RBANMs Artha Magazine | Issue 3 | 2020-21

2020-2021 Artha A multi house research journal Issue III

Artha is an In house Research Journal of our institution and is engaged in multi disciplinary research. We have made a humble beginning by publishing research articles of our faculty and have also planned to accept and publish research articles contributed by academicians and researchers from other Educational and Research Institutions in the coming years. This issue encompasses areas such as literature, Economics, Gender, Political Science and Commerce. The dissemination of the emerging wealth of knowledge in this research publication gives usability to the ongoing research and creates an ambiance for scholars to pursue more research projects and explore new vistas.

We invite suggestions from the readers and contributors for further quality enIhancement.wishallthe

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Editorial

Vice

Prof.MohammedNawaz Dept.ofCommerce&Management

Editorial Committee

Dr.Shankar R Dept.ofCommerce&Management

Principal Prof.

readers a productive engagement with this issue.

Dr.Avinash Dept.ofHistory

Dr.Prathap RaviH.V Principal

Western

15

Internet

“

By

By Dr. Avinash .V, Department of History medicine & indigenous response in the colonial Coorg A study on banking innovations and its impact on a commonman with special reference to select banks of Bangalore North”

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Table of

A study on “Green Marketing - new hopes and challenges”

Contents 07

By Mr. Mohammed Nawaz, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce & Management

By Dr. Shankar R, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce & Management A study on the response of India to Covid-19 about healthrelated sustainable development goals”

26 Artha | 2020-21 3 25 “

By Dr. Avinash .V, Department of History of Things & its application

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By Dr. Pratap, Principal

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A paper on women empowerment Savitha G.M, Assistant professor, Department of Commerce & Management

~Albert Szent Györgyi

4

“Research is seeing what everybody else has seen and thinking what nobody else has thought.”

Our professors routinely publish top journals and other academic publications. Here you can find a sample of publications during 2020 21 -Principal

The journal provides a look at faculty members research in several fields including commerce, history, languages, and education. Across these pages, you will witness RBANM’s faculties’ advanced knowledge and impact through their research. As teachers, their scholarly engagement enables exceptional student learning on our campus. A true illustration of the college's commitment to offering a broad educational experience, this publication showcases the work of our exceptional faculties, who guide the students towards meaningful lives and productive careers.

Editorial Committee

Sd/

I proudly congratulate all faculties on releasing RBANMS FGC’s new initiative - ARTHA.

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From the Principal’s Desk

Why Green Marketing?

Green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising.

6

According to Mr. J. Polonsky, green marketing is defined as, "All activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchange intended to satisfy human needs or wants such

Green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. Yet defining green marketing is not a simple task where several meanings intersect and contradict each other; an example of this will be the existence of varying social, environmental, and retail definitions attached to this term. Other similar terms used are Environmental Marketing and Ecological Marketing. Thus "Green Marketing" refers to a holistic marketing concept wherein the production, marketing consumption and disposal of products and services happen in a manner that is less detrimental to the environment with growing awareness about the implications of global warming, non biodegradable solid waste, the harmful impact of pollutants., both marketers and consumers are becoming increasingly sensitive to the need for green products and services. While the shift to "green" may appear to be expensive in the short term, it will prove to be indispensable and advantageous, cost wise too, in the long run.

Definition of Green Marketing

By Dr. Prathap Principal Introduction

is the process of developing products and services and promoting them to satisfy the customers who prefer products of good quality, performance, and convenience at affordable cost, which at the same time do not have a detrimental impact on the environment. It includes a broad range of activities like product modification, changing the production process, modified advertising, change in packaging, etc., aimed at reducing the detrimental impact of products and their consumption and disposal on the environment. Companies all over the world are striving to reduce the impact of products and services on the climate and other environmental parameters. Marketers are taking the cue and are going green.

Why Green Marketing?

Thus the growing awareness among consumers all over the world regarding the protection of the environment in which they live, People do want clean earth for their offspring. Various studies by environmentalists indicate that people are concerned about the environment and are changing their patterns to be less hostile towards it. Now we see that most consumers, both individual and industrial, are becoming more concerned about environment friendly products. Most of them feel that environment friendly products are safe to use. As a result, green marketing has emerged, which aims at marketing sustainable and socially responsible products and services. Now is the era of recyclable, non toxic, and environment friendly goods. This has become the new mantra for marketers to satisfy the needs of consumers and earn better Greenprofits.marketing

Green marketing is the marketing of environmentally safe products.Although the developed countries started focusing on green marketing in the 1980s and early 1990th in India, it is in the trend for the last few years only. Green marketing has a broader perspective as compared to traditional marketing. Earlier marketers were having two main concerns, their own and of the customers, but now, concern for the environment is equally important. So, the endeavor is to make a balance between the organization, the customer, and the environment.According to theAmerican Marketing Association, green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus, green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising.According to Pride and Ferrell (1993) green marketing, also alternatively known as environmental marketing and sustainable marketing refers to an organization’s efforts at designing, promoting, pricing, and distributing products that will not harm the environment. Polonsky (1994) defines green marketing as all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs or wants, such that the satisfaction of these needs and wants occurs, with minimal detrimental impact on the natural environment.

It is scary to read these pieces of information as reported in the Times recently: "Air pollution damage to people, crops, and wildlife in the US totals tens of billions of dollars each year". "More than 12 other studies in the US, Brazil Europe, Mexico, South Korea, and Taiwan have established links between air pollutants and low birth weight premature birth stillbirth and infant death".

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Editorial Committee

A study on “Green Marketingnew hopes & challenges”

As resources are limited and human wants are unlimited, it is important for the marketers to utilize the resources efficiently without waste as well as to achieve the organization's objective. So green marketing is inevitable. There is growing interest among consumers all over the world regarding the protection of the environment. Worldwide evidence indicates people are concerned about the environment and are changing their behavior.As a result of this, green marketing has emerged which speaks to the growing market for sustainable and socially responsible products and services.

that satisfying of these needs and wants to occur with minimal detrimental input on the national environment."

Green marketing was given prominence in the late 1980s and 1990s after the proceedings of the first workshop on

• Educating your customers isn't just a matter of letting people know you're doing whatever you're doing to protect the environment, but also a matter of letting them know why it matters. Otherwise, for a significant portion of your target market, it's a case of "So what?" and your green marketing campaign goes nowhere.

Green pricing takes into consideration the people, planet, and profit in a way that takes care of the health of employees and communities and ensures efficient productivity. Value can be added to it by changing its appearance, functionality customization, etc. Wall Mart unveiled its first recyclable cloth shopping bag. IKEAstarted charging consumers when they opted for plastic bags and encouraged people to shop using its "Big Blue Bag".

Promotion

• that the rest of your business policies are consistent with whatever you are doing that's environmentally friendly.

Product

Price

Ecological marketing held inAustin, Texas (US), in 1975. Several books on green marketing began to be published thereafter. According to the makeover (a writer, speaker, and strategist on clean technology and green marketing), green marketing faces a lot of challenges because of a lack of standards and public consensus on what constitutes "Green". Green marketing has evolved over a period timing to Peattie (2001), the evolution of green marketing has three phases. The first phase was listed as "Ecology" green marketing, and during this period all marketing activities were concerned with the help environment pre environmental provide remedies for environmental problems. The second phase was the second Environmental" green marketing and the focus shifted to clean technology that involved designing innovative new products, which take care of pollution and waste issue. The third phase was "sustainable" green marketing. It came into prominence in the late 1990s and early 2000. Green marketing is a vital constituent of the holistic marketing concept. It is particularly applicable to businesses that are directly dependent on the physical environment, for example, industries like fishing, processed foods, tourism, and adventure sports. Changes in the physical environment may pose a threat to such industries. Many global players in diverse businesses are now successfully implementing green marketing practices.

Being genuine means that

Show potential customers that you follow green business practices, and you could reap a greener on your bottom line. Green Marketing isn't just a catchphrase; it's a marketing strategy that can help you get more customers and make more money. But only if you do it right. For green marketing to be effective, you must do three things; be genuine, educate your customers, and allow them to participate.

Green marketers can attract customers based on performance, money savings, health, convenience, or just plain environmental friendliness, to target a wide range of green consumers. Consumer awareness can be created by spreading the message among consumers about the benefits of environmental friendly products. Posting profiles related to green marketing on social networks creates awareness within and across online peer groups. Marketing can also directly target the consumers through advertisements for products, such

The green place is about managing logistics to cut down on transportation emissions, thereby in effect aiming at reducing the carbon footprint. For example, instead of marketing an imported mango juice in India, it can be licensed for local production. This avoids shipping of the product from far away, thus reducing shipping costs and more importantly, the consequent carbon emission by the ships and other modes of transport.

The products must be developed depending on the needs of the customers who prefer environment friendly products. Products can be made from recycled materials or used goods. Efficient products not only save water, energy, and money but also reduce harmful effects on the environment. Green chemistry forms the growing focus of product development. The marketer's role in product management includes providing product designers with market driven trends and customer requests for green product attributes such as energy saving, organic, green chemicals, local sourcing, etc., For example, Nike is the first among the shoe companies to market itself as green. It is marketing itsAir Jordan shoes as environment friendly, as it has significantly reduced the usage of harmful glue adhesives. It has designed this variety of shoes to emphasize that it has reduced wastage and used environment friendly materials.

Both these conditions must be met for your business to establish the kind of environmental credentials that will allow a green marketing campaign to succeed.

• that you are doing what you claim to be doing in your green marketing campaign and

When companies come up with innovations like eco friendly products, they can access new markets, enhance their market

Place

Green promotion involves configuring the tools of promotion, such as advertising, marketing materials, signage, white papers, websites, videos, and presentations by keeping people, the planet, and profits in mind. British Petroleum (BP) displays a gas station which as sunflower motif and boasts of putting money into solar power. Indian Tobacco Company has introduced environmental friendly papers and boards, which are free of elemental chlorine. Toyota is trying to push gas/ electric hybrid technology into much of its product line. It is also making the single largest R&D investment in the ever elusive hydrogen car and promoting itself as the first eco friendly car company. International business machines Corporation (IBM) has revealed a portfolio of green retail store technologies and services to help retailers improve energy efficiency in their IT operations. The centerpiece of this portfolio is the IBM SurePOS 700, a point of sale system that, according to IBM, reduces power consumption by 36% or more. We even see the names of retail outlets like "Reliance Fresh", Fresh@Namdhari Fresh, and Desi, which while selling fresh vegetables and fruits, transmit an innate communication of green marketing.

Marketing mix of Green Marketing

shares, and increase profits. Just as we have 4Ps product prices, place, and promotion in marketing, we have 4ps in green marketing too, but they are a bit different. They are buttressed by three additional Ps, namely people, planet, and profits.

Three keys to successful Green Marketing

• Allowing your customers to participate means personalizing the benefits of your environmentally friendly actions, normally through letting the customer take part in positive environmental action.

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Opportunity

fly ash bricks for construction purposes.

• It saves money in the long run, though initially, the cost is more.

Social responsibility

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Why is Green Marketing chosen by most marketers?

Many organizations want to turn green, as an increasing number of consumers want to associate themselves with environmental friendly products.Alongside, one also witnesses confusion among the consumers regarding the products. One often finds distrust regarding the credibility of green products. Therefore, to ensure consumer confidence, marketers of green products need to be much more transparent and refrain from breaching any law or standards relating to products or business practices.

• AMUL has been rated as the Top Indian Green Brand by the Global Green Brands survey. The International Dairy Federation has also awarded theAMUL Green movement as the best Environment Initiative in the Sustainability Category in 2010. It also has been awarded Srishti’s good green Governance award for four consecutive years since 2011.

Most companies are venturing into green marketing because of the following reasons:

Problems of Green Marketing

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Many companies take up green marketing to maintain their competitive edge. The green marketing initiatives by niche companies such as Body Shop and Green & Black have prompted many mainline competitors to follow suit.

Various regulations are framed by the government to protect consumers and society at large. The Indian government too has developed a framework of legislation to reduce the production of harmful goods and by products These reduce the industry's production and consumers' consumption of harmful goods, including those detrimental to the environment, for example, the ban on plastic bags in Mumbai, prohibition of smoking in public areas, etc.

as energy saving compact fluorescent lamps, the battery powered Reva car, etc.

• Since its foundation in 1918, Panasonic as a manufacturing company has upheld its mission to create products and services that will contribute to the sound development of society and contribute to society through its business. InApril 2007, Panasonic introduced a new environmental mark, ‘eco ideas,’as a symbol that represents their commitment to initiatives and attitudes for environmental conservation. They use the mark on a global basis ranging from products’environmental labels, advertising, and public relations to employees’ environmental badges, to widely publicize our determinations. In February 2012, the “Recycling Resources oriented Product” series, which utilizes resources recovered from used products, was launched under the concept of “product to product.”

Benefits of Green Marketing

Today's consumers are becoming more and more conscious about the environment and are also becoming socially responsible. Therefore, more companies are responding to consumers' aspirations for environmentally less damaging or neutral products. Many companies want to have an early mover advantage as they must eventually move towards becoming green. Some of the advantages of green marketing are,

Governmental pressure

• It ensures sustained long term growth along with profitability.

The reduction of harmful waste may lead to substantial cost savings. Sometimes, many firms develop symbiotic relationships whereby the waste generated by one company is used by another as a cost effective raw material. For example, the fly ash generated by thermal power plants, which would otherwise contribute to a gigantic quantum of solid waste, is used to manufacture

• It helps companies market their products and services keeping the environmental aspects in mind. It helps in accessing new markets and enjoying a competitive advantage.

Competitive pressure

Latest Green Marketing strategies

Cost reduction

Artha

• PaperKraft the eco friendly paper by ITC is marketed as

• Most of the employees also feel proud and responsible to be working for an environmentally responsible company.

In India, around 25% of the consumers prefer environmental friendly products, and around 28% may be considered health conscious. Therefore, green marketers have diverse and sizeable segments to cater to. The Surf Excel detergent which saves water (advertised with the message "do bucket paani roz bachana") and the energy saving LG consumers durables are examples of green marketing. We also have green buildings which are efficient in their use of energy, water, and construction materials, and which reduce the impact on human health and the environment through better design, construction, operation, maintenance, and waste disposal. In India, the green building movement, spearheaded by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Godrej Green Business Center, has gained tremendous impetus over the last few years. From 20,000 sq ft in 2003, India's green building footprint is now over 25 million sq ft.

Some examples of firms who have strived to become more environmentally responsible, to better satisfy their consumer needs are:

• McDonald's replaced its clamshell packaging with waxed paper because of increased consumer concern relating to polystyrene production and Ozone depletion.

Many companies have started realizing that they must behave in an environment friendly fashion. They believe both in achieving environmental objectives as well as profit related objectives. HSBC became the world's first bank to go carbon neutral last year. Other examples include Coca Cola, which has invested in various recycling activities. Walt Disney World in Florida, US, has an extensive waste management program and infrastructure in place.

• Many other electronics companies are also coming up with a BEE star rating to show their concern for saving energy or electricity.

Hypothesis

• Marketing audit (including internal and external situation analysis)

Paths to greenness

• Consider the new washing machine range by Videocon. They are being promoted as the first washing machine in India to receive a BEE Star rating helping to save 30 33% of electricity. While an average consumer may not be interested in knowing the technicalities of the energy efficient technology used, the energy saving (and hence cost savings) is sure to be an appealing incentive for the consumer.

• To know the attitude of people towards green products.

• Wipro had identified 23 target areas for turning the organization green, which fell under four broad categories: strategy (four areas ensuring that Green IT did not operate in a vacuum but had a link with the company‘s designated roadmap for growth); people (four areas aimed at reducing the carbon footprint in the personal lives of individuals); facilities and operations (five areas encompassing the physical infrastructure both at the company and at client sites); and IT specific improvements (ten areas focused on the IT environment both of the company and the customers).

• Develop a marketing plan outlining a strategy for the 4Ps

• Organizations like the Body Shop heavily promote the fact that they are environmentally responsible. While this behaviour is a competitive advantage, this organization was established specifically to offer consumers environmentally responsible alternatives to conventional cosmetic products.

• Explore possibilities of recycling the used products so that they can be used to offer similar or other benefits with less wastage.

• Implement marketing strategies

Objectives of the study

• Another example is Amway Corporation which has created detergent which is considered safe for disposal.

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• Using more environment friendly raw materials at the production stage itself.

Descriptive and exploratory research design has been used in this research. Primary data has been collected mainly through a structured questionnaire.

• Plan results evaluation

• Establish a management and control system that will lead to the adherence to stringent environmental safety norms.

• Britain based HSBC became the world's first bank to go carbon neutral late last year and is now turning its 11000 buildings in 76 countries worldwide into models of energy efficiency." our customers have told us that they decide where they shop based on whether the business is a good neighbour ", says David North, Tesco's Community Director.

Assessment of customer attitude has been obtained on a 5 point Likert scale, ranging from ‘strongly agree’to ‘strongly disagree’. Secondary data related to previous studies and strategies of the companies has been obtained from their official websites and other authentic sources like books, online magazines, and journals. The data has been collected from the Bangalore region using quota sampling and a sample size of 100.

Marketing strategies

the first of its kind in India since it is using the pioneering 'Ozone Treatment & Elemental Chlorine Free technology'. It combines sustainable forestry initiatives and the use of innovative technology to leverage and market the uniqueness of the product.

Research Methodology

• Green marketing involves focusing on promoting the consumption of green products. Therefore, it becomes the responsibility of the companies to adopt creativity and insight and be committed to the development of environment friendly products. This will help society in the long run. Companies that embark on green marketing should adopt the following principles in their path towards "greenness."

• To study what motivates customers to buy and use green products.

The marketing strategies for green marketing include:

• An example of a company that does not promote its environmental initiatives is Coca Cola. They have invested large sums of money in various recycling activities, as well as having modified their packaging to minimize its environmental impact. While being concerned about the environment, coke has not used this concern as a marketing tool. Thus, many consumers may not realize that Coke is a very environmentally committed organization.

No significant difference exists between male and female respondents as regards their attitude toward green marketing.

• Adopt new technology/process or modify existing technology/process to reduce environmental impact.

• Tata Metaliks has given a green slant to all its business and plant operations in a bid to reduce its carbon footprint and mitigate its environmental impact. One of these initiatives has to do with increasing the green cover around the plant. The green cover provides several benefits: the plants absorb carbon dioxide, give out oxygen, and help suppress noise and reduce dust.

78 22 5 Do

5. Green Marketing:An attitudinal and behavioral analysis of Indian consumers, by Sanjay K. Jain and Gurmeet Kaur, Global Business Review, August 2004; vol. 5, 2: pp.

11

Fromi.e.,50.theabove

Below 25000 36 25000 50000 40 50000 75000 18 75000 100000 3 100000aboveor 3

• As resources are depleting and pollution is increasing day by day more organizations should come forward with new environmentally friendly products.

Marketers also have the responsibility to make the consumers understand the need for and benefits of green products as compared to non green ones. In green marketing, consumers are willing to pay more to maintain a cleaner and greener environment. Finally, consumers, industrial buyers, and suppliers need to pressurize effects to minimize the negative effects on the environment friendly. Green marketing assumes even more importance and relevance in developing countries like India.

Data analysis

4. Green Marketing, By Bhola Nath Dutta, Marketing Mastermind Magazine, January 2009

• Most respondents belong to the age group of 18 25 years i.e., 31.

Gender Male 50 Female 50

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The respondents are influenced by the packing of products. The respondents are interested to save resources for the next generation, which shows their concern for the coming generation. But only 60 of them think there will a difference in the quality of green products and other products available in the market.

1. http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread green marketing new hopes and challenges#ixzz15qy9hqmX

76 24 2

• From this study we found that green marketing strengthens a company’s image in the mind of consumers therefore organizations must promote their green marketing activities.

Conclusion

products 68 32 6 Do

• The meaning of eco labels must be made clear to the consumers as sometimes they present confusing images.

• From this study we found that green marketing strengthens a company’s image in the mind of consumers therefore organizations must promote their green marketing activities.

References

• Most respondents belong to the Monthly Income group of Rs.25,000 to Rs.50,000 i.e., 40.

2. www.wikipedia.org

3. Green Marketing:Achallenge or an opportunity in the global environment, By Ravindra P. Saxena and Pradeep K. Khandelwal., Volume 2, Issue 3, pp.59 74, Published by The Global Studies Journal

Demographic Factors Category %

65 35 3 You

After analyzing the above data following recommendations can be made:

Monthly Income (in Rs.)

Age 18 25 31 25 35 24 35 45 21 45 55 12 55 or above 12

85 15 4 You

• Most respondents were are service/employment

Attitude towards Green Marketing you willing to spend more on environmentally safe or green products Does packaging have an impact on your preference to purchase green products buy green products because you want to save resources for the next generation would like to buy more green products if they are more accessible in the market you notice the eco label of the you think there is a difference in the quality of green

YES NO 1 Are

• Male and female respondents are selected equally.

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Aclever marketer is one who not only convinces the consumer but also involves the consumer in marketing his product. Green marketing should not be considered as just one more approach to marketing but must be pursued with much greater vigor, as it has an environmental and social dimension to it. With the threat of global warming looming large, it is extremely important that green marketing becomes the norm rather than an exception or just a fad. Recycling paper, metals, plastics, etc., in a safe and environmentally harmless manner, should become much more systematized and universal. It must become the general norm to use energy efficient lamps and other electrical goods.

products 60 40

Occupation EmploymentService/ 50 Business 13 Student 10 Homemaker 11 Others 16

Recommendations & suggestions

table, we can understand that most of the respondents are willing to spend more on environmentally green products, which shows their concern for the environment.

• As packaging has a considerable effect on purchasing preferences of customers therefore organizations must focus on making such packaging that provides relevant information.

6. http://www.tata.com/article.aspx? artid=m+qqVwAo2WA=

187 205.

8. worldshttp://www.hsbc.com/1/2/newsroom/news/2004/hsbcfirstmajorbanktogocarbonneutral

9. http://www.wipro.com/documents/insights/green it matters at wipro.pdf

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10.http://www.coca colacompany.com/stories/the coca cola foundation

13.12.11.http://www.amway.in/Articles/Article.aspx?pid=5180a9f2caa24290862594797d345c51&ctg=AmwayOpportunityFoundation.http://panasonic.net/eco/overview

7. id=38option=com_preleases&view=detail&pr_id=15&Itemhttp://www.videoconworld.com/index.php?

study

A on the response of Indiato 19

Covid-

concerning healthrelated developmentsustainablegoals

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was detected on January 30, the same day WHO declared it a public health emergency of international concern. India went into lockdown almost two months later.

The First COVID-19 Case in India

14

cases in India are nowhere close to the peak.

By Dr. Shankar RAssistant Professor, Department of Commerce & Management

While recovery rates have improved to 60 percent and the death rate is relatively low considering that India is the fourth most impacted country globally, COVID 19

Pandemic events such as COVID 19 are reminders of the need for collective investments in resilient systems that reach beyond health care. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide both the aspiration and a unifying framework for these investments. When the first cycle of the SDGs drew to a close last fall, evaluation panels noted bright spots such as improvements in child health and education. Yet, experts agreed that there were gaps in the measurement, investment, and shared commitment that hampered progress.

A study on the response of India toCovid-19 concerning health-related sustainable development goals

India alertly implemented surveillance as early as January 17, even before the first cases were officially detected. This was followed by a series of travel advisories and restrictions, and efforts to repatriate and quarantine Indian nationals arriving

Pandemic events such as COVID 19 are reminders of the need for collective investments in resilient systems that reach beyond health care. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide both the aspiration and a unifying framework for these investments. When the first cycle of the SDGs drew to a close last fall, evaluation panels noted bright spots such as improvements in child health and education. Many of the priorities of SDG i.e., good health and well being are relevant for the surge response and recovery from COVID 19. As in the aftermath of Ebola, funding infusions for global health R&D will likely follow COVID 19. But history shows that such investments are as transient as our memories of the impact of outbreaks. So, we must find ways to ensure that the response to COVID 19 is one of sustainable financing. Policymakers have many tools for financing a “global commons for health,” from international taxation mechanisms to pooled funding and strategic purchasing. The key will be securing long term commitments insulated from politically motivated funding cuts. The first COVID 19 case in India was detected on January 30, the same day WHO declared it a public health emergency of international concern. India went into lockdown almost two months later.

National weaknesses: Low testing rates, deteriorating health care, and poor social protection

Editorial Committee

Introduction

When COVID 19 struck, the pandemic threatened to slow the progress on SDGs further, combining the economic shock of depression with the rise in death tolls in countries at all levels of Manydevelopment.ofthepriorities of SDG i.e., good health and well being are relevant for the surge response and recovery from COVID 19. This is why the U.N. has called the pandemic “an opportunity for the human family to act in solidarity” to achieve the SDGs. So, the SDGs provide the agenda for a sustainable global response to COVID 19, sustainable in that the response to this emergency should not lead to a neglect of the critical elements for equitable, affordable health care for all.

Abstract

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The first Corona (COVID 19) strike in India was founded on January 30th, the same day World Health Organization proclaimed it as a public health emergency of Global concern. The Prime Minister Shri. Narendra Modi and the Experts Committee of the country declared lockdown almost two months from March end. On June 8th, after 10 long weeks of lockdown, India started a phased reopening of its economy. With Unlock 1.0, the first level of reviving the country’s economy is the increasing cases. By the End of June 2020, the COVID 19 pandemic cases exhibited in India over 585,000, and deaths crossed over 17,500.

The premise of insurance is protection against uncertainty, yet half the world’s population lacks affordable access to essential health services. The health poverty trap ensures that any health care event can wreak catastrophic financial devastation on uninsured people, with the cost of care driving 100 million people into extreme poverty each year.

from abroad. But low testing rates have been a serious drawback. When the curfew and lockdown were imposed, only 6,500 samples had been tested nationwide, and the daily testing capacity in mid March was just 1,400 samples. Testing capacity has increased in recent weeks, with over 1,000 laboratories with a daily testing capacity of more than 300,000 samples, but the testing rates are still low.

After a 14 hour “Janata Curfew” test run, India went into full lockdown on March 24; at the time, India had just 500 confirmed COVID 19 cases and fewer than 10 deaths. The sudden lockdown had a severe impact on millions of low income migrant workers and daily wage earners. With no savings or financial help from the government, these workers and their families faced scarcity of food and faced hardships that led many migrant workers to walk hundreds of miles to reach their villages. There was news on the headlines of migrants killed in road and train accidents, along with reports of migrants fleeing quarantine centers due to overcrowding and unhealthy facilities. The economic impact of the lockdown on migrants was mitigated through the provision of rations by the government, but this was implemented after more than 45 days of lockdown. Migrant flight has serious implications on the already fragile rural health infrastructure. It is estimated that between 2 million and 10 million migrants were impacted by COVID 19.Asevere impact on other health programs due to COVID 19 is also evident from the analysis of the National Health Mission data on inpatient and outpatient treatment. Between 100,000 and 200,000 children missed routine vaccinations during February and March. Treatment for tuberculosis also showed

But it’s about more than just funding; a sustainable response requires new thinking about both financial capital and intellectual capital. For example, patent protections have long been a barrier to access to innovation in low resource settings. The fact that many of the proposed therapies for COVID 19 are repurposed medications has reignited

SDG recognizes that we will never be capable of protecting against pandemics if populations cannot access or afford basic resources to weather the natural storms of human life. Universal health coverage (UHC) is a common destination with many paths, from Rwanda’s community based health insurance schemes to India’sAyushman Bharat program

As in the aftermath of Ebola, funding infusions for global health R&D will likely follow COVID 19. But history shows that such investments are as transient as our memories of the impact of outbreaks. So, we must find ways to ensure that the response to COVID 19 is one of sustainable financing. Policymakers have many tools for financing a “global commons for health,” from international taxation mechanisms to pooled funding and strategic purchasing. The key will be securing long term commitments insulated from politically motivated funding cuts.

Editorial Committee

According to the FIND database from June 14, India tests around 4,100 people per million compared with a global average of over 29,000 tests per million.

Although each country is unique, decades of evidence highlight the importance of revenue raising, pooling mechanisms, data governance, and institutional accountability. Efforts to fill the knowledge gap in resource constrained settings such as work from theAfrican Collaborative for Health Financing Solutions will be critical to scaling UHC efforts. Policymakers should renew their focus on UHC as a starting point to improve the health and well being of populations around the world. After all, the best way to prevent infections is to first inoculate against poverty. That starts with decent primary health care so that households are not pushed into destitution by preventable illnesses.

Thisdeclines.data does not capture services provided by the private sector, which accounts for 70 percent of health care provision and half of the hospitalizations in India. Analysis conducted on the claims data of the flagship Pradhan Mantri JanArogya Yojana insurance program, which was launched to provide financial protection to the poorest households, also showed that weekly claims volume during the 10 weeks of lockdown was half the pre lockdown claims volume. Claims for cataract eye surgery and joint replacements fell by over 90 percent, and significant declines were also seen in cardiovascular surgeries, child delivery, and oncology. These findings raise concerns about a potential resurgence of vaccine preventable illnesses, infectious diseases, and chronic ailments.

Outside health policy, India’s weak economic response is a big problem. The Atmanirbhar Bharat (“Self reliant India”) stimulus package announced in May is not small at $110 billion; this is equivalent to 10 percent of India’s GDP. But it comprises mostly of monetary interventions to provide liquidity with a longer term outlook to boost the economy. In terms of funding responses and relief measures targeted at the poor and vulnerable, the $23 billion PradhanMantriGaribKalyanYojana relief package falls short as it mostly reallocates funding across existing budgets or allows people to make advance withdrawals

Opportunities for global health policy to renew the world’s commitment to the sustainable development goals

1. Generate momentum for universal health coverage

2. Develop sustainable financing for health care innovation

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Drugs require sustained investments for years before they bear fruit in the form of disease prevention and treatment. Yet funding for health innovations like vaccines is inversely related to their public health value. The emergence of public financing mechanisms (e.g., the Global Fund) and international nonprofits (e.g., Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation) has filled holes in the research and development (R&D) pipeline for global health products. Yet despite these efforts, an annual funding gap of nearly $3 billion persists.

India’s health capacity and policy gaps

on their social benefits rather than mobilizing additional funding. India needs to do more to help the families of low wage workers displaced from their jobs by the lockdown and the weakening economy.

Recognizing the interdependencies between the two will be crucial to improving the health of communities and achieving the mission of the SDGs.

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2. www.wikipedia.com

Sustainable development as pandemic prevention

1. www.worldbank.org

4. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future development/

3. https://razorpay.com/leard/government schemes during covid 19/

First, we must better understand how climate change amplifies the effects of known exposures affecting population health. Consider how intimately related the public health goals of SDG3 reductions in air, water, and soil pollution are to the climate crisis. For example, climate change can increase the prevalence of waterborne diseases, which kill half a million children each year. Likewise, runaway carbon emissions increase the burden of respiratory illness, with air pollution contributing to 200,000 annual premature deaths in the U.S. alone.

It is implausible to expect countries with big gaps in health coverage, shortages in health professionals, and barriers ranging from poor transport to fake medicines to implement extreme measures such as mass testing and building field hospitals to meet the demands created by health emergencies. How then, should policymakers set public health priorities?

Gaps in the global response to COVID 19 should renew a sense of urgency to achieve the SDGs among policymakers worldwide.Addressing global challenges goes beyond any one country’s ability to, say, contain, trace and treat a virus. Policymakers would do well to remember the consensus in values that produced the SDGs and sustain the efforts needed to meet the promises made five years ago for bigger investments and greater international cooperation.

Bibliography

Apromising way is to build “compounding capacity”: foundational investments that communities can build on over time to create resilient systems. For example, SDG3 calls for improving workforce training and recruitment. Community health workers have an evidence based value add for health care delivery and also provide an additional channel for epidemic response in both low income and high income countries. Likewise, developing digital capacity can improve access to care in rural regions (e.g., via telehealth) while also creating an analytical foundation for disease surveillance. Underpinning all these delivery innovations are health financing reforms to enable frontline providers whether treating lung failure from COVID 19 or managing a person with diabetes, cancer, or kidney failure to provide timely and convenient care.

Second, the infrastructure required for health systems strengthening and climate adaptations are two sides of the same coin. For example, basic public health interventions (e.g., handwashing) are impossible in environments with high levels of water contamination. Additionally, protecting against the effects of climate change (e.g., natural disasters) requires investing in safety net systems for vulnerable populations. While each crisis has unique challenges, policymakers can use the natural synergies between health care needs and climate change’s effects to make investments at the population level.

conversations about the importance of flexibilities granted under theAgreement on Trade RelatedAspects of Intellectual Property Rights. When the world reconvenes for a pandemic postmortem, countries need to go beyond calendar year commitments and begin to make grants for generations.

3. Investigate the interdependencies between global health and climate change

Warmer climates can be the breeding grounds for vectors of communicable diseases that as COVID 19 has shown can quickly spread across the world.

4. Create “compounding capacity”

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“I believe the rights of women and girls is the unfinished business of the 21st century” Hillary Clinton

The men always had all the rights. However, the women didn’t have any of these rights, even a small right like voting. Things changed when women realized that they, too, need equal rights. This brought along the revolution by the women demanding their rights. It spread the awareness that gender shouldn’t be the reason for that thing going in their favor.

“Girls’ education is a strategic development priority. Better educated women tend to be healthier, participate more in the formal labor market, earn higher incomes, have fewer children, marry at a later age, and enable better health care and education for their children, should they choose to become mothers. All these factors combined can help lift households, communities, and nations out of poverty.

Things are better for everyone. Just improving the education of girls, improves the whole group that they are a part of.

We do see a huge change in recent times in women standing up for what they believe in making their voice heard and being able to be themselves without as much suppression as before. Be it on a personal or professional front, a woman always emerges as a conqueror. Talking about power, we have superwomen like Michelle Obama, Indira Gandhi, and Sushma Swaraj. Indra Nooyi, Mother Teresa, Malala Yousafzai, Oprah Winfrey, Hillary Clinton, Angela Markel, Melinda Gates, and the list goes on. What is so inspiring about them you ask? They have made a mark on the world, globally with their strength and perseverance! mark on the world, globally with their strength and perseverance!

• Principle 6: Champion equality through community initiatives and advocacy

A paper on women empowerment

The need for women’s empowerment is one of the most significant needs of the hour. There are many ways in which women can be empowered. People should be united to make the reality of women’s empowerment. One of the significant steps toward women’s empowerment would be towards educating women. Education should be provided and encouraged so that more women can be literate. The education that they receive is going to help them pursue what they want to pursue. Women can have the life that they want to have and be happy in it.

• Principle 3: Ensure the health, well being, and safety of all workers, whether male or female

Women empowerment is promoting women’s sense of self worth, their ability to determine their own choices, and their right to influence social change for themselves and others. Women empowerment and promoting women’s rights have emerged as a part of a major global movement and are continuing to break new ground in recent years. Days like International Women’s Empowerment Day are also gaining momentum. What can’t women achieve? From building a house into a home to leading multinational companies, they can do it all!

• Educate yourself by finding out about issues that affect girls for instance, child marriage.

The Women’s Empowerment Principles Created in a collaboration between the UN Global Compact and UN Women, the Women’s Empowerment Principles are used to empower women in the marketplace, workplace, and community.

Standing with and investing in women is an important start. From workplaces and schools to homes and communities, women There are many great activities you can get involved in to support the rights of women in developing countries.

• Place women as leaders and give them decision making roles

Why is the empowerment of girls and women so important?

• Principle 4: Promote education, training, and professional development for women

But despite a great deal of progress, women and girls continue to face discrimination and violence in every part of the world.

• Invest in Women’s Entrepreneurial Ideas, Emotionally and Financially Conclusion

By Prof. Savitha G.M. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce & Management

• Sponsor a girl: When you sponsor a girl, you can give her the tools to gain an education and take back the rights she deserves. is a key way that girls can be empowered to grow up and influence their generation and the next.

Countries all over the world called themselves, “progressive countries” but one of them has a history of ill treating women. Women in these countries fought against the systems to get the freedom and status that they have achieved today. However, in India, women’s empowerment is still lagging. There is more awareness that needs to be created for awareness to spread.

• Principle 7: Measure and report publicly on progress to create gender equality.

When women are living safe, fulfilled, and productive lives, they can reach their full potential. Contributing their skills to the workforce can raise happier and healthier children. They are also able to help fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large.

Editorial Committee

A key part of this empowerment is through education. Girls who are educated can pursue meaningful work and contribute to their country’s economy later in life. They are also four times less likely to get married young when they have eight years of education, meaning that they and their families are healthier.

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Abstract

• Principle 2: Treat all people fairly at work, respecting and supporting nondiscrimination and human rights

• Principle 5: Implement supply chain, marketing practices, and enterprise development that empower women

Empowering women is essential to the health and social development of families, communities, and countries.

• Offer more job opportunities for women

• Principle 1: Create high level corporate leadership for gender equality

Seven principles

Introduction

Now, how can you empower women and girls?

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Banking innovations through information technology have brought new avenues of success for both public sector and private sector banks. Competition is compelling all banks to move faster. More than the application of banking innovations the biggest challenge for banks is the satisfaction of customers belonging to various groups. Banking innovation has made some positive impacts, such as faster transactions electronic fund transfers, etc. Banking innovation has also made some negative impacts such as cybercrimes, delays in clearance, etc. An average person has not positively received the banking innovations. Hence this study is an effort to understand the impact of banking innovations on an average person.

By Prof. Mohammed Nawaz Associate Prof., Department of Commerce & Management Abstract

The process of computerization marked the beginning of all technological initiatives in the baking industry. The computerization of bank branches started with the installation of simple computers to automate the functioning of branches, especially at high traffic branches. The total branch automation was in use which did not involve bank level branch networking and did not mean much to the customer.

The CBS implementation in the Indian banking industry is still underway. The vast geographical spread of the branches in the country is the primary reason for the inability of banks to attain complete CBS implementation.

Editorial Committee

• the transformation of assets, and

Acombination of regulatory and competitive reasons has led to the increasing importance of total banking automation in the Indian banking industry. Information technology enables sophisticated product development, better market infrastructure, implementation of reliable techniques for control of risks and helps the financial intermediaries to reach geographically distant and diversified markets. Given this, technology has changed the contours of three major functions performed by banks, namely,

Introduction

• access to liquidity,

Information technology and communication networking systems have a crucial bearing on the efficiency of money,

New technology in banking

The technological evolution of the Indian banking industry has been largely directed by the various committees set up by RBI and the government of India to review the implementation of technological change. No breakthrough in technology implementation was achieved by the industry till the early 80s, though some working groups and committees made stray references to the need for mechanization of some banking processes. This was largely due to stiff reference by the very strong bank employees’unions. The early 1980s were industrial in the introduction of mechanization and computerization in Indian banks. This was a period when banks and the RBI went very slow on mechanization carefully avoiding the use of ‘computers’to avoid residence from employee unions. However, this was the critical period acting as the icebreaker, which led to the slow and steady move towards large scale technology adoption.

A study on banking innovations and its impact on commonman with special reference to select banks of Bangalore North

Satellite banking is also an upcoming technological innovation in the Indian banking industry, which is expected to help in solving the problem of weak terrestrial communication links in many parts of the country. The use of satellites for establishing connectivity between branches will help banks to reach rural and hilly areas in a better way, and offer better facilities, particularly for electronic funds transfers. However, this involves very high costs to the banks. Hence, under the proposal made by RBI. It would be bearing a part of the leased rentals for satellite connectivity if the banks use it for connecting the north eastern states and the under banked districts.

World over banks is reorienting their business strategies towards new opportunities offered by e business. E banking has enabled banks to scale borders, change strategic behavior and thus bring about new possibilities. E banking has moved real banking behavior closer to neoclassical economic theories

Networking of branches is now undertaken to ensure better customer service. Core banking solutions (CBS) is the networking of branches of a bank, to enable the customers to operate their accounts from any bank branch, regardless of which branch they opened the bank account with. The networking of branches under CBS enables centralized data management and aids in the implementation of internet and mobile banking. Besides, CBS helps in bringing the complete operations of banks under a single technological platform.

Money is the vitamin M of every human. Storage of Money is the habit of every person; banking is the need of every citizen. Every individual ensures the mobilization of savings and banking is the most trusted way of mobilization. A bank is a financial institution that accepts and lends money. The history of Indian banking dates to the ancient period of the Indus Valley Civilization and it has progressed from time to time, every kingdom and every king had their banking system, among them Mughals and Mauryan contributions were of great remembrance who standardized their banks in the name Sheriffs, Chettis, Sahakas, Mahajans, etc. Indian banking took a different path with the advent of Europeans into India who had established three Presidency Banks at Bombay, Kolkata, and Madras and all of these played a major role in the growth and development of Indian banking. In the 19th century, East India Company merged these presidency banks and formed the Imperial Bank of India to have a centralized bank which was later renamed as State Bank of India and it progressed immensely. The post Indian independence Indian banking had major reforms such as the nationalization of Reserve Bank of India, State Bank of India, nationalization of private sector banks, Banking Regulation Act of 1949, and Banking Reforms under Narasimhan committee. Among all changes which the banking industry witnessed, the one change which has brought a new revolution in Indian banking is the technology that has led the banking innovation.

• monitoring of risks.

Banking innovations

capital, and foreign markets.

• Standing instructions

To cope with the pressure of growing competition, Indian

“Any Time Money” or “Anywhere Money” because it enables the customers to withdraw money from the bank from any of itsATMs around the clock.

Internet banking

commercial banks have adopted several initiatives, and innovations in Banking are one of them. The competition has been especially tough for the public sector banks, as the newly established private sector and foreign banks are leaders in the adoption of Innovations.

E business is a monolithic term encompassing the various business processes that aim to integrate the vendors or traders with the consumers and suppliers using the internet. The entry process of setting up a website, helping the prospective customers navigate through the website, showing them the value able products, offering discounts and vouchers, and doing everything possible to woo the prospective clients and convert them into customers, comes under the purview of e business. E commerce, and the other hand, is a subset of e business and refers to online transactions that can be accounted for in monetary terms. For instance, accepting credit card payments for products sold to consumers are making payments for shopping online are examples of e commerce. In other words, e commerce refers to the last stage of e business, which involves collecting payments for the goods sold by the business firm.

Telephone banking is a service provided by a bank or other financial institution that enables customers to perform financial transactions over the telephone without the need to visit a bank branch or automated teller machine. Telephone banking times can be longer than branch opening times, and some financial institutions offer the service on a 24 hour basis

Electronic fund transfer

Development of e-banking in India

Mobile banking

of market functioning. Due to the absolute transparency of the market, clients both business as well as retail can compare the services of various banks more easily. For instance, on the internet. Competitors are only one click away. If clients are not happy with the products, prices, or services offered by a particular bank, they change their banking partner much more easily than in the physical or real bank client relationship. From the banks’point of view, the use of the internet has significantly reduced the physical costs of banking operations.

Standing instructions are a way of making an automatic payment of a fixed amount to a loan, bill, or credit card at the same time every week or month it can be made from a deposit account and is mostly used to make payments to a mortgage, car loan or to pay bills.

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• Tele banking

Amutual fund is a professionally managed trust that pools the savings of many investors and invests them in securities like stocks, bonds, short term money market instruments, and

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In India e banking is of recent origin the traditional banking model has been through branch banking. Only in the early 1990s was there has been the starting of non branch banking services the good old manual systems upon which Indian banking depended for centuries seem to have no place today. The credit for launching internet banking in India goes to ICICI bank. Citibank and HDFC bank followed with internet banking services in 1999. Several initiatives have been taken by the government of India as well as the reserve bank to facilitate the development of e banking in India. The government of India enacted the ITAct, 2000 with effect from October 17, 2000, which provided legal recognition to electronic transactions and other means of electronic commerce. The reserve bank is monitoring and reviewing the legal and other recruitments of e banking continuously to ensure that e banking would develop on sound lines and that e banking related challenges would not pose a threat to financial stability.

Ahigh level committee under the chair of Dr. K.C Chakrabarty and members from IIT, IIM, IDRBT, banks, and the reserve bank prepared the “IT vision Document 2011 17”, for the reserve bank and banks which provides an indicative road map for enhanced usage of IT in the banking sector.

Electronic funds transfer (EFT) is a system of transferring money from one bank account directly. Transactions are processed by the bank through the automated clearing house (ACH) network. The benefits of eft include reduced administrative costs, increased efficiency, simplified bookkeeping, and greater security

Online mutual funds investment

• Automated teller machine (ATMs)

• Internet banking

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Standing instructions

Editorial Committee

E banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional bank products and services directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels.

• Electronic fund transfer

• Mobile banking

Mobile banking is a system that allows customers of a financial institution to conduct several financial transactions through a mobile device such as a mobile phone or tablet. With the use of the mobile device, the user can perform mobile banking via call, text, website, or applications. It utilizes the mobile connectivity of telecom operates and therefore does not require an internet connection. With mobile banking, users of mobile phones can perform several financial functions conveniently and securely from their mobile.

Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)

• Smart cards

Around the world, electronic banking services, whether delivered online or through other mechanisms, have spread quickly in recent years. It must be noted that the impact of e banking is not limited to industrial and advanced emerging economics. Even in countries with underdeveloped banking systems, e banking has offered many new business opportunities.

ATM is a modern device introduced by the banks to enable the customers to have access to money day in and day out without visiting the bank’s branches in person. The system is known as

• Online mutual fund investments

Internet banking is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a financial institution to conduct financial transactions on a website operated by the institution. Internet banking does offer many benefits for both banks and their customers. So, the banks are doing what they can to encourage customers to try it.

Telebanking

Indian banks offer their customers the following e banking products and services:

E banking services

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Literature review

Though efforts were made to make this study more accurate and reliable, the study is not free from limitations. The basic limitation of this study is that it considers only customers’ perception of banking innovations and does not consider the perception and satisfaction of other stakeholders towards e banking. Second The sample respondent of this study are banking innovations users alone, Not the Non users of innovations, If the respondents are of both groups, then the

• Methods of data analysis: To facilitate the findings and conclusion of the study both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed.Analysis of this study was done using Microsoft excel sheets, tables, graphs, and percentages. Chi Square Independent test is used.

commodities such as precious metals. Investors in a mutual fund have a common financial goal their money is invested in different asset classes by the fund’s investment objective. Indian banks and financial institutions offer online mutual fund investment facilities.

Objectives of the study

• ToAnalyse the SWOC of Banking Innovations.

• Primary data: Primary data is been collected in the form of questionnaires, distributed among the customers of 10 Banks of Bangalore North and direct interview of respondents is also made for more observation.

• Secondary data: Secondary data is collected from Library Books, business Newspapers, Business journals, and Business magazines to make the study more reliable.

• Sampling technique and sample size: The population of this study was E banking customers of 10 selected banks of Bangalore North and questionnaires were distributed using a simple random sampling technique for these 5 public sector banks, 3 private sector banks, and 2 foreign banks were selected. The set questionnaire was distributed to 100 customers of these banks and the same is used for the study.

Khan (2008) concentrated the exploration paper to concentrate the e managing an account or web keeping money benefits in India. The utilization of the web keeping money among clients is because of the changing way of life of individuals. The bank which moves quickly and tries to catch the principal moves preferred standpoint can prevail in this division.Association amongst banks and their clients is diminishing because of the expansion of clients receiving web managing an account. The huge advances in innovation and the forceful infusion of data innovation had acquired an outlook change in banking operations. For the banks, innovation has risen as a key asset for accomplishing higher proficiency, control of operations, efficiency, and productivity.

Smart cards

Scope of the study

Limitations of the Study

This study is descriptive and analytical. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. The sources of primary data were data collected through structured questionnaires from selected customers of 10 banks of Bangalore North and sources of the secondary data were books, business newspapers, business journals, and business magazines.

The scope of the study is limited only to 100 respondents and the geographical scope is confined only to the 10 Banks of Bangalore North. In assessing the impact of innovations on Customer Satisfaction, 100 customers were asked, the study covers only the aspects of Understanding Banking innovations, Comparing E Banking with Traditional Banking, its impact on Customer satisfaction and the Study also makes a SWOC Analysis of innovations.

• To examine the impact of Banking Innovations on Customer satisfaction.

Methodology

Singh and Malhotra (2004). This article is identified with internet banking in which writers from the division of trade and business administration at Guru Nanak Dev University,Amritsar concentrated upon the vast advances in innovation and the forceful mixture of data innovation had acquired an outlook change in banking operations. The huge advances in innovation and the forceful infusion of data innovation had gotten an outlook change in banking operations. For the banks, innovation has risen as a key asset for accomplishing higher effectiveness, control of operations, efficiency, and gain. Internet banking that altered the industry worldwide has ended up being the core issue of different reviews everywhere throughout the world. However, there has always been a writing gap on the issue in India. The reason for this paper is to fill noteworthy holes in learning about the internet banking scene in India.

Uppal (2008). This article demonstrates that internet banking is a nonspecific term for the conveyance of banking administrations and items through the channel of the internet. This review demonstrates the clients' recognition concerning internet banking administrations. They directed a review of 1200 respondents in October 2008 in the Ludhiana locale of Punjab. The respondents were similarly isolated among three bank bunches open division, private area, and remote banks. The real implications of this overview were that clients of all the bank gatherings are occupied with e keeping money benefits however in the meantime they are confronting issues like insufficient information, poor system, absence of foundation, unacceptable area, abuse ofATM cards, and trouble to open an account. Remembering these issues confronted by the bank clients, a few techniques have been confined to upgrading the e keeping money administrations.

Editorial Committee

• To Evaluate the effectiveness of Banking Innovations over traditional Banking

• To understand the perception of customers towards Banking Innovations.

Statement of problem

This decade has witnessed rapid technological changes in every business sector and one of the major sectors which are constantly upgrading technology is the Banking Sector. banking innovations have divided the public at large with mixed opinions, few have positive perception and other has negative. The banking innovations have brought positive change withAnytime,Anywhere Banking alternatives but it has equal negative such as security issues, clearance issues, etc. hence this study is undertaken to understand the impact on the average person.

The banking industry enjoyed the benefits of magnetic stripe card technology for a long time. This technology has revolutionized the payment card industry and increased the level of card security these cards use encryption and authentication technology which is more secure than other methods associated with the payment systems.

22% 13% 27% 34% 9%40%30%20%10%0% Stronglyagree Agree Neutral Disagree disagreeStrongly Traditional Banking is more convenient than modern Banking Percentage of Respondent

Gender Male 70% Female 30% Total 100% Age

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Analysis of customers’ satisfaction with banking innovations

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Below 20 years 12% 20 30 years 38% 30 40 years 22% 40 50 years 18% above 50 years 10% Total 100%

Services Number of Respondents Percentage of Respondent ATM 44 44%

Credit Card 8 8% Electronic fund transfer 10 10% Mobile Banking 14 14% E Wallets 24 24% Total 100 100

ryCatego- Number Respondentsof Percentage Respondentsof

IncomeMonthly Below 10,000 8% 10,000 20,000 27% 20,000 30,000 34% 30,000 40,000 14% 40,000 50,000 9% 50,000 1,00,000 6% Above 1,00,000 2% Total 100%

sionProfesStudent 24% Employee 51% Business 18% Others 7% Total 100%

Opinion Number Respondentsof Percentage Respondentof Strongly agree 22 22% Agree 13 13% Neutral 22 27% Disagree 34 34% Strongly disagree 9 9% Total 100 100%

Editorial Committee

study would have given a justified comparison. Third, this study is limited only to customers of 10 banks of Bangalore North and a few respondents were found unsupportive during the interaction and a few respondents failed to share proper reply.

Table 5 Degree of confidence in banking innovations

Table 1 Demographic profile of the respondents

Table 4 How you perceive banking innovations

Services Number of Respondents Percentage of Respondent Little 17 17%

Services Number of Respondents Percentage of Respondent Complicated technique 20 20% Not easy 11 11% Difficult accessibility 22 22% Rigidity 14 14% Poor Feedback 33 33% Total 100 100%

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Table 3 Modern Banking services you prefer

Some 26 26% Not at all 18 18% High 21 21% Very high 16 16% Total 100 100%

Table 2 Traditional Banking is more convenient than modern Banking

• SinceATM services are used by most customers, the bankers must take a new system, such as cash deposit, fund transfer, ticket booking, and mobile recharge in an elaborate manner.

• Most customers revealed that they use the internet service for banking activities through mobiles for balance inquiries and SMS alerts. Since there are plenty of mobile banking services available. Bankers must take efforts to popularize the remaining mobile banking services, such as fund transfer, statement of accounts, ticket booking, utility bill payments, DEMAT account services, inter mobile payment services, etc.,

Services

Editorial Committee

Total 100 100

• Most respondents are not satisfied with the service charges deduction which is unusual, and the deduction is not of the same amount all the time.

• Respondents are satisfied with the initiatives taken by select banks for creating awareness and educating the customers about e banking services and operations.

• Among all banking innovations,ATM and mobile banking services are most familiar among the users. It is suggested that the bankers must take efforts to inculcate knowledge and awareness about other innovations in banking to customers.

• Younger generations are more aware of the banking innovations system than the older generations having less confidence in innovations. Due to its complexity and operating methodology, it is suggested that the bankers must take measures for developing confidence in e banking operations among older generations.

Table 6 Importance of using adopting banking innovations

Percentage of Respondents

Suggestion

• E Banking enables the respondents to access anywhere and anytime which facilitates every customer.

• Electronic channels are mostly used by males. It is suggested that bankers must take measures for creating awareness and educating all people about electronic channels.

• Availability of cash inATM centers is always a problematic aspect among customers. Therefore, it is suggested that bankers must take care of the availability of cash in ATM centers, particularly in remoteATM locations.

• Respondents are satisfied with the security of transaction and login processes while conducting e banking transactions.

• Almost all age groups of respondents are satisfied with the perceived usefulness and customers oriented service provided by e banking.

Flexibility 21 21%

• Most respondents are satisfied with e banking services because e banking saves time and effort which in turn reduces their transaction costs.

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• Employees and youths have more knowledge about innovative banking services than others. Therefore, it is suggested that the bankers must provide adequate computer knowledge to customers who are not aware of this service.

Anywhere service 25 25%

Safety Number of Re- Percentage of ReVery much 17 17% Much 33 33% Some 22 22% Little 18 18% Not at all 10 10% Total 100 100

Better Information 23 23%

• Internet security is one of the prominent sets back of e banking operations. It is suggested that the bankers must take initiative and measures for a perfect e banking security system, such as biometric and iris recognition, etc.

• Nowadays, banking activities are done through mobile phone apps, such as PayTM, Google Pay, and PhonePe. For such kinds of net banking activities, banks must create and promote advertisements and awareness for more usage of this service to customers.

• Most customers use internet banking services for fund transfers and other banking activities since there are internet banking services available. Bankers must take efforts to popularize the other internet banking services, such as account opening, cheque book request, statement of D mat accounts, online bill payments, real time gross settlement, national electronic fund transfer, downloaded personal banking transactions, etc.

• The high income group of customers is having more awareness about technology in banks, than other income group customers. Therefore, the bankers should take necessary steps to create awareness among other income groups as well by way of conducting seminars, exhibitions, customer meets, advertisements, etc.,

Table

Findings of the study

• Most respondents are in the age group of 20 30 years followed by 30 40, which is an indication that the working population is the major user of e banking services.

• Most respondents areATM/Plastic Card services of e banking.

Number of Respondents

7 Safety of innovative Banking services

Wider options 19 19%

Minimization of Cost 12 12%

• Customers of a young age are not satisfied with the responsiveness of bank administration whereas the old age group is not committed to dealing much with e banking.

8. Malhotra, P. and Singh, B. (2007). Determinants of Internet banking adoption by banks in India, Internet Research, Vol. 17 Iss: 3, pp.323 339.

Editorial Committee

7. Bhat, M. A., (2005). Service Quality Perception in Banks: A Comparative Analysis, Vision, Vol. 9 (1), pp. 59 70.

various aspects of technology based banking will help in the rapid growth of internet banking in India.

• To achieve this sound financial and banking service is essential. Therefore, Indian bankers must take resolutions to implement the policy of “e inclusion” in all branches, which enables its customers to enhance their knowledge of e banking and avail all forms of banking services.

The usage of the technology banking service is all set to increase among the service class. The banking industry is playing a vital role in the economic development of a country and it became a globalized service sector in the present scenario. In the banking industry, technological advancement has brought a significant change in banking services. In the current situation, Indian commercial banks are providing plenty of internet banking services for their customers such asATM, mobile banking, internet banking, electronic fund transfer, debit card, credit card, corporate banking terminal, SWIFT, point of sale, RTGS, and NEFT is the foremost e banking channels. These services mainly reduce the sizeable amount of paperwork, individual customer services, cost per transaction, and workforce. On the other side, customers are enjoying the time constraints such as quick, easy, and round clock access to transactions. Nowadays electronic channels are becoming a popular and vital part of personal banking. More awareness and satisfaction of customers with innovative services improves smart banking operations and applications of technological advancements. Banks offer innovative services to their customers.

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6. Gaur, S. S., and Waheed, K. A. (2003). Motivations to use Interactive Technologies in Marketing: A study in Indian Service Businesses, Journal of Services Research, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 38 56.

References

ATM, mobile banking, internet banking, and phone banking channels are frequently used by customers. According to the customers, perception and level of awareness of individual innovation channels,ATM and mobile banking are well known services. The level of satisfaction on innovation services, cash withdrawal, balance inquiry facilities inATM channel, SMS alerts and fund transfer in mobile banking services, viewing account balance, online bill payment, RTGS in internet banking services, and check account balance in phone banking services are the most satisfying services. Based on the empirical evidence this study concludes that customers are moderately aware of the foremost banking innovation services ofATM, and mobile banking channels and satisfied with all services that are related to all four

1. Indian Banking, Dr. Ramachandra. HPH, 2014.

2. Pate, G., (2004). Services Marketing. Oxford University Press, London,

4. Pahuja, A. and Kaur, D., (2007). Technology in Banking: A study of E banking preferences of service class, Gyan Management, Vol. 1 (2), pp. 88 97.

5. Prabhakaran, S. and Satya, S. (2003). An Insight into Service Attributes in Banking Sector, Journal of Services Research, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 14 24.

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• Though internet banking is convenient and easy to use, customers are afraid of adopting these services because they think that using these “services are difficult and complicated”, So, on site training can be provided to bank customers who intend to use the internet banking services.

• Public sector banks must improve their internet banking services to compete with private sector banks.

25

Conclusion

Technologicalchannels.banking is an innovative tool that is fast becoming a necessity. It is a successful strategic weapon for banks to remain profitable in the volatile and competitive marketplace of today. In the future, the availability of technology to ensure the safety and privacy of e transactions and the RBI guidelines on

3. Kaul, R. K. and Ahmed, J. U. (2005). Public sector banks: Impact of financial sector reforms. Delhi: Kalpak publications, p 121.

• Maximum customers exposed that they are using phone banking services for checking account balance. Since there are phone banking services available, bankers must take efforts to popularize the other phone banking services, such as utility bills, stop payment on cheques, etc.

“Strength is Life, Weakness is Death. Expansion is Life, Contraction is Death. Love is Life, Hatred is Death.” ~ Swami Vivekananda

By Dr. Avinash V Assistant Professor, Department of History

Introduction

Western medicine & indigenous response inColonial Coorg

up to about the beginning of the seventeenth century was not ruled by any one dynasty completely at any time. Different parts of Kodagu were being ruled by petty princes and chieftains who owned allegiance to bigger powers outside the district.After the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire in 1565A.D, a prince of the Iker dynasty from Haleri established political strategy rather than military strength in Kodagu. The 200 years of Lingayat rule is important in the evolution of a distinct cultural identity. Under them, administrative Kodagu was

Coorg is endowed with the treasure of natural resources, lush vegetation, captivating steep mountains, silent and deep valleys, rivers, and waterfalls. Coorg has mountainous topography of high ridges, with mount aims varying between 850 m and 1745 m. The capital town “Madikeri” is located about 3800 feet above the mean sea level. The main part of the Coorg’s territory is composed of mighty ranges of Western Ghats; these ranges are crescent shaped and some of them are the loftiest peaks. The largest and highest peaks are Brahmagiri and Pushpagiri and the average height of these ranges is 1371 meters above the mean sea level. Bhagamandala is another lofty peak, also known as Brahmagiri. Coorg is an enchanting high land, which attracts thousands of tourists every year. It is a nature lover’s paradise. Visitors from within India and abroad described Coorg as the “Switzerland of India”, “Scotland of India” and “Southern Kashmir" for its mountain configuration with diversified physical features. The climate of the Coorg district is influenced largely by its geographical location and monsoon winds. The district has a moist rainy monsoon climate since the district lies in the Western Ghat region. The air is highly humid, cool, and equitably pleasant throughout the year. The temperature of the district is largely conducive, and it generally varies between a maximum of 250C and a minimum of 100C.

The purpose of the present study is to describe, analyze, understand and draw conclusions on the nature of British domination in Coorg and highlight issues about Western Medicine and Indigenous Response in Colonial Coorg. The paper attempts to study the nature of the contest between indigenous and western medicines in Colonial Coorg. Western medicine was introduced initially for benefit of the British in India and later extended to the Indian population as a tool of the empire. Gradually it marginalized indigenous medicine with help of state power and colonized indigenous bodies to get cultural domination.

Coorg is a tiny hill district in Karnataka both in terms of geographical area and population. It forms part of the Western Ghats’captivating mountain landscapes and deep valleys have brought fame to this beautiful district. Though geographically limited in area, it is one of the famous districts of the country. It is the center of natural beauty consisting of hill ranges, deep valleys, and shining waterfalls; Coorg is officially known as Kodagu. The word Kodagu is derived from 'Kodi Mandal' or 'Kudu' meaning 'steep’or 'hill'. Many eminent scholars who have visited Coorg have left behind the excellent description of the land; Coorg is surrounded by lush greenery, and the pleasant climate and the hilly terrain inspired the British, who occupied the area for over a hundred years to call it the “Scotland of India”. Coorg has its own Identity; it was a hill country. In the Western Ghats Coorg is bounded on the North West by Dakshina Kannada on the north by Hassan and Mysore. Towards the South West and South Coorg is surrounded by Kerala. Coorg is the land of heavy rainfall. The main occupation of the people of Coorg is the cultivation of food crops and plantation crops such as Paddy, Orange, Cardamom, and Coffee during the colonial Coorgperiod.(Kodagu)

brought under one rule for the first time. In the 19th century, Coorg annexation was planned, and later formal assent of village chiefs was easily won by the British.

Abstract

In 1834 Coorg was taken over by the British; since 1834 the state was kept as a separate unit of the Madras Presidency (In those days centrally administered areas were called Non Regulation districts and Coorg was one of them). They captured Coorg for its favorable weather, natural resources, and military advantages, and lastly for the plantation enterprise Europeans settled in the state as coffee planters the European planters introduced western ideas. The Basel Mission introduced Modern Education first time in this region. The Gazetteer of Coorg by G. Richter mentions that “Coorg in British administration underwent major changes such as revenue, police, forest, medical and education on this region”. Coorg was divided into six Taluks by the British and was administered as a separate state until 1947. Coorg is the only part ‘C’state which had the experience of a democratic institution since 1924; Coorg has always been a surplus area and it has a separate culture and individuality in the 20th century expansion of nationalism people realized the foreign domination in Coorg.

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Editorial Committee

Topography

The inhabitants of the Coorg are very distinct in their character, dress, and their feature. Kodagu is dominating caste having fair skin, pleasant features, and being frank in the manner and progressive and adaptable in disposition. Holeyas and Yerawas also can be seen in Coorg and they have the usual characteristics of the Dravidian and untouchable races of southern India. The Coorg was captured by the British by a rebellious ruler of Coorg in 1834. Since then, the economic development and progress of the Coorg have been determined by the coffee industry, which has its effects on Coorg Malariology. The coffee cultivation in Coorg was started by the Moplas who brought the shrub with them fromArabia and the first coffee estate was opened in 1853. By 1864, 70,000 acres of land were covered by the coffee estate, and by 1878 coffee had reached the crest of its first wave of success. But coffee industry received set back in 1883 when the prices began to fall, soon it recovered in 1892. Owing to the extraordinary activity in the coffee industry throughout the Coorg a continuous rise in the standard of living can be seen up to the world war I decade. The years from 1893 to 1928 were one of economic disaster and hardship that affected Coorg’s public health and the prevalence of Malaria.

Coorg was taken over by the British in 1834 C.E Scholars assigned different reasons for its occupation by the British. Coorg is a small hill district situated on the summits it’s of Western Ghats. Its climate is salubrious and congenial for the growth of plantation. It was also strategically very important for the rulers of the 18th and 19th centuries. Therefore, both the sultans of Mysore HyderAli Tippu, as well as the British tried to establish their domination on Coorg.

ToCoorg.investigate

The Commissioners’rule introduced changes at the

The Census Reports of Coorg from 1911-1922

Western Medicine in Colonial Coorg

While writing on the history of Western medicine in

Commissioners introduced several reforms in Coorg and this reform related to the reorganization of administrative, machine judicial, Revenue, Public work, Forest, medicine, Education, and other branches of administration. The establishment of the Western kind of administration in place of the old native system immensely contributed to bringing about radical changes in the local socio economic fabric. One major factor that led to changes in Coorg was the introduction of the Capitalist Plantation industry. In the same way, western education higher at levels of the educational system contributed to socio economic changes in Coorg.

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It is nothing new that economic development leads to an increase in population. The population of Coorg saw some fluctuations during the years from 1871 to 1921. In this period the percentage variation of the population of Coorg was 8.1%. the immigrant labors from south Canara, Malabar, and Mysore to the coffee estates is the distributing factor in the census figures. Their work starts fromAugust till the end of March. When the coffee was blooming number of immigrant laborers was large and in the lean years, their number was smaller. The population of Kodagas went on to increase from 26,389 in 1871 to 44,476 in 1921. The census reports of aboriginal castes ‘Holeya’and ‘Yarawas’shows a decrease. The population of Holeyas was 24,081 and Yarawas were 14,209 in 1891 which declined to 18,350 and 14,068 in 1921 respectively. The population of jungle people increased during the colonial period; the census population of 1921 records the disastrous effect of the influenza epidemic of 1918 19. During the years from 1918 20, the recorded deaths due to the influenza epidemic were 21,673. It harmed public health, the period from 1911 21 saw an increase in malaria in

political level also in the form of local self government. With the establishment of the Coorg Legislative Council, the Land tenure system especially Jamma also underwent radical changes. The commissioners’rule from 1834 to 1947 converted Coorg into a modern state and at the same time, it become a plantation district and one of the most sought after by the British planters and Capitalists. The British Commissioners with the perception of a few showed great interest in bringing about reforms in a small hill district; While they showed interest in changing the Political and Socio economic scenario, they also showed great concern in preventing the cultural and ancient practices and systems that Coorg had inherited. In this way, British rule in Coorg represents a contradiction.

Coorg was undoubtedly a hyper epidemic area, in 1870, Rev G. Richter in his Gazetteer of Coorg refers to the dreaded

the alleged spread of Malaria and decrease in population in Mercara and Virajpet, a committee was appointed in Coorg in 1926. The committee gave its reported that a decrease in the number of petty traders and their followers owing to a gradual reduction in the volume of trade because of the slump in the coffee industry and Malaria was not the cause for the decrease in population. The population showed a by16% increase during the decennium 1881 91 marked reaction to the prosperity in the first half of the 70 years of the coffee growing and during the lean years, a regular natural increase was recorded.

Colonialism

Commissioners’rule in Coorg is an important era in the history of modern Kodagu.After the takeover, Coorg was placed under superintendents’rule and later Commissioners were appointed who functioned under the supervision of Chief Commissioners of Mysore.

Editorial Committee

Madras Presidency in which Coorg was a Province, David Arnold notes that the Indian Medical Service began to function there in the early years of the 19th century and it got matured by the middle of the 19th century as I am archetypal colonial service, wedded to the military and administrative needs of the colonial state and staffed almost exclusively by Europeans specially recruited for the purpose. This was a model that paralleled (and so facilitated communication with) the structure of the India Civil Service (ICS) and the other scientific and technical services that emerged in the second half of the century.

Coorg fever which appears in the worst form especially among the Europeans in the vicinity ofAlur in southeast Coorg and Sampage in the western boundary. The Malaria committee of 1926 commented on the prevalence of Malaria in Sampage. Lieut. Col. Hasel Wright described several cases of Blackwater fever in Coorg which he noticed. He gave definite evidence of a case of 1901 in which he quoted a village boss who suffered from high fever and dark colored urine which was known to be incurable and characterized as devil’s

Malaria committee of 1926 stated that the hospital statistics prove the extent of Malaria on a progressive scale. In 1918 out of a total of 1,06,794 patients treated in the hospitals and dispensaries, Malaria alone accounted for 31,865 or 30%. In 1923 0out of a total of 1, 52,696 cases treated Malaria alone accounted for 64,269 or 42%, which is 12% more than that of 1918. In 1924, there were 90,598 Malaria cases out of a total of 1, 87,347treated, which is about 48% of the total no of treated in the medical institutions in Coorg. The economic factor has played no appreciable part in the increasing or diminishing the prevalence of malaria in Coorg. The supply of Quinine to the local hospitals and dispensaries in Mercara increased to meet the increasing need for it. Their increase in Malaria did not contain any grave and immediate menace to the health of the province. Mercara, the administrative capital of Coorg situated at an elevation of nearly 4,000 feet above sea level. It is a rural town of 5,600 inhabitants in the colonial period. It has a good amount of rainfall, equable temperature, and high humidity always. In a 1919 survey ofAnopheline Fauna of Mercara on the 30th May 1927, the skies were over caste and there was heavy rainfall. Their energies were immediately directed toward a hunt for larvae to obtain samples of the anopheline larvae contained in the different classes of potential breeding grounds in Mercara. The disappearance of the anopheles’ larvae on the burst of the monsoon explains the drop in Malaria attendance at the dispensary some weeks after the onset of the monsoon and throws some light on the seasonal incidence of Coorg malaria. In Mercara the incidence of Malaria is in the spring months. Cut banana tree stumps, tree holes, and house wells, the rice fields yielded no anophelines. The prolific vegetation was the resting place for the anophelines.Anopheline larvae were founded in the marshy land of the swamps and seepage area of the valleys. The drainage swamps were the breeding grounds of anopheline larvae. The report of Hasell Wright deals with spleen measurement and blood examinations, some evidence is available that suggests that an increase of active infection with a rather low degree of immunity is the situation in Mercara.

• Anopheles Maculipalp was common in natural waters in Coorg.

Editorial Committee

In MercaraAnophilis Muculipalpis,Anophilis Listonis, Anophilis Maculipalpis,Anophilis Minimus,Anophilis Maculatus,Anophlis Culicifacies,Anophilis Vagus, Anophilis Hyrcanus,Anophilis Nigerrimus,Anohilis KarwariAnophilis Jeyporiemsis,Anophilis Phillipinens is identified. Out of a total of children, 98 had enlarged spleens which accounted for 55.45%. Virajpet is a rural town of municipal rank in the south Coorg. The hill streams, valleys, rice fields, and heavy vegetation are the physical features of the town. This area is highly malicious with a scenic index of 82.8% and two Anophelis,A. ListoniandA. Culcifacies were identified. The hill streams, springs and seepage areas of Virajpet were the chief sources of Malaria carrying insects.

Thestroke.Coorg

Gonikoppal is a village in south Coorg, where a weekly bazaar was held during the colonial period. The Spleenic

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In Coorg, the working season in the coffee estates was from aboutAugust to the end of March. The laborers came from Mysore, South Canara, and Malabar. Men, women, and children all work and are paid by the day. In case of sickness, no wages are earned. There was no labor act and no government supervision of the coffee estates’labor. The water supply is commonly derived from wells, streams, and springs nearby. Latrines were not in use. In those days, medical treatment of the labor force was in the hands of the estate writer.Adoctor of one of the coffee estate dispensaries informs that duringApril and May half of his cases are due to malaria. Hallery had a spleen rate of 50% among the 16 resident children and 46% among 53resident adult laborers. Jamboor had a 100% spleen rate among 21 children and 33% among 64 resident adult laborers. Coovercoli had a 38% spleen rate among 21 children and 33% among 64 resident adult laborers. Dibidi had a 100% spleen rate among 10 children and 73% among 37 resident adult laborers. Seegay fiber estate is situated about 6 miles from Fraserpet an elevation of 2,800 feet from the Cauvery valley. The surroundings of the estate contain open pasture land with trees and hedgerows and patches of dry cultivation and the thatched wooden huts of the labor force. Out of 7 children had enlarged spleens and out of 21 men and 14 women, 22 had enlarged spleens (62.8%) and 14 showed no spleen enlargements. The stream near the bungalow in the estate containedAnopheles larvae. Splenometry: 625 children of all age groups were examined. Of these 406 showed varying degrees of splenic enlargements, yielding a total splenic index for Coorg of 63.3%. The observations were made in Mercara, Virajpet, and Gonikoppal. Somavarpet and Fraserpet. In the age group of 1 2 years, the percentage showing parasites is 27.6% and 64.4% of this age group are infected. The age group 3 4 years shows a percentage infection of 33.3% and had an average parasite value of 794.7%. The percentage of infection in the age group of 5 6 years is 28% and parasite rates have diminished. In the age group of 7 8 years, the percentage of infection is 34% and the average parasite value is 990. The age group of 9 10 years shows a parasite value of 673 and the percentage of infection is 28%. Mercara and Virajpet show high average parasite rates because of the preponderance of P. falciparum infections. The application of Splenome try and quantitative parasite counts in Coorg appears to confirm the mechanism of immunity as seen elsewhere.

The following species ofAnopheles were collected as Larvae’s.

Somavarpet is a village situated on a high ridge, on one side it had drinking water and washing tanks and at lower levels, it had a few muddy pools and seepage patches. In this area, Anophilis such asA. Philippinesis,A. Vagus,A. Listoni,A. Minimes,A. Tesselatus, andA.Aitkeni were identified. The splenic index here was 49.5%. Out of 103 children and out of 30 adults examined in the bazaar 14 had enlarged spleens. Frasperpet (Kushal Nagar) lies in the Cauvery valley at an elevation of about 2,800 feet and has less rainfall when compared to Mercara.An examination of its Malaria season was in the autumn and not in the spring as it is in the upland of Coorg. HereAdult mosquitoes were found, andA. Stephensi,A. Vegus, andA. Maculipalpis were identified. Here the splenic index among the children was 64.6% and for adults was 48.2%.

• Anopheles Listoni was found in profusion in open surface drains containing a small stream of water (contaminated with the household sullage water).

Entomological in Coorg

Artha

index here was 79.5% in children and 28% in adults.

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7.

Anew mentality created by the colonial discourses functioned as the new habit of thinking that the new institutional practices that the colonial government suggested the need to be accepted and celebrated to reckon one as civilized. Though this could have been the case, often there were assertions from indigenous scholars who maintained that it was the proven science of the Western medical practice that prompted the 'native' to accept it as the ideal curator practice.

According to the Report of the Coorg Malaria committee of 1926, the amount of quinine supplied by the Coorg government for its dispensaries for free distribution in schools and sale by officialAgencies was 17 grains /head of population. Cinchona Ledgeriana and Cinchona Succirubra were cultivated in Coorg as long ago in 1863; In the report on the Economic and Material progress of Coorg 1826 1902, it is recorded that by the commencement of the decades the cinchona industry was already dead, the trees yielded poor shade and at the prices then prevailing it did not pay to send the bark home. Therefore, the trees were rooted out and the cultivation of cinchona was abandoned in the 1890s.

Editorial Committee

10.

14.

Anopheles isotonic was collected in small numbers in the houses of Mercara and Virajpet.Anopheles Fuliginosus andAnopheles Karwari were found in cowsheds in Virajpet.Anopheles Tessalatus and Anopheles Jeyporiensis were found in a stable at Hallery andAnopheles Vagus was found in the cowshed in Fraserpet. To prevent Malaria special measures were taken during the colonial period.Although the cut stumps of the trees in the plantain have not been providingAnopheline breeding grounds as a matter of general hygiene a clearance of these is desirable for, they almost afford shelter to adult mosquitoes. Coorg with a splenetic index of 63.3% is a hyperendemic area in which Malaria is very prevalent. On an account of its atmospheric conditions, the complete eradication of Malaria is not possible. During the colonial period in other parts of India cheap nets made of coarse muslin are sold for 3 4 rupees. In Coorg however, a mosquito net is considered an expensive luxury and hardly used. In the education of Coorg,Anti Malarial Prophylaxis was neglected. The Ladies of the provincial Red Cross Society undertook the manufacture, popularization, and distribution of mosquito nets to prevent Malaria.

3. Moegling, H., 1855., Coorg Memoirs An Account of Coorg, Bangalore, pp.57 64

8.

• Anopheles Sulepectus was found in overflow water from a tank.

11.

15.

19.

• Anopheles Jamesii is found in the hill streams and channels in swampy valleys.

2. Muthanna, I.M.,1953, A Tiny Model State of South India, Mysore, pp.23 39

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• Anopheles Jeyporiensis found in undrained natural swampy land.

• Anopheles Karwari found in jungle streams with Anophelis Maculipalpis.

Major J.A. Sinton and Lieunt Col. F. C. Fraser advocated growing cinchona in Coorg. Lieunt wrote a letter to the commissioner of Coorg on 25th January 1924 in which he advocated the promotion of the cultivation of cinchona by the government.And he urged thatAyur Vedic medicine would be effective as the febrifuge which was employed there. It is evident from the editorial note in the Indian Medical Gazette of July 1912 that cinchona trees are planted out and the bark is harvested when the trees are 10 years old. By these methods’the government tried to prevent Malaria in Coorg during the colonial period although complete eradication was not possible.

21.

There was a definite preponderance of cases among

Cases were admitted to the hospital at all seasons. There is, however, some tendency for more admissions to take place during the first half of the year. Of the 200 Mercara cases, 121 (60.5 percent) were admitted from January to June and in the Virajpet group, 42 percent were admitted in May and June.About 4 percent of all admissions were ulcer cases and usually, a prolonged stay in hospital is required. The condition is thus of considerable public health importance.

Conclusion

1. Kamath, U. Surynath., (Ed), 1993, Gazetteer of India, Karnataka State, Kodagu District, Bangalore, pp.56 68

12.

• Anopheles Vagus is found in stagnant muddy pools, surface drains, and tanks.

• Anopheles Minimus was occasional association with Anophelis Maculipalpis.

The introduction of Western Medicine was not very smooth. Initially, people were reluctant to accept it; they treated it as something meant to worsen their situation. They even suspected the intention of the Christian missionaries. However, this attitude began to change in course of time. The distribution of western rationality through various sites like schools, press, bureaucracy, and the judicial system had its effect on creating a new subjectivity. The discourses which circulated through all these sites affected the acceptance of the Western Medical System as scientific and modem and thus desirable.

4. Richter, Rev. G,1870, Manual of Coorg A Gazetteer, Mangalore. pp.27 33

• Anopheles Philippinensis found in a clear water tank situated in coffee cultivation.

9.

David Arnold, 1993, Colonizing the Body State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth Century India, Oxford University Press, Delhi.pp.58 66 Western Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Bombay, 1845 1895, pp.210 212 Report on the moral and Material progress of the Coorg province during the period 1881 1891,1891 1901,1901 1911 1911 1922, Bangalore. Lindsay, A. W. C., Report on the Coorg General Census of 1871, Ames library, South Asia published 19 June 1956. The Census Reports of Coorg from 1911 1951 Ibid.pp.235 237 Malaria in Coorg, 1928, pp.745 794 Ibid.pp.749 753 Ibid.pp.754 756 Ibid.pp.757 759 Western Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Bombay, 1845 1895, pp.210 212 Ibid. pp.210 212 Malaria in Coorg, 1928, pp.762 765 Ibid. pp.773 779 Ibid. pp.787 792 Note on a tropical ulcer in Coorg by M. S. Bopaiya, and M. V. Radhakrishna Rao, M.B.B.S., Ph.D. (March 1942) pp.139 140

• Anopheles Maculatees found withAnophelis Listoni.

13.

coolies as compared with other classes admitted into the two hospitals in question; this was more marked in the Mercara Hospital Group. In Coorg, coolies are mainly laborers on coffee estates. Of other admissions into the hospitals, the majority were ryots cultivating their land, with a smaller number of town people. Males are more liable to attack than females.As regards the age incidence, 59 and 73 percent in the Mercara and Virajpet hospital groups respectively were between the ages of 20 and 40.

17.

18.

5. Muthanna, I.M. 1953., A Tiny Model State of South India, Mysore, pp.24 32

20.

• AnophelesAitkeni is found in a shady stream and a rocky drainage channel.

22.

23.

6. Land Administration and Social Change in the 19th century Colonial Coorg (2016) International Research Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. V. XI, 1 5 November, E ISSN 2319 3565, Int. Res. J. Social Sci. The proceedings of the National Seminar on Idea of Nationalism in India Historical, Cultural, Economic, and Political Trends, has published, Land Administration during Commissioners’ Rule and Social Transition in Coorg 1834 1900 A.D, 2015, pp.88 97. ISBN: 978 81 930129 0 1 Indian Historical Studies (a Biannual Refereed Research) Half Yearly Journal has published Police and Judicial System during Commissioners’ Rule: A Study of Colonial Coorg (1840 1924 AD) 2015, pp.142 153, Vol. XI, No. 2, ISSN 0973 2713. Ibid.pp.144 146 Ibid.pp.150 151

16.

End notes

• Anopheles Culicifacies was found in stagnant and surface water and drains and rocky ponds.

Health care has been a major user of IoT applications, where IoT applications are helping the users to gather statistical data and further control and automate the medical process. According to a recent survey, the IoT market share has increased from USD 298 Billion in the year 2017 to USD 700 Billion in the year 2020. IoT technology is being embedded in health care devices, including wearable and implantable devices used to monitor and improve patients’medical conditions. With the advancement in IoT in the medical and health care domain, investors and the public will benefit in many Overallways.life

Internet of Things (IoT) has become a revolutionary technique that enables a diverse number of features and applications. It can able a diverse number of devices to be connected to create a single communication architecture. As it has significantly expanded in recent years, it is fundamental to study this trending technology in detail and take a close look at its applications in the different domains. It represents an enabler of new communication possibilities between people and things. The main asset of this concept is its significant influence through the creation of a new world dimension. The key features required for employing a large scale IoT are low cost sensors, high speed and error tolerant data communications, smart computations, and numerous

Theapplications.purposeof

Introduction

sustaining care costs will decline, and improved health monitoring systems will benefit millions of people every day.Amethod was proposed at IoT annual meet in 2018, which was aimed at reducing childhood obesity.A robot was built with the help ofAI and was assigned to collect medical data with the help of sensors placed on the chest of the children. Further, a questionnaire based survey on the food diet, physical activities, and other environmental factors were collected from the population and transmitted over to the web. This is one of the examples of advanced IoT functionality in the health care sector.

Abstract

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IoT devices embedded in machines generate a large amount of data that is being used by BI (Business Intelligence tools) such as Power BI to generate useful insights and predict future outcomes. With the help of business analytics tools, the data generated from IoT are used to study customer behavior to increase customer satisfaction rates and provide a better customer experience. Soon, BI tools will be embedded within things such as wearable health monitoring systems, which can make instant decisions based on the current data. Data recorded from the user’s behavior and everyday habits will

this study is to fully cover the applications of IoT, including healthcare, environmental, commercial, industrial, smart cities, and infrastructural applications. This work explains the concept of IoT and defines and summarizes its main technologies and uses, offering a next generation protocol as a solution to the challenges. IoT challenges were investigated to enhance research and development in the fields.

The purpose of IoT is to ensure a connection between devices, where each provides information and data. These devices are generally personal objects that are frequently carried, including smartphones, vehicles, healthcare devices, and office connected devices. Moreover, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the first applications that saw the light and has played a crucial role in numerous technologies, such as sensors, smart objects, and actuators. However, Machine to Machine communication (M2M) and Vehicle to Vehicle communication (V2V) represent the actual applications showing the significant advantages of IoT. The main objective of this article is to systematically categorize and investigate the definitive research procedures regarding IoT application methods and approaches. It explores the expansion and growth of IoT, along with its deployment in various application fields.

The main areas covered in this study include healthcare, environmental, smart city, commercial, industrial, and infrastructural aspects of IoT applications.

1. Medicine & healthcare

Editorial Committee

Internet of Things &its application

2. Business analytics

By Dr. Avinash V Assistant Professor, Department of History

Several smart apps such as car navigation systems and voice assistance systems are already making their way to cars. With the help of IoT, these features have been embedded in vehicles.Automakers have partnered with Google for their apps such as google maps, google assistant, and Play store services.

With the help of IoT, vehicle owners will be aware of which of the vehicle parts needs to be serviced and be safe from any breakdown. With the help of embedded sensors, IoT will be able to monitor the functionality of components such as the engine, breaks, and electrical systems.

5. Hindia, M.N.; Qamar, F.; Ojukwu, H.; Dimyati, K.; Al Samman, A.M.; Amiri, I.S.

4. Entertainment system

Conclusion

6. Smart city and homes

3. Polese, M.; Giordani, M.; Zugno, T.; Roy, A.; Goyal, S.; Castor, D.; Zorzi, M. Integrated Access and Backhaul in 5G mmWave Networks:

5. Maintenance

Editorial Committee

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has seen rapid growth in recent days. Many researchers and organizations are spending a large amount of time and resources to reach the full potential of the Internet of Vehicles. The concept of connected cars is not too far from being a reality. IoT will prove to be a game changer and close the existing gap between the automobile and software industry. The main idea behind the concept of connected cars is to create a network of running vehicles and things such as traffic lights to establish communication between them. With the help of vehicles and vehicles to an infrastructure network, a system to manage the traffic can be developed, which will eventually replace the traditional traffic light system.Afew of the applications of IoT in the automobile are given below:

moving from the age of products to an age of services and experience, IoT plays a key role in this technological revolution. The day is not too far when you will come home in a self driven car, and your home will auto detect your presence to open the door for you and start playing music depending upon your mood.

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The smart city IoT application is designed to provide improved and better living conditions. With the growth in technology and population, IoT will play a major role in managing the city and population. Many services such as energy saving lights, weather reporting systems, and streetlights will be embedded with IoT solutions for sustainable and cost effective reasons. Home automation has seen rapid growth in recent times. Consumers have been provided with services like lightning control for their homes, voice based controlling, smart air quality adjustment,AI experience, and smart locks with the IoT enabled in homes.

1. Holma, H.; Toskala, A.; Nakamura, T. 5G Technology: 3GPP New Radio; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2020.

4. Qamar, F.; Siddiqui, M.H.S.; Hindia, M.N.; Dimyati, K.; Abd Rahman, T.; Talip, M.S.A. Propagation Channel Measurement at 38 GHz for 5G mm wave communication Network. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Selangor, Malaysia, 26 28 November 2018.

The biggest reason people are attracted to smart home technology is because of its security features. For example, with the help of a simple IoT device, the lights of the house can be monitored when on vacation; this function will keep the intruders away. Webcams can be installed with the help of this application to monitor the home; the major advantage here is one can control the connected devices remotely using a web interface or just a simple mobile application.

3. Automotive IoT

References

2. Faizan, Q. Enhancing QOS Performance of the 5G Network by Characterizing Mm Wave Channel and Optimizing Interference Cancellation Scheme/Faizan Qamar. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2019.

give better opportunities for the caretakers and hospitals to tackle any sickness in advance.

In this article, we have seen multiple applications of IoT in the health care industry, the automobile industry, smart homes, and the city and the Cloud. IoT is one of the fastest growing technology, and in this age, where we are

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Editorial Committee

Dr. Jayappa M, Principal | Dr. Prathap, Vice Principal | Prof. Ravi H.V, Dept. of Commerce | Dr. C. S. Yatnalli, Dept. of Commerce | Dr. Shankar R, Dept. of Commerce & Management | Prof. Mohammed Nawaz, Dept. of Commerce & Management ¸ÁägÀPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ ²®à MAzÀÄ CzsÀåAiÀÄ£À

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33 Artha | 2020-21

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JA§ÄzÀÄ ¥ËærüªÉÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀæPÁ±À ¥Àr¸ÀÄªÀ QæÃqÉAiÀiÁVvÀÄÛ.” (PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÀ«ÃgÀUÀ®ÄèUÀ¼ÀÄ 1982 ±ÉÃಷÀ±Á¹Ûç)

34 Artha | 2020-21

F CzsÀåAiÀÄ£ÀPÉÌ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ F PÉ¼ÀPÀAqÀªÀiÁ»wAiÀÄ£ÀÄß MzÀV¸ÀÄwÛzÉÝÃ£É. F CzsÀåAiÀÄ£ÀPÉÌ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ JgÀqÀÄ ¨sÁUÀUÀ½gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÉÆzÀ®£É ¨sÁUÀzÀ°è ¨ÉÃmÉUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÀºÀ ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀªÀÄ¤¸À¯ÁUÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ.JgÀqÀ£ÉAiÀÄ ¨sÁUÀzÀ°è ¨ÉÃmÉ ²®àUÀ¼À §UÉÎ «ªÀj¸À¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.F CzsÀåAiÀÄ£ÀzÀ°è ¨ÉÃmÉ±Á¸À£À ¸Á»vÀåªÀ£ÀÆß ºÁUÀÆ±Á¸À£À²®àUÀ¼À£ÀÄß M¼ÀUÉÆArgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ½AzÀw½zÀÄ§gÀÄªÀ ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §ºÀ¼À ¦æAiÀÄªÁzÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ vÀªÀÄä ±À¸ÀæÛ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ ¥ÀjtwAiÀÄ «±ÉèÃ¶¸À¯ÁVzÀÄÝ, F CzsÀåAiÀÄ£ÀzÀ°è ¥ÀæªÀÄÄRªÁV PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÉÆ¼ÀUÉ zÉÆgÀPÀÄªÀ ±Á¸À£À²®àUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀiÁvÀæ §¼À¹PÉÆ¼Àî¯ÁVzÉ. zÉÃªÁ®AiÀÄUÀ¼ÀUÉÆÃqÉUÀ¼À°è, ²®à ¥ÀnÖPÉUÀ¼À°è, ¸ÀÛA¨sÀUÀ¼À°è EgÀÄªÀ G§Äâ²®àUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §¼À¹PÉÆAr®è.F£ÀªÀÄä CzsÀåAiÀÄ£ÀPÉÌ ¥ÀÇgÀPÀªÁV C£ÉÃPÀgÀ ¥ÀgÁªÀÄ±Àð£ÀUÀæAxÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß,

“ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁqÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ §ºÀ¼À ¥ÁæaÃ£ÀPÁ®¢AzÀ®Æ §AzÀ ¥ÀzÀÞwAiÀiÁVzÉ. ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À ªÀiÁA¸ÀPÁÌV PÉ®ªÀgÀÄ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁrzÀgÉ, ªÀÄvÉÛ PÉ®ªÀgÀÄ ªÉÆÃfUÁV, PÁ®AiÀiÁ¥À£ÉUÁV CxÀªÁ ±ËAiÀÄð¥ÀæzÀ±Àð£ÀPÁÌV ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁqÀÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄ. ºÀ®ªÁgÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÁªÀåUÀ¼À°è gÁd ªÀÄºÁgÁdgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ EvÀgÀgÀÄ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁqÀÄwÛzÀÝ «zsÁ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, CªÀgÀ ªÉÊ¨sÉÆÃUÀUÀ¼À ªÀtð£É¬ÄzÉ.” (PÀ£ÀßqÀ ±Á¸À£À²®à :¥ÀgÀ²ªÀªÀÄÆwð : ¥ÀÅ. 94)

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Editorial Committee

1.§zÀ¯ÁVgÀÄªÀAwzÉ.±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è¤gÀÆ¦vÀªÁVgÀÄªÀ £Á¬Ä¨ÉÃmÉ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

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4. ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è ¤gÀÆ¦vÀªÁVgÀÄªÀ ºÀA¢¨ÉÃmÉ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀ¼ÀÄ

ºÀÄ°AiÀÄ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄÄ ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è Cw¥ÁæaÃ£À PÁ®¢AzÀ®Æ C¹ÜvÀézÀ°èvÀÄÛ. KPÉAzÀgÉ ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è ºÀÄ°UÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå Cw ºÉZÁÑVzÀÄÝ, CªÀÅUÀ½AzÀ vÉÆAzÀgÉ C£ÀÄ¨sÀ«¸ÀÄwÛzÀÝ ¥ÀæeÉUÀ¼ÀÄ, ºÀÄ°AiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆAzÀ ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß, DvÀ£À ¥ÀgÁPÀæªÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß UËgÀ«¸ÀÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄ. CxÀªÁ ºÀÄ° AiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆAzÀÄ ªÀåQÛ ¸ÁªÀ£Àß¦àzÀgÉ CªÀ£À ¥ÀgÁPÀæªÀÄzÀ £É£À¦UÁV EAvÀºÀ ±Á¸À£À £ÉqÉ¸ÀÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄ.

¨sÁgÀvÀPÉÌ §AzÀ ¥ÀæªÁ¹UÀ¼À°è ¥Áæ£ÀÄìªÁ¦gÁqïð zÉ®ªÀ¯ï JA§ÄªÀ£ÀÄ PÉÃgÀ¼ÀzÀ §UÉÎ §gÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ “F zÉÃ±ÀzÀ°è ºÀÄ°UÀ¼ÀÄ ºÉZÀÄÑ; EªÀ£ÀÄß £ÁAiÀÄgïUÀ¼ÀÄ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ; AiÀiÁªÀ DAiÀÄÄzsÀUÀ¼ÀÆ E®èzÉ £ÁAiÀÄgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÀÄ°UÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É ©zÀÄÝ CªÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆAzÀzÀÝ£ÀÄß £Á£ÀÄ £ÉÆÃrzÉÝÃ£É; PÉ®ªÀgÀÄ vÀªÀÄä ªÉÄÊ ¥ÀgÀaPÉÆAqÀÄ gÀPÀÛ ¸ÀÄj¸ÀÄvÁÛ PÉÆAzÀ ºÀÄ°AiÀÄ£ÀÄß gÁd£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ J¼ÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ §AzÀzÀÝ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃrzÉÝÃ£É,” JA§ÄzÁV ºÉÃ¼ÀÄvÁÛ£É. (JZï.J¯ï.£ÁUÉÃUËqÀ; ¥ÀæªÁ¹ PÀAqÀ EArAiÀiÁ ¨sÁ 3)

2. Qæ.±À.1192gÀ ¨ÉArPÉgÉAiÀÄ ±Á¸À£À «ÃgÀ§¯Áè¼À£À D½éPÉAiÀÄ

ºÀÄ°¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ PÁ®PÉÌ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ “UÀÄ¥ÀÛgÀ PÁ®zÀ PÉ®ªÁgÀÄ £ÁtåUÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É ºÀÄ°AiÉÆqÀ£É ºÉÆÃgÁqÀÄwÛgÀÄªÀ avÀæUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÁt§ºÀÄzÀÄ. MAzÀ£ÉAiÀÄ PÀÄªÀiÁgÀUÀÄ¥ÀÛ£À PÁ®zÀ £ÁtåUÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É ºÀÄ°AiÉÆqÀ£É ºÉÆÃgÁqÀÄªÀ avÀæUÀ¼ÀÄ «±ÉÃಷÀªÁVzÉ.” (PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÀ «ÃgÀUÀ®ÄèUÀ¼ÀÄ : Dgï. ±ÉÃಷÀ±Á¹Ûç)

3. ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è ¤gÀÆ¦vÀªÁVgÀÄªÀ D£É¨ÉÃmÉ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

d£À¥ÀzÀ ¸Á»vÀåªÀ£ÀÄß, E¤ßvÀgÀ ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼À£ÀÄß E°è §¼À¹PÉÆ¼Àî¯ÁVzÉ

5. ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è EvÀgÀ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À ¨ÉÃmÉ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

F ªÉÄÃ°£À ºÉÃ½PÉUÀ½UÉ ¸ÁQë JA§AvÉ ºÀÄ°AiÀÄ ¨ÉÃmÉUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ ü¹zÀAvÉ «ÃgÀUÀ®ÄèUÀ½AzÀ ¸ÁPÀಷÀÄÖ G¥ÀAiÀÄÄPÀÛ ªÀiÁ»wUÀ¼ÀÄ zÉÆgÉAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀPÉÌ PÉ®ªÀÅ ¤zÀ±Àð£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ: 1. Qæ.±À.1351gÀ PÀ£ÀPÀ¥ÀÅgÀ vÁ®ÆèPÀÄ «ÃgÀUÀÄrAiÀÄ°ègÀÄªÀ «ÃgÀUÀ°è£À°è ¹UÀ®£ÁqÀ ªÀiÁgÉÃºÀ½îAiÀÄ ²ªÀ£ÉÃUËqÀ£À ªÀÄUÀ «ÃgÀ¸ÉÆÃªÀÄAiÀiÁfAiÀÄÄ zÀ£ÀPÁAiÀÄ®Ä ºÉÆÃzÁUÀ, ºÉ§Äâ°AiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆAzÀÄ vÁ£ÀÆ ¸ÀéUÀð¸ÀÜ£ÁzÀ£ÉAzÀÄ PÀ£ÀPÀ¥ÀÅgÀ vÁ®ÆèPÀÄ §½AiÀÄ ±Á¸À£À w½¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. (J.PÀ. 9(ºÀ¼ÉÃ) PÁ£ÀPÁ£ÀºÀ½î.40)

1. ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è ¤gÀÆ¦vÀªÁVgÀÄªÀ £Á¬Ä¨ÉÃmÉ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

35 Artha | 2020-21

“¨ÉÃmÉ” JAzÁUÀ ªÉÆlÖ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä £ÀªÀÄä £É£À¦UÉ §gÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ¨ÉÃmÉ£Á¬Ä, ¥ËgÁtÂPï ºÁUÀÆ ¥ÁæaÃ£À ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ°è ¨ÉÃmÉ£Á¬Ä «²ಷ ¸ÁÜ£À ¥ÀqÉ¢zÉ.EzÀPÉÌ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ D¢ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ£À »£Àß¯ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß¤zÀ±Àð£ÀªÁV±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄßPÁt§ºÀÄzÁVzÉ.ºÁUÉAiÉÄÃ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°èavÀæUÀ¼À°èAiÀÄÆDvÀPÀÆgÀÄªÀÄvÀÄÛUÉÆgÀªÀgÀ§ÄqÀPÀlÄÖd£ÁAUÀzÀ£ÉÆÃqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ.

¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ zsÁ«ÄðPÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜAiÀÄ°è CxÀªÁ ¥ÀÅgÁtUÀ¼À°è

ºÀA¢UÀ½UÉ MAzÀÄ ªÀÄºÀvÀéªÁzÀ ¸ÁÜ£À«zÉ. EzÀ£ÀÄß zÀ±ÁªÀvÁgÀUÀ¼À°è MAzÀÄ JA§ ¥ÀÇdå¤ÃAiÀÄ ¨sÁªÀ£ÉAiÀÄÆ EzÉ. ºÀA¢¨ÉÃmÉUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÀ CgÀ¸ÀjUÉ

¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

5. ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è EvÀgÀ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À ¨ÉÃmÉ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

Editorial Committee

EvÀgÀ ¥ÁætÂUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀÄjvÀ ¥ÁæaÃ£ ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ «gÀ¼À CxÀªÁ E®è JAzÀgÀÆ vÀ¥ÁàUÀ¯ÁgÀzÀÄ. DzÀgÉ EvÀgÀ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ ±Á¸À£À gÀ»vÀ ²®àUÀ¼ÀÄ zÉÆgÉAiÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀgÀÆ UÀÆ½ ¨ÉÃmÉUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ MAzÀÄ ±Á¸À£À ªÀiÁvÀæ zÉÆgÀQzÉ.EvÀgÀ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À ¨ÉÃmÉUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ½gÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ, EzÀPÉÌ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ GvÀÍ£À£À PÁAiÀÄðUÀ¼ÀÄ £ÀqÉAiÀÄ¨ÉÃPÁVzÉ. UÀÆ½ ¨ÉÃmÉUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ Qæ.±À. ¸ÀÄ 1200gÀ zÁªÀtUÉgÉAiÀÄ D®ÆgÀºÀ£ÀÄªÀÄAvÀ zÉÃªÁ®AiÀÄzÀ «ÃgÀUÀ°è£À°è MAzÀÄ UÀÆ½AiÀÄÄ ºÀ®ªÀgÀ£ÀÄß w«AiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝ «ಷÀAiÀÄ«zÉ.DUÀÆ½AiÉÆqÀ£É ºÉÆÃgÁrzÀ C°èAiÀÄ ¨sÀÆªÀiÁzÀ¸ÉnÖ ºÁUÀÆ DvÀ£À ªÀÄUÀ £ÀA¢AiÀÄtÚ JA§ÄªÀgÀÄ ºÉÆÃgÁrºÀvÀgÁzÀ «ಷÀAiÀÄ«zÉ.CªÀ£À ªÀÄPÀÌ¼ÁzÀ ¨ÉÆªÀÄäAiÀÄå ºÁUÀÆ £ÁUÀAiÀÄå «ÃgÀUÀ®è£ÀÄß ºÁQ¹zÀ «ಷÀAiÀÄ w½AiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. (J.PÀ.11, zÁªÀtUÉgÉ vÁ. 169) ªÉÄÃ°£À J¯Áè ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ ¤zÀ±Àð£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÉÊ²µÀÖ åvÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃrzÁUÀ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ ¥ÁæaÃ£ÀvÉ, ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¨É¼ÀQUÉ §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EwºÁ¸À ¥ÀÇªÀðPÁ®zÀ°è DºÁgÀzÀ GzÉÝÃ±À¢AzÀ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁqÀÄwÛzÀÄÝ, £ÀAvÀgÀ ºÀªÁå¸À, ±ËAiÀÄð, QæÃqÉUÀ¼À ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À

¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄzÀ°è ©ÃeÉAiÀÄ£ÁAiÀÄPÀ ºÀÄ°AiÀÄPÉÆAzÀÄ, CªÀ£ÀÄ ¸ÀvÀÛ «ಷÀAiÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ CªÀ£À ªÀÄUÀ MqÉAiÀÄ£ÁPÀ «ÃgÀUÀ®è£ÀÄß ¸ÁÜ¦¹gÀÄªÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. (J.PÀ. 48)

• 1249gÀ «ÃgÀUÀ¯ÉÆèAzÀjAzÀ ¨ÉÆÃªÉÇÃd£ÉA§ÄªÀ£ÀÄ ¨ÉÃAmÉ ºÉÆÃzÀ° ºÀA¢ ªÉÄÃ¯É ºÁAiÀÄÄÝ ¸ÀvÀÛ£ÉA§ «ಷÀAiÀÄ w½AiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. (J.PÀ 340, 1249)

3. ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è ¤gÀÆ¦vÀªÁVgÀÄªÀ D£É¨ÉÃmÉ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

§ºÀÄ ¦æAiÀÄªÁzÀ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁV¢ÝvÀÄ JA§ C©ü¥ÁæAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ§gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀPÉÌ ¤zÀ±Àð£ÀªÁV ±ÉÃಷÁ±Á¹ÛæAiÀÄªÀgÀ F ºÉÃ½PÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀªÀÄ¤¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. “gÁಷÀÖçPÀÆlgÀ CgÀ¸À£ÁzÀ UÉÆÃ«AzÀ£ÀÄ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁqÀÄªÀÅzÀgÀ ¸À®ÄªÁV ºÀA¢UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÉÄÃ¬Ä¹zÀÝ£ÉAzÀÆ, MªÉÄä vÁ£ÀÆ gÁªÀÄwÃxÀðPÉÌ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁqÀ®Ä ºÉÆÃzÁUÀ C°è£À ²ªÀzsÁgÉ JA§ UÉÆgÀªÀ¤UÉ »AzÉQÃwðªÀªÀÄð£ÉA§ CgÀ¸À£ÀÄ PÉÆlÖ zÀwÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀÅ£ÀgÀÄfÓÃ«¹zÀ£ÉAzÀÄ MAzÀÄ vÁªÀÄæ±Á¸À£À¢AzÀ w½AiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ” MmÁÖgÉAiÀiÁVJA¢zÁÝgÉ.

4. ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è ¤gÀÆ¦¸À¯ÁVgÀÄªÀ ºÀA¢¨ÉÃmÉ

3. Qæ.±À 12 £ÉÃ ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ AiÀÄ«ÄäUÀ£ÀÆj£À ±Á¸À£ÀzÀ°è PÉÃvÀ£ÁAiÀÄPÀ JA§ÄªÀ£ÀÄ ºÀÄ°AiÉÆqÀ£ÉºÉÆÃgÁr, ªÀÄrzÀ «ಷÀAiÀÄ w½¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. (J.PÀ)

PÀ£ÀßqÀ£Ár£À°è D£ÉUÀ½UÉ ¥Àæw¶×vÀ ¸ÁÜ£À«zÉ. KPÉAzÀgÉ gÁdgÀÄUÀ¼À PÁ®zÀ°è AiÀÄÄzÀÞPÉÌ §ºÀÄ G¥ÀAiÀÄÄPÀÛªÁzÀªÀÅ. PÁqÀÄ D£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ¨É¼ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £Á±ÀªÀiÁqÀÄwÛzÀÝªÀÅ. ºÁUÉAiÉÄÃ Hj£ÉÆ¼ÀUÉ £ÀÄVÎd£ÀgÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆ®ÄèwÛzÀÝªÀÅ. EAvÀºÀ ¸ÀAzsÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è ªÀÄzÀUÀdUÀ¼À£ÀÄß CqÀV¸À®Ä ºÉÆÃgÁr, AiÀÄÄzÀÞ PÁ®zÀ°è ºÁUÀÆ EvÀgÀ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄzÀ®Æè ºÉÆÃgÁr ªÀÄgÀtºÉÆA¢zÀ «ÃgÀgÀ §UÉÎ ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è «ªÀgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ zÉÆgÉAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. PÉ®ªÀÅ GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃqÀÄªÀÅzÁzÀgÉ 1. Qæ.±À.1407gÀ ²ªÀªÉÆUÀÎ f¯Áè PÀÄA¹ ±Á¸À£ÀzÀ°è aÃ®UËAqÀgÀ¸À JA§ÄªÀ£À ªÉÄÃ¯É D£É §AzÁUÀ D£É¬ÄAzÀ ¨ÉÆAªÀÄtÚ£ÉA§ÄªÀ£ÀÄ CªÀ£À ¥Áæt PÁ¥ÁrzÀ£ÀÄ. CzÀPÁÌV CªÀ¤UÉ aÃ®UËAqÀgÀ¸À£ÀÄ GA§½AiÀiÁV PÉgÉAiÀÄªÀ¼ÀV£À ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀÄvÁÛ£É JA§ «ಷÀAiÀÄ w½¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.(JA.J.Dgï 1923, ¸ÉÆgÀ§ 60)

• 1183gÀ «ÃgÀUÀ°è¤AzÀ ‘¥ÉÇqÀ¯ÉAiÀÄ’ JA§ÄªÀ£ÀÄ ºÀA¢AiÀÄ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ°è ‘PÀ°vÀ£ÀA ¨ÉgÀ¹ vÀ½ÛeÉzÀÄ’ ¸ÀvÀÛ£ÉAzÀÄ w½AiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ.F «ÃgÀUÀ°è£À ²®àªÀÅ ¥ÁoÀªÀ£ÀÄß «ªÀj¸ÀÄªÀ°è £ÀªÀÄUÉ £ÉgÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.«ÃgÀ£ÁzÀªÀ£ÀÄ vÀ£Àß DAiÀÄÄzsÀ¢AzÀ ºÀA¢AiÀÄ£ÀÄß w«AiÀÄÄvÁÛ£É. ºÀA¢AiÀÄÄ vÀ£Àß »AUÁ®ÄUÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É ¤AvÀÄªÀÄÄAUÁ°¤AzÀ CªÀ£À£ÀÄß JzÀÄj¸ÀÄwÛzÉ. (J.PÀ. 159,1183)

2. Qæ.±À 1810gÀ ªÀÄrPÉÃj EUÀÄÎvÀ¥Àà zÉÃªÀ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ°ègÀÄªÀ ¨É½îAiÀÄ D£É ªÉÄÃ°gÀÄªÀ ±Á¸À£ÀzÀ°è ªÀÄºÁgÁd ° AUÀgÁeÉÃAzÀæªÀqÉAiÀÄªÀgÀÄ D£É ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ°è 34 D£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉÆqÉzÀÄ PÉÆA¢gÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ 8 ¸ÀtÚ ªÀÄjUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÊ ¸ÉgÉ »rAiÀÄÄvÁÛgÉ. D£É ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ eÁÕ¥ÀPÁxÀðªÁV EUÀÄÎvÀ¥ÀàzÉÃªÀjUÉ ¨É½îD£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß M¦à¹zÀ «ಷÀAiÀÄ w½AiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. (J.PÀ.1, ªÀÄrPÉÃj 26) 3. Qæ.±À 1141 42gÀ aPÀÌªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÆj£À ºÀªÀ½î ±Á¸À£ÀzÀ°è ©nÖzÉÃªÀ PÁ®UÉÊzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄzÀ°è ¨ÉÆ¥ÀàzÉÃªÀtÚ £ÁAiÀÄPÀgÀÄ PÀAoÀªÀA PÉÆAzÀÄ, ¨É£Àß£ÉÃ §AzÀ°è ªÀÄÆrUÉgÉAiÀÄ PÁ¼ÀUÀzÀ°è vÀ½UÀ£ÁzÀ ¤ÃjAiÀÄªÁ¼ï ¥À½îAiÀÄ a£ÀßUËAqÀ D£É ¨sÀAqÁgÀ ErºÀqÀªÀ½î D£É ¨sÀAqÁgÀ »rAiÀÄ®Ä ºÉÆÃV ¸ÀvÀÛ «ಷÀAiÀÄ w½¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. (J.PÀ. 10 CgÀ¹ÃPÉgÉ 48).

ºÀA¢AiÀÄ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄrzÀ «ÃgÀgÀ §UÉÎ CxÀªÁ «zsÁ£ÀzÀ §UÉÎ «ÃgÀUÀ®ÄèUÀ½AzÀ ±Á¸À£ÀzÀ ¥ÁoÀªÀಷÉÖÃ C®èzÉÃ C£ÉÃPÀ jÃwAiÀÄ ºÀA¢ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ «ÃgÀUÀ®ÄèUÀ¼À ²®àªÀÇ zÉÆgÉAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀPÉÌ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ ¤zÀ±Àð£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ.

36 Artha | 2020-21

4. ±Á¸À£À ¸ÀAZÀAiÀÄ

¥ÀgÁªÀÄ±Àð£À UÀæAxÀUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ 2.1.£ÀgÀ¹AºÁZÁgïDgï. ±Á¸À£À¥ÀzÀåªÀÄAdj 7.6.5.4.3. PÀ®§ÄVðJA.JA. ±Á¸À£ÀªÁå¸ÀAUÀ 9.8. PÀ®§ÄVðJA.JAvÁ®ÆèQ£À zsÁgÀªÁqÀ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ 37 Artha | 2020-21

1. zsÁgÀªÁqÀ f¯ÉèAiÀÄ ±Á¸À£À ¸ÀÆa

2. zsÁgÀªÁqÀ vÁ®ÆèQ£À ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

9.

8. Selected Kannada inscriptions South India inscriptions (S.No.IV XI) of inscription (1943 1950) descriptive lists of stone copperplate inscriptions. Karnataka inscriptions

5. ±Á¸À£À ¸ÀAUÀæºÀ

Editorial Committee

7. Karnataka inscriptions

¥ÀqÉ¬ÄvÀÄ. »ÃUÉ ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ ªÀ®AiÀÄzÀ°è ««zsÀ DAiÀiÁªÀÄUÀ½zÀÄÝ, ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ DºÁgÀzÀ GzÉÝÃ±À¢AzÀ WÀ£ÀvÉ, ±ËAiÀÄðUÀ¼À gÀÆ¥À ¥ÀqÉzÀÄ £ÀAvÀgÀzÀ°è ¤Ãw ¤AiÀÄªÀÄUÀ½UÉ ¹QÌ ºÉÃUÉ £À²¸ÀÄvÁÛ §A¢ zÉ JA§ÄzÀÄ ªÀÄÄRåªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¥Àæ¸ÀÄÛvÀzÀ°è ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄÄ»A¢£À ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÀ¼ÉzÀÄ PÉÆAqÀÄ ¨ÉÃgÉAiÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉ¢zÉ. ¥Àj¸ÀgÀzÀ¸ÀªÀÄvÉÆÃ®£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÁAiÀÄÄÝPÉÆ¼ÀÄîªÀ zÀÈ¶Ö¬ÄAzÀ ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀÄÄ EAzÀÄ ¸ÀÜVvÀUÉÆArzÉ.

10.Summaries

3. «eÁ¥ÀÅgÀ f¯ÉèAiÀÄ ±Á¸À£À ¸ÀÆa

11.The

6. Epigraphic carnatica

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12.Bombay

Editorial Committee Dr. Jayappa M, Principal | Dr. Prathap, Vice Principal | Prof. Ravi H.V, Dept. of Commerce | Dr. C. S. Yatnalli, Dept. of Commerce | Dr. Shankar R, Dept. of Commerce & Management | Prof. Mohammed Nawaz, Dept. of Commerce & Management सुनीलकु मार Š Š go Ogr H m PJSm hmoVm h¡ V~ M§Xoaqgh go {gVB© n§{SV XmoZm| A_mZdr` AË`mMma H aZo bJVo h¢& EH {XZ {gVB© n§{SV Ogr H s ~hÿ na ~bmËH ma H aVo h¢& Bgr g§X^© _| g§OrdOr {bIVo h¢ '' {gVB© n§{SV Zo Am_ H s Vah {ZMmoS Smbm CgHo Jd© H mo& ""Bg Vah pñÌ`m| H m emofU Ka Am¡a ~mha XmoZm| Amoa go hmoVm h¡& "dmngr' Bg H hmZr _| \ m¡{O`m| Ûmam ñÌr emofU H s KQZm H m {MÌU {H `m J`m h¡& Bg H hmZr {_Ì Xoe Ho \ m¡Or Xoe H s hOmam| Hw _m[a`m| Ed§ `wd{V`m| H s BÁOV byQVo h¢& QmoZr Ho H¢ n _| ^r EH Km`b Am¡aV na H _m§Sa Am{\ ga Ho gmW gmW AÝ` \ m¡Or ^r ~bmËH ma H aVo h¢& BVZm hr Zht do Xwí_Z H s H¡ ån _| ^oOH a AnZo ImZo nrZo H m à~§Y H a boVo h¢& g§Ord Or {bIVo h¢ ""A\ ga H m hþŠV hþAm Cgo Bg Va\ \ m¡{O`m| Ho H¡ ån _| nhþ§M OmAm|& hm§, dhm§ go Omo {_bo Cgo boVo AmZm\& Am¡aV {nQo ~ƒ gr {KgQVr Mbr JB© Wr&'' "~rhS' H hmZr _| {gVm~m Xodr Ho _mÜ`_ go ñÌr emofU Ho ^`mdh ê n H s Amoa g§Ho V {H `m J`m h¡& H hmZr _| gmao Jm§d Ho gm_Zo {gVm~m Xodr na C§Àr Om{V Ho bmoJ ~bmËH ma H aVo h¢& AnZo na hþE AË`mMma H s ì`Wm H Wm {_{S`m go gmjmËH ma XoVo g_` {gVm~mXodr H hVr h¡ ""_oao gmW EH ZB©, H B© H B©? {g[a\ Bg{bE Z {H h_ Rhao NmoQr OmV Ho & CZHo Vbdm Zht MmQm, Jwbm_r Zht ~OmB©& {ga PwH m Ho CZHo A {V`mMma H mo ghm Zht&'' ñd`§ na hþE AË`mMma H s Amoa g§Ho V H aVr hþB© H hVr h¢'' dmo nwam Jmd§ EH Wm& nyar Om{V EH Wr& g~Ho gm_Zo h_H mo Z§Jm H aHo Kw_m`m J`m& CZHo AmX_r h_H mo Hw ÎmoH s Vah ZmoMVo aho, do NV go V_me XoI aho Wo& g~ Wo ~yTo ~ƒoo, OdmZ Am¡aV, _aX g~? {H gr Zo amoH m ZB© QmoH m ZB©&'' Bg H WZ go ñnîQ h¡ {H {gVm~m Xodr C§Mr Om{V Ho bmoJm| Ho gm_Zo {ga Zht PwH mVr, Iwem_X Zht H aVr Am¡a Jwbm_r Zht H aVr Wr& Bg ~mV H s gOm Cgo Jm§d Ho EH Om{V Ho bmoJ {_bH a H a XoVo h¡& `hm§ Om{VJV loîRVm Ho Ah_ go J«ñV gdU© {XIm`r nSVo h¢ Bg Vah H hmZr _| Cƒ dU© Ho bmoJm| Ûmam VWmH {WV {ZåZ Om{V H s ñÌr na hmoZodmbo AË`mMma H mo {XIm`m h¡& {ZîH f© ê n go H hm OmVm h¡ {H g§Ord Or Zo AnZr H hm{Z`m| _| pñÌ`m| na hmoZodmbo AË`mMma Am¡a CZHo emofU Ho {d{dY ê nm| H mo àñVwV H a emo{fV pñÌ`m| Ho à{V AnZr ñdm^m{dH g§doXZm H s A{^ì`pŠV H s h¡ VWm CZH s pñW{V H s gwYma Ho {bE AË`mMma Am¡a emofU Ho {damoY _| g§Kf© H aZo H m {Xem {ZX}em ^r {H `m h¡& g§X^© gyMr g§Ord H m H Wm gm{hË`… H Ï` Ed§ {eën am_M§Ð _méVr bmoTo OZY_u H Wm{eënr… g§nmXH Sm°.{J[ae H m{eX, Sm°. O`lr qeXo goOrd H m H Wm gm{hË`… g§doXZm Ed§ {eën aoIm Hw _mar {ÌnmRrXw{Z`m H s g~go hgrZ Am¡aV g§Ord gm{hË`H ma g_mO H m EH _hËdnwU© A§J hmoZo Ho H maU g_mO _| K{QV KQZmAm| go dh AnZo Amn H mo AbJ Zht H a gH Vm Omo KQZmE dh g_mO _| XoIVm h¡, {OZ n [apñW{V`m| H mo dh ^moJVm h¡ CÝht H m `WmW© {MÌU AnZo gm{hË` _| H aVm h¡& ^maVr` g_mO _| àm{MZ H mb go hr nwéf àYmZ g§ñH¥ {V h¡& nwéf H s VwbZm _| AmO ^r ñÌr H mo Á`mXm _hËd Zht XoVo& àm{MZ H mb _| Vmo ñÌr H mo Mma Xrdmam| Ho A§Xa hr ahZm nSVm Wm& AmO {ejm H m àMma Ed§ àgma hmoZo Ho H maU ñÌr nT {bIH a AnZo A {YH ma Ho {bE OmJ¥V hmo ahr h¡& nwéf Ho H§ Yo go H§ Ym bJmH a ha joÌ _| AnZr j_Vm {gÕ H a aht h¡& bo{H Z `h à_mU H _ h¡& àm{MZ H mb H s Vah AmO ^r ñÌr Ho à{V EH ^mom½` H s dñVw Ho ê n _| XoIm OmVm h¡& Jwbm_ H s Vah CgHo gmW ~Vm©d {H `m OmVm h¡& g§Ord Ho H hm{Z`m| _| nm[adm[aH , _mZ{gH em[a[aH Ed§ b¢{JH emofU H m {MÌU {_bVm h¡& H WmH ma g§Ord pñÌ`m| Ho à{V g§doXZmerb h¡& CZHo öX` _| pñÌ`m| 38 Artha | 2020-21

ma XoVo g_` {gVm~mXodr H hVr h¡ ""_oao gmW EH ZB©, H B© H B©? {g[a\ Bg{bE Z {H h_ Rhao NmoQr OmV Ho & CZHo Vbdm Zht MmQm, Jwbm_r Zht ~OmB©& {ga PwH m Ho CZHo A {V`mMma H mo ghm Zht&'' ñd`§

`m h¡&

~Z OmVm h¡& O_tXma M§Xoaqgh go Ogr H m PJSm hmoVm h¡ V~ M§Xoaqgh go {gVB© n§{SV XmoZm| A_mZdr` AË`mMma H aZo bJVo h¢& EH {XZ {gVB© n§{SV Ogr H s ~hÿ na ~bmËH ma H aVo h¢& Bgr g§X^© _| g§OrdOr {bIVo h¢ '' {gVB© n§{SV Zo Am_ H s Vah {ZMmoS Smbm CgHo Jd© H mo& ""Bg Vah pñÌ`m| H m emofU Ka Am¡a ~mha XmoZm| Amoa go hmoVm h¡& "dmngr' Bg H hmZr _| \ m¡{O`m| Ûmam ñÌr emofU H s KQZm H m {MÌU {H `m J`m h¡& Bg H hmZr {_Ì Xoe Ho \ m¡Or Xoe H s hOmam| Hw _m[a`m| Ed§ `wd{V`m| H s BÁOV byQVo h¢& QmoZr Ho H¢ n _| ^r EH Km`b Am¡aV na H _m§Sa Am{\ ga Ho gmW gmW AÝ` \ m¡Or ^r ~bmËH ma H aVo h¢& BVZm hr Zht do Xwí_Z H s H¡ ån _| ^oOH a AnZo ImZo nrZo H m à~§Y H a boVo h¢& g§Ord Or {bIVo h¢ ""A\ ga H m hþŠV hþAm Cgo Bg Va\ \ m¡ {O`m| Ho H¡ ån _| nhþ§M OmAm|& hm§, dhm§ go Omo {_bo Cgo boVo AmZm& Am¡aV {nQo ~ƒ gr {KgQVr Mbr JB© Wr&'' "~rhS' H hmZr _| {gVm~m Xodr Ho _mÜ`_ go ñÌr emofU Ho ^`mdh ê n H s {H `m h¡& H hmZr _| gmao Jm§d Ho gm_Zo {gVm~m Xodr na C§Àr Ho bmoJ ~bmËH ma H aVo h¢& AnZo na hþE AË`mMma H s ì`Wm H Wm {_{S`m go gmjmËH na hþE AË`mMma H s Amoa g§Ho V H aVr hþB© H hVr h¢'' dmo nwam Jmd§ EH Wm& nyar Om{V EH Wr& g~Ho gm_Zo h_H mo Z§Jm H aHo Kw_m`m J`m& CZHo AmX_r h_H mo Hw ÎmoH s Vah ZmoMVo aho, do NV go V_me XoI aho Wo& g~ Wo ~yTo ~ƒo, OdmZ Am¡aV, _aX g~? {H gr Zo amoH m ZB© QmoH m ZB©....&'' Bg H WZ go ñnîQ h¡ {H {gVm~m Xodr C§Mr Om{V Ho bmoJm| Ho gm_Zo {ga Zht PwH mVr, Iwem_X

J`m

Ho à{V gå_mZ H s ^mdZm h¡& dV©_mZ g_` _| CZna hmoZodmbo AË`mMma Am¡a emofU go n[a {MV h¡& AË`mMma Am¡a emofU H s MŠH s _| nrgVo pñÌ`m| H s {d_wpŠV Ho {bE g§Ord _| ~oM¡Zr Am¡a NQnQmhQ H m `hr H maU h¡ {H CÝhmoZo AnZr H hm{Z`m| _| pñÌ`m| na hmoZodmbo AË`mMma Am¡a CZHo emofU H mo ì`mnH ê n _| {M{ÌV {H `m h¡& g§Ord Ho H hm{Z`m| _| ñÌr emofU H m ^`mdh ê n CgHo em[a[aH emofU _| XoIm OmVm ho& "Ka Mbmo Xwbmar ~mB©' H hmZr _| Xwbmar~mB© H m emofU CgHo n[admadmbo H aVo h¡& {dYdm Xwbmar~mB© H mo AHo bm nmH a OoR VWm Xoda ^yIo {eH mar Hw Vm| H s Vah Cg na QyQ nSVo h¡& g§Ord Or {bIVo h¡ ""d¡gdmSo _| Am¡aVm| H s pñW{V eyÐm| H s Vah hr Wr&'' Bggo nVm MbVm h¢ {H ~¡gdmSo _| Am¡aVm| H mo XmgVm Ed§ bmMmar _| AnZm OrdZ ì` {VV H aZm nSVm h¡& Bg Vah pñÌ`m| H m emofU Z Ho db ~mhar g_mO Ho bmoJ H aVo h¢ ~pëH n[adma Ho bmoJ ^r H aVo h¢& "Ogr ~hÿ' H hmZr _| ^r ñÌr emofU Ho {KZm¡Zo ê n H m {MÌU {_bVm h¡& H hmZr _| Ogr H m_ Ho {gb {gb go Xya Jm§d Mbm OmVm h¡& Ogr H s ~hÿ Ka _| AHo br ahVr ho BgH m ñdm^r_mZ gdUm} Ho {bE MwZm¡VrnyU©

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gyMr 1. g§Ord H m H Wm gm{hË`… H Ï` Ed§ {eën am_M§Ð _méVr bmoTo 2. OZY_u H Wm{eënr… g§nmXH Sm°.{J[ae H m{eX, Sm°. O`lr qeXo 3. goOrd H m H Wm gm{hË`… g§doXZm Ed§ {eën aoIm Hw _mar {ÌnmRr 4. Xw{Z`m H s g~go hgrZ Am¡aV g§Ord 39 Artha | 2020-21

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Editorial Committee

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Zht H aVr Am¡a Jwbm_r Zht H aVr Wr & Bg ~mV H s gOm Cgo Jm§d Ho EH Om{V Ho bmoJ {_bH a H a XoVo h¡& `hm§ Om{VJV loîRVm Ho Ah_ go J«ñV gdU© {XIm`r nSVo h¢ Bg Vah H hmZr _| Cƒ dU© Ho bmoJm| Ûmam VWmH {WV {ZåZ Om{V H s ñÌr na hmoZodmbo AË`mMma H mo {XIm`m h¡& {ZîH f© ê n go H hm OmVm h¡ {H g§Ord Or Zo AnZr H hm{Z`m| _| pñÌ`m| na hmoZodmbo AË`mMma Am¡a CZHo emofU Ho {d{dY ê nm| H mo àñVwV H a emo{fV pñÌ`m| Ho à{V g§doXZm H s A{^ì`p H VWm CZH pñW{V H s gwYma emofU Ho {damoY H aZo H {Xem {ZX}em {H

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#12,AnnaSwamyMudaliarRoad(OppositeUlsoorLake)Bengaluru 560042 080 48533572 | principal.fgc@rbanmscharities.in multiAindisciplinaryjournalresearchhouseIIIIssue

In all RBANM Institutions, we want a partnership between the institution and the parents to make sure that all children can realize their true potential. The system in our institutions enables our teachers to take children under their wing and through our curricular and extra curricular programs transform them into capable and responsible citizens of our country.

About RBANMS FirstCollegeGrade

A student’s achievement is largely due to the culture at home. Respect, humility, honesty, sincerity, loyalty, and citizenship to our institution, family, and country is fundamental. Students’ pride in their institution is correlated to their attitude towards their teachers.

2020-2021

Our founder embarked on his vision of social regeneration, providing for all classes and castes in education, social welfare, and religion. The college is the fulfillment of our founder's vision. In its three decades of service, the FGC has made significant progress in education.

At RBANM’s institution, we strongly believe that all children are born equal. We also believe that each one is blessed with a special talent. Students' attitudes and habits at home and in institution environments combine in unique ways to shape your personality and enable you to realize your full potential. Parents, the institution and you will have to work in harmony to make you the best that you can become.

RBANM’s First Grade College (FGC) was established by RBANM’s Educational Charities in 1983 to cater to the educational needs of the fast growing modern and tech city of Bengaluru. RBANM’s FGC is one of the institutions established under the umbrella of RBANM’s Educational Charities founded 148 years ago in 1873 by Dharmarathnakara Rai Bahadur Arcot Narrainswamy Mudaliar.

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