philosophy, the characters had to represent her ideals. Not every person is so devoted to work or just as hard working to do what the main characters in Atlas Shrugged are willing to do to prevent their companies from collapsing.

Dagny wonders why they would not do that, and Hank replies that they are keeping them afloat simply because they can. By the end of the book, it becomes clear that tolerating looters was their crucial mistake.

Every single character created by Rand has its purpose. Her characters are divided into two opposite sides. One side is good, and the other one is evil. Dagny Taggart, Hank Rearden, Francisco d.Anconia, and John Galt all represent people who live rationally, they weigh their actions and are capable of foreseeing future steps and avoiding conflicts. Jim Taggart, Wesley Mouch, Hank’s family, and other looters represent people who rely on their feelings and reject to admit the facts, they feel that they are underprivileged and more successful people owe them help and respect for being unlucky.

Even though the book has little literary value (the language is plain, not creative and the story is quite simple, some might call it the lower genre), it expresses some of the author’s deep ideas.Ayn Rand’s values are presented in the book by the dialogues of her characters. Every monologue and every speech carry the purpose of introducing the reader to fresh ideas of Objectivism. The characters have each a distinct approach to different topics like property rights, the role of the government, sex and, most importantly, individualism.

Rand claims that evil is nothing else but a parasite and may only exist when good people tolerate it. There are many characters in the book who question the way society is organized but they do not quite understand what is wrong and how to fix it.

Sanction of victim

businesses if ever being given a chance. While the hard working people are trying to keep the world afloat, the looters are trying to control every single step the businesspeople are taking by passing more regulations to get more of their money. Rand makes it quite clear why the novel was given this title when she includes in it a dialogue between two successful men, Hank Rearden and Francisco d.Anconia: Mr. Rearden, said Francisco, his voice solemnly calm, if you sawAtlas, the giant who holds the world on his shoulders, if you saw that he stood, blood running down his chest, his knees buckling, his arms trembling but still trying to hold the world aloft with the last of his strength, and the greater his effort the heavier the world bore down upon his shoulders. what would you tell him to do? .I . . . don.t know. What . . . could he do? What would you tell him?.. To shrug. The whole idea of the book is to show what would happen to the world if all the creative minds went on strike. For this purpose,Ayn creates a character who realizes the futility of working under the watch of the looters and decides to show other people like himself how pointless their struggle to make a living is. His name is John Galt. He helps people to understand how they could change the world instead of attempting to survive in conditions that are impossible to live under. There is a dialogue in the book between Dagny Taggart and Hank Rearden where they talk about how they could just abandon people like Jim Taggart and Hank’s family, which means to leave those people behind and never worry about them again, stop supporting them, and covering their mistakes.

They insult him, and in return, he tries to understand what is that they want from him. They tell him that he is evil and selfish because he earns his living, and he does not try to prove them wrong. One can see the same behavior in Dagny Taggart who would let her brother take credit for her ideas. Dagny and Hank’s main goal in life may be earning money but their goal cooperates with people’s main purpose, which is to Theirsurvive.companies provide working places, they come up with

s only interest seems to be Hank’s younger brother. She asks Hank to give his brother a job so that he does not feel indebted. She wants a kind of job for him where he would not have to do much work but would get a lot of money. To this Rearden says no, because he has no use there for useless people like his brother, people who act according to their feelings, who have no ambitions, and who would rather work with people who are their friends than those who are most suitable for the job. Hank is just a victim of his own beliefs that because these people are his relatives, they are entitled to treat him in whatever way they want. Later, he realizes that this was his mistake and that he allowed them to think that he must take care of them.

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For example, Hank Rearden takes care of his family because he feels obliged. The only argument his mother can give to him is that they are bound by the ties of blood and that this should be enough for him to support them without questioning. To get the reader acquainted with Hank’s family, Rand describes a situation that normally takes place when he comes home. Rearden, the breadwinner, is the only person in the family who works but when he comes home his relatives start complaining and accusing him of being selfish, and not caring enough. He wants them to take some interest in his life and work but all he gets are accusations. They say that what they want of him is not money but time and warmth, but he feels that they have no common interests, so there is no point in spending time together. His brother pretends to care about the poor and asks Hank to give him money whenever he gets the chance. Rearden agrees to write him a cheque to give money to homeless people, but his brother says that if he is to write a cheque, there should be no Hank’s name on it, because his friends consider him a careless industrialist whose only goal in life is to earn money for Hishimself.mother

Another similar example is introduced when by request of an important politician all the trains of Taggart Transcontinental are sent to collect the harvest of soybeans, which were harvested too early, instead of collecting harvest of the crops from Minnesota.As a result, the crops harvested got rotten and the soybeans were not edible. This led to the country’s food supply being destroyed. This is a perfect example of fatal consequences caused by wrong governance.

Atlas Shrugged touches upon almost every aspect of human life. If one seeks a philosophy whose primary goal is to gain happiness, this book has an answer to everything. To an Objectivist, it does not matter whether he or she comes from a poor or rich family, this person knows that anything can be achieved by hard work. It can be seen through the fate of one of the main characters, Hank Rearden, who made his way up without any help. He started as an ordinary worker and later became an owner of a huge industry. This book teaches me to never give up. This, again, can be seen in the example of Hank and his metal. He was working on it for ten years and finally succeeded. If one has a goal, he or she should follow it no matter what. There are no such things as circumstances and luck but there are hard work and aspiration.

new ideas which will eventually be useful for people, like new kind of metal which gives many opportunities, makes simple things like forks cheap and even more available. They are driven by a rational desire to make their products the best on the market. Jim Taggart, however, is driven by a desire to make friends and be admired by society. He does not care if he destroys his railroad if he has money himself and might be called generous. The problem is that destroying the railroad would cost hundreds of men their jobs, which no one is going to thank him for.

Socialism is represented by a company, the Twentieth Century Motor Company, that used to be very prosperous until its founder died, and it was inherited by his children who decided to try to manage the company in a completely different way under the motto. From each according to his ability, to each according to his need. This idea resembles The Soviet Union very much. The problem with this kind of philosophy is that no one knows or can decide whose needs are more important or who is more capable. It results in complete chaos because people who worked and earned their money were forced to give it to those who were in need, even when the need was not as important. It resulted in people pretending to be less capable than they are, more ill or tired.

Moreover, Rand believes that the larger the size of the government is, the more corrupt it becomes. She shows that the number of institutions created by the looters in Atlas Shrugged exceeds any standards which leads to confusion and bureaucracy. The main goal of the politicians becomes to benefit from the industrialists and not their primary task which is to protect society. When the government starts controlling every step of the capitalists by forbidding them to trade freely, they deteriorate the quality of life and set back the development of new technologies. The looters are trading favors instead of goods with each other. For instance, when Jim Taggart says to his friends in the government that his business is in danger because his competitor, Dan Conway, is stealing away all his clients in Colorado, they pass a law called.Anti dog eat dog Rule., which is passed to prevent competition between the railroads in certain parts of the country.

Rand believes that the government should have very limited power and apply its force solely to protect its citizens from external intruders or violence. In her book, Atlas Shrugged, she proves that there are only three governmental institutions necessary by contradiction.

Capitalism vs Socialism in Atlas Shrugged

Capitalism is represented by Galt’s Gulch where people trade freely and are not afraid of competition. They know that healthy competition leads to the development of technologies and society, and everyone benefits from it. It is illustrated when one of the businesses goes out of the market because a better system of taking coal has been introduced. The person whose business was destroyed does not take it as a disaster though but as an opportunity to work for a man who has a more inventive mind and has come up with this new method. It is generally regarded that industrialists or owners of big companies keep all the money they own, and therefore it would not harm them if they were to pay higher taxes than ordinary people. In fact, in most cases, this money is spent on research and further development of the product, to stay competitive and be able to withstand the competition.

Moreover, this book teaches one to be proud of living for one’s own sake. It claims that there is no need for sacrifice or regret.According to Rand’s philosophy, life is to be approached with reason, and rational behavior should find its way into every aspect of one’s life. The main characters in Atlas Shrugged follow this theory unquestioningly and it works out for them, just as it has worked out for Rand

Conclusion

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acquainted.

Politics in Atlas shrugged

Politics and economics are very closely related. Rand insists on the fact that. the free market represents the social application of an objective theory of values. In Atlas Shrugged she indicates the two economic systems, socialism and capitalism, with which she was personally

She depicts a society where the government has a lot of institutions and tries to control every aspect of human life. Not only does it result in a violation of human rights, but also cripples the whole system and destroys the country’s wealth. Peikoff, explaining the principle of politics, notes that the basic principle of politics, according to Objectivism, is the principle endorsed by America’s Founding Fathers: individual rights., and defining individual rights as the means of subordinating society to moral law. If every individual is guided by his or her moral values, and at the same time does not breach the freedom of action of another individual, there would be no need for all the regulations and endless laws that are being passed by the government even in real life.

Ayn Rand does not permit any compromise when it comes to the economy. The only right and good system in her opinion is laissez faire capitalism, which has never been introduced in real life without combining it with some other system. In her opinion, everything leads either to prosperity or to distraction. Socialism leads to fatal consequences, as illustrated in the case of The Twentieth Century Motor Company. Capitalism, on the contrary, leads to financial stability and welfare.

Ofherself.course, many may argue that not everyone can be as self

dependent and self sufficient as the main protagonists. But there is no reason why not unless one is handicapped. In Objectivism, no one is restricted by their genetic or social background. Everything depends on one’s desire and aspiration. One does not need anyone to help nor to support him or her in any way. The human is an end in himself and should act in his or her own best

Oninterests.paper, the philosophy sounds just as good and flawless as any other theoretical or ideological construct. However, even the examples that are illustrated in the book do not include factors like sudden death or other unpredictable circumstances that occur in real life.As to people being able to provide for themselves, ironically, Rand herself had to use social services at the end of her life when she was ill with cancer. When it comes to personal relationships, she completely ignores natural feelings like pride, Jealousy, and possessiveness. She assumes that people are understanding and just like in Buddhism, can let go. In the end, just like in any other theory, there should be the human factor considered.

2. Rand,Ayn. The Virtue of Selfishness. Penguin Group Penguin Books USAInc., c. 1964. (electronic version)

5. Rand,Ayn. Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. Plume.April 26, 1990. (electronic version)

7. Rand,Ayn. Introducing Objectivism. 1992 (article, electronic version: PageServer?pagename=objectivism_intro)HTTP://www.aynrand.org/site/

4. Peikoff, Leonard. Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand. Plume, 1 Dec 1991. (electronic version)

References

8. Younkin’s, Edward W., Ayn Rand’s Metaphysics and Epistemology. (article, electronic version: http://rebir thof Ayn_Rands_Metaphysics_and_Epistreason.com/Articles/Younkins/ emology’shtml

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1. Rand,Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. NewAmerican Library, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 1957

3. Rand,Ayn. Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal. New American Library, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 1966. (electronic version)

6. Thomas, William R. What Is Objectivism. (article, electronic version: HTTP://www.atlas society.org/ what_is_objectivism)

If education does not create a need for the best in life, then we are stuck in an undemocratic, rigid caste society.

- Sargent Shriver

Politics is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance. Organized control over a human community, particularly a state. Furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community as well as the interrelationship between Acommunities.varietyofmethods are deployed in politics, which include promoting or forcing one’s political views among people, negotiating with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising force, including warfare against adversaries. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from clans and tribes of traditional societies, through modern local governments, companies, and institutions up to sovereign states, to the international level. It is very often said that politics is about power. A political system is a framework that defines acceptable political methods within a given society.

Caste & politics

The origin of Caste in India is very deeply rooted in Indian history. It consists of two different concepts of varna and jati. From time immemorial there are four varnas. The caste system in India has seen a tremendous transformation during British rule and in modern times. In the current situation, caste has become just an identity in society for the people, but it is been Highlighted to get an advantage in politics. Political influence is more on the caste majorities that is why the term. Caste Politics. has become prominent these days.

Conclusion

Artha

Abstract

Politics

Social unrest during the 1920s led to a change in this policy. From then on, the colonial administration began a policy of positive discrimination by reserving a certain percentage of government jobs for lower caste. New developments took place after India achieved Independence. When the policy of caste based reservation of jobs was formalized with the list of SC and STs. Since 1950 the country has enacted many laws and social initiatives to protect and improve the socio economic conditions of its lower caste populations. These caste classifications for college admission quotas, job reservations, and other affirmative action initiatives. According to the Supreme Court of India caste is based hereditary and is not changeable. Discrimination against the lower caste is illegal in India under Article 15 of the constitution and India tracks violence against Dalits nationwide.

India does have a faint tradition of freedom. Everyone has the right to vote and choose the correct leader for a country. They must not be blindfolded by the name of the caste to choose the political leader. They must have a critical and rational mind to exercise their right to vote. Secondly, active Education must come into play. This being a political issue, it will take quite a bit of education to change. And good education, as we well know it’s a disaster in India: virtually non existent for most of the people. We believe that India’s problems have simple solutions but there are no takers. No one wants to get up to lead the change. Unless the educated people rise and start leading and influencing the public debates how the changes will occur? Changing the caste system in India is a very hard task but unavoidable. The caste system has constant reform. If it is to Die out, the politics will be free from the control of the CASTE.

Caste in India is defined by Birth. Caste is derived from occupations and it was hereditary and endogamous. Caste was developed during the crystallization of guides during the feudal era. During the Vedic age, we saw the emergence of varnas which has four social classes namely Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Shudras. A certain group was known as Dalits which included both touchable and untouchables. We can also notice that during the early Vedic age there were not many restrictions on the caste. It was purely based on occupation but later, a lot of restrictions were imposed on the caste system and the Dalits were exploited.

The interest and awareness of various castes in politics may be studied in terms of four factors: interest of castes in politics, political knowledge and political awareness of castes, identification of castes with political parties, and influence of castes on political affairs. Education, government patronage, and slowly expanding franchises have penetrated the caste system and which has come to affect democratic politics in the coun-try. Economic opportunity, administrative patronage, and positions of power offered by the new institutions and the new leadership drew castes into politics.

S. C Hills says, “his intimate life, the life which to the Hindu matters is altogether independent of the political conditions which happen to prevail many thinks that caste and politics can be independent but in these days caste politics has grown as one of the major trends in current politics”. The Government makes and grants the programs, particularly for certain caste or the section of society. Some political leaders use the name of the caste to come to power. To highlight their caste certain people, celebrate the Jayanthi. of that particular social reformer or the mass leader like Basava Jayanthi, or Kanakadasa Jayanthi. I hereby say the celebration of the Jayanthi, is not a political initiative but in the urge of celebrations the values propounded by them are not highlighted and the celebration is limited to only a particular caste or community. This also has raised opposition from the other section of the society.

Editorial Committee

The caste system which exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the Mughal era and the British colonial rule in India. The collapse of the Mughal era saw the rise of powerful men who associate themselves with kings, priests, and ascetics. Affirming the legal and martial form of the caste ideal and reshaped many casteless social groups into differentiated caste communities.

Caste and Politics

ByMs.Mahalakshmi AssociateProf.,DepartmentofPoliticalScience

This involvement of castes in politics resulted in two things: the caste system made available to the leadership the structural and the ideological basis for political mobilization, and two, leadership was forced to make concessions to local opinion and organize castes for eco-nomic and political purposes.

Caste in India

The British Raj furthered this development by making rigid caste organization a central mechanism of administration. Between 1860 and 1920, the British segregated Indians by caste, granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to the upper caste.

The caste system has created the feeling of casteism. The members belonging to a caste carry caste feelings and manifest blind and overriding loyalty to their caste ignoring the healthy political standards of justice, fair play, equity, and brotherhood. The terms Brahminvada and Kand Ayashavada are expressions of casteism. Under the influence of casteism members of one caste do not hesitate in harming the interest of the members of another caste. Casteism spells autocracy instead of a system based on fraternity. The politicians exploit the feeling of casteism to their advantage at the cost of the nation’s interest.

In panchayats at the village level these days, elections are often contested on crosscutting votes. Large landless castes now have the power of voting strength; so, they challenge the traditionally dominant caste which has power derived from land control.

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Dominant castes as well as ascendant (higher) castes are usually tied in with the important political parties of the region and upward mobility through the political party organization takes place. Thus, today on the one side caste ceases to be an exclusive political support base and on the other, it greatly affects politics. Caste Politics has proved to be an obstacle to the growth of national unity in the country. The lower caste feels discontented with the behavior rated out to them in society. As Dr. G. S Ghurye states .it is the spirit of caste patriotism that engenders opposition to other castes and creates an unhealthy atmosphere for the growth of National Consciousness. E. Schmidt also pointed out that one of the most tragic consequences of the caste system is that it prevents the development of general National Consciousness.

Introduction

Abstract

It is necessary to recruit well trained senior security staff with the capability to lead a responsible security team and build a team that is capable of collaborative efforts in handling security threats and ensuring the protection of library resources.

Editorial Committee

Review of literature

Alibrary is an amalgamation of three tiers: (library customers), resources, (books, journals, etc.), and library staff (library administrators). The main and basic function of any library is to provide physical access to books. On the other hand, if it is out of order on the shelf of the library, the likelihood that a user will find the desired book is reduced. Here the issue of theft, mutilation, and misplacement arises.Aframework of action for collection protection is proposed in this segment.

Library Security Management Teams

Arndt Jr., D.A. (2001) says that library staff often encounters problem patrons. and this indeed puts fears on other patrons and leads to physical insecurity. This study identifies the risks and suggests some precautions to be taken including diffusing anger at the service point through improved interpersonal communication techniques and staff training, drafting policies and procedures to help guide staff as they deal with incidents, and improving the security of the library buildings. The study concentrates on legal issues of library security.

Libraries and archives are mainstays for nation development and no nation can function effectively without the use of a library. Prevention is always better than cure. Libraries and archives prevent damage and stealing of books and safeguard them thereby acting as pillars of civilization. Libraries andArchives need to have safety and security measures plans to ensure that staffs are prepared to respond to fire, water emergencies, and other large scale threats to collections. Protecting the collection should include ensuring good security to prevent theft, mutilation, and misplacement. In this context, the researcher placed the query to the students: what the measures are for reducing, mutilation, and misplacement of library resources?

Libraries are pillars of society; no nation can function effectively without the use of the library. The libraries of the institution of higher learning such as colleges of education, Libraries play a vital role in the world’ s system of communication and education. The function of any library is to collect, organize, make available and conserve resources for future use. Any library aims to provide access to information resources. Library crime is at an alarming and irritating rate in every part of society nowadays. mutilation and book theft as becoming a common phenomenon in libraries. Crime prevention and security management in libraries are not limited to any library. Anti social and unlawful activities significantly affect every type of library and information service, whereas theft and mutilation are the major evils encountered in the movement. The present study attempted to Security Measures in Deemed University libraries in Bangalore: A study.

Proposed framework for action

Security measures to be taken toreduce theft, mutilation & misplacement of books under Deemed University, Bangalore Library Resources:An overview

Figure 1. Library Security Management Teams

Gautam, V., Behera, P. K., & Singh, M. (2011) outline the importance of digital collections in every organization and say that it has become a major source of information and a preferred mode of acquisition for collection development in a library. The study says that there are risks of unauthorized use of digital material and that it is not secure by its nature. The paper highlights that the more the effort is made to create digital contents the less attention is given to its security, and threats come in many forms. The study concentrates on the importance of digital data security and the security of library Choudhary,collection.

S.K. (2011) contends that libraries and archives need to have safety and security plans to ensure that staff is

Introduction

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ByMr.PuttarajuH.E.Librarian

Vinayagamoorthy, P. (2007) discusses that bar coding, electronic magnetic strips, and radio frequency identification are used to improve the quality of service to the users and the security of library materials. The study recommends that RFID helps in the security aspect of library material which could be adopted for inventories of materials and which helps librarians in providing the users with optimum utilization of available resources. The study shows the importance of the use of ESG (Electronic Security Gates) for checking in and out. The study concludes that RFID over barcode systems or RFID tags can be used for security as well as for status control, thereby eliminating the need to attach security strips to library items.

Table 2 reveals the problems of theft, mutilation, and misplacement of library resources. It may be seen from the table that out of seven university librarians 03(42.85%) opine that theft, mutilation and misplacement is a frequent problem and 04(57.14%) of them opine that it is a severe problem and believe that the occurrence and reoccurrence of theft, mutilation, and misplacement of library resources and its consequence is a serious problem.

Table 3 Approximate Loss of Books after Each Stock Verification

Approximate Loss of Books Per Annum Respondents % No response 04 58 250 Books 01 14 to 1000 Books 01 14 and Above Books 01 14 Total 07 100

• To find out the electronic gadgets use in security measures in university libraries

Frequent problem 03 42.85 Severe problem 04 57.14

Table 1 reveals the designation wise distribution of heads of libraries. It may be seen from the table that out of 7 Deemed university libraries, 2 (28.58%) university libraries namely CMR University library and Presidency University library, have librarians themselves as heads of their libraries.As for the remaining5(71.42%) university libraries namely Jain University library, PES University library, Christ University Library, Dayananda Sagar University Library, andAlliance University, the librarians I/C function as heads of the libraries and lead the activities.

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The present study also envisages representing preventive measures, new ideas to improve surveillance, and updated monitoring systems to keep a close eye on user behavior. The study will recommend new strategies in training and communication, and the use of a user sensitization program which will increase the user awareness of the enormity of damage caused by delinquent behavior. It is hoped that the findings of the study will provide authentic information to provide the finest academic support to genuine scholars and serious readers. The study helps both librarians and users to preserve and protect the priceless academic wealth of libraries for future generations.

Table 1. Designation wise Distribution of Heads of the Libraries

Problems Respondents %

Data interpretation & data analysis

Need for the study

501

Jain University Library 0 1 CMR University Library 1 0 PES University Library 0 1 Christ University Library 0 1 Presidency University Library 1 0 Dayananda Sagar University Library 0 1 Alliance University Library 0 1 Total 2 (28.58%) 5 (71.42%)

Editorial Committee

• To identify and discuss the major forms of theft and mutilation incidents that occur in university libraries.

mutilation, and misplacement of library resources. The researcher visited each of the deemed university libraries in Bangalore during the year 2018 19 for data collection. The data obtained were analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies.

Total 07 100

The researcher conducted a survey research design was used for the study.Atotal number of seven questionnaires were distributed to seven university librarians in Karnataka all seven university librarians participated in the study. The questionnaire consisted of questionnaires on preventive measurements of theft,

1001

prepared to respond to fire, water emergencies, and other large scale threats to collections. The study concentrates on risk patrons, resources and equipment, and library employees. library for library assessment. The goal of a security system should provide a safe and secure facility. The study recommends that there should be a CCTV system and security guards to enforce appropriate library access to the assets of the library. The use of electronic security equipment with alarm notification to the appropriate authority, entry control, and site surveillance will avoid theft and mutilation of library material.

Objectives of the Present Study

Deemed LibrariesUniversity Librarian I/CLibrarian

Martin,A. L. (2000) study archival security and discusses that archivists protect and provide access to archival documents, the study also states that the archivist safeguards the archival materials safely in custody and its integrity is well maintained. The study suggests that documentation is another important preventive measure in terms of patrons. Further, the study also concentrates on incunabulum documents and some aspects of security literature in the 1980s as important archival materials which needs to be safeguarded as archives.

Table 2. Theft, Mutilation, and Misplacement of Library Resources

Methodology

• To find out the common security measures in the university libraries

Table 3 depicts information regarding the approximate loss of books per annum after stock verification in university libraries. The table shows that out of seven university libraries, three libraries show that approximate loss of books per annum will be between 1 250, 501 1000, and 1001 and above respectively. The remaining 4(58%) libraries have given. No response for the same.

The objectives of the study are:

1. Arndt Jr., D.A. (2001). Problem patrons and library security. Legal Reference Services Quarterly, 19(1/2), 19 40. Beach,A(1977). Library Book Theft:ACase Study. College & Research Libraries, 38(2),118 128.

2. Choudhary, S.K. (2011) Library preservation and conservation. New Delhi:A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. 188 213.

29 Artha | 2019-20

SecurityElectronicSystems

Authorities should allocate adequate budgets to install electronic security devices and placementmutilation,discouragecameras,surveillanceelectronicvideoRFIDtotheft,andmis

RFID system 4 57.14 2 28.57 1 14.28 7 100

Glass break sensor 2 28.57 1 14.28 4 57.14 7 100

2 28.57 4 57.14 1 14.28 7 100

Strengthening and enforcing library rules and regulations to discourage likely offenders 1 14.28 2 28.57 4 57.14 7 100

3. Gautam, V., Behera, P. K., & Singh, M. (2011). Issues of Digital Data Security in Library Environment. International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology, 1(4), 244 247

Librarians should invest in the collection and development of electronic resources and encourage their users to user resources 2 28.57 2 28.57 3 42.85 7 100

Alarm system installed 5 71.42 2 28.57 7 100

This study revealed that theft, mutilation, and misplacement of library resources in university libraries and libraries, in general, are serious problems that libraries often come across. This study looked at these problems from the librarians, perspective. This study is in line with the previous studies conducted on the subjects. The previous study has done almost a decade back, but still, as this study reveals theft, mutilation, and misplacement of library materials have remained as problems for university libraries which affects the academic ambiance of the library. There is a need to adopt electronic technologies some of them suggested by librarians such as Biometrics, Library management software, user’s smartcard, CCTV, and RFID technologies for the library. Most importantly librarians should engage with library users regularly to create awareness about how to use the library.

Library SoftwareManagement 7 100 7 100

Use of smart card 7 100 7 100

Table 4 Electronic Security measures to adopt preventive theft, mutilation and misplacement of library resources

Table 5 furnishes the order of frequency of suggestions for eradication of theft, mutilation, and misplacement of library resources given by the librarians. It can be observed that 6 (85.71%) of the respondents give first preference to regular proper interaction and orientation programs for library users.And digitizing most valuable library resources to prevent them from library mutilation.,. regular training and continuing education program, particularly in information literacy, and librarians should invest in the collection and development of electronic resources and encourage their users to use e resources. Whereas second preference and third preference as suggestions were given by 4 (57.14%) librarians who opine that. Imposing hefty penalty for ruining university property. and. strengthening and enforcing library rules and regulations enough to discourage likely offenders will help in

Order of preference given by librarians Total First Second Third

Order of preference given by librarians Total First Second Third F % F % F % F %

3m exit gate 5 71.42 2 28.57 7 100

Editorial Committee

• The most effective measures for eliminating theft, mutilation, and misplacement of library resources are imposing a hefty penalty, dismissing students from colleges, and enforcing library rules and regulations that are tough enough to discourage likely offenders. The study found that most Librarians respondents suggested the installation of electronic security systems such as smart cards, Library Management Software, biometrics, and FID/ CCTV and that Priority should be given to digitizing the most valuable library resources to prevent them from library theft, mutilation, and misplacement of the library resources.

F % F % F % F %

2 28.57 2 28.57 3 42.85 7 100

Providing regular proper interaction and orientation to library users 6 85.71 1 14.28 1 14.28 7 100

Table 4 interprets the preference for the type of electronic security systems for libraries. Out of a total, 100% of the respondents prefer using Smart card and Library Management Software as their first option, whereas 6 (85.71%) believe that biometrics would better serve the purpose. 5(71.42%) prefer CCTV cameras and a 3m exit gate and 4(57.14%) prefer the first option, that installing an RFID system in the library would best serve security purposes. Besides 4(57.14%) and 2(28.57%) of they opine that glass break sensors and fire extinguisher security systems as the 3rd preference of electronic security systems to be in the library.

4. Martin,A. L. (2000). The Saying and the Doing: The Literature and Reality of Theft Prevention Measures in US Archives Part 1. Library & archival security, 15(2), 27 75.

Impose hefty penalty for ruining university property 2 28.57 4 57.14 1 14.28 7 100

Findings

5. Vinayagamoorthy, P (2007).Application of RFID in engineering college library: an experience. Indian Journal of Library and Information Science, 1(2).35 45.

Biometrics 6 85.71 1 14.28 7 100

Suggestions

curbing the attitudes of disruptive users in libraries.

Regular training and continuing education programs particularly in information literacy (Ex: Impact of mutilation on excellence)intellectual

Fire extinguisher security 2 28.57 2 28.57 3 42.85 7 100

Priority should be given to digitizing the most valuable library resources to prevent them from mutilation 6 85.71 1 14.28 7 100

Fire/smoke sensor 3 42.85 2 28.57 2 28.57 7 100

References

Table 5 Suggestions to be taken by Librarians for Eradication of Theft, Mutilation, and Misplacement of Library Resources

CCTV cameras 5 71.42 1 14.28 1 14.28 7 100

Conclusion

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सहयक प्रोफेसर, हहिंदीहिभाग

| 2019-20

Editorial Committee

सुनील कुमार

Artha

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1. {hÝXr H$hmZr {d{dYm S>m°. {d_b Im§S>oH$a

3. g§Ord H$m H$Wm gm{hË` …H$Ï` Ed§ {eën am_M§Ð _méVr bm|T>o

Editorial Committee

AmXr AmnH$s H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ {df` h¡& BZHo$ {díbofU Ho$ Ûmam ^rî_ ghmZr Zo gm_m{OH$ ~Xbmd Ed§ _mZd ñd^md _| n[adV©Z bmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡&

g§X^© gyMr

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34 Artha | 2019-20

35 “ To attain knowledge, add things everyday. To attain wisdom, remove things every day. – Lao Tzu

#12, Anna Swamy Mudaliar Road (Opposite Ulsoor Lake) Bengaluru 560 042 080 48533572 | principal.fgc@rbanmscharities.in multiAindisciplinaryjournalresearchhouseIIIssue

2019-2020

At RBANM’s institution, we strongly believe that all children are born equal. We also believe that each one is blessed with a special talent. Students' attitudes and habits at home and in institution environments combine in unique ways to shape your personality and enable you to realize your full potential. Parents, the institution and you will have to work in harmony to make you the best that you can become.

About RBANMS FirstCollegeGrade

RBANM’s First Grade College (FGC) was established by RBANM’s Educational Charities in 1983 to cater to the educational needs of the fast growing modern and tech city of Bengaluru. RBANM’s FGC is one of the institutions established under the umbrella of RBANM’s Educational Charities founded 148 years ago in 1873 by Dharmarathnakara Rai Bahadur Arcot Narrainswamy Mudaliar.

Our founder embarked on his vision of social regeneration, providing for all classes and castes in education, social welfare, and religion. The college is the fulfillment of our founder's vision. In its three decades of service, the FGC has made significant progress in education.

A student’s achievement is largely due to the culture at home. Respect, humility, honesty, sincerity, loyalty, and citizenship to our institution, family, and country is fundamental. Students’ pride in their institution is correlated to their attitude towards their teachers.

In all RBANM Institutions, we want a partnership between the institution and the parents to make sure that all children can realize their true potential. The system in our institutions enables our teachers to take children under their wing and through our curricular and extra curricular programs transform them into capable and responsible citizens of our country.