ศาสนาคริสต์ by tawan jeadsadanan

! " 290 ISBN 974+90420+8-5

/ 0 Nihil Obstat Imprimatur

/ 9 : ; 9 <= , Censor deputatus H / I = J H! 0< 9 J H K = 13 N = . . 1986

/Q < 2 T: 9

R = 2545/2002 2,000

T/ U =

!" # $% 57 V.U = W / " 10500 U 0-2237-5276 U 0-2233-8159

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T/ T: =

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U : 9 = /=! /Q YQ 0< . . 2520 U = 9/ R J H 0< H / Z T = 9 = /=! K : < [ Y Q H : J H 9= < ! /Q < T : U= = H9 ! <TH : 9= 9 H 9 T = Z T/ : < [ U = H " TH T / 0 9 \ 0< : < 9T [ ] / : / 0 J H / 0 J H Y N < T = 9 = /=! 0< T T/ Z < 9 \ H H " 9 W 9 ] / / 0 / 9 [ 0 THK / Z ^ H / 0 <K / 9/ U = : / 9 = /=! / 0 U = T = . J_ < 9 \ H H : Z K / 9/

J_ 0< H = J_ 0< / ! < J_ J H 9 H9 R 9 VY< R R = 9= J` / [ =Z 9 J_ R / H 9 J_ 9 [ =Z a b HT 9 ;; J_ J_ =Z= 9 < 0< U= JcT T / / J_ Y< =9 J H H / ! 9 9 [ JcTT / H 0 / [ 0 [ 9 J_ < =/ R T: / = Z J H9/ N = < J H 9 W 9 K Z < < = 0Q = < 9 H 9 < KJ de 0 < < = YQ Z 9 J_ T de K J_ / [ < TH =/< RY de W = /9 J_ 9 J = K / H T Z 9 R 9 9 f$ , - . , ( / #0 #0 ( / 1 g T = / 0 Q J_ 9 = = <THZ [ 0Q ^ 9 0< Q VY< K /\ YQ Z J H9/ < 9 = 9 . , ! J_ 0< = H : / 9 R =9 <TH = H = /Q / 0 Q TY J_ = 9 H Q : 0< 9 ZT 0Q : / < 9 9 H 9 ZT <=9 / /Q T 0Q ^ 9 0< = J_ J H H 9 9 ZT <K U Y N J_ J H < 9= Q 0Q 0 /Q TY <=9 / =U / 0Q ^ 9 0< H 9 = 9 <TH = = / 0 Q H Z / N H Q T < 9 =/ / 0 / N H Q < J_ [ N K = 0 = W J_ 0< ] H < HT/ HT =Z < h = 9 Y N H : 9 ZT H : 0< U= J H W 0< h 9= / U = ] H / Y N <K K / R0 H Y N 0< Q Jc; = = Z < J_ = 0 H /< 9 /<9KJVY< ZT Y N W Jc ; Q / = K W / 0 Q K RZ 0 : K / Q R 9=Z W [ 9 = [ K Z H / Y< WR0 9 = K Je = <9 K9 9 5

/ ZT < : /;Z = / 0 Q T 9 9 0Q ^ VY< J_ 9 0Q ^ Z 9 = /=! 0Q 9 Q 9 Y< < <=9 / VY< = J_ / = 9 < K Jc; = 9 Q J_ = U = ] H < = K R 0< 0Q Z J_ < ZTK = : / / Y N 9 Z ; VY< K K / R0 Q 9 U / 0 Q TY T J H Q J_ : /; H /Q ZTTHZ / Y N K J H = 0< = WT 9 WZ /= 9 TH 9=K = Z HK R : Z 0Q h H / H /Q 9 QK = K W / Y N THK J HU= K W =Z 9 < <=9 VY< TH : Z J H /Q W 9/ <THZ / 0 Q 9 Z 9 ZT H 9 9 0 H 9 h = < YQ 0< Z J_ 0Q ^ 9 H / < /

9 < J_ = Z TH T / 0 Q 0 9 / 9 VY< = K / T < Z ; T = T =VY< K R = T 9 ;; 9 0< 9 H 9 ZTVY< = K = = R = KJ / 0 Q : ; 9 < = < K Z : H : H 9T ] / 9 H Z h J_ 9 / =

' 1 1 .3 0 1 1. J H9/ 9 2. J H H T 3. T = J 4. / ! /;; V = 5. /\ J H9/ 6. J H 7. H = 8. J : / N H ] H 2 . 5 1 $ , 6( 9. [ 9 / 10. / H =V 11. J^ 9/= 12. < 13. T H =V 14. 15. /;;/ : /; < 16. / 17. / 0 H 18. WT 9 3 # ! $ , - 7

19. J H < = V W 20. V J 21. J H 22. J H < U J < 1 2 $ 8 1 9 23. J HT: T/ 24. / ! / ; 25. 9 26. 99 = H / 9 0< 27. : < 28. : ! 29. : 9 30. Jj T = 2 # / # . 31. = = 32. 9 J_ T/ 33. T/ / T/ 34. T/ / H / HJ J 35. 9 R 9 36. /\ 9 37. Y N J / ; H 99 = 3 # ! . !. 38. J <= J = Z 8

39. J` JUJ 40. J` J 41. = H= 0 Jc;; 42. = / 0 YQ 43. = =U / Z J H K = 44. = =UJ Z J H K =

4 # 45. /^9 / 46. [ / Z 9 N < 19 47. / = 9 / < J < 2 3 $ , ; 1 1 /-$ < = 48. 9 = H J H 49. / 0 / k ! k 50. ZT H T 51. 9 2 $ '' 52. / 0 53. / 0 J H9/ 54. / 0 J ; 55. / 0 J H 3 $ '' / 9

56. H9 57. / 0 T / 9 58. T = V J 59. T = 9 0< h 60. / 0 H9 9 J < 3 4 # 1 > #0 61. U 62. N= 63. 9 N= 64. 9 65. N= / 2 66. : T /^ 67. a = 68. [ 69. 70. / = /

71. Jc 72. / Z

73. /;;/ 9 / 74. /;;/ J H 3 #* 75. 9 10

76. 9 V0< / = 77. J ; 78. 9 0< 79. 9 9/ 80. 9 [ J < 4 5 # 1 81. 9 = 82. 9 ! 83. H / [ HJ H 84. J H= 2 $ , 6( 85. / J_ N= 86. J_ H T H N= 87. H 88. H J_ T 89. H / H [ 3 $ , - 90. H T/ / T/ H T 91. J H H T 92. H = H 93. H T/ Y< =9 / k ! k H 0 0< T / 9 94. / I[ < 0 <

4 @ @ 95. 9 J_ H 9 = 96. J 97. 98. : / 99. [/= J 100. 101. 102. T K 103. ! HK = 104. H N J < 5 ; " : 99 = Z U < 0<

= J V = HJ K 0 < 9 T = Jl

U / ! /;; (The world of the Old Testament)

A .3 0 1 1. . , ! (History of Salvation) 9 0< 9 K K < < J ` H =V < T 9 / / ! H 9 H T / N= / U 9 HTHKJT Q = 0< U TH Q KJ 0< fde Z H Z g YQ J ` H =V J_ : /; < Z J H9/ 9 Q H H : Z f / ! /;; g (Covenant) H 9 H T / N= U = Jj = /T! <TH : N= KJ 9 0 /= Y< : N= KJ H T / ! /;; Q =RY /;; H 9 H T / N= VY< < / N= H / : /; = 9 /Q / < H T 0 0 H T /;; 9 TH 9=Z N= HK / 9 / Z < R N= V0< / = HJ` / a /;;/

H T TH J_ f /;; g / 9 H T / N = W J_ f g / Z J H9/ 9 Q fZ H T K / N U = J H =9 H H =9 ! /Q RY /= Q / J_ 9 H = H K / U = H g (u 1:1-2)1 VY< =RY H =V T Q H T =/ f / g / N= H = Z 9 9 / KJZ J H9/ 9 Q 9= 9 0< / 9 9 TY 9 9/\ Z ^ H < J_ 9 : /; 9 Y< Z J H9/ 9 VY< KJRY J H9/ N=

/Q 9= U =R0 9 H T J_ Z : N = H J_ T = = <

/ = J_ H T = Z H / [ K VY< J_ / 0 <9 9= 9 / / ! H 9 H T / N= 0 J_

f g H 9 /Q

N= : / /\ KJ H T / / 0< h <K Z 9=9 ! h N= K 9 TH / R0 Z 0 / ! 9 0< Z W RKJ 9 K 0 / 2

2. . ,& 1 $ , - (People of God) J H9/ 9 Z 9 J ` H =V K J_ 2 < : /; 0 9 J H9/ VY< =RY 0< < / Y K9 Z / 0 / [ K 11 / U RY Y Q H[ N h Z U H 9 :

VY< < T < H T = N Y< 0< / u/ Z HR < ^ Z < Q: = d HK < 0< 9 U UJ = f ! " # g (J^ 12:1-2) / 9 Q 0 / VY< J_ R < < = 9 Z JcTT / < 0 : J H < H T 0 0 J H H T 0< 9Z H / [ K T 9 < QR0 K 9 J_ J H9/ <K / =0 =/ J_ 9 Z ; T / ^ U 0 T /9 / [ K / u/ J_ 9 Y< < = Z U UJ = 0< J H 9 N < 18 . . / u/ J_ /9 H Z ; H Y< 9 H / 9 Q= KJ 9 < < =9 / H H 0< h Z = /Q / u/ J` / /; H T VY< / = / H T Z / R0 H T h < == / / R0 H T R J / ! /;; / / u/ / : /;; H : 9= H N Q K 0< 9 J_ H < 0< Z H T / < H T K / / U 9 f J_ H T N J_ H T / u/ H T / H H T = U g ( = 3:6) / J_ / u/ = U J_ / /Q K / : 9= T H T =9 / / u/ HK 0 9 0< Z H T = /< = U = 12 VY< R0 / 9 J_ : 12

/9 < 90-93 0< H T/ H : / = 9 / <

H Q = 9 KJ = J H = J W K / 9 = : HR Z / TY Q / R <

3. - . (Exodus) / u/ T: 9 K = H J_ : /;T 9 = J K = Z KJ =h H T /< Z U : fJ H g H Z T J_ 9 = J U = Jj = H Z U 9 H 0 H T 9 H /Q U VY< J_ 9 K / Q= T ! d U ; KJ = Z < J <= 93 U / 0 H Z d U J = 9 THK / [/= / / RY ;

H T d U W K = = K T H /< /Q =U K /< Z 9 = /9 = U =I H 0 <J H H9 Z 0 /Q 9 H T TH f g KJ h Z <K 0 H <J H 9 H T WTH KJI /9Jz /Q T /Q Z 9 / J H 0Q H / Jc K 0Q 9 VY< W K J_ KJ /Q = < d U W= = J = 9 U K : 9 / U = 0 V =VY< J_ < : K 0 0< H H VY< Z 9 /Q J_ R < < = J H Je J = =KJ ={c| J_ = <TH{} dc KJK H /Q 9 = J W=/ K 9 KJT H /< RY H 9= : T H T U K = Q: T / : Z 9 H KJK = J [/= 9 9 = J /Q T Q: =KJ /Q / T = J / J_ < : /;= < : / J H9/ 9 J_ T 9 J_ KJ 9 J_ K T 9 =KJ 9 /Q QU = < 9 H T f g KJ K9 9 9 H < 9 f g H 9= 9 9= 0

H T 9 TY : ] Jz 0< H Y RY / 9 ] Q = 9

H / [ K RY = = < = J : 9 U = = = 9 K Z < T: 9 YQ U TY :

Z H KJ Q: T ! d U H : KJ Q= K9 U U YQ W=/ : Y 9 J_ W 9 = J : / : = 9 TY KJ : = 9 = J /Q T RY 9 = H T 0 KJ

Jc VY< =RY f g /< TH / J H 0Q H / Jc K 0Q 0 / < /Q Y< N 9 K H : 4

4. $ '' ! 6 (Alliance of Sinai) J H / 9 9 T J H = J Z 9 N < 15 0 13 . . HZ 9 = / 40 Jz5 H 9 Q < 9 K < T/ H T N /Q Y< / [ K RY Z < J <=9 0 H = VY< 9 T K Z [ J H < = K ; H Q: = = K H 0< : HJ = K W 9 K / 9 : = /Q WZ Y RY 9 < = J H T WK K Q 9 = Z 9 T 9 99 fK Z = < Z ; = Z W TH H T = Z / < H= 9 H T R = Z g (]! 4:7) T J H = J J_ T < J H9/ J H < H T 0 0 Q 0< H T R J / ! /;; / 9 <[ V = H T = < : /; J H9/ 9 Z / 9 0 Z J_ = / WT H = 6 VY< TH WT 9= N= Z / 0< T J /Q Q 9 J` / /;;/ H a b h < H =U = U H : /;;/ 10 J H / Q ..

! "# $% ! & '()& *

#&+ !& , '

/Q Q J_ 9 Y< / ! /;; Z / ! /;; Z W ] =9 / 9 / 0< H :

! / 9 J_ ] /= H H 9 = H J <TH J_ H W J_ H = H HU H /9 < 97 5

/9 40 Z / ! /;; H / ! /;; Z J_ /9 /; / N T =RY H=H 9 <= 9 Z Q =RY /<9 = h Y<

H KR < H T 0 Z H : < N f ;g

- $ . / , ( 0 $% (1 ! " 2 , ! " 22 , ! ( ( , , 3 ( = 20:3-17) / [ K 0< ! R J / ! /;; K9 9 " ! ( (' 4 , 0 0 5 # 6 ' , 7 , +( !65 ( 5& , + #7 & &! $% # +( (7 &! / , & , 5 ' 5 & - $% /6 / !65 + - " + 0 0 $% 9 #&!65 " 5 + ! +( !65 , ) :: , 7 $ 5 ;< $ 5 # ! '

5 ;< + $>&!#&# ( 0 0 # ' " 4 5 $ $ 5 ' " &#+ ) :: ( 0 0( (4 !( # 7(7 3 ( = 24:4-8) 9= / N H / ! /;; / 9 9 0< 9 9 J_ / k ! k J_ = 9 H T/ < H =V T H /Q YQ = Q 9 RY 9 / / ! / Z H 9 H T / N = VY< 9 Z ; TH 9=[ N < J_ f ! N^ g7 H= 9 f / g f 9 g fU !g f T] g " " VY< QZ W U / < [ < < = H YQ K 9 TH 0 =THR 0< U= 9 / / ! / H T 8 R V0< / = HJ` / a /;;/

H WTHK H K J` / W THK / U N 9 H=H 9 < / < H T /;; 9 W R f g U =K / f /Q < H J` ; 9 THZ 7 8

: ! = 0< QU = = Z [ 9 !- Z / H ! ( : / = 9 , 2527), 338-350 J_ 0< = < Z Jc TT / VY< = Z / / =Z TH ZT 0< Q T 9 R 9 <=/ = Z / J^

(Primitive Society) WTH / N H < = / Q 0< 9 =/ / / ! / : T 0 !

9 Z / ! /;; Z H =V TH J <= / H Q 9 T: 9 K = W=/ 0< Q T : Z 9 /9 ;

H T <TH : < 9= 9 / / < H =V T

N 0< /Q ==Y 9 W KJ /Q 0 = < /< H H T J H Z 9 Â&#x20AC; < / = VY< H T /;; J H /Q W K / < =9 : WT /Q Q g (= 9 23:43-45) /Q Q WK K = 9 9 = TH : KJ = / H 9 WK K V0< / = H T KJ Q : KJ 9= 9 9/ 9 / 9/ H = TH WT / / [ < R 9

5. $ 8 . , 9 R=Y / K J H Jz 1250 RY 1200 . . T /Q W J_ J_ H U =K : T 9 = W : VY< J_ <= / / 9 J_ 0 : T / ! T U HT H T 9 = : Q9 f 9 T]/=g (Judge) = <TH J <= KJ H ! JK = 0 V VY< H T =Z J_ /Q N/ = 0 V / [ K 9 J_ 9 9 < = N/ = H W 9 0< h W / 9 ! /Q : /;Z /= /Q W 0 U 0 T 9= Q: / < NH VY< R0 J` /

/ Z ! h 9=10 V WK / ! /Q / 9 VY< J H 9 = Z J = 9 N < 11 . . N/ = V = K K N/ = 9 WK YQ = / J_ / /= < 0 HK / 9RY < Z / [ K 11 N/ = 9 R 9 9 h 9= / U = ] H 9 Z ; < = : T / = 0 / = = J_ T/ Y< =9 VY< TH 9 : /; Z 9 0< 0< T/ H T H H =V J_ T / = J_ 0 0Q = T 9 HTH J_ R J T/ Z N/ = 9 TTHK Z N/ = <= < Z ; < <K / 9RY < H J_ <= / 9 J_ N/ = : /; < W H J_ < 9 / / ! / Y VYQ / H- T J T/ <=/ K [ H Y J_ 0< <= = < f 10 11

9 / J H Q HZ Z ! h U = ] H J : / T K H 9 = : 9 f 0 g Z < Q T T 9 / / ! H 9 H T / 9 9 J_ N/ = < H T UJ

J < Z fU g 9 =/ N/ = 0< h < : 9 0 9 9

9 : HK W : WT J H H H T R = / g (1V 18:14) H T R J / ! / ; ; / 9 / ! / ; ; < = < Z ; HTH = / (2V 23:1-5) f 9 T H T/ T TH : = T = /< J_ = H / / T THR R J K9 J_ = g (2V 8:16) V U U Y< 9 K = 0 H : /;Z J H9/ 9 THK 12 N/ = V U H9 < = V W 0< W ! /;;/ VY< K / 0 N 0 U Q / 9 W / N K9 Z W VY< R0 9 J_ < < H T R = 9 Q R : =KJ / = V W Z Jz 587 U = 9 U = VY< =RY J H < =Jz / T / /= V U / J_ Q J Z H ! JK = Q T/ VY< == < Z ; 9 R 9 KJ J_ = HT/ HT =KJ=/ R < < 0< h H= = J_ 0 YQ U 9 < = V W / J_ R / < : /;= < Z 9 9 H 9 < R T/ J_ = 9 WU = 9 / / k ! k Z Jz 538 N/ = KV / K 0 < <K =Y KJT H9 H ; Z 9 YQ Z 9 TY 9 / /Q = h = V W : Z H9 VY< K / [ N Z Jz 515 J_ = 9 T /Q 9 Z Jz 445 = 9 N/ = U =K : = V W T /Q K 9 0 / VY< J_ : 9 : J` J H / VY< J_ 0Q ^ = = 0

6. . , (Prophet) 0< T 9 U / < J_ [ 0< U= 9 / 9 0< Z H T TY J_ = <TH = 0< T 0< 0 0< N^ TT 0< / H 9/\ ! /;;/ 10 J H H a b h <K / YQ /Q /=U J_ 9 : 9 U =K = 9 HK J_ a HK J_ a / 12

N/ = V U K / 9RY Z ^ H < J ; H T VY< K T H / 9 9=

9 <= ! / ; VY< W 9 J_ W =9 / H ; Y< / =TY = K Y< 0< N/ = /< Z W J_ 9 TY K 9 ; K J_ < ( 1 N 3:16-28)

H /Q W Z / W < / KJ J H [ VY< < : /; Z /< / 0 HZ Y N 9 0 H I J H H / J ; K 9 TH <=9 / 0< / 0 0 K 9 TH J_ 0< 9 /9 0 0< 9 9 : H T QTH 0Q ^ = 9 0< Z H T H /;;/

H Z < QTH 9RY J H /Q H 9 : /; < Z 9 0< 9 0< T <=9 / WT H =V U = U = /<9KJ / ZT9 Prophet =RY = 9 VY< WK = = =9 Z J H9/ 9 Prophet < 9 /Q J_ < 9 / / ! = Z / H T : <J H < < H T /< H / 0 Z 9 V0< / = H T 9= QTY TH J 9 fJ H g VY< J H T H T /Q < <=9 / JcTT / H 9= Q J H = TY K f = g h <TH YQ Z 9=13 Z 9 = < 9 J H 0 / u/ 14 H W J_ J H H9 T

H T J_ Z H / RY / ! H T H H T W / dc : ! N^ /Q Q W J_ / N H : /; J H KJ W 0 U VY< K / = = / T K RY 9 f /Q /Q K = J H Z YQ Z 0 U < H= 9 T/ J_ 9 /9g (]! 34:10) T Q=/ J H Z = 9 T]/= VY< K J_ < T/ Z / J H Z 9 = < YQ Z = < J U = N/ = < T V VY< J_ : = 9 T]/= H J_ J H Z = N/ = V H 9 J H W= / < H J H V fV U YQ H H T R / Z 9 T KJ J : =9 /Q RY W 9 V K / /Q Z J_ = H9T H H T g (1V 3:19-20)

J H = < <TH YQ / Z H=H / Z U = ] H < J_ = 0< J_ 0 9 9 / ZT TTH

K K / [/= /Q 0 K / = 9 0< < = H=HK 0 0< H = H T/ H T 14

VY< R0 9 J_ J` / H /; H T = V0< / = = K W / ! /;; W = /

u/ 9 J H = /Q Y< fT 0 ; /Q Z R J_ J H ...g (J^ 20:7)

/ V VY< 9 = Z 9 N < 11 T RY 9 N < 8 J H = < : /; HK / 9RY 0 ! 9 0 9 Z 9 15 H J_ Z : J Y N / 9 Z 0< h /Q < <=9 / 0 H / H 9 9 N < 8 RY 9 N < 5 R0 K 9 J_ = J H H

= 0 / 0 < <=9 / : /< Q16 / K 16 U = J_ 2 = 9 Z ; = 4 0 = = = = H = < = 9 W = 12 0 U Uu = dc = uH u U= U u/ /= U= = J H THK / 0 T H T U = 9 / / ! / H T Z / N HZ / N H Y< / V 0< < : <J H f 9 H9 ;;

H T TH R / = H TH = H9T H / /Q J <= J_ H 0< = : /; Q 9 T H : HK U R H H T R / g (1V 10:6-7) 0Q : J H <=9 / R / Z = /= 9 = Z 9 <K = Z = < 9 H : : Z 0< J_ J H H T TY /Q / 0 U N HJ U= /Q = VY< H T TH H : < : /; 0 d d T/ WT H -= 9 9 /< /< H : T : Z 9 9 9/ H=Y /< Z 9 / / ! / H T = K W : /< H = 9 Y< K K T = = : / 9 /Q KJRY J H9/ 9 /Q VY< =/ K T 9 TH Q U 0< Q YQ = / 9 = VY< K 9RY WT H = K9 9 J H Z K J H H T 9 f R TH de 9 Z H U Z H < /Q THK T: 0 Y K T 0< H J J k J_ = Z < VY< YQ .. TH J J k 9= = V W H 0< 9=

9 W [ = = Y< W = K J_ TY Z = /Q KJ Z 9 T = 9 TY K [ =

J_ 16

VY< = U = 0 N= 0 0< VY< = Z

THK K = = K Z 0 /Q H = 9; Z /Q THK g ( = 65:1720) T /< 9 J H =/ : < / T = Z H T 0< J_ =0 =/ 9 T J H 0< QK Z < < : /; HJ `Z / [ K 9 J H = W R : K =9 /

7. $ , (Messiah) Q 0< 9 = Z = /= 0 / 0< h < < W 0 9 0< Z H T =9 (Monotheism) H 0< h W H T =h = J 0< 9 H T TH 9= 0 Z [/= / h H : Z 9 J_ <= < Z ; / = U 0< K T/ H T 9 W = 9= 9 9/ Z J` / 9 9/ 9 H T TH f ;g < = / 9 = 9= 9 Y Q Z = 9 X U = ] H 0< HR Y =Y 0 HT/ KJ J_ = 9 Z ; < Z 9 9/ HJ H 0< H = 0 J H H - = 4 / N H : /; 0 ) $ , 0 J H / TH J = H = J_ 9 Z f H T T U=! / 9 Z 9/ /Q TH YQ 0 TH / T = H TH H / ! H = H THK : Z J_ / Z /Q =TH J / H= 9 H T /Q = H 9 H /Q = VY< THZ 0< g (= 30:8-9) H = TH : T 0 U ( = 11:10) J H TH KJT N/ = /Q J9 H H THK Z : / H / TH Z / H 9 <= ! ( = 9:5-6) H TH / Z W h 0< ! uW ( 5:1) TH WT 9 H U =J H / / ( = 9:9) J_ T / = : J H H Z / Z H T 1) $ , . , 0< T J H J_ < = < Z J_ J H H9T H H T H 0< TY K J_ 0< < J < H = TH / N H J H 9= U =R0 9 J_ J H = < Z ; < J_ = / Z H= 9 ( = 42:1-4, 49:1-6) /Q K / J = = 24

/ U 0 = HJ H / QK / 0 T H T /Q = Z [ H = J H THR J H R H = = T H /< R J H 0 H = TH = K / U HTH Jz|= KJ 9= HT H T H : J H H T KJ 9 U = H 9 J_ ) $ , $ , ) 0< T H I Z 9 : / ;K =KJ 9 J H H = TY K / = / 9 9= / H K / J = = / V J_ N/ = H H I Z 9 =9 / ( 109:10) 0 / U= 9 : 9 / < H T /;; U= 9 J_ /Q : H I 0 T U ) $ , ! , # (Apocalyptic Messiah) H 9 9 N H / 9 9 0< 9 T/ H T TH T 0Q J H = 9RY 0< Q 9 f Y< 0 N = / I 9 . . T/ J_ T/ / VY< THK Q KJ H J_ <THK R : = =g ( 7:13-14) 9 0< <=9 / 0< QTHK / 0 Z / ! /;; Z = / T /

8. 1 #. : 0*, H$ ,1 J H9/ < H =V THJ ` K / = / T 9 9 K Z J_ = f = g /Q /Q R0 9 J_ 9 < : /; 9 Y< J H9/ 9 /Q = =9 TH W K 9 K 0 J H < : /; Z 0< K /Q J_ 0 < = 9 f T/ g (Christianity) Z 9 U = T J / N H ] H K / Q ) ! $ , (Messianism) T / N H /<9KJ < 0 /

0< h 0< 9 9 N= T J < K H : 9 T 9 TY =RY J J 0Q Z ! k H 9 0 9 QTH YQ Z J H9/ U = H T TH H = 9= 1) I . , (Sense of History) 9 9 : Y Z J H9/ < 0< / U T H /< RY : H9 9/\

h < K9 TY 9 0< H / / ! / J H9/ < T H T 25

: KJ / H T HTH Q < H T J_ J H9/ 9 / / ! H 9 H T / N= VY< f g / Z / N H h ) (Monotheism) 9 0< Z H T =9 H 9 / / ! = Y VYQ / H JcTT / H H T = R 0< U= KJ 9 0< Z H T Q ) $ , - 1 $ , - (The Word of God) 9 / / ! H 9 H T / N= : KJ 9= < N= / H T / U = HU = h ? + & ;@ 0 + !( +# +/ & " (4 ! & / + +# 4 1 + /6 + + /6 & A 4 , B $ $ ,

! 6 $ +#

C()&*/ B ' + & B 5 $(4 7 4 &:, 7 A 7 3 ( = 55:10-11) -) J H T = Z / J H H U = H9 T HU = a b h VY< /Q /;;/ (10 J H ) H a = 0< h = VY< 9 J` / = / H 0< 9 T H T H =RY RY 9 V0< / = H) . & ' * (Wisdom) J_ : < RY 9 0< 9 H T J H / = Z J H9/ H / 9 9 H 9 RZ h 9 T H Q /Q Q

K . 5 1 $ , 6( J H9/ 9 VY< < T U 0< H T R J 9 / / ! / N= K /\ YQ J_ / / H Jj = /T! <=9 / H <=9 / U H N= U = U = J H : H h <

YQ / Q Jj = /T! RY /Q 0< H =V J ` /Q Q H K Z 0< Jj = /T! H WT U = H 0 H =V 9 T H : /< H J_ f 9 T H 9 g VY< : N= KJ 9

9. ; * K : H =V T/ U / K < = = : TKJ H = KJ 0 T T H / X N H H9/ ] = 0 T Q: J K (VY< 9 RY / ) W = Z U / 9= / 9 QK 9 : /; 9U / / 9 TH 9 J J K W [ 9 = K W 9 = = Q 9 R 0< K [ 0 U = 9/ = 9 H T TH H

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= /9 KJ /Q Z J` / a =J H = / 9 Q = 9 V (Essene) J_ = = 9 0< h 9= / 9 ! [ =Z / = = Z J <= J T [ =Z / 9 Q = 9 9 (Anavim) H =V T/ = Z / Q T /Q =/ W = = 9 V/ 0 < Jj / 9/\ ! H 9 / 9 J H T /\ YQ J_ 0 9 d 0 < / /;;/ H a b J H K = KJ = J_ < T/ H / [ H : /Q = H = = /< / 0 9 /Q J H H T/ <K J` / J H QK / 9RY = /Q Z 9 H =V 9 0< 9 J` / a b J H = / /9 / N = =9 TH J_ / J H / 9 THK / 9 9 d ! J` / J H Z / J_ =

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K / Y 9/ 0 Jz < / < H =V / 9/ < 25 !/ 9 /Q R : YQ [ = / ( 0< Z ] ] VY< : / 9 9 = 9 H Y RY H J_ 9 9 Z [ T KR J H =V VY< < T : H ) : / Jz : K Z Jz < 1 9 N < 1 H / J` / ^ h : Z 0< 9 TH J_ Jz < 3 0 4 . . 9 = H = <=9 / / HJ^ 9/= H =V / Y K9 Z H9 (The Gospels) = /Q < 9 = U= 0Q = N T / u/ = =9 0< Z W 9 H =V 0 H T 28

H N/ = 9 T /Q TY 0< / H =V T H = VY< [ 9= : T H T 9 U T = T h / KJ {e U = 0< 9 J_ N/ = Z 9 N/ = uU TH = / / TY /< Z J H < ! u VY< J_ < < H =V / / ! 9 = H9 ] / Q : / 9 <= / H =V [ = / TY 0< 9 < RY 9 = < Z ; H =V J_ f N/ =g Z ( 0< / H =V U =Z = H = < / N H f /; g 9 < 9= : = h = H = <=9 / H = KJ = <= ; / Z RQ: Q= / 9 9 H Q= H / KJ / 0< T / [ K K Z / 0 J H9/ Z 9 = 9 Z JcTT / J_ / Y J H 9 0< / /= U J_ T RY 9 H =V 0< - 9 h < < = 9 / / HJ^ 9/ = H =V TY K / 9 17 f g (Message) < J_ f g 0< Q 0 / H =V H T H H- = < J H K J H H : =K9 J_ f / g (Event) < : /; < Z J H9/ 9 = H = 0< h J_ J H 0< Z f T g Z / Q

11. .= H =V U < V W 0 W h Z 9 9 /<9KJ T/ H Z ^ H = HU= Vd18 J_ K J_ 0 /<9KJ H =V WJ H J_ K =9 / ( 6:3) J_ 9 R 9 < = = J ` H =V H T Z / N H <V Z [ 9 Q W J_ 9 ! Y< < H T Jj = /T! H Z 9 R 9 J H VY< QZ W 9 : /; H 9 = 9/\ ! Z 9= Q 9 TY R0 /9 H =V J_

9 The Gospel of Infancy =/ K K / / T H T/ R 9 9 0< 9 / H Z

H9 / ! 9 H /Q J_ f : g /Q VY< W < 9 /Q 18

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TY / = J_ [ = J H H T/ R0 9 U= Vd J_ f Q= g H =V J_ = f g

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U K = H = 0< h <=9 / 9 <V < V W T =9VY< K / Y K9 0< H =V H = K 12 N K KJ] H9 VY< J_ J HT: Jz < = V W 0< WT ] 9J `9 H =V K K 9 / H- = HU= Vd <=9 9/ f /Q TY H Z H9 : / /< = T = dc HK R 9 g ( 2:46) 0< H = R 9 : K J =Z RY 9/ H =V 9 f : K K 0 9 = Z H ?g ( 2:49) VY< =RY H T 19 H9 QZ W J_ = / Y J^ 9/= H =V 9 TH J_ < T/ Z ^ H f /; g H J_ H T H[ H : /; < H = /Q < : HJ^ 9/= 9 /< 0< H = K 30 N J_ /Q Y< < : /; /Q K Z <

12. H9 0< < 9 < Jj = H =V 9= / ! T = / 20 J H Z 9 / ZT H = / WT H T VY< Z TH RY 9 K 0< = : /; de VY< RY < <= K J H K9 H = / 9 f T J_ < / J_ <UJ J g ( 1:11) 9 Q / / ! / < <J H = K J H K9 <=9 / H = J_ / Z H T 9 fT / Z VY< 0 VY< ZT Jj = g ( = 42:1)

H9 KJ9 /Q HK K ZT : 9 /Q Z /Q K ZT / T < H K / 0 H 9

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T/ H T /Q [ N < H =V Z J_ [ N f! g < f = =g 9 T /Q H =V =/ K J_ J = = = VY< 9 Z ; TH <=9 / 0< T/ H T / Z < 13 / ! 9 0< 9 0 0< 9 H 0< W 0 0< 0Q Jc f H =V T / 0< /Q Q J H J_ J H K / < Z / U =K Z J g ( ! 13:34)

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/Q : h 9= < 0 < 9 = = h VY< 9 = < YQ Z = Z 9 =9 / : W : T / H 0 9= : TZ / 9 h 9 0 / {} =J /^Z f J} R0< g (Barbarians) T 0 Z 9 N < 5 H 6 / Z H / HJ J U = < Z ; (440 + 461) R = =/Q / HZ R = / KJU =K = K W :

H T/ H / Z Jc; Q H / HJ J T V < 1 K J H Z T =RY T/ / V Z Jz 494 9 : T J_ H HK YQ : T / 0 /< W J_ = / HZ 9 J_ T 0< Q TH 9 = < YQ T RY Z = Z J /Q J H = Z 0 h / I J_ J H < = Z h 0 VY< K / W YQ / 0 < Z < J H W h Z Q 9/ H = / 9 Parish 0 J Z Y< 9 0 VY< J_ = H J_ < : / / I /Q = 9 / I b (Diocese) R / / 9 Q YQ H 9 9 N < 5 H 6 : VY< J_ I <K / / 0 H = /9 = H / I VY< J_ : Z J W : Q= 0 0< h J_ N K T = (VY< R Z 9 ) T /Q 9/ H < / = < YQ 0< =h J HU= T < Q = =/ {} =J U =K J H = 0< Z 9 J H / /Q 0< T T/ U / K J_ T/ HJ H 9/\ ! W / J TY / N H YQ = / 0 9= 9 TH H / HJ J =9 < U H T/ H9/ W J H (Patriarch) VY< WK K H T/ H9/ /Q HK = KJ J_ h 9 : /; 0 Z ; h < J_ = VY< K / U W V/ = - U Jj H = V W = K W J < : /; Q W YQ H / HJ J < U T H /< =h = /9 J_ H 0 J_ = Y< 0 U ! W V (Orthodox) Z = : / H9/ /Q K = / 9 = =9 = < U

24. $ #' (Communion of the Saints) < 9 T: 9 K = H 9 H 9 0< / ! Z /Q 9 Y< T 9 0< <9 9 N= /Q J_ f Hg 9 = J_ = J <= [ T < J_ = Z U KJ [ Z 0 / < H =V K / 0 H H 9 Z = < 9 9 K H 9 = H =V W= < ZT9 THK / 0 H 0 H 9= H 0< 9 Z 9 W=/ 9 / / ! / <=/ 9 = Z U 9 R0 9 = H <=/ 9 9 / / ! H J_ Y< =9 / Z 9 0< Z / N H < = 9 / ! / ; (Communion of the Saints) 9 0< Z 0< Q 0Q ^ T H / [ ( = 15:1; 12:5; 1 10:16; 2 3:13) : Q J_ < 9 0< <=9 / f g <K H 9 H 9 0< J_ f / ;g (Saints) H J_ / 9= 0 <=/ 9 = U = 9 9= 0 Q T H T = K W Z / 9 H =V /Q J_ f g =9 H 9 H T / N= ! < YQ Z H Y H / / ! / f g K = J_ J H 9 0< <=9 / / ;T RY 9/ Q J_ < ! h < YQ Z 9 N h Q H 9 = < YQ Z = H= Z /Q =/ J_ / ZT : / / = 9 Jj H R Jc = h < RY 9 = < Z ; 9 / /Q J_ 0< = /= H U H J < H =V /= 0 J H 9 =K H : Z J ` = 0< Z J H9/ ! H Y RY VY< = / 9 J_ f9/ ] g Z 9/ < RY [ 0 ] H : : /; H / HJ J H / I H H I K 9 I 9 /9 = H 9 RY <K K H 9= J H 9 R T: T 0 R = = Z / N H h 9 R {c K9 H 9 0< <9 / 9/ Y< =TH / dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; 0 < U <{c 9 Z ; = Z 0 U Z U = T H / U /Q J_ <THZ KJ U VY< 9 = 9 = U Q=/ < : / 9 H : ! K 9= H R / QR : = 0Q U = f 9 J} R0< g (Barbarians) VY< ZT9 J_ <{c / f H! g < 0 K R : KJK9 U R h 60

25. ( ! H 9 9 N /Q 9 K K / = = /^ /Q / 9 h 9= /Q Q H J ; H : 9 Z = /Q W [/= T J / ; f Z g Q 9 W < fJe / g (Apology) T UT /Q < /Q 9 N < 2 0< / J / ; = U 9Z (Neoplatonism) U = :

J dz K = / 0 15 UT / 0 Q ! : /^ Z = = 9 K = J ; 9 WK = / 0 0< Je / H U T/ 0 : : /;Z 9 N < 2 K R T/ HR J H 9 Z Jz 165 / 0 <K = YQ J_ [ N 9RY < H 0Q ^ 9 !

[ 9 Z / R0 45 T J ; <K = Je / J_ [ N 9 Z 9 N < 2 Q 9 U / < J_ J_ / / = H / < : /; = < /Q H J H9/ - Q 0 VJ d 9 = /Q = YQ Z [ N 46 /Q U = 9= 9 / J / ; <K = / Z h H / < / R0 R < Z = /Q = K W = K / KJ= / 9 47 VY< J_ 9 < H T/ K = / T Q=/ J ; 0< h < Z / N H =9 / Z = /Q /Q {} = H9/ H H9/ T H W V/ = 9 QTHK J <= J 9 {} =J W J_ T < 9 = = : <THT/ H 9 H : /< < : /; VY< THK / /\ J_ H < = < YQ U = / J ; HU = / = h Z 9

/ 0 /Q J_ < : /; < <=9 / ! H : Z 9 N 9 /Q J_ U 9 h

H [ J = J / ; < 46

/ 0 : /; < J ; Q 0 Apologeticum VY< J_ [ J =Je / / 9 0< 9 Jl <

/ ! < /Q U = VY< J H Jz 160-170 9 QZ 9 : /; / 0< HT T (The Holy Spirit) J_ =

T H /< ! = / : /Q 9= 0< HT T 9 = YQ U = /= HT T

J_ < / 9 / J ; {} = / THZ 9 J / ; J H Z h /Q Q H J_ <= / U = /<9KJ9 J / ; J_ / b Z 9 9 T 9 U = ] H= HJ W =Z / J ; 9 = = QZ W 9 RY /T! 0Q ^ /Q R : K U = /= / ! K 9 / = H 9 J / ; / : /Q Q WK K = 9 9 /T! QK K / Jj =T H T HK K = 9 9 J / ; H TH / / T ! /Q 9= Q TY Jc ; ! = / ! < / KJ VY< J_ < 9 = J_ f =g h

26. ! , & (Theology + Dogma) /\ 99 = T 9 = = <TH ! = / 9 0< U = /= U =R0 9 f 9 0< g (Faith) H f g (Reason) J_ < < / K = K W Z 9 N h Q 99 = J_ K J H 9 < 0< J_ J ; (Wisdom) VY< f g T 9=Z RY K = /Q /Q 0< T =/ K Z K 9 f / g Z 9= H f / Z g / = TY 9 / = H 9 < = = /\ 9 99 = U = /=J / ; 9 h 9= : / : /; < / U H < W V = W 9 H 9 J H R0 9 9 0< K J_ = 9 Y K9 9 ZTZ H T J_ = R9 = / /T! < H Jj =U =K 0< K Jj = H : / < / <J `Z H / [ K VY< Z J ` H =V H /Q W H T/ VY< H =V K /Q YQ H = < Z J H /T-! Q W < fR = g Z H / [ /Q QU = 0< 9 H T H T : H T/ Z K /\ 99 = H / 9 0< T 9 = = 9 J H Y< H T U UT H 0< K 9 (Heresy) J H Y< / 9 0< (Dogma) =RY ZT 9 9 0< VY< K / /;;/

YQ J_ J U = /= 9 ! VY< H T/ J H Z 0<

f J U = /= 9 ! g =RY J <Z [ N J / ; J_ / U = : /T! < = 9Z H / [ K VY< Z [ N = =K V/ V Z 9 = 9=[ N J / ; 0< Z 9 / T H Y VYQ = < YQ /9 = Z / ! /;; Z RY H VY< J_ H T H H VY< J_ H T 9=Z 9 =9 / W Z / < J_ ! [ N 9 fLogosg VY< J 9 : H9 T 0< = 9 9 H =V J_ H 9 T H T H T / / N= H =V J_ H T 9= V = VY< R0 9 J_ / 99 = 9=K J_ < Z : QZ H9 HT = 9 K /\ 9 Q 0< : < H T/ W 9 U = ] HZ / = 0 (325) VY< K J H 9 H ( H =V ) J_ Homoousis ([ N J 9 ! =9 / H- ) 99 = K /\ 9 J_ f g 9= R ! = <=9 / / 9 0< h VY< =h 9 YQ U = ] HZ H=H 7 9 N VY< 9 Z ; TH <=9 / / 9 0< <9 9= H [ (Trinity) H < <=9 / H (Christology)48

27. " (Heresy) 9 0< <9 H T/ /Q ! : T (Authority) Z J H : < R J_ 9 0< 0Q ^ J H Y< 9 / < < 9 K < J H / b Z / 9 : Z R 0 T 9 / : H =V Z h 0 K : 9 Heresy T [ N J 9 0 = =9 Z < Q =RY 9 0 < 9 T = =9 U =K = / 0< / /9 = : < Z 9 N h VY< 9 Z ; <=9 / : <9 H [ (Trinity) H <=9 / H (Christology) Jc; : /;Z J H W / / 9 Q 0 0< T 9 0< Z H T =9 (Monotheism) 9= 9J H / 0Q ^ 9 0< H 9 J / ; VY< K T : f 9 ZTg / /T! <9 H T =9 H H H HT T /Q WK J `9 : /< < / T Z H9 < <=9 / 9 / / ! 48

/9 < 85-89

H 9 H H H HT 9 0Q ^ 9 0< 0< Q T : /< H =V ( = 8:16; ! 24:36; = 16:13; ! 28:19) : R < = = : ( / ) 0 H T f g J_ f =9g K = K T /Q W=/ : R KJ9 H =V J_ H T Z / N HK H J_ H T H J_ N = Z 9 =9 / K = K 9 H T/ THJ H / 9 0< (Dogma) <=9 / J H W Q WJ `9 : < f g 9 = HK 9 = [ =Z H T/ 9 : /; H 9 J_ H T =9 T de H H K TTH R H = / H K (Monarchism) VY< Z 9= 9 = / 9 H =V J_ H T W 0 H < J ` H Z U (Modalism H Patripassianism) Q K K = Z / < : / ; 9 Q 0 Gnosticism VY< J_ 9 < T H9/ : 9 Gnosis J 9 9 Z J 9 9 < : Z 0< R J H= / WK / ! = KJ 9 9 < : Z Q YQ / /Q 0 9 < T (Enlightened) VY< K 9 Gnostic /< 9 / H9 T H T 9 9=/ < < 9 =VY< / N H / =9 / 9 H 9 /<9 /Q = Z U Q T : 9 9 = / Q TY T: J_ J J = KR J

H =V 0 J J = N= T 9 0 : KJ 9 9 T Q=/ 9 9 < = Y / = 9 < ! H =KJ /<9 K U (Marcion) VY< K /Q T/ Z H T / H (Manicheism) VY< /Q 0< J H 9 0 < H =V 0< J H /T! < H 0 /T! Q J_ = < H T J H TH Jj =Z N= ! / ! Q = K = Z = U J KJ /<9 < < KJRY U = ] H 9 <9 9 J_ / 9 9/ R (Matter) = J_ < < 9 = N= J_ < < 9 = < <=9 / 9 f{} = 0Q / g J_ < < K /Q Q - W J_ < < 949 49

! 9 Q 9 H =! H9/ H=/ J `9 T: 9 K ==/ /Q = Z

JcTT / W 0< J_ 0< f g 0 Tabu = J_ 9 / 0< T 9 Y = 9 9

Z 9 N < 4 9 < : /; < T Y N < R / < 0 W V/ = 0 9 = (Arianism) VY< R0 9 H =V K Z H T Z H T 9 < Z h H H T H J_ H K ! =9 / H TY K Z H T 0< T H =V H : Q: H /= H T TY R / 9 J_ H T Z 9 N < 5 : : /;Z R / Y N Y< 0 / U VY< 9 H =V J_ H T H N= Z 9 =9 / ! /Q K J_ / Y< / =9 / = 9 / 0 = < / K9 /Q TY T: J_ = H 9 =V V W! / H J_ H T = N = : / Q K / /Q J_ / I 0 U Jj K J H 9 H = K Z H T J_ =V V W! /Q = R / = 0 dV/ Z Jz 431 / 9 R J T : HR 50 Z / / = N= : / W V/ = ( 9 /Q U U / I W V =) WJ H 9 H =V ! =9 H 9 J_ N= H 9 J_ H T 9 / = = / K H! / 9 0 ! H T VY< 0 ! N= J_ / =9 (Monophysism) H = < Z = Q 0 : <9 H =V J_ H T H N= H K JK = K H N= < = J < T N51 V T J H U Jj J H Z 9 N < 7 9 H =V T T: = 9 0 T T: H T - N = (Monotelism) / = U Jj Z Jz 680 / 9 J_ : < HJ H 9 H =V T T: = H !

0< T : < (Heresies) Q K / = YQ = /Q / /Q WK J H / : (Dogma) / = < : /;Z = QK / = 0 (325) VY< / : = HJ H 9 H =V J_ H T 9 !

=9 / H (Homoousis) / = 0 dV/ (431) / = HJ H 9 H =V J_ H T H N = Z 9 = 9 / H = J_ H T 50

J_ U N < / = 9 T [ H T/ = =9 (Excommunication)

J Q = 9 J : (Original Sin)

/ = 0 U = (451) J H 9 H =V J_ H T H N= /Q ! - 9 / Z H =V =/ J_ ! / = 0 U Jj /Q < (553) / : < /Q /Q /Q Y< U = ] H < 9 H =V ! =9 T Q=/ / = 0< h VY< W 9 T : < h HJ H / : (Dogma) = J_ H T/

28. $ (Liturgy) Z 9 N h U = ] H H 9 < 9 R = = H : ! h Z 9 / 9 ! h =/ = = 0< K R < 9 HJ H ! HK / [ 9 /Q 0< /\ 99 = H / 9 0< K 9 9 V/ V = < YQ J- ! W < V/ V KJ 9= ! : / < / ZT J_ 0 ! J (Baptism) Z = < = = /Q R0 J_ J H 9 Z W <= / 9 H =V J_ H T THK K / ! 9= Q: / J_ 9 ! J = 9 0< W 9 0< WR0 9 /Q K / J 9= 0 : / J / J_ TH = / : h = R 9 = 9 < : /; H 9 QK ! k 9 ! V /Q 9 K ] H[ < <=9 / = /Q 0< W 9 9 WTH ! J VY< H : Z 0 9/ Jc H9/ H Y RY WT HT 9= T /9 Z Q: 0 9= /< Q: NH U = 9 f T H H H H H H HT g <K / ! W / K / = / J_ H T/ = K J_ < / 9 ! J : / W 9= 9 TH / Y K9 Z / 0 T / 9 9 ! J : / /Q /9 ( T 16:15,33) H 9 < 9 N TY ! : / Z ; /Q K < / W U < 9 9 H < W 9 W 9= / T ! J 9 Z WTH 9 ! V H / (Eucharist) H / J 0 T H / I (Confirmation)52 = 9 9 K / HT H T 9 52

/9 < 98

: / ! V /Q = 9 ! f / Jc g 0 f <: g U = 9 ! / Jc H H I 0 H / I J_ J H! TH T Z H VY< / R0 K9 / 0 Z / J H H 0< < /Q ( H 9 = = : / KJ 9=) h : ! Q =W 0 0 H J <= KJ J_ Z 9 N < 2 WK K H : 9/ H : Z =W 9/ ( =W ) 9 ! 9 H Z 9/ = < ! V Z 9/ ] 0< h H 9/ Z J = 9 N < 2 U =K =W KJ H=H /Q K J f = /9g 0 Z JcTT / J H! TH J_ : U = 9 < H / < J H 9 < = K9 f : WT Jg / 9 N < 3 J_ [ N <Z Z ! h J_ [ N 53 /Q Q J_ H 9 < U 9 -Z ; T < = WZ [ N = H < = J WZ [ N J 0< [ N = J_ [ N f g Z T/ U / WK K J <= [ N <Z Z ! / < Z [ N QZ 9 N < 4 /Q : / ] 9 Z = < /Q = ] Jc VY< H : J_ 9 50 9/ / 9 N < 4 K < ] 0< h < YQ H W H = 9/ /

H =V (9/ ) 9/ H (Epiphany) 9/ : Y RY h54 T ! < : /; Q 9 =/ ! Y< VY< 9 : /; / < 0 [/= J (Penance) U = H : f Jg55 [ H RY 9 =ZT H 9 /Q ZT <T HK H : < H : 9 / J` ! 9 0< I 9 J H 9 RY f / ZTg ! : / H J_ f J ! Hg [ J W H : J_ 9 /9 / H I 9 J 0< h W YQ = / 9 / H YQ = / H I TH T 9 9 J` / = K 0< J_ fZ U N Jg U N / <

=! THRY = 0< 9Z /Q W=/ ! 9 HJ / ; [ N J_ [ N Z R H

= / / Jz <[ N TH 54

J THR0 9/ < VY< R0 9 J_ / ; /Q R J H 9 J_ 9/ ] Z J H H9/ /Q /Q W KJ / J

9/ Z WTHK / 0< / ; /Q J_ 0< J_ JR/ [ 55

/9 < 99

W J_ / T [ (Excommunication) H T/ VY< 0 0< T 9 <=9 / 9 0< H : T 9 ! h 0 Z U R 9 9 W J H 9 /Q 9 /9 H 9 / 0< Z /9 0 < : 0< J` / : /< H =V VY< 9 f 9 ! N^ = g ( 18:1) = / Y K9 9 9 Z d 0 < = /Q T TH 9 9 ( <= =W ) J H /<9KJ 9 TH : T Z h 9 TH : 0< = 56 0< =RY R9 = T /Q H T H Z H 9=Z H : = H J_ : WT T 9 9 =/ 9/ X / 9/ HZ 9/ ] Jc / 9 N < 3 J_ K < J H 40 9/ ] Jc 57

29. (Monachism) J_ < / 9 H =V 9 = Z / 0 9 Z H KJ WK K = /9 T / Z 9 N =/ K J H Q 9 9 THR = = 0< H 9/\ ! R < h < ! TY J H= / : 0< Z 9 ! / J H Z Q : /Q 9 Z ; <=9 / fU g f =g H fT 9 ;; g : H =V < QZ W 9 = N= /Q TH ; =KJ T 9 ;; /Q TH = J_ H f = /9 <I K = K TI 9 ;; K g ( ! 10:28) f N= THK J HU= / Z Z <K /Q U J_ : K ; = 9 g ( ! 16:26) 0 < V J K = K9 9 f < /Q = T 9 9 /Q 56

9 R0 J_ J H : 0< = /Q < J_ W 0 : 0< = Z ; U =Z 0 9 / / <

H <K /Q 99 f H H H H H HT g <TH 0 : / J H 0 T h : 9 ZT H =h : H /< Â&#x2018; 9= H = : /Q K Z 0< THK /Q Z H T 0< : WT U = /9 < 103 57

Q = 9 (Lent) K K ] H9/ /Q W 0 = Z ] H9/

Q H9/ / k ! k 9/ < H =V Q H W J_ J H 0Q Z 9/ VY< R0 / T RY 9/ Q 9 THK J_ / / U =R0 9 H R 9 ! < H 0< 9 / ! / H Q H H =V K

/Q / /Q QKJZ < [ = J_ 0 <K [ = Z < K J_ 0 <K K Z < 0< = J_ 0 < K 0< = Â&#x20AC;g (1 7:29-30) H < : /; 0 < H =V / 9 fT H9/ = Z 9 9 Z 0 KJ R = 9 K 9 K 9 Z 0 = WTH 9 K 9 0 / 0< H = 9 9= : / g ( 11:35-36) : Q / Z f HU g T /Q =/ Z T/ / / = 9 HJ J =T : T J H 9 /<9 = h ( 6:9, 7:24; 1 9:27) 9 T 9 Z = h WK R0 J_ / J` / = 9 = 9 K K = /9 KJ = / TH W T : < = J_ H / 9 T: J_ ( T 5:32-37) = K W 0 0< T = = 9 VY< = Z = J K Z < J <=9 / HK : / = < /< 9 = = TH WT Q KJ 9 9 = = : 9 = H- =V VY< WTKJ=/ R < / 0< [ 9 ( 4:1) H ] /

V J VY< = H : =9 / J_ 9 Jz ( 1:17) 9 /Q J H Z / ! /;; T RY = / W =J` / Q T T < QK /\ J_ 9 9 Z 9 N < 4 / T < K = J_ J HT: T/ 9 Z = Q <K / / R0 J_ T: 9 H T/ < = J_ R / < J H 9= a b f [ g 9 W T = / 9 < =R = = K f g KJ 9 : W; Z < J <=9 / TY = J_ f9 g Z J_ = 9 Z

<= f H-U g T H /< /\ YQ J_ f g VY< J H 9= < 9 H9 ! J` / =9 / = /9 KJ = K W K T: J_ J_ < J <=9 0 H = KJ

Z 9 : 9 / Q J_ < ZT9 QK K / 9 0< h H T/ K H I KJ : ! Z h 9 : 9 U <=9 9= T: [ 9 H : T Z U N J YQ < = J 9 N < 4 U = J U J_ /9 K a b J_ 9J` / / J_ ] / < : J / J Z / h

Q J_ I 9 ! Z 9 K H I < ZT 9 : 9 QT K = J_ / + / 9 Z < T = J 9 R 9 / K = K J < h Z J K V = H =K H = < K = H9/ U = < : KJ = 0 V ! V V =U H V / QK /Q Z H9/ < 0 (Z { /< Jc T T / ) / J_ 9 9 N : f H - g (Benedictines) VY< V K J_ /Q Z 9 N < 6 V K /Q W h 0< U (VY< = Z JcTT / ) K /;;/ a b H H = (. 2.2 6 0 V V J` / <9 9=9 R : 9 /

YQ = HR0 / J_ 9 : / H 0< h < YQ [ = / T H /< RY 9 N < 13 U = K : / : : /;T H / [ K HT / J ; < : /; H T/ J_ 0Q ^ J_ Z : J` ; / ( H / 9 ) VY< R0 / T RY JcTT / 0 9 ! k 9 = T H 9 /Q =/ / / K Z J <= 9= ! 0 : J H Z R0 9 J_ H T < f : 9/;g H VY< R0 / T RY JcTT / 0 [ 9 H : (Ora et Labora)

30. .b - (Fathers of the Church) 71

= Z : VY< 0 : T 9 K 0< 9 J_ / J ;

H T/ 0< T K /\ / ! : H / : < h (Heresies) QK / = = Z J_ Jj T = H J_ f T = g Z f : g 9 < : /; 99 = / J_ 0Q ^ 9 0< <R = 0 / Jj T = Q K J_ / N H 9 0 Jj T = VY< = Z H T/ {} = H9/ K / ! T 9 H9/\ ! < HJj T = VY< = Z H T/ {} = H9/ VY< 9 Y< J_ N= Jj T = H 9 Y< /\ 9 < 0Q ^ = =! U / ) .b - 0Q ^ Jj T = Q 0 / ! /;; Z VY< = J_ [ N H / ! /;; VY< J T [ N u H 0Q ^ < < 9 : /; / 0 J / ; Jj T = QK = Z f[ N g =/ / U 9 /\ 99 = /Q QTH W K T /9 = : 9 V J < ! ( T 17:16-34) VY< J_ = f 9 / g (Association) f J H= g (Adaptation) H f J Jg (Transformation) J_ < / 9 J / ; <K / = / < 0 J / ;

U HT = U /Q =/ ZT f 9 g / 9 (Gnostic Movement) 9=58 Jj T = Z = VY< Z / 9 < K H V VY< = Z J T = Z W RY J H H 9 0< 9 Z = h 9 /Q 9- < QZ W ! J H = 9 + = HJ / ; J_ = <Jj T = < fJe / g (Apology) < : /;K T/ H < RY Jj T = Z = < R / < YQ < W V/ = H < / U K /\ 9 99 = YQ = J_ H U = W V/ = K / ! T J / ; U Z (Neoplatonism) T H W V/ = J_ : : /; H / J ; < / / ! / R / Q = Z / V VV = U < VV H U < V/ V T TH J_ / 99 = 9=/ J_ 0Q ^ 9J` / T (Spirituality) < : /; 9= 58

J_ J / ; 9 Y< VY< RY 9 U = f 9 g VY< J_ / 9 < YQ : Z /Q T < < J_

/ ! h Z U J_ 9 < V = HJ W : Z Z ! = 9 0< J / ; Q W / H 9 R N= <TH RY 9 QK

9 < R / / U /Q / ! J / ; U J_ / H / 9 ! 9 H / [ T J H = = R / Z 9 : /; / J HT/ N (Empirical Data) J H H J H9/ < 0 < 9 < = H 9 H =V V W! VY< 9 = Z J H9/ H H H T = T R / Q / T < / = 0 U =K / U N = Z Jz 451 VY< / f = g R / Q W = /9 / = T : 99 = H 9J` / T 9 Jj T = =/ K 9 ^ / = (Mysticism) VY< R = KJRY = HK / /\ = < YQ 1) .b - < : /;K / U V dz =U H / /Q QR0 9 J_ f N= g Jj T = < < 0 / (354-430) VY< ! 99 = H 9 h Z H T/ T H /< RY = =UJ Z 9 N < 16 = =9 Z 9 N Jj T = VY< Z [ N W / 9 h T H9/ J_ 9 Z ; T H /< /\ 9 H / 9/\ ! U / / J = 9 N < 3 J_ TH W K T J H W 99 = < / < / < = 9 / f a =g J KR J H T/ H N (Grace) H [ J_ / 9 U H /\ 9 H / [ K U = /=J / ; <9 9= f /; / N g (Symbol) VY< K = J_ / 9 < : /;Z = /Q =/ : < : /; <=9 / H T/ H < : /; < Z 9 / 0 9J` /

T H / = / J `Z / 0 Confessions ( : [ ) < = YQ T J H 9 VY< K f H T g 0< = 9/= 9 f /9ZT K J_

T 9 THK : / = Z H g59 H / 0 City of God ( ) VY< K / ! T f /^g U <9 9= / Z 9 < J_ f a b T/ H T g 9 = 0< 6 (345-420) J_ Jj T = < : /; < Y< {} = < Z 9 / 9 / 0< h Y< < 0 9 = ( 0 JcTT / ) T: 9 <=9 / / : H 9J` / 9 R / < : /; < 0 59

The Confession V / , 12.

J / J 9 9 HT/ J H / [ K [ N VY< = J_ / [ <R = RY 9/ Q /Q =/ K = R R K9 J_ / Y< < 9 : /;K = 0 V / U V (339-397) / I 0

J_ f T = g / J_ / <K / Y = K9 J_ T: 9 J_ <K W 9= / 9 : T 0 H / < J_ = Z H9/ = /Q = = Z H T/ J_ HT 0 < fT/ = Z H T/ K Z 0 H T/ g J_ : 9 <R U = J_ = H / I VY< : < [ / N 9= 0 T f T 0 /

H T/ g VY< = T 9= / 60

J_ / I Z = < H T/ < : T H / = / H = Z : T T h J_ < J_ KJK

= H [ : W 0< R = KJ 0< T K K / = /9 J_ T = 9

K # / # . 31. ! # T/ U / R T f 9 J} R0< g (Barbarians) / Jz 375 VY< R0 / 9 J_ T < 0< = T/ Q < = 9 fJ} R0< g H 9U / R0 9 J_ =! VY< J H 9=K = =! U / /Q 9 RY =! H 9=61 Q Z Jz 568 0< 9 T 0 =Y H /Q / = < 0 h Q 0 9 < = f g T/ U / H9/ Q: K H 0 Q: / K / ! = / (U ! 9 d 9 = H U VW V/ ) VY< K T 0 T Z T RY d 0 = =9 H < T/ U / H9/ K K R = = H 9 9/\ ! Z H W YQ 9/\ ! 0 < J <= KJ J_ 9/\ ! W h YQ / N H Y< Z = 0 9/ 0< T f Z g QK = / / R0 /Q Q J_ 0 0< T = ! 9 Y< HJ HT/ N = 9 : H 9 9 Y< VY< K 9 : /;Z W; H 9 0 < H 9 Z < h T /Q R / VY< K /\ YQ H / Y< 9 /Q K J_ / N HR = 9/\ ! /Q T/ U / U = ] H9/ 9 H h K W / N 9/\ ! K9 J_ T: 9 9=Z T R : = < Q K / f 9 0 9 g VY< = /

9 T U / J_ 9 < : T H YQ 0< Z H = a = J_ = <THR =! U / 0 /

< Z =! =! H9/ R0 9 0Q ^ = <J / ; H VY< J_ f 0Q g =! fU / g Z = < : / 0< = /Q

Z [ 9 Z Q = K J <= KJ [ H 9 T/ / T/ VY< = W KJ = < Z /Q 9 / / ! H 9 T/ H9/ H H9/ W < 0< 0< T 9 9/\ ! H 9 / : h 9 = < YQ H = T H /< = J_ = H < = 9 f U! W V g (Orthodox) = J_ Z Jz 105462 /Q Q H T/ U / H9/ TH J <= KJ 9/\ ! Z H : Z WK R / {} = H9/ K 9 T/ U / K Q / T/ =Z Jz 476 < / 9 : T R/ 0 9 d VY< : T 9 0< h HK / ! T U / 9 Z H T U U 9 N/ = d / ! JZ Jz 496 / H 9 9 H : : /; /Q Q H ! H U ! ( / ;) H = H T ; 9 /Q ! H / I / = ({ /< Z JcTT / ) J T/ T/ d K K KJT 9U / / TY K H T/ H H T/ Z 9 /Q 9= = Z = U JK < YQ < : /;Z = Z Q W 0 : VY< K H / HJ J H H / I T/ N/ = H 9 /Q = K Z < Z J_ 0 J H / J_ 0Q ^ = 9 K 9 TH J_ 9 R 9 H 9 9 9 = HJ / ; 9 HJ H VY< 9/ J_ = < < YQ Z 0 - H 9 J H H9/\ ! Z VY< = J_ [ 9H9 /= 9TH 9 = K K J_ f= 0 g / < = / J_ = < / H9/ Z VY< /\ J YQ J_ /^ HJ H / Z JcTT / /Q =/ J_ = : 9 H h 9 /Q J- / J_ < Q: VY< = 9 K TTH = K = K = J_ = 9 ^ Z 9= T/ H Z / H 9 R / H H Y N /Q H U K YQ Z = Q TH 9 / 9 9 =Z = 9 WK K : Z = QRY / J_ f= 0 g /Q K = W K = 0 = d d J9/\ ! H= Z H= Q9 [ N YQ T ^ 62

= J_ J_ T {} = VY< K f / g T/ H9/ T [ Z 9 J_ T

= Q : /Q 9 N < 9 9 9 YQ 0< =h /Q H 0 9 / : H 9 9/\ !

= /< f= 0 g J_ ] = < YQ Z = dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d J9/\ ! VY< J = = H 9 =! /Q HU / / 9 0< =Z 9 VY< Y< W 0 9 = = <THZ : f 9 9 Z g /<

32. ( .3 - (Christiendom) H 9 < 9 f = / g h K / / R0 K : KJ H W H = H=H 9 J H 800 Jz 9 <K H 0< KJ Z /Q K H T/ Z 9 K / < / = ({ /< ) WK / T T/ U / K f 9 g : / 0 0 H9/ Q: K 0 = H 9 = H / XN HK T = U J H9/ Z JcTT / /Q 9 < J_ 9 < 0 W =h H T/ 9 Z ; < 9 = : VY< J_ T H 9 h T /Q J H 0 /Q W f T =g 9 H 9 QK Jc; =Z H T/ WK R J <= R Z J_ = 0< K ! /Q T Z HT < T h K : = 9= 9 KJT /<9 TH= : = Z < H / XN /Q K KJ / 9 N h 9 / TH W K T / = Z 9 N < 4 VY< / I T H= 9 9= 0< T J_ H T/ < = Z J T/ U / TY K = H / KJZ 9 < h < < /Q Y< Z J = 9 N < 4 H < KJ Â&#x2039; H K < U R 9 H YQ = 9 <K K < YQ 0< V / I (Deacon)63 9 / XN / 0< h Y< K KJ : = Z Jz 431 K < /Q T/ 9= J < / T / = VY< 0 T H T/ Z = U / /Q Q H HK K =R T U / TY H T/ / Z / N H < KJ / 9K TY K / 9 Z T/ H / 9Z KJ 9= <TH J_ <= / < W 0 9 R 9 63

J_ 9= H I H : < h K = 9 R9 = V H UJ J /9 < 101

9 / J ` /Q YQ = H = J_ 0Q ^ : /; H T/ K 9 Z H 9 9 = /Q H T/ K THR /

T U KJ /<9 H=H Y< W J H QVY< Z 9 = 9 N H / Jz 664 R0 9 H T/ Z / XN HK J_ HT U 9 H / I <Z H=H /Q !U U (669-670) TH T U W WK TTH 9= K K K 9 : /;Z /\ 99 = = / <J `Z H Â&#x2039; U = ] HJ ; : /; = 0 / Â&#x2039; (1266-1308) / J / ; : / f /T = g H / 99 = 9 = H f g : /; U / K 9 / T /Q / T Z K =/ K T KJ /<9= U J HK < /Q Z < h 9= : / = H 9 W h 0< h /Q : KJZ = T/ ; ( 34) VY< T TH = 9=/ : Z f T/ Z g VY< J H 9= 9 =Z ; /Q = [ H THR0 K 9 J_ = < f 0 g < = Y< /Q T/ H T/ =9 TH W K 9 0< ; Q H 9 K Jc; 9 = = <THJ H / K H H 9 W = = /Q J_ H /Q H 0 Z H9/ /Q WK f / g H 9 U / V/ 0 / d (= U J H9/ Z JcTT / ) TY J_ {} = {} = Y< = / fU / g {} = Y< = / f U! Â&#x2039; V g ! : /;{} =U / K V U! HV Z 9 N < 9 VY< J_ = = : /; 9= 9 /Q ZTTH : 9 d /Q J_ Z K K < fJ H= g [ N H9/\ ! d / 9 0< H ! H J H / [ K J_ [ N d VY< K / T : 0< h = K W J `9 9 Z ; J H= WK = Z J H H T/ Z = U J H9/ = T RY JcTT / = K : KJ = J_ H /Q Y< 0< Â&#x2039; U : = < Z ; T/ (936-973) K / T ! U =T/ = h Z H{} = / U = 9 <=/ K J_ 0 J_ = 9 0 9 = K V H9/ ] = 0 < = 0 [ UV 9 = Z 78

JcTT / 9 H9/ H Z WK U u UJ Hu/ 0 / (Z = H9/ JcTT / ) K / R J Z J_ = : /; 0< J H h < 0 Z = U J H9/ /Q WK / T ! H T/ {} = H9/ < J_ [ UV 9 = JcTT / K / / R0 J_ fJ HT: g Z J = 9 N < 10 0< 9 : : /;K J_ HJ H = J_ 9 / V = W YQ U Jj = /Q Z 9 = Q 9 Z ; 0< T /

H / HJ J ( U < < 1,2,3,4 HV/ =) HT/ ( ; H Â&#x2039; U ) H = Z 9 < T/ / T/ =/ J H J H H 9 0 / = K J <= KJZ 9 N < 11 H 12 0< H 9 H / HJ J HT/ K < YQ = K = K W RY 9 Q = U J 0 /Q WK / 9 K [ YQ H / Y< J_ JcTT/= : /; < [ Q H < /^Z =/ K /\ YQ W < Q H H < T/ H T/ =/ K K = T / Z J` / = U J /Q TY R = 9 f T/ g (Christiendom 0 Christianity) [ QJ H / 9 ZT = /Q <9 J_ 0 =! K 9 TH J_ J H = 9 - = 0 J / ; HR0 9 0< h fJ} R0< g K =! TY R0 9 / Q T/ /Q H9/ H H9/ 0 /Q W J_ 9 < 0 W J_ = 9 = H WK Z 0< J <K J H Z = Q 9 f H -T/ K Z TH K g (Extra Eccesiam Nulla Salus)64 /Q QU = = 0Q ^ 9 0< <K R = 0 / 9 H =V /Q H T/ HZ Z 9 KJ J H : Z N= J_ N= H

33. - * - < K = J_ J HT: T/ HK =KJT /<9 f= U Jg /Q K Jc; h YQ = H 9 : T / : T 0 K J ` = < / T 9 W Z ; /Q = < YQ H / J_ 64

= H = Z /9 < 93

J HT: 9 W = = T/ < J_ HT = <U 9= U R 9 < YQ Z < T /Q = TH = J_ U R 9 f 9 /9g T /Q = =9 T J_ H I WTH : < 9= K J_ WTHZ 9

J_ 9 U R 9 W H I W T H K / [ N H 9 T H / I / T /Q H / I W THK : TZ J U R 9 H H I /Q VY< / / = Z / I b H T/ K = = K

Jc; Q HK a b VY< K / = / Z Jz 819 9 <THK / 9 J_ HK TH R [ f J_ K g K Z f 9K g : : T J / =h J_ KJ / 9 N < 8 0< K : f9/ g R [ H I H : T 9T H 9 H / I T f9/ 9 /9g 9=/ f 9 /9g VY< T = /Q YQ Z 9

! THK / /Q T T 9 /Q a b H H = 9 /= h /Q Q H T 0 JR/ [ =9 / < J_ JR/ [ H I HU R 9 h /< Z H =9 / WJ `9 H / I = H = U = ] HZ { /< W < U R 9 H = J_ : /; 9 T VY< 9 Z ; J_ f = / g = K W H / I Q W=/ YQ N/ = VY< J_ T : T < H / = 9 Z h N/ = Q J_ / I b U R 9 H Z H / I Y< 9= Q TY W 9 Z J` / 9 N/ = H T /Q = 9 : T 0 T/ H : K 9 TH H / Z HU R 9 f9/ g H / I b /Q = J_ ! k T Q THZ TH = TH 0 R0 J_ Z Z W= J_ ! k T = K W T/ W=/ R / N 9 J_ HK H / Y< H R f=Y g R / H / K9 K H / 9/ TH < = < YQ : ; /Q 9= H T J_ T < H / = Z f9/ g = < 9 /Q WJ ` 9=9 f T g T: 9 K = f : ;g 0< K R b 0 0< K / = 9 T / / a = J H / J_ < ^ : T T/ VY< = J_ f g T/ U = f T/ g YQ 80

34. - $ $ , ,. . 0< T/ U / K 0< = T/ Z < =h YQ < ( K TTH J = = / K ) = = Z < = 9 { /< H = <= Z JcTT / VY< J_ 0Q = 9 d < 9= N/ = U U 9 H 0 : VY< 9 = / / R0 K KJT RY H9/ Q: K ( = Z JcTT / ) Z 9 =9 / 9 <=9 / T/ fJ HT: g W < YQ N/ = J_ f JR/ [ g R0 9 T/ Z T/ 0 J W YQ / K Z / f : T[ = g VY< K U [ =Z N/ = 0 T/ H T/ / N H = Y /

T/ U / 9 = N/ = J_ = J H / = Z T/ : 9 H HJ H W 0< Z T a b : / T/ 9 H I [ N / I H /Q J HT: < 0 R R TH W N/ = /Q Q 9 TH / I = K W 9= WK R J <= J Z J_ = 0< K HK [ H 9 / I 9 Z ; =/ R0 9 : T N/ = RZ 9 T/ = < 9 /Q / I = =/ R0 9 T/ J_ < N/ = 9= 9 THK RY / = / 9 N/ = W J_ I 0 / <R0 / Z H T/ H9/ HZ J` / H / I W R ! Z 9 J_ I <TH /< H / 0 H /< N/ = K 9 {} = / TK = / KJ W 0< : T{} = T/ 0< W H RY T/ 9= HK : T <Z 9 K KJ / 0 =Jz H 9 9 N < 7 H < 8 VY< T/ Z T/ d J H Jc ; = T H /< RY = ; VY< = J_ T/ f T/ g 9 9 =Z ; 9= / H : Z f H T/ g 0 J HT: T/ K d d YQ /Q Y< J_ = Z 9 / / ! H 9 T/ / T/ ;K : < = = J U H KJ / Z Z <R 9 Z T/ WTH Z {} = T/ T/ /Q H J YQ H 0 < < = J_ / I H T/ VY< R =Y U = : T/ /Q 9 : /;Z J H / = h 0< : d d 81

< fU = g VY< < YQ 9/ 9 h 9 Z ; THZ Y N /Q 0Q ^ 9 R / /Q /Q YQ = K < U = ] H < : /; < V / Hd J_ H Z 9 : /; / h < R0 9 J_ : /; =! 9 9 /Q U H ! Z Y N 9 H / N 9/\ ! < T/ ; KJ < U RY < /Q 0< Z 9 / / ! / H 9 T/ / H W 9 /Q TH f g 0 H T (City of God) 9 / Z K H HJ H THZ T/

H J_ f T/ g (Imperium Christianum) Z < = / : T H / HJ J 9 T H T H / 9 a fT/ g T H / R H / HJ J U < 3 Z 0 9/ Jz 800 U = ] H Z T/ U / 0< J_ 0< =9 T/ U / VY< K 0< =KJ 9 /Q TH K / dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d YQ /Q Y< = K W 9 / / ! H 9 T/ / H / HJ J VY< K = = < f 0 g < J_ 0< < THV/ V HT h 9 : T < : /; < K Z : T H / HJ J J_ : T T/ K / 9 aT H / HJ J J_ = 9 ! : T T/ /Q ; 9 J_ f H T g 9 H / HJ J J_ f H g H T = Z ; 9 /Q H K / H h f T = H N/ = H I H T = /9 9 g 0 f 9 g R J f Z g 9 T J H 9 aZ T/ U = H / HJ J 0Q ^ <J H Z / ! /;; 65 Z = = U J J H QK < Z Jz 754 0< H / HJ J d < 2 K 9 aZ JjJz H ; 0< 9 ! Z / : T J N/ = H 0< 9 / / ! / H T/ VY< J Jj Jz K 9 : /;Z H : H = W=/ J_ : T 0 9 H / HJ J Z J` / H W J_ /Q T H /< Q = ; 0< 0 : 65

/Q N/ = J_ < J H 0 H T VY< TH 0 H /Q U = T Q: / / N/ = V

H 9

h K : T = 0< /Q : H T/ 9 /Q 9 ! Z : T h W J_ H / HJ J =9 VY< R H /< R R aT N/ = < HK J` / / b : T / KJ {} = : T/ /Q Y< Z 9 N < 10 0< Â&#x2039; U N/ = f = / g K : T < T H 0Q d f T/ g YQ Z / T <K =h 0< KJ / = ; f{ /< g T/ Â&#x2039; U K J H / HJ J = < 12 H U Z J_ = f / I b g Y< /Q f / I g U VY< H YQ T/ U = J_ =

H / HJ J 9 f = / g 9 / / ! K / J_ 9 9 0 < = / H 9 : : T Z = U = ] HZ = Â&#x2039; U < 3 Â&#x2039; U T /Q T RY J == H 9 : : T /Q W < = < YQ Z 9 N < 12 0< H T d < 1 N/ = f = / g K / 9 a J_ T/ H9/ U = H / HJ J = < 3 Z Jz 1155 K = : T H / HJ J VY< /Q : T 9 T/ HK = = H T/ KJ 0 T = J_ f g : T f U g T/ U = 66 T/ d K = : / Z 0< 9 9 h Z T/ H R=Y U K 9 THK / = W

/ T : / H / HJ J H / ! T 9 h K K Q =h H d K RJ 9 ( 0 ) K /Q T H /< = Y / H / HJ J < 0 9 Z Jz 1177 H 0 : T /Q U H Z H / HJ J H /Q W=/ / = =Jz T H /< /Q < YQ : T /Q TY R 9 / K /Q Y< 0< Y : / KJ = V W / / T /Q TY J_ = < T/ < : T 0 T/ U = < T J = 9 N < 12 0< H / HJ J U V < 3 (1198-1216) K 0< 9 J_ H / HJ J < W < Z = K J H : T /Q 0 T/ H9/ /Q J` J T/ U = = J H / = Z Jz 1215 H = T/ T T/ 0< Z [ T : T H : {} =J H / HJ J : T =9Z 66

[ JcTT / J_ Z J H / HJ J VY< W J_ 0 T Y< U

H -T/ HK Z = Z 9 < J_ T/ /Q 9 H9/ /Q Z 9 < J_ 0< f g / /Q H T/ J H : T /Q H U /Q Q H f /^g h : / U H /\ YQ J_ fJ H g K R 9 / J_ T/ H9/ - KJ T/ /Q < =/ / N [ K9 K H R 0< U= f /^g /Q 9= / H / Q W H / HJ J W KJ= <=9 / : T U 0 TH =9 / <T/ = H KJ= <=9 / : T =/ 9 / 9 9 = J_ = T H /< WTKJJ H / < 0 9 ; 67 (Z { /< JcTT / ) H=H Y<

35. 9 & < K = J_ J HT: T/ H 9 T: 9 9 <=/ / R0 0< h {} = : VY< J_ K < a b VY< fT: / g [

0< h < K Z Z Jz 556 Z T/ d K a = f g68 J H ! Z < ! H a = : Z 9/ = J_ 9/ ] VY< K R0 / /<9 H9/ Z 9 J H [/= J 69 W <

YQ 9 /Q HZ / 70 Jz H /Q 0 = =Jz H /Q = K W J H Z / - K 9/ = 9=U = / /Q H = H HU 71 0 /Q Jc H H / U =Z 0 9 K Z fJe g Z 0 <K H : / Z 9

/ H / HJ J < 5 RY U < < 11 (1305-1378) H / HJ J WTKJJ H / = < /< H H / HJ J

J_ 9{ /< J H Y< H J_ / / N/ = { /< J H Y< J_ 0< : T 0 H 9 : T/ /Q = 68

< / R0 0< h U = ] H VY< =/ / R0 N

R < 57

/9 < 97

/ / N H Q H : / / < 9 K K Z Jc K 0Q Z Jc ! 0 /

/ J H / < H =V H : Z / J H <: 0Q =

J H <K /\ YQ Z J H 0Q = : /; / = Q 0 f g / ; h U = < T H! / ; h VY< K / J H T H T/ J H Z / ; Z Y< J_ f JR/ [ g 9/ = J_ f {e / N H g 9 H9/ T [=/ = h 9= QTY = H U = H! VY< = 9/ h 9 0< / ! Z / ;K = J_ 0< / Z J` / H / N HKJZ fK = g 9 <TH 9=Z 9 0< / ! Z H T W = < YQ / ;K = J_ f g KJZ < U = W f 9 9= 0 g 9 = = = Z 0< ! H 9 0< / ; T QTH W K 9 f ! g 9 K R R = KJ / : RY 9 : U K K 9 H 9 U Q= = Z J H / : W / < 9 H 9 Z ; J_ T J_ 9K 0 f T g / I W = <=9 / f U g H / = T/ TY K J < H I H / I J_ f T g 9= Z 9 N < 7 Z { /< / I = 9=Z / I b VY< J_ f T g R TH T RY H f Jg Z J H9/ H T/ W =/ VY< W J_ WTT <K 9 Jj / : T 0< J_ 9 Y N H ZT9 9/\ = K W WK K /<9 H f Jg VY< J_ = 9 = 9 9 0< h < H J_ = W = / TY TH T J H 0< Z W < = Z J H9/ - Z H9/ H H T/ VY< 9 Y< 0 0 J H /Q < 9 9 Y< 0 J H /Q h <K = / / R0 f / / g H f Z g 9 R 9 H9/\ ! 72 J_ H 9 J H9/ <= 9 9 TH R 0 J_ f9/\ ! Z g K /Q =/ T J <= J 9 R H < /9 /^Z /Q H / R < H / [ H H / fU g ( ) 9 J_ h < <=9 / = K T = J_ f Q 9 g K

H 9 J <= J Q 9 Y< T {} = : J_ < 9 Y< W J_ 9 R 9 9 Z VY< W=/ / N

J H 9/\ ! U =J / Z / 9 0< Z /Q /9 < 84

< h 9 Z ; = / / R0 = = = K Z H 9 0< / ! Z 0< J HU= 0 H N^ T J_ : /; = f g 0< THK < J_ 0 K J HU= 0< h f U g 9= Q J` / < TY Z ! VY< J_ 0< f J HU= g / ; / <K 9 9 T H! / ; 9 =/ J / ; h YQ /Q < J_ J W H JZ ; /Q 0< f g 9 /9 H 9 9 /Q Q 9 RY J H =V H H = 9= J H J QK / T Z / = H J_ J H W Y< < / 99 = K Y N HZ / H = U = W / Z = < 9 J h K Z < < K9 0< f g J_ 0< = 0< RY / ! < Y VYQ <K T / / K 73 9 Z J` / < fJ HU= g QK Z Z 0< / ; <K 9 9 /Q 9 RY R9 = V VY< < = YQ T /J H /Q J_ J HT: 9/ /Q ! V =/ K = J_ f : ;g 0< 9 / KJ 9 H9/ : J_ 9/ H Y RY / ; Y< VY< R0 J_ f9/ ] g / ; /Q = K W 0< ] H ! V WR0 J_ J H W : /; < J H W Y< HK T 0< VY< J_ f H = H HU g H =V [ =Z J Jc H / = Z Jz 1123 K J H 9 Jc H K f J <= / RHg (Transubstantio) J_ f H = H HU g H =V ]H /Q 0< WT ! V 9 W=/ R W / N H = H HU K9 H 0< 9 /< 0 H =V <J H / = 9= QTY K J H : f g < W / N f g K9 Z U R h J H < : / ; J H Y< < K / \ YQ Z = Q 0 Z U N J (Penance) VY< / / ! / ! V H T 9 ; Z = ! Z U N J < ! 9 / H Z U N J / < H : = Jj = Z = [ J U = 9 /9 / H I = < YQ H = J_ T9/ < : /; < H H : = K W Z = =/ = H 9 [ J / Z U N J 0< H : JKJ [ 73

K Z 9 J H J < 0< Z W J_ < < = = 9Z 9/\ ! H {} h Z = U J TY

K J <R : Z Z 9= 9 T 9= =9 / H : Z 9 fK = K U = = /9 < 103

J H H I : fU Ng J < H : 9 KJ : Z WT Q 9 TY / [/= JT H I /Q Y< / Jz 1000 J_ TY K 9 [ J H [/= JK9 Z 9 =9 / WR0 J_ 0< K 9 H T TH [/= JZ W 0< /Q KJ : T Z U N J < H I K : Z /Q 9 /Q T Z U N J / J_ KJT 9 ; VY< Z 9 TY K : T 0< h VY< H /< Z Z J_ 74 R0 J` / / 0 : 0 = H h H 9 [ 9 J` / Z = 9 Y< K / ! T / <K /Q YQ J_ h 9 / ! H = VY< V K J_ Z 9 N < 12 T /Q 9 R 9 < = = H f= T g ] / H =V WK / Z - =Z I 9 /<9KJ U = / / Q 0 = < Z ; = U =

36. $ 8 R0 / 9 Jc T T/ = : / ; < Z = = U J J H 0 H / HJ J T/ H / VY< = h 9 : /; Z = = < J_ /; / N HU = / / U = T: [ 9 J H / 9K RY = VY< T 0< / 9 9 =/ K = J_ = 9

T/ Z U = < < 9 = = fJ J =g T/ T : T T/ H /\ J -T/ YQ J_ U = J 9 Z J_ /9 = VY< K = / /Q 9 I 9 KJ 9= : H 9 9 / / 9= H h 9 Z ; < : HJ Q= / 9 = T J_ = Y N H h d d 9 < T J_ 9 Z ; VY< / / /Q U = 9 H J` / Q TTHK 9 < 0 / KJ = < 9 /Q T / / 9=VQ: KJ / 9 N < 10 T RY J = 9 N < 11 VY< J_ = : /;Z 74

H : Q TK = = 9 /Q : KJ 9= 0 = T 0 Z 0< T 9 9 T H9 K Z

0< J HU= 9/ H : ! 9 T 0< f g / ! QJ H Y< 0 fV0Q g ;

d d 9 = < < (Cluny) Z H < V (Gorze) Z 0 V /Q = Z { /< / N H < / H < < J_ H H = {} = H / HJ J V = {} =T/ Z = < ! < 9 H 0 9 : /; Q T H /< JcTT / <K / /Q YQ U = 9 <= Z Jz 910 U = QK < Z U =K 0< K 0 T 0< h HZ YQ H / HJ J U = VY< J_ 0< < J H KJT J H /<9KJ WK Z ] H < < /Q < H / = 9/ 0< h W =9 / QK K = ! k KJ 9= Q / < = < <TY < <TH J_ / fT hg /Q Y< a b < V K : K9 / J_ 9 RY 200 Jz < QK : /;Z J` J 9 / Q 0 Z : [ 9 H ! < : /; h /Q Z J 9 ! H / J H ! K / /\ YQ T Q H < 0< h VY< / J_ f g < H 0< 0< = <K HT = KJ T H H / HJ J H H / I W = / T <Z KJ 9= fJ` Jg J H 9 /<9 f= U Jg = /Q RY 1600 <K / 9 < H J H h < YQ <U = RY J H 1400 /< W = 9 9 J H < <=9 / < /Q < J_ H J_ J H Z f9/ g h = RY 3000 / J_ / < : /; H= < Z ; = =9 H J_ ^ : /; T/ < : T T/ H J_ J [

T/ < J T: Z f / ! g < < J_ = V K a b Z h J_ HK YQ / Z ! H J_ 0 f g J H Z VY< K 0< < < 0< = H / RY 400 W < 9 J_ 0< <= <THJ` / a 0< h VY< = K9 0< J H W h TY Z = KJ /Q Z VY< =/ / / ! / f g ! f g R /Q U = ! fZ ; g < HK = = Q 0< =KJVY< W Jc; J = 0< T = VK W 9= H T = WK = Z = = Z H 9 < : Z R : T KJ RY H /Q WK TTH / /Q U 9 H9 R 9 <K TH W K 9 H / HJ J

: /; / 9-9 = H / J` J h 9 T < /Q Q H / HJ J U < < 7 = < Z ; = 75 W T : / Q < H h 9 = < Z ; T RY 9 N < 13 W < 0< KJ HJcTT/= =J H 9 Y< J_ H 9 /< /< VY< K T T H : J H Z : Z 9 = Z 9 /= H 9 /Q /Q 0< [

WK K 9 0< T H /< Z < Z Jz 1258 W= = Z 9

H T = < 9 /< WK K =RY T T 9 HK J` J 9 / KJ 9Z VY< 9 = = : /; J` J THRY J` J /Q : / ; /Q =/ J 9 < : /; VY< Z = =9 / / < KJ /< 0 / V V VY< V U K /Q YQ <V U Z 0 T Z Jz 1098 0 < 0< 6 K H = KJT /<9= U J T = H QVY< = 9 f Z g 0 = = 0Q d 9 / < / H W 9 < J_ = /<9KJ /Q = = Z H = 9 /= H= <=9 / 0 H N^ T KJ TH 9 N 9 T 9 / Q a 0 9 fd g 9 W K R = = < 0< V / < H = 30 9 H QZ Jz 1112 W= < / = < YQ f g YQ = = U = < < U9 = < JzZ / Z Q / = RY 200 HZ J = 9 N < 12 /Q V

V = /<9= U JRY 530 9 Y< J_ : / / ; (VY< 0 Z 9 N < 13) 9 R 9 / Q 9 = =Z = = H = = H h 0< 9 K / T K / / J_ / = T T/ T/ H /< : Z < VY< W 9 = : / 9 T: J_ /Q 0Q ^ /< 0 [ < TH / / {} = < VY< TH J_

H / HJ J U < < 7 Z Jz 1020 H 9 < HU : <=9 / <U /Q THK /

f 0 g Z J_ H / HJ J 9 U =K K / 0 T H / T I HJ H J_ H / HJ J < : T

< Z = W9 K

/ HT : 0 WK : f N^ Tg VY< / 9/ TH < = < YQ T J_ Y< 9 0< < J` J 9 / H J` J 9 /Q : /; YQ /Q Y< Z 9 N < 13 U = : : /; 0 6 H 6 _ 6 ! 6 6 VY< K /Q H Z < / N H = Y / J_ 0 /Q T/ K Z 9= : 9= H : 9 Z <=/ K R T : T9 U K WK <=0 =/ RY J_ N= < T H =V d / V / V V J_ / ; = < Z ; < = J_ /; / N 9 = T 9 ! k H 9 = = / < 9K9 Z H9 T H < <: 9=Z Jz 1182 Z {} {c TH J_ = < Z ; U H WK J_ RY / 9 = < W H < = 0< : 9 = H =V < 9 <9/ VY< YQ Z 9= /9 H 0< K < / T /Q K KJ <U / 0< h 0< ; T H / HJ J U V < 3 Z /Q HZ VY< : 9 < f= T g U =K H /< f g = 0Q 0< = /Q 9 W f g / 9 H / J H <THK / 0 : 9 H9 U = KJ HZ f / ZT + Z U N Jg < K K W / HZ Q = T H /< K TJ` / 9 /Q <d / V K < K9 K RTH < JHJ HT: Jz H Z WK 9 TY K : Z = /9 H=H Y< VY< J = K / (Novice) = Q H : Z < <9/ Z K VY< d / V W=Q: 9 Z R0 9 J_ = / (. 2.3 6 _ 6 ! 6 6 /= /<9 9 /Q TH J_ H=H 9 < 9 0 V Jz= U 90

/ J

d / V K K 9 J_ H I J_ = / I (Deacon) 9= 9 / ZT H Z 9 K 9 TH J_ RY /Q H I 9= Q Hd / V / TY /Q I 9 VY< R9 = 9 U =R0 : J` ; 0 9 9 = T H 9 ! k =9 / 0< h VY< K / 9 J_ H I d / V K K /< Z Z H f g Z : 0< THK H 0< J_ TY J_ 0 = <Z : K QZ W 9 HU K T: J_ f Q U g HK T: J_ KJ = Z 0 = Z U U =K J_ U H 9= 0< h Z J` / = 9 / /Q Q U =K f g 0 < : / R 9 9 /Q K ! kZ < Z h /Q Q J H W Q R0 9 J_ RY = H /Q VY< W J_ 0< <= 9= Q / T <d / V RY 9 TY J <= J U = H / HJ J Z ; H Q Z Z J HU= T < H / = h < Z K K Z R0 ! kU = Z =/ J_ ! k < K f T g Hd / V / / 0 / 9 K =KJ /< 9 = U J / T d / V K RY - = J_ / H [ / N U = ] HZ T H f 9 g = Z HK J_ f / 9 g VY< : /;Z : / H 9 = /= h VY< K YQ 9 HVY< 9 / = Z f 9 g (Convent) W < h Z 91

f / g 9 R H T /Q =/ 9 : / / 9 ; VY< YQ 0 TH / / 9 = U = V J_ /Q N = H 0< d / V K 9 / /Q YQ d / V K / /Q J_ / ; / T (. 2.4 6 = Jz /Q U = H / HJ J T ![/ b U < < 9 Z Jz 1228 Y< <K /Q H / 9 Z / N H < = / Hd / V / 0 V 9 /= / d / V < 9= : (Heresy) H < /Q R / Y N : / W H R / {Â&#x201C; / Z { /< T /Q TY K /Q H I VY< K / / f9/ g H : 9 9= < < THZ U = = Z J / I / I b H QK / / T H / HJ J Z Jz 1216 Z a H = H <Z / 9 / THR KJZ < h / H H 9 Z / N H =9 / d / V / = K / Y N H / 0< / : < h U / K 9 / 0 0< = < H Q H : /; < Z /\ J / ; H 99 = Z = d / V H 0 J` J < : Z J <= J YQ K = Z 9 R 9 /Q 9 : /;Z 9 Z VY< : Z W [ J H : T/ 9 H 9 H I / 9 / Z / 9 VY< = fZ U g Z U <K Z f / g Z R : /;Z H T/ H < : /; 0 / KJ /Q H9 U = ] HZ 0< 9 = T : Z W 9 T/ 9 J_ H K = T 0< 0 T 0< N^ T 9= =9 / T J` J H / H / 9 h / <K 9 9 Z J = = =/ K 9 / = (Mysticism) YQ U = < / 9 / 9 = / VY< = = <TH / T 9 ;; Z R H 9 / / < U Q HZ = T 9 ;; YQ H T /Q QK K =RY = f 9 Y g /Q U = f; g / Q: Y / 9 /Q 9 Y Y HT ZT /Q Z [ / H T 9= Q / = TY 0Q ^ 9 Y< = <J / ; = VY< U / K 9 / H - 9 J ; : /;K 9 0Q ^ K9 H < R 0< 9 92

Z / 9 T T 9 ;; RY /Q RY / ! / 9 Q W 0 / / 9 9 = / Z 9 N < 14 / K / 9 / V V J_ /Q =/ J_ / 9 ; /Q Z = / HZ ! / H / V = /9 = < : /; 9J` / / = QR = RY JcTT / 0 / 0 Imitatio Christi (T: H ) = J_ [ N J == ZT9 = 0 U / Jj / 0 Q J_ 0Q ^ 0< : 9 H9 0< f 9 [ =Z g76 T /Q <K 9 Q / / 9 H h Z =

= U J=/ U = ] HZ ^ H < J_ = Y N H9/\ ! ( 37) Z < < TH 9RY = J / <=9 / 9 R 9 U = U = ] H / / 9 h VY< RY J H 9 J /Q K 9 TH J_ R Jc = < W K 9/ 9 VY< J_ /Q U / H U ! 0 [ 9 / U R 9 9 H T 9 TY K Z = J < YQ f 0< J g 0< R = J H /Q Z Z = /Q H h /Q QU =K RY H / VY< < 9= f 9/ g (Hymns) < / / 9 K Z 0< ; H T 9 / T H /< J H N ^ 0< < H J QK = KJ H 0 T / Q

37. I 0 . &' ! , Y N Z = = U J : YQ Z U = : / VY< W 9 9 Z 9 h = J_ H U = ] H / N 99 = a = HJ / ; = = J_ : / < 0< = 0< T T = < H 9 H 0< K Y N : / QTHK / / /Q T / I H T / I b H 9 /Q h VY< W / / { /< J_ = Y N < 0< = < 0< T < K 9 TH J_ < < 0 V U / 0 76

J_ / 0 < RY 9/ Q T 0Q 9TH 9 J_ / / 0 / /Q 9

<=9 / fU g =/ J_ < KJ 0 /Q Q 0< /\ fT 9 ;; g Z ! kT ! U [ =

0 J R0 9 J_ : / < 0< = /Q Q 9 < W <U U ; H U J_ : / < : /; QK /\ YQ J_ 9 = /= Z 9 N < 13 9 = /= < < 0 U U ; J V U J H Â&#x2039; V d 9 9 = /= = / Z 9 N < 14 0 < J 9 = Ku U U ; d H9 [ N <Z Z 9 = /= 0 [ N / Y N H T = = KJ = <= : / h 0< 9 9 < T <K T : / 0 9 = /= Y N Z 9 = /= < 9=9 J / ; H J h VY< = = RY Jz U =R0 9 = J / ; J_ 0Q ^ : /; 0< Z ZT < < Y N Z /Q KJ 0 9 h H = 9 99 = /Q J_ 9 < = / T = 9 9 HR0 9 K K Y N 99 = VY< J_ f /Q =g Q 9 WR0 9 Y N /Q K Y N Z 9 = /= T = = Z J_ f g 0< KJ : / h VY< / 9/ = < YQ 0< = T J ;; 9 WTHK / 0Q VY< / N H = / 0Q < H I 9 9 : ! 0Q /Q J_ 0< =9 T J ;; ! : TZ T /Q T Y N J ;; (. 2.5 9 9 @ @ T d ![/ b 9 / U VY< J_ /Q <= 9 H W H T = T : / h 9= 9 J ;; /Q J_ 0< < < 9 R N /Q < : K U =TH K / H W 9=T -9 \ T : / h /<9 = U J H < /Q QR0 9 J_ Doctor VY< J_ [ N = 9 9 f g 0 f g K Z ! J_ fThe Teacherg H Q ! Jj U = 0 : / K HZ J` / TH N= YQ / < 0 H 9 < : KJ J` 9/ 9 H9 = Z = dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d J9/\ !

9 = /= h 0< = ] H J H Â&#x2039; Vd J / ; H 99 = U U ; a = J_ / J / ; H 99 = = VY< J_ < T/ 0 U / K 9 / 9 / / U H9 <= U / J_ J J_ 9 = /= < 0< = < J_ = 9 J ; = K / / = T / 9 H / Hd / V / VY< < T : / Y N YQ 0< T =[ =Z H 9 = =KJ < 9 = /=J Z 9 H Q / / Z 9 VY< W / J ; < 0< = T H Q U / K 9 / H / H 9 Hd / V / /Q =/ / / H I f 0Q 0 g 0 K / / H / 9 9 RY / / I 9 9= /Q Q 0 H 9 < /\ h 9 9 J / ; H 99 = Z = Q 9 Y< T -U J J ; Q J_ [ N Y N J H= Z Z : < : / ; < Z 0< Q 0 U / K 9 / T /Q =/ h (. 2.6 6 ! , $ J ; H9/ U = ] HT = T VUV ![/ b d J K <K / J H = KJ Z 9 9 /Q =

9 TH 9 < / H 9 : / h W 9 J / ; H 99 = Z = Q VY< =9 / < = / 9 Scholasticism77 VY< / J / ; H 99 = =Y / / =9 / T / Z = H = 9 /Q /Q Q H=/ = [ =Z 9

: < J_ / I 0 ! /Q J ; Q=/ 9 / / : < h Z = /Q 9= Z < QTH 9RY ] HU / K 9 / J_ <= / / 9 J_ / J ; = < Z ; < H T/ K 9 ^ <K / R = T H /< 9/ Q J_ /\ J / ; H 99 = < J_ H < 0 / < U K T/ H h Z = < Z Z Jz 1226 9 H / K / Y N T : / < : /; h = Z = U J U = ] H <J T = : /; < /< 0 / VY< / / H =9 / HK T = QKJ <U U ; VY< K = J_ : / : /; Y< K J / ; H 99 = 0 TH /<9= U J W9 K <J U U U ; JzV H Jj K = K9 = < : /; < 0 Summa Theologica VY< 9 9= 99 = H Summa Contra Gentiles VY< 9 9=9 9 H J / ; / / H9/ K 9 / J_ 0 T V J Z J H= J / ; / 9 0< U =K =Y U J_ / J_ : = J_ H 9

N= K / = / 9 0< J_ 0Q ^ < : KJ 9 T 0< RY T < K RTHKJK W J_ T < 9 0< 9= Q 9 0< / h TY K < < = / TH VY< / H / /Q RY H /Q WTH W K 9 < / Z 9 0< 0 /= Y< J / ; 0 f / Z g 99 = J H W / J / ; H 99 = = = < 9 = = 9 a b [ H J H 0 Z U / 9 / U = /Q = 0Q ^ 9 0< H J H < 0 0< T H / [ K H : H T/ 9 Q J_ KJ T = = /Q < = < H : H < < YQ 9 9 = H / / ! / /Q JcTT / H 0 9 < = : = 9 =/ = T/ H HJ H < 9= / /Q 9 N < 13 / J_ 77

: 9 Schola [ N J 9 U = Scholasticism J 9 fJ / ; / T = g J_ 9 =9 < H T/ Z =

R0 9 R J_ The Philosophy K Z A Philosophy

= < 9 / 9K RY = U = ] H = = < T T K 9 /

Y # ! . !. 38. . !. 1 ( # / / J = 9 N < 14 J_ J <= J Z = U JK 9 9 = < YQ J <= J 0 N^ T / H9/\ ! K YQ = 0< T H /< fU Z g Z J = 9 N < 15 H 0 < : KJ U 9 /Q H9/ H H9/ = K < YQ /Q K YQ 9 < KJ H 9 9 J H H 9 JK < T: 9 YQ /Q Z Q < 9 JcTT/= VY< TH = K 9 = = Z 0 : {} = T/ H T/ =9 U = /\ f /^g VY< = = J_ /9 /9 : KJ / 9 Y f = g Z J H Na / XN { /< H J R 9KJ [ K Z H / Y< T R ! KJ U [ = = U JK W9 9 f g 0< h VY< =h YQ Z 9 / : T H 9 J H QK = < YQ H H f [ g

T/ = / TH W K T 9 = J_ = h VY< 9 / / ! <=9 / Jc; 0 U = Z 9 T/ /Q / T 9 J_ T/ H9/ K Q W T: / : T = Z Z 0 Z JcTT / VY< W = J_ J H (Commune) J U = H h U = H / HJ J J H / HJ J W T H <J /9 0 h 9 Z TH : T 9 H R : TZ T/ VY< J /Q U H ! Z 9 =9 / /Q Q 9 KJRY : : /; VY< K H / I H I H 9/ 9 H J HU= h H T/ VY< f <: 9=g YQ = Z H <9/ < = T W 0 H I <= T = /Q : T/ 9 Z ; VY< T H 98

h 9 \ HT =! TY : < = / N J HU= f U g 9 = 0< /Q QU =K 9 / / 9 VY< W RY = 0< =9 / = K W =/ <=Y /< H / ! K J / J 9 R 9 ! H T h KJ 9 TH ; / : T /Q /^ H YQ T RY /Q < 9 N 9 T : K / = = H H /< J H 9 78 J` = {} = /^ H T/ Q 9 Y< J_ 9 = = H 9 Z h < YQ / J == 9 H Z Q : T T/ H J_ Z 9 < H / k N = 9 T ; H 9 J_ /9 / 9

JcT T VY< 9 Y< = <J / ; VY< K / dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d YQ /Q Y< U =K K T: / = = U 9 RY U H / ! U Z T / / J / ; H9 0< h / J_ = fdÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d J9/\ ! g 0 f Z g (Renaissance) /Q Y< /Q WK / J 0Q ^ K9 Z = /Q 9 9 9 K 9 T J H KJ fU 9 g H fU g = VY< = K / ! = = /Q K T / /Q 9 Z{}{c H 9 <K N= K N= Z = Z : Z H9 R 9 K J <= KJ 9 /Q =/ J_ = < ! : T fAuthorityg Z H9 K / fJ J =g T : KJ fI 9 g / J / ; / 99 = H / 9 h K K H I /Q I 9 K / 9/ TH = < YQ JcT T W Q 0 : 9 Z VY< : KJ J <= J Z h (. 2.7 ( / < d V d V

V U9 / 9 9d V J_ Y< Z = <R T T: 0 R J H 9 H / 9 0 U W /

/Q J_ 9 = = H T/ <TH / 9 < h T H /< W f 9 /< g 9 0< 9 [ Z 9 W J_ KJ W

U = ] H / \ [ HJ H ! J K = T J` 9/ 9 = H / /\ h 9 < YQ Z = dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d J9/\ ! Q / = <9 T: J_ / KJ (Back to The Source) VY< K < YQ Z 9 9 T/ U = Y N H / [ K H : Jj T = Z = h HK HK <TH RZ 9 0< dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d 9 Z K KJ 9 /Q /Q =/ K = = Z VY< K K = Z J H T/ / Y N J / ; H9 h 9= Q= QTY K 0< 9 = N= = (Humanism) VY< =RY Y< 9 dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d J9/\ ! VY< Z 9 : /; / 9 [ N Y N H h J H / h = = Q 0 < J <= J a b Z 9/ 9 T 0< W = 99 J_ N= <K a b Z Q YQ J_ J <= T =Y a b VY< /Q = 0Q ^ / K / [ K H : H T/ J_ ] / 9 Z Z = Q K Z / (1466 + 1536) / K / Y N T Â&#x2039; V d H T/ / U / U J_ H I VY< W 9 U R / < /\ YQ Z J H9/ K K Z N= ! K = / : T 9 <: 9= Hd e de Z / : H < = /9 9 J_ 9 T K 9 TH J_ / J / ; 0 / 99 = U = ] HZ = VY< = = ! = / 9 0< h 9= K R : J` / K K K J` ! / : 0 9 J / ; = W 9 < < : / 9 0 J` / / : < H =V H J` / J_ = / K J_ < 9 T 0Q / [ K T/ = / ! /;; Z [ N /\ 9 9 T J H9/ J_ /Q / / = H 9 VY< ! 9 H / Z 9 N h 9 /= =9 / / VY< J_ fJ J =g 9 0 0 / = 9 (Macchiavelli) (1469 + 1527) 9 0 d V Z : 9 Z 0 U = QZ W : T N= J_ / T/ <=9 / /^ N= J_ f T g K Z f H J_ T g N= TY J_ : T = /^ H T = /Q VY< / 100

[ < J_ T K Z = / a b H 9 0< 9 / 0 H / J H9/ ! /\ 0 = U J J_ KJ = 9 THK J H : WTZ 0 W

39. .5 (. . ! (Protestant Reform) T Jc; 0 H / / <K 9 9 = Z J_ 9 H 9 Y Z < < /Q : R Z <=9 / H T/ 9 J_ H- T/ f g H =V T 0 K H 9 J_ (Universality) H 9 (Absolute) <R0 / Z = < T/ H T/ J_ / Y< / =9 / H RY 9 J_ H /Q : / TH KJ 9 /Q TH / : / Z < TH / = / T/ J HT: /Q < H / HJ J H : H T/ 9 T H = H : T 0 T/ H / HJ J H : T 0 T/ /Q = U J TY J_ J H W < / / = H9 R 9 : H J` / 9 U = 9 9 W 0< KJ T/ W KJ 9= a H = H / ! : <K YQ WK K 9=Z 9 T YQ : VQ: =/ = J_ ^ : T H J HU= T: 9 ( (1483 + 1546) 0 : : /; < J` J < 0 K V Z = Y N J / ; RY /Q J ;; < 9 = /= d VY< / ! T 9 = U / 79 9 / H Y N 9 99 = Z HZ R / < : /; h HK 9 J_ H I Z < K KJ 9 ; < U K W [ h Z = H T/ WK J `9 K 9 N 9 T = Z KJ Y N 9 9 = T K J ;; U H J_ T = J / ; < = / 0 VY< QZ W RY 9 h ! <= 9 / 99 = U = ] H 9 H / [ K T /Q W < 9 N 9 T J / ; = U =K J_ 97 J H W 9 < 9 T <

/ 9 d / V / 9 / XN (1300-1349) J_ / J ; = < : /; < Y< J Je 9 = VY< 9 <

h J_ f g < N= /Q Z /Q 9 T 9J H 9= 9 h < 9 / 9 Q J_ 0Q ^ J HT/ N = 0 J H = (Empiricism)

101

: /; 0< f H g (Indulgence)80 VY< ! W 9 J_ 9 = H ZT / h {} = : 0< Q H J HU= 9/ R H fV0Q = H g / K ! 0< Q J_ 95 J H W 9 Z / I <=9 9 /Q / 99 = T 9Jj J_ J H K9 J H U R 0 9 /< 0 < f J H 9 g (Protest) VY< : KJ = J_ =Z Z 9 ! K / = f / T J_ H -T/ g (Excommunication) Z Jz 1521 WK / = = J H Y< 9 N = K W ! T J T/ KJ Q = <9 / T: 9 Y< < /< K J / ! /;; Z J_ [ N = / HK = < = 9 / ! h VY< /Q V H / k ! k (Sacraments) /Q J_ [ N = / VY< J_ 9 /Q ZT ! <THZ f 9 g VY< K ZT[ N R RY / : H 9 9 Z ! h K T K / / T T 9 9 = / =/ R0 9 ! J_ 9 N / T 9 Z Jz 1524 f =g Z K KJ 9 h HZ Jz 1530 K J H / ] / VY< J_ 0Q ^ : /; UJ U = / / J_ = = T 9 ! VY< 9 0< Z [ Z T/ K T: J_ ! =9 R / / =9 : / 9 / J H H9 U = /= H J H ! h U = H9 T H T / /Q H I W 9 K / W / K /Q Jc H VY< J_ H 9 H I / I 9 Z = /Q J H J H / 0Q ^ 99 = K R J J_ / VY< < 9 0< Z H H T N= TH K U = 9 0< H H Q /Q H!

N= /Q R : = 9= J 9 U = KJ /<9K TTH K K TH T T: < W J Z < H H T 9= Z K Z J <= J /9! -

VY< K TTH J <= Z J_ ! < K J_ 9= 9 H T /Q (Illumination) ]H /Q < H T/ R0 9 J_ 80

J_ J H < 0 0< = Z 9 < <=9 / [/= J VY< : KJ 9 / ! Z 0< 9 H 9 / / ! / =

f H g J_ < < f g K U = : 0< K < H T/ : 0< Z K / J H / 9 THK / [/= JJ H Y< TH

K / U NZ Kd : H 0 / = KJ 9 =KJ 9=/ J = 0 =/ K ! k 0< / H / 9 0< H J HU= U <=9

102

H T U = ] H < / J_ H I H / I H H / HJ J TY J_ H : < 0< J_ = J W= K / = < h TY < < 9= ! W= / 9 H T/ K Z 0< ! T: J_ 0< =[ = < RY 9 T Q H T/ < YQ Z < < : ! k H UJ / k ! k = R H T/ W =9 / JcT T < R /Q K H ! J TH K W 0< H T H 9 0< = T /Q 9= QTY K RY !

H T 0 /Q K K Z H T/ < 9 0< < T 0 H / [ K /Q J` J ! Z J` / 0 Z 0< /< Z H T H / / ! / H H / [ 9 ! H 9 h VY< K J / J Z = = [ =Z U R K J H J 0 < J_ = Z U R W = / 0 H / [ /Q H 9 V/ V T = J_ f 9 / g /Q T / N= 9 = 0< VQ: =/ : Z K 9 9 H=Y / < Q HK R RY H T K ! ! KJ /<9= U J ( & (1484 + 1531) K < J` J Z 9 V U = ! 9 N= = H ! VY< = J_ f =g / Z [ [ Q 9 K J / = Z = = ! < : /; < 0 f Q= <: g VY< J H W <9 9 0< K Z 0< f 9 /9g J_ 0< J H H T 9 T J H W H : /Q /Q =/ /< Z : = J HJ H / ; h =Z QK KJ <= 9 / 0 R < H J_ 9 Y< < : Z 9 h Z [ [ Q 9 / J_ / ! U = = Q J_ /9 0< 9 Z { /< c ! (1509 + 1564) K < = /9 KJU = < < T 9 J_ I 9 < 9 J / ; 99 = H a = 9 =Z TY J H KJ 9= / b < / T U =9 = 0Q ^ H / [ K VY< R0 9 J_ f a H T g / 9 J_ : < 9 R /Q J / ; Y N T/ H 0 =Z Q = J_ / Z / = : /;81 81

/ 9 R0 9 : J_ ; H T 9 : WT J_ H V 9 = Protestant Ethics and the

Rise of Capitalism U = [ / = < 9 0< Q

103

/ 9 9 KJT ! / 9 H H T /Q H T / 9 J_ H T < f = g 0< Z N= J` /

a b H = / N= ! <TH : T 0 < HK / a b H T Z 9 =9 / / 9 WK K Z [ U ! / Z K 0 / <K K9 WR U N = / H /< R J H 9 = / 9 K K T: / = < < : /Q K =KJ /<9= U J Z u = = u/ Â&#x2039; H / XN 9 KJ=/ Z < 9 = < : /; /Q Y< Z = =9 / Q 0 < / XN / < 0< h 0 K K T 0< / ! : J_ 0< 0 < 9 < N/ = / XNJ H TH R J /^ < J_ H /Q H 0 (. 2.8 c ! d d J 0< RY /Q / Z / /=$ , - X 8 VY< J H TH = T H 0< TH [ N / Z H / K HU 0< 0 / / H / HJ J K ; Z = 82 / XNTY = T U / / /Q H T u < < 8 < J` J 0< Z / [ 9 Z J H < W=/ =Y J H 0 /Q W H = 0 0Q KJ J_ / 9 TH R J H : Z 9 K ! = / 9 [ = / < T Â&#x2039; VY< / H / N = QK9 TH 9 / / XNZ 9 9= Q = / / J_ 0< T/ / XN TY / N H H 9 / / 9 = / KJ [ h 82

H T u < < 8 J H Y< 0 J H TH 0 / / 9 Z / ! /;; W Jj U Z

[ = Z K 0< 9/ R J H / 9Z 0< K R K / [ = H T/ =Y /< Z / <9 = K /9 < 100

104

= J_ = h Q YQ K HU K < ! 0 KJ 9 /Q Jc; 0< h Z H T/ W = f 9 H H 0< g /<9KJ a = H T/ (Canon Law) H U N h K K Jc; /Q H J_ Jc; < Y KJZ 9 N= H T/ TY J` J 9=

40. .5 (. (Catholic Reform) ZT / 9 J` J YQ 0< J / J Z <TH ; / f[/= g =UJ /< W J_ = Y< VY< J_ H Z J` J Z 9 N < 16 <T 9 J` J K < /Q J = 9 N < 15 HK 9 /Q ZT <TH H : /Q /Q J H / = 9 = Z Jz 1311 9 VY< K J H T K9 9 TH < dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d 9 VY< < TH 0< KJ T /Q < : /; J` J J_ 9 = = <THJ / J Z 9 HZ 9 = = /= J` J J_ 9 J <= J [ =Z VY< YQ H W H = / J = 9 N < 15 RY 9 N < 16 VY< / Q 1. - $ # ! , ; T Q YQ Z / J = 9 N < 15 U = VY< /Q H / 9 HI 9 9 / /Q 0< 9 / ! Z 9= J` / 9 9= : U = < < H Z J / J Z U H T/ HJc; K K = < U = < /9 9 /Q =/ J H 9 [ 9 YQ Z = Q / ;VY< J_ / [ 9 = = QK 9 / 9 [ 9 H 9= 0 = T <R / J = H < Jc; /Q = HT ZT 9 ZT / 9 9/ H = /Q 0< Z / = HZT H 9 J_ Y< =9 / H T < J_ / N H < = = 9Z H / H / 9 W J_ 0< <K / dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d YQ Z H H / 9 0< h YQ 2. _de _(& $ & ! Z 9 N < 15 K 9 = = dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d 9 / / 9 VY< K 0< KJ 9 /= = = H KJ <=9 / / J HU= U U 9

U U K dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d H /Q Z = H = 0< Z / 0 H = 9 /= V /Q Y< VY< K : WT J_ = / /Q 9 N < 15 : / 105

H / H Hd / V / WK dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d 9 / 9 T /Q / J_ J ` < YQ /<9KJ <TH J` JUJ H / T /Q W= < = < YQ VY< TH W K 9 K H / 9 Z YQ 0< dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d 9 Z *, # # Z Jz 1535 VY< /Q YQ U = 6 '- & J_ H / 9 ; ( < = / Z J H K =9 fV g f ! g 0 f V g f g - TH = J_ [ N / XN 0 { /< 0 Z [ N K =9 f; g f g) Z < HZ Q /Q K K = 9 / K K J` ; HK K /9 KJT /<9KJ W = : H 9 [ 9 9 = = = 9= 0 TW J}9= 9 9 W < 0 <9/ 0< : Z H 9 / 9 H 9 ! V 9= / /Q T /Q W < Jj = Y N W R Z 0 T H /< Z Jz 1572 TY K 9 / = Z H 9 0Q 0 / 9 0< h H a H = H YQ K / / J_ H / 9 Z Jz 1612 Z HTH KJ 9= 9/ H YQ H / I H < < J_ < H / 9 Z = Z VY< K < 9 YQ : / U = H HTH : 9/ R J H ] HK9 : Y N W = T = J}9= W H = 9 J_ / H / 9 = VY< / N H <K 9 9 ( = / 9 f g) Hd d VY< 6 ! $ , - 9UJ (1495 + 1550) J_ /Q Z Jz 1540 0< 9= 0 TW J}9= H < J_ U J H 0 Jc; T ZT 0 H < 9 [ 9 / H / VY< / ; 9 J 0 6 6 ! H ! 1 K 9 / /Q : / ; H =Z Jz 1562 VY< / N H = / Z = U = 9 T 9 ;; H RY / ! H T T H / 9 < 9 [ 9 H 9 : /; = = < Z J` J < T J J H Q=/ K Z : H / 9 Z H Y< < J_ : : /;Z J` J /< 0 H = VY< 6 ' 6 ! (1491 + 1556) K /Q YQ T H = : 9 Z 9/ N/ = = <= /<9KJ < W 9 9 K Z < /< K / ZT H = H 9 <TH T ; = = V d / V H V Z = /9 9= 9 [ 9 H = H h K Z : f = g (Spiritual Exercises + Retreat) U =K = / 0 <=9 / 0< QT J H 106

VY< K KJ = 9 /Q J K K KJ Y N J / ; < J 9 = 9= f g K / W 0< / Y N 9 9 9 Z Q Z T: 9 Q d / V V 9 = 9 = 9= H < 0 : H = VY< K KJ = /<9U H J_ / 9 <=9 ;Z 9 h = J_ H / 9 < < Z JcTT / 3. 1 $ , - J` J 9 Q YQ U = < : H [ =Z VY< K W = T < K Y N T 9 = / = 0 T J H 9 H / HJ J Z = /Q = H 9 ZT 0< U HK / /Q YQ U = H 0 ; (Nepotism) W : H <=9 0< h H H- / HJ J = < J` J[ =Z VY< W J = H H / H / I H H I T: 9 K Z 9 9 0 /< W J_ 0< J : / <K = ; = J HU= U < 9 RY H /< f /J /< g [ =Z = 9= (Curia Romana) : 0< QZ H / HJ J 0< K J_ 0< <K = / Z H / HJ J U < 10 VY< T H

d V /Q /Q H / 83 WTH /Q H 9 /Q f / ;g H < <=9 / J HU= 0 H W / TH J_ J H [ / Q <K J_ H / / Z H / HJ J J U < 3 Z Jz 1534 VY< K < J` J 9= /Q H / 9 \ H ! H T/ H = / = /Q : /; 0 / = 0 /Q H /< Z H / I VY< : J HT: / I b 0 h THK = = J HT: = W : / = <U /Q Q Z KJJ HT: < 9=/ J` J 0< : h VY< J_ 0< J HU= /Q Q 4. (1545 + 1563) / J_ / = < 9 : / ; K = : / = /Q K 83

/ J_ : f 0 g 0 0< T H dj9 / K J_ : f g J_ f= g =9 / f V ; g

(Monsignor) VY< H I K /

107 (. 2.9 . . 1545-1563

R = : : /; = RY 9/ Q 9 TH J_ =Q: 9 : /; H f 9 / k ! kg / : < H T/ K J H J H9/ /Q : / = H - U Jj WK J H 9=9 / : h < H T/ K J H TH = / 9= 9 =9 / H / [ K T Q 9 / = VY< Z 9 <= 9 < /Q Y< Z J H9/ K T 0< h VY< 9 <=9 / : /Q ! H 0< h 0< 0Q dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; 9 : /; / : < =J H 9 0 < T Z 0< Z R f U g {} =UJ K THR0 9 / = /Q QK K J_ f J` Jg Z 9 = 9 Z W K 9 ^ : /; : / = Z /Q = =9 H T/ K =Y R0 :

/ = /Q Q T JcTT / / J_ f 9 g / : /Q < < Z J H9/ f =U / g84

41. # ! #" ! , # .g'' (Enlightenment) TH T J H9/ Z H9/ T f g H 9 : T T/ / T/ 9 TH < T J H = = VY< J_ 0Q ^ Z J H /Q H I VY< : < f I g K K = T J H = / T 9 / / ! = Z 9 TH J_ f /Q g < KJT /<9KJ J <= J < : KJ 9 H 9 f I g / J H 0 fI 9 g YQ Z 0< J H = = / =! U / H H I 0 H T ! : T N J_ f /Q [ ! kg (Priviledged Class) : 0 H / HJ J H ^ / : / = = KJ / H dj9 / (Feudalism) = = H 9 U H! / 0 T/ / T/ H / HJ J / T/ J_ < W K / T / =9 / H 9 99 = / J / ; H 9 0< / 0 Jj = H T (Revelation) / [ Jc;; N= 0< QK K T / Q : T T/ / = < YQ U = J <= H / 9 / = T : /Q T 0 / = J_ 0< H 9 84

0< fU / g J_ 0< = Z KJT VY< = = f g VY< =RY f g : Z J_ < / T 9

T = U! Â&#x2039; V H =UJ JcTT /

108

f I g / fI 9 g (Lay)85 VY< / J == = dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d J9/\ ! fI 9 g K /\ YQ = = / f I g T = J_ / < 0 9 Z < J / ; = = 0 Jc;; H J` 9/ { /< 0 J H / < 0 9 Q /\ = = Z = = U J VY< K 9 U T = <9 f 0 / 9 < g / 99 = H / J / ; : / 9 J ; Q J H= / / ! : H 9 / 9 J_ KJZ / N H < RY 9 0 9 9 0< Jj = H T [ Jc;; N= H 99 = J / ; J / ; 0 f / Z g

99 = = K W U W Z W 9 : /; f g H < /\ f g = H U =K KJ / 99 = < /\ 9 <=9 / / H /^U =K / [ 0 / : / TH W K T / =- 9 VY< R0 9 /^ T = H 9 HZ /9 / J_ /9 : /Q 9 9 /Q 9 = Q J_ 0< 0 / ^ < 0 / ; ; fJ J =g T 9 0< H Y< 0 I 9 T I T/ T T/ VY< THJ ` YQ = Z /\ = H= 0 Jc;; (Enlightenment) U = ] H Z 9 N < 18 ^ = 0 Jc;; = < dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d J9/\ ! H N= / J = = K Z f N= g < J_ ! J_ / k H !

fJcT T g !

N= VY< f g K / = YQ 0 < 0< Z N= / H / =[ = <TH 9 9 T H 9 9 de 9 K K R Jj /Q 9= U / < / VY< J_ /9 : KJ f Z g K YQ J_ < = [ =Z = VY< / / < 0< = Z = J_ = J <= H 9 / (Paradigm)86 /Q 85

K 9 H 9 I / J H 9 YQ Z = < H I J_ T H / : T H [ ! k

= < YQ /Q /9 < 91,94 86

H 9 / J_ / < < J_ < = Z 9 9 J / ; 9 = H Z 99 = U = 9 Thomas

Kuhn Z / 0 The Structure of Scientific Revolution VY< QZ W 9 J <= J 9 = Z J H9/ T J <=

H 9 / VY< J_ 9 ! U ZTU T Y< Y< 0< Z < J <= J Q W J` 9/ XN` 9 = VY< TH W K / /Q 9 / RY K K

109

: /; < Z J H9/ H9/ VY< < T = = / / ! (Relativism) K =Y R0 9 /T! Z h J_ /9 /Q < < /Q : R 9= 9 /= (Scepticism) HK = = =9 0< TH HK (Indifferentism) 0 /= Y< K = = 9 KJ 0< 0 R0 9 R =987 TH=/ = 0 Z / W = KJ = 0< = / = /Q (1596 + 1650) J ; 9{ /< 0 J T = 9 ^ Z = H = 0 Jc;; Z { /< TH=/ 0< Z H T W < 9 9 Z H 99 ZTZ < < H f T T TY J_ = g (I think therefore I am) 9 Q < < 9 /=Z 9 h < = /Q Z HJcTT / K HK f K g 9 /=

J_ 9 /= f 0< J_ = !9 !g KJ 9 H 9 T /Q & / J / ; Y< { /< QZ W 9 J H9/ J_ 0< < / Y K9 f / J H9/ g K 0< 0< /9 K J_ / 0< h < /= Z J H9/ HJ H h U = ] H < <=9 / ! =Q: 9 : /;

Z Y N J H9/ H 0< J_ / Z Y N ! H ! / J H9/ <=9 / J H9/ 0 9 9/\ !

< ! H = J_ 0< =9 / # 6 / 9 VY< Z W 9 9 9 0 J J = J_ HT a b <U= JcTT / / N= TH / ! (Naturalism) K Z J_ R / H a b < /< / YQ f = hg 0 U =J T =Y f < 0 ! g : f! g 9 QVY< J_ < = Z / = /Q / = / 9 J H9/ H U = 9 H UV 0 = 9 Jc;; H /Q 0< KJ J` 9/

{ /< VY< YQ K <Jz / T [ UV : / < = /Q (! (1724 + 1804) / J / ; = < 0< = K = / 0 / 1 1 1 #" H J / ; 0< h = 9 J_ 0Q ^ : /; : / 9 0 Jc;; = / VY< K / /\ Z J 9 h U = ] H u VY< K / ! T = : /; / 9 87

J_ / N H Jj 9 =9 / = J / ; 0 VY< 9 < = /Q : R = HR R = [ J =

RY [ 9 H 0< = < YQ

110

= / T 0< h 0 =/ W 9 : /; J H9/ 9 J H9/ N= < / N= R / / /; ; H < Z H 9= Q < N= R J_ f =g 0 ! H /9 /<9 U = < < = Z /9 K J H9/ 0 /\ /\ N= KJ 9 HK J_ KJ 9 0< <=9 / H T J_ < < T J < fR g 9 9 = / W =9 / 0< h < W 9 J H h <K /< / /Q K Z 9 TH J_ KJ KJ K TTHR0 9 R 0 J_ T K T: J_ Z f9 T ; g K Z 0< = K 0 0 9 / J / ; = / TH T: 9 H K = Y VYQ W 9/ 9 / J / ; Z < 0< h HK RTH 0< 9 H J <= J f [ g 9 J H K Z Z < 9 J R W=/ K / ! T J` 9/ { /< K =88 9 0 Jc;; = (Illuminism) 0 9 = = <TH : Z T/ HZ (Enlightenment) H H T/ = K = : Z 9 /= H / Z : T HJ H H T/ /Q Z 9 9 < / H T/ 9= / <=0 = H T/ 0 H = VY< / < 0 / H = = 9 T W 9 H QZ / {} = J J_ <J Y N Z 0< h Z : / H T = < 14 { /< TY R R0 9 J_ f /Q J g < K / : T/ KJ 9=

42. " !$ 1I< / 9 N < 15 0< K fU Z g K ] H < 9 RY 9 0< h

U = W < YQ H = W 0 9 Y< Z 9 Q UJ H J J_ : T H < < 9 0 YQ H Jc; 9 / = U = : /;; <=9 / H (VY< / ZT9 J_ U H 9 Q) U = H / HJ J 9 <=9 Z J H J H 0< T /Q J H J_ f g /Q N/ = W 9 / / ! Z / H / HJ J /Q /Q : T=/ K / !

/ / J / ; H / J` 9/ = / K TTH = < = / K T TH= = : T {} =J K = V

/Q 9 RY / 9 / J / ; = < = KJ Q[/= 0 = Z { /<

111

: T (Authority) Z = HT/ Z < < 9 THKJ (=Y ) 9= Q / H / Hd / V / TY K : T /Q KJ /<9 <Z < J HUJ KJRY WTH=Y J_ 0< T 9 ! < 0 9 K < Z R 9 K R / 0 YQ : J J H : =9/\ ! /Q KJ T 0 Q / /Q W f Jg Z J_ U = / < 9= Q H Z T dj JJj VY< J_ W = J_ ( ) KJ 0 /Q 89 0< T : TK f / { g 0< T/ T H / HJ J = < <=9 / T/ Z J H TY YQ / : T f T/ g / H / I H N/ = Z TY 0Q J HU= / VY< W / / : T fU g T /Q U =J = = 9= Q U TY K /Q H 9 Z YQ Z Jz 1622 0< : < / <=9 / = H T/ < f Z g Z h U =Z 0< 9 , " !$ & fPropaganda Fideg WZ 9 TH R Y : T / K U = / TH Y / K =/ J `9 / =/ YQ f =g 0 H / HJ J H N/ = J H T H /< 0< H N/ = K Q / K J <= J KJ U TY : TZ fJ g T/ Z J H =9 = /Q R K / 9 =K K =KJT RY = / 9 N 9 U = 0< / 9 V U / VY< J_ 9 Y< H =V K KJ = < = W / 9 H T/ H < /Q Y< 0< UJ K = = : T T RY = HJc / = < 0 /9 9 KJ J H 0< h Z [ [ Q 0 / H H Â&#x2039; HK = 9 dj JJj W J_ J / 9 N < 16 : / < 0 T / ^ 9 K R : KJ J_ /Q Z 9 N < 6 U = 9 = = T T/ {} = H9/ WK K = KJ T H /< 9 N < 14 J `9 K : KJ /Q Y< H < J H YQ <Jc < H 89

TH = 9 9/\ ! /Q K R : =KJ W K Z H=/ W K J_ 9 VY< / 9 0< HJ H

H /< Z JcTT / W = / RY = h < YQ / 9/\ ! R < /Q

112

0 VY< J_ = < U T 0< : T J <= KJ 9 9 WK / = = H TH ; Q KJT T W9 K / /Q Z 9 N < 16 U = H = J_ H < /Q J < = / 9 f V/ g (Mission) < J H= 9/\ ! T / / : H ! / J_ < 9 / = fT g90 VY< 9 Y< W J_ 9 / = H 9 UJ / J H 9 Y< J_ 0< H 9 H / 9 / Hd / V / VY< R0 9 J_ /Q /Q 9 N < 14 / H = f Z g T H /< : KJ H / HK = = YQ /Q Y< Z 9 N < 17 = K W K U YQ Z 0 T T H /< J <= J /Q : /; 0< T K J J H /Q Jz 194991 = Z = < : /; < 0 d / V V 9 = (VY< K / R J J_ / ;) J_ 0< 9 /Q H = / V ; V U U U= K = Z = U V = H; < J } 9 = 9 J_ / ZT : / ; : / / h /Q =/ J_ / ZT Y< Z /Q H / 9 H H I HI 9 < KJ = Z J H h /Q Z = H d : / = {} =UJ /Q WK < / = h K YQ Z = U J 9 KJ J H U = 9 / H / XN J_ : KJ < T 9 N < 16 9 Z < /Q K K : Y RY 0< QZ / N H <{} = K : /Q Q H9 /Q = h Z UJ 9 <= 9 / 0< = / KJ Z / TH W / 9 J H f 9J H ^g J_ < 9 KJZ < h U = T = 0< = 0 KJ /Q 90

J_ 9 / = 0< Z [ N T 0< = H T H R0 9 J H N 9T /Q K K / = / 9

0< 9 91

9 T K K : T/ T: / [ / / KJ Z h /Q J_ /

0< /\ 9 / 9 K YQ T/ Z [ = KJ : T/ = R R U < YQ Z = J` 9/ 9/\ ! (1966-1976) WK R : T/ K /Q H K T Z < ! H Z 9/ U R <R Jj = W=/ T fZ g H < d d /Q 0< J` 9/ 9/\ ! R KJ JcTT / H 0< h Z 0 T : / = H 9 d d /Q Z ; HT Z [ YQ

113

/ (Mission) /Q 9 W / KJ 9 H =V /< Z 9 H /Q KJJ H T /Q W J_ 0< < H T TH T/ = 9 / H / XN /Q H : U = T/ /Q < : < / - Z = KJ=/ J H H : = Z 9 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in the Foreign Parts, Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge J_ Z J = 9 N < 18 H 9 N < 19 TY K /Q < J_ H YQ H = == =h < YQ Z Z / XN Baptist Missionary Society, London Missionary Society, British and Foreign Bible Society, Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society <Z ; < /Q K / /Q YQ Z /^ Z Jz 1810 0< 9 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions VY< / KJ=/ J H h J_ T: 9 9 Y< Y< / UJ /Q 9 Z = /Q K /Q H = YQ / J H 0< h < 9 = / TH 9 H / XN H / K /Q H VY< 9 / J_ / ! T /\ f [ 0< = g < = 9 Deutsch Evangelischer Missionstag T Q 9 UJ = h = = <TH : 9 / Z T = U =K K T: / = ] H Z J H Z Jz 1888 K J H <=9 / /< < U = T = h 9 HK J H Z / N H =9 / < 9= Z Jz 1900 < Z Jz 1910 HZ < 0< h 0< = U =Z 0< 9 International Missionary Council U = < J_ Z ; h T J H h = 26 [ /< / 9 QK : /;Z / / Z [ T/ U (World Council of Churches) Z Jz 1947 T J H < / /

43. " !$ / . , UJ K {e WT H ! < 2 = != Z Jz 1511 0< T ; / / !K H =/ K J HT/ N / 9 K H / 9= 0 K 9 Z Jz 1555 / / 9UJ K Z T H H = = Jz WR I T /Q W / 9 Z ; J_ 9UJ H / 114

d / V / H = = = H 9 = / J H UJ H < f g Z < = != VY< =/ V J / / / < < 9/ / ;Jj 92 VY< J_ = J H H 9 Z : h YQ = / UJ VY< = : f - g /Q 0 H = < 0 /9Z = J H 9 Z Jz 1662 Z / /= WT H = /Q 9 = 2,000 H / = 11 HZ Jz Q < / 9{ /< / / *, 6 . , # . (Missons Etrangeres de Paris) K RY 0 K = U = : H / I 0 Jc 0 H / - U = /Q K K T = < = < 0 T 0< T 99 Jc ; < 0 T /Q TY 9H R < = ! = H = < W < = < < H W 9 = 0Q : 9= J_ = = < 0< h W < = = H : /;Z /Q f V/ = g93 / 9{ /< K / / T WT H = J_ = /Q Q H H J H TH R J 9 / / ! / { /< 0< THK : T / VY< : / = / K = J_ 0< 0< / / !K H 9 H T = / H T { /< VY< J_ = H T = < 14 < U = WT H = KJ{ /< J_ /Q Z Jz 1680 KJK RY H 0 /JJ TY KJ Z Jz 1683 U = / 9 HKJ 9= Jz H T = < 14 WK H : U = 9 U T ; / / !K W J_ < ZT9 0 T 9 = = <TH / = 9 H Q W 9 /Q ZT <TH 9 ! 0< 9 = J_ HK 9 ! Z 9 : Z N/ = = f g VY< W J_ = 9 {c /Q H H H / H K K J_ KJ /Q WT H = TH 9 H /= H H / K = H V/ J H J /Q 9 RY H = VY< K J_ Z ; K <= / H 92

J K : 9 9/ / ;Jj < = != 9 Y< K / / T /^ UJ HK ^ 9/

J} 9/ 9 /Q U H H J 0< Z h /Q HZ 9 J HT: 9/ 9 Z = /Q J_ J H Z ; VY< 9 Z ; J_ 9 J H 93

J_ < J U =K YQ / : T UJ 0 0< 0 9 YQ / J

VY< = = <J H 0< YQ / H 9 = 9 0< < U U = / / K = ( !

U , 2527) 20

115

UJ Z H / Q J_ <J Y N Z : / 0< T J_ 9 \ Z h = H : 9 J_ T H /< H = KJ <=9 / 0 Z : / U = / 9 VY< WT H = /Q Z J_ : H KJ=/ { /< Z J = / /= H K J <= J J H WT H = K 9 H 9 < H Q : / H /< W 0 T T 9 / / ! / H 9 / H T = H H 0 : h 9 9 K UJ J { /< KJ / H 9 R = = HR = Z f K =g 9 H ; 0< Q = ! = Z = W 0 TH Q KJ 9= < /Q Y< Z /= ! W Jc; 9 / = / H T YQ / R J H 9 HT/ HT =KJ = /9 0 V/ = < /Q Y< / / U / 9{ /< Z /= = != K < = 9= 9/ U = HU = YQ Z U =K / 9 9= 0 T WT H = 9= / J_ U = HU = <T/ H H9/ Z J H K = : / U = /Q T Y N /<9KJ 9 =/ J_ < = = 9 <TH 9 J_ H I 9= f /=g Q K = J_ = Y N : /; = HJ `9 K f g T J H h H /< T 0 T Y N J / ; H 99 = HK / 9 J_ H I < < = Y N < : /; QK = =KJ = < H (Jz / ) Z 9 H R 0 Z = != / / /= WT H = K : 9= / K H : = Z H h < 9 Z ; J_ 9 < / = 0 : = 9T 9;9 9; < J } H 9 = /Q W 9 9 H 9 ; W = 9 9K = /Q = <K THK K / T J_ 0< = <TH J <= HTH : Z f J = g T / /Q 9 W = 9 / J_ J H < = T 0< h RY H /Q / W = = 9 R <TH : Z K = J <= / R0 U = J / 0 H / [ K / ! /;; Z 9 J_ [ N K = H = / 0 <=9 / / : YQ RY H /Q WK J_ Z / / TY f Jg K ] H W h VY< J}9= / Z = VY< J_ T: 9 U = ; W 116

T / VY< J_ H I /Q H < Z < 9 J_ H I 9 =/ H / 9 ; 0 V VY< / K < 0< Z 9= / I 9 < : < : H J H (Catechist) / TY 9 <TH = [ N K = H : 0< h <I 9 : K K / I U VY< K / /Q Z J_ / I V/ = K = / 0 YQ = 9 /Q K9= [ N = H H T K = (Dictionaire Siamois) : / J H9/ =U / Z = / U Q < /\ YQ = 0< / / < 1 9 / K / H H /Q 9/ Z 9 < 9 / = Z < h H T = /9 / h K H < H 9= 0 Z dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d VY< < / = < YQ U = ] H / / < 5 J_ RY H /Q WK K : Z K = J_ T: 9 J_ /Q Q VY< 9 / = J_ J H <9/ a T (V ) 9/ ( VWJ /;) 9/ ;9 ( ) 9/ 9 H9/ / / /; J_ /= /Q = < 9 = 9 / Q9 f =g 9 / J_ : : /; /Q H / 9 K / = 9 T 9 ! H = VY< W 9 TH : 9 : ZT H J_ 0< 0< Q: /\ / = ! J_ W h Z =THKJ = / 0 <U = 9/ VY< 0 9 TH=/ K J_ H H T H /< 0< WT HT T T = /9 J` J / H H Y N Z TY K < Jj U = 9/ /Q Z / H Y N Z U = / / /; Jj / / = /<9KJZ Jz 1885 H T = /9 / < 5 T H 9 9 H - = K 9 9= 0 Z =/ = =U = f{ /< g Q T H /< Z Jz 1900 9 = /= / / /; / = = RY 1000 : Z / < / = K R : K H : / = TY K KJ Z H / 9 T { /< 9= V = TY K /Q Jz 1901 J_ H < /Q U = 0< h Z 0 =9 / 0 V = HU = / / /;Z T/ 9/ Z H=H =9 / /Q WK U = V = (1898) U =K Z = Z H / 9 ; (V ) V J VY< K /Q U = / / /;

117

9 (1905) V (1906) V U= Vd 9 (1907) HU = 0< h Z T/ 9/ Z 9 V H K : Z J H K = 0< Jz 1924 K /Q U = -9 = /= < " HU = T < = Z 9 /Q 9= Z U = 9/ Z < h HV V = Z Jz 1927 < : <=9 / = 9 H : Z 9/ h Z K /Q U = ! k = /= < UJ} V H U < " T Q=/ H / 9 /Q = H ; = H < / U /Q < /Q H I HV T H I 9 Z J h H = WK / /Q Y< Z Jz 1954 / T <K T KJ /Q /= = != 9 H V/ J H J /Q K : = 0< / Z Jz 1662 T H /< JcTT / Q W=/ = T: 9 Y< T H / 9 T J H Q WK /Q H / 9 ; YQ Z J H K = 9= 0< Z 9= 0 9/ HU = HV f 0Q 0 g Q = 0 [ J H J_ : / : /;Z h H / VY< T/ <=9 = J /Q J =9 : / /Q J H Z Jz 1899 K = H9/ ] = 0 KJ U = = = < - ( H ) T /Q TY K = KJ 8 0 T/ ! ! = Z H Na ! U =Z Jz 1965 J QVY< = / /Q 9 f V/ g (Vicarius Apostolicus) K / = ^ HZ J_ f / I b g (Diocese) T 0 9 J_ f Hg 9 HK YQ H 9 = 9 0< (Propaganda Fide) <U U = H / I /Q 9 / J_ f [ H / I J H K =g 9 / : < <=9 / T/ /Q Z J H K =

H =9 / fU g W /Q / 9 / J HT: J H K = VY< = 9 f H g (Nuntius Apostolicus) VY< J H / [ H / I J H K = 9= JcTT / Q = /<9J H J H H I J H 500

118

9 = = T/ H = = < YQ Z /= = != W H /= ! 0 Z /= / U Q W : /; J H 0 J H 9 / / ! = Z / : T H9/ /Q Q H J_ H9/ <K : : : T 0 /Q { /< H : T 0< h T : 0 = 0< R : K VY< W J_ = H 9 < : T < /Q J_ {} = J 0< Q ;9 KJ H Z K = 9= 0 K W J_ / Jc; W YQ / Z < YQ Z / /= H 0 Z H 9 K = / { /< . .112 0 H 9 U T U /Q < Q 9 R R0 9 J_ / ! 0 = {} ={ /< J_ = J H

J H < R R0 9 J_ f { /< g H / : W ! h W 9 J_ f{ /< g /Q Q 9= Q / TY K = = J H= 9/\ ! K = 9 /Q ! / / /= = != 9 K 9 TH 9= Z W H 9 / 9K J_ : WT : VQ: =/ J_ Y< 9 = = 9 ZT 9 RY = = / < Z /= H Z /= / < 3 H 0< /= <T XN k ! H / : T 0< 0 30 Jz Q 94 /Q QU =K 9 9 / = < YQ / . .2525 J_ 95 9 = = / Z J H= Z / J H K = /Q 9 ZT Y N 9/\ ! H ! W J_ 9 ZT 0< R ! = Z J_ < ZT H J_ <= / /Q H 9 Z ; T H J_ J = = H 9 ! / U = QZ W f 9 0 9 g TY = J_ f < g KJ K 9 THU = /Q ZT 0 K W 9 Y< = < T =0 H 9 VY< 0< 9 <= = =9 Q J <= KJZ / 0< K Q 96 94

Z Jz 2501 / 0 J T] 9 / VY< 9 T/ YQ K Z J` = T 9 ! J_ = H 0Q / 0 Q

= < J_ < ! / 0 R =Y W HK 9 0< W Z < 95

J H W 9 / = /Q Q KJT /Q 0< h 9 H : / = 9 / < H Q T : /

! 0 < 9 / / ! / 0< h < : Z 9 ZT9 K J <= = !9 ! Z = J_ 9 ! < TH 0 0< h J H / = Z J H K = Q < / 9 Q 96

/9 < 93 H[ 9

119

44. " !$ . ! / . , 9 /Q u / H / XNTH Z [ [ Q /Q 9 N < 17 W K K = 0 / 0< h < J_ : Q < YQ = T T/ Z Jz 1828 0< / H T / (London Missionary Society) VY< J H 9= T = / ddl 9 = / H T = = < = < " 9 T /Q /Q ZTTHKJ 0 T WK J <= 9 /Q ZT H : / T < " /Q K 9 / J H9 (The Gospel) /Q < J_ [ N K = 0< W 9 : KJ 9= TY K H ! / 0< ! - J H (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions) Z / < HK H / / / Z Z 9= T = = UT TY K / /9Z Jz 1833 HK J / 0 H / [ K / ! /;; Z /Q J_ [ N K = H ! / 0< ! J H K 9= Q H Z Jz 1835 J H 9= T = < / /9 0 U / , d T / , / = H T 9 / Q 9 9 R =h TY K / 9 = /Q T : / HT /<9KJ U = ] H T = / = /Q K / Y N = 9= TY Z / N U /<9KJ HK J_ < T/ Z / = 9 THK K : = / N = T 0< h VY< : Z J_ < T/ 9 0 U =K / 0 ] / 0 K = 0< 9 VY< K = J_ 0< 9 ] / < H J <= J 9 K = H / 0 ] / QK J_ 0< 0 R = /Q

9 H9 Z h 9 /Q [ N / XNVY< ! ( / = ) J_ H Z 9 N 9 T / H / = W = = Je / [ Z H < = J_ 9 J <= < : /; T H h Q 9 H 0< h U = ] HT /^ W < = = 9 Y< KJ < = [ 0 = < = Z = K W / : K ] H / 0 = J_ 9 Z ; f K =g < / R0 ! 120

f g = W : 9= 9 = H K 9 TH J_ ! Y N 0 H /\ J H 0< h T = d 9 : /;Z 9 Y N K /Q U = : / YQ < HK / =T H WT HT T T = /9Z 9= /Q U = f /^ g YQ < 9 / Z Jz 1878 T = Q WK 9 /^Z /Q U = U = H 9= h T /Q W 9 Z < /Q U = Na 0 U = = H W U = 0< h < YQ 9/\ 9 = /= 9 [ 0 VY< T = 9 = / = K J_ : : /;Z = /Q W K U = U = 9 = h YQ J_ T: 9 = J_ = < : /; 9 " W9 K U = <K /Q / Jz 1878 0< = 9 = /=, H ! , J V =/ 9 = /= /Q W U =

U = : / U 0Q H 0< h = UJ Z J H K = = = = / K = T/ H V 9 = / 9 H T/ H J_ VY< T /^ H= U J U = < H K = K T/ /Q [ T/ J H K = YQ Z Jz 1934 VY< 9 H H = h 9= / 0< J H H 9 0 / Z h W K Z H H = < K 9 Z [ T/ Q JcTT / 9 =UJ = J H 0< /<9J H 9 Z ; = [ 0 /Q QK 9 RY HZ h ! = = 0 H = H =Uu9 VY< R0 9 J_ K Z = Z

121

h # 97 45. = / 9 N < 19 f g VY< =/ = J_ /^ h = = <TH 9 / J_ J H =9 0 / J H 0< h Z = U J H / HJ J =/ : TJ 0 9 h Z [ 0 : U 0< h 0< [ RY T = H / Y< 0< U K / J H Z J_ 0 9 Z Jz 1861 HR f g = J_ U = / {} = R J [ Z Jz 1870 J_ Q : T 0 H J H / HJ J = K W H =/ : T 0 H T/ /Q VY< K T: / [ Z Jz 1929 {} = H T/ [ =Z : H / HJ J Jj < 11 H /^ [ =Z : U K : Z U = ! /;; VY< : Z R [ H T/ VY< = Z U H 9 / / ! H 9 H T/ Z / /^ / T = < YQ U = = / a = H 9 9 9 / J_ /^ H H / HJ J J_ J H T / W = = Y< / K VY< 9 H 9 HT / V Jj <J H / H / HJ J ![/ b 9 / H Y < : [ =Z 9 / 9 =/ 9 R < : /; = VY< = Z U HZ = 9 V = 9 H 9 V J 9 = /= U H < / / Y N 9 = /= Q (VY< /Q YQ : / / Y N T J H f V/ g / / H 9 = 9 0< ) <J H / X H / HJ J < 0 / / Ud H Y < : H 9 9 h 9 / VY< HT/ HT = = /<9 U = K W /^9 / TH K KJ= <=9 / T h 0 H 9 J H U =R0 9 J_ H H J_ Z TH <=9 Z 9 =U / /Q U = 97

=RY 9 9 /Q 9 N < 9T RY JcTT / : Q [ J <= J / 9 = 0<

122

H / HJ J J_ / I U J H H T/ Z HJ H

H T/ U / /<9U ! Z R J 9 / / ! / J H h U = : <J H H 9 H T/ Z J H /Q h / 9 / /^9 / 9= < /Q YQ = K / H 9 9 h W : J_ 9 Z ; T H 9 < : /^U = VY< T THT/ [ =Z /^ 9 =/ <=9 / 9 / / ! / J H h 9= (Secretary of the State) H 9 : / ; < H 9 < 9 9 = / : H 9 = 9 0< H 9 Y N H 9 < < = 9 / H / I H 9 <=9 / H I H 9 <=9 / / 9 H 9 <=9 / ! T Q =/ 9= H / VY< YQ 9 Q 9= < <=9 / = 9 9 / Y N / [ /\ H ! [/= J_ J J H!

9= : /; h TH J_ H / VY< T J H h VY< 9 Y< TH : /Q Z J H H < U 0 J_ H / I H H I / 9 9 \

9= Q : < : U= =Z 0< ] H h < / U =J H / 9= < = = = KJZ J H h /<9U TH J <= J U KJ J_ = WTH W K 9 U /Q < < /Q = dj9 / = U J /Q K K J <= KJ /^9 / TY / N H = Y / /^ h Z = = U J H / HJ J : T Z ^ HJ H

/^ K K / 0 T fJ H g /^ Q VY< = = J H Y< / /Q K / 0 T H / VY< TH 9 J H 0 H / HJ J Z 0< Q H KJ U =K K : 9 TH J_ 9 = 9 U = ! / ;; H / HJ J TH J_ H / I U (VY< J_ 0 9 ) W N^ T /Q T T = 9 / =/ / <J H h Z H9/ : KJZ f9 / g VY< THZ T =Z : h 9 /Q / H T/ Z J H <= T 9=

46. ; $ * / 0 19 123

J <= J / / J == = dÂ&#x192;Â&#x201E; d J9/\ ! H = Z J_ 0 0< T J < = U / 9 R J` 9/ 9 h U = ] H 9 = K : KJ = 9 W9Z h HK H Z H9/ = W K / 9 N 9 T = J_ 9 : /; 9 Y< Z 9 /=Z K = Z 9 J / ; 9 RY 9 f U g 0< h VY< Z 9 ! 9 9 H = Z H < 99 = =/ =Y /< = Z 9 ! /= (Deductive)98 Z h < Z 9 ! J /= (Inductive)99 VY< / T U = /= T [ < J_ T = Z 9 0< /< Z /9 0< 9 : WTZ 9 H J H N^ < Z h < 9 /=Z 9 T = < 9 /Q W = / KJZ H J H9/ VY< 9 Z K 9 TH J_ [ ! k : H VY< R0 9 J_ f /Q g NZ / J` = /Q Q YQ / H / J` 9/ { /< 0 R Z J H = (Anti-Clericalism) T / / J / ; H / 9 h VY< K H 9 = /= Z / W J <= 9 R 9 0< T / H9 R 9 /Q VY< = J_ J H H J_ / N /Q K J J <= KJ J_ / H = f /9Z /9 / g / 9/ TH 9 J_ 0< f 9 /9g H < = J_ =Z=U= 9 Z J H =9 / /Q K =KJ 9 0 : 9 / J / ; = (1844 + 1900) <9 f H T = 9g100 J_ 9 T : / T: 9 K = H : 9 / J / ; H / N^ = V (1818 + 1883) <9 f J_ < J H g THK / / T / J` 9/ H 9 / = /Q = < 9 J_ J J <= J H /\ / /Q QU =K RY 9 VY< R0 9 f / /=g /Q =TH

9 ! 9 9 T < < T / <K U = (Axiom) : KJJ H= / 0< 0< h N= = = J_

= = 9= J_ 9 ! <Z Z 9 9 = WZ 9 Y< 99

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/=Z h 100

9 =/ , ] = 9 9 , J , J_ / J / ; W V = VY< 9 T / H9/ 9 R : U =

H H 9 T: J_ J J = /9 T H Q fI H T g = H 9 [ Z 9/\ ! Z

124

< 9 J_ 0< f /=g fK J_ 9 = g T J_ 0< f =g < 0 [ / = 9 /= / = U J 9 N < 19 J_ / VY< /\ YQ U = H N^ T = T JcTT/= 0 = VY< ^ H / H N^ T 9 0< = J_ H J = 0< Z T: 9 /< K 0 0< : Z U h Q R < HT: 9 K =R Z = < = K / = W = /Q Q 9 RY f W g T: 9 VY< = Z [ =9 / {} = WK = = 9 /9 / 0< / =T [ Z { /< H / XN K < /9 YQ / 9 N < 18 9 W=/ K W <TH J <= J R Z YQ Z / T H /< J = 9 N < 19 0< 9 X N^ T /<9= U J T TY K u0 9 Y< J_ ! 9 / = 9 = V H 9= : 9/; <9 f /Q /<9U 9 / R g V J_ / J / ; 9/ R = 101 VY< 9 K Z T 0 9 < J_ /9 : J <= J /Q =Z U Q J_ f9/ R g N^ T H9 R J_ 0< K : /; <

J <= J : 0 Jc; fJ g J_ < Q / VY< J_ /Q 9= - T T = + 9K {} =J + {} =R J {} = J = H{} =R J = {} = < H{} =R < {} = = H{} = J H9/ 0 / Y H 9 /Q Q VY< THT Q 0< /Q R : T/ KJ / <K /Q YQ J_ T JcTT/= = [ / Z H 9 H 9 /Q Q : /;Z Z 9 ! / : T 0 K J = VY< 9 f ;9 g f H T UJ J H 9 <K H : K9 g K J = QTHZ J_ 0< 0 f g J H Z = / [ < J_ = U = Na Z 9 9/ 9 THK / Z 0 R0 9 f ;9 =g < 0 f 9 J = g J H / N= TH KJ 0< /Q KJ Jc; 0 TH : T/ 0 J =Z KJ VY< J H / = 9 /Q = VY< 101

V : 9 = ! J ;; <=9 / : J / ; 9/ R = Z J / ; Z < QK K =RY = f = 9/ R g / <

Z / U = ] HT / H Z J H K = V K /\ J / ; 9/ R = J_ 9/ R = 9 [ N H9/ R = J H9/ J_ ^ XNa /

125

/ V J` / W U= = / KJ J H Q W J H K9 Z / ^ ! ; 9 [ Z / R0 (= 9 J H = ) Z J` / W J_ 0< Y< VY< Z Jc; Z / H T/ Z J H U = ] H H=H < J <= J 0 J` 9/ / H J Z Q 9 K / 9 : HR = = Z =J H H 0 / / ! V THK f 9 g / K = T H /< H=H / U /Q < TY K 9 /Q T {} = V H{} = < < Y N 9 / H / = T T/ / Z = U J H9/ HZ 0 T 102 H T/ K J H H 9U N / ! V = J_ U = H / HJ J U < 13 K (Encyclica) 0< Rerum Novarum Z Jz 1891 0< T =0 U =K J H /Q H = H / ! V 9 H = /Q K Z / J = H < VY< / / : <9 9= / k N= K 9 = ! Z 9 T H HT = =K 9 / ! V /Q / / : <9 9= !

JcT T - <TH ! kZ / = H / = = : /; : /Q VY< ^ = < 9 0< Z H T ] / QK Z 9 / 9 f < g 0< Z / / VY< = / 9 9 U =Z = = : H9 KJ J` / Z 9 / 0< J_ f 9 g : KJ / < 9 9= QTY K

9 0< J` J / YQ VY< Z J / Z h = 9 9 Y N 0 H H Z J h 9 f < g THK / T ! H h Q W J_ / : /; / Y< < 9= Jc; / KJK J_ 9 U = ] HZ 9 X : /;Z J H9/ H9/ 0 0< U YQ RY /Q Z 9 N Q /Q /Q K : = 9 H / = / H < : /; < 0 K : = 9 9/ H 9 Z{}{c 102

99 = J J =Z [ 9 [ / = 9 / < 2 U = ] HZ f H! ;9 9=

H T/ Z U JcTT / g VY< / Z 9 / < 9 h K 9 V 9 T: 9 K = < = = Z 9 ! V Z Y N HZ J` / Z / V W < Jj J H 9 /Q : R Z <=9 / 9 T JcTT / /Q : R 9 f J_ = J H T 0 g T Z 9 ZT H Y N 9 U = /Q = 9 T/= U YQ <Jc < H / T = < YQ / J_ J ` Z

126

N= < = 9 R H! HU K 9= : / Z [ 9 Q < K / 9 ZT YQ /Q Y< J_ <= / 9 9 W 9 : /; /Q Z J H9/ HZ JcTT / 9 = K RZ : = / N= K U /Q /Q K : Z N= 9 0< /< Z /9 KJ = 9 X Z = VY< /Q : R <=9 / 9 = 9 T: 9 K = 9 9 fK Hg fK 9 =g K T ! =K 9 : K N= 9= / I : = / H W 9= < < K J H N^ YQ /< J / ; W V = (Existentialism)103 H 9 Y 9 /=K J_ = / J / ; : / QTH /Q < 0< HK 0< Z H T W 9 J_ J` = 9 Z Z H 9 = N= H /< J_ U H 9 = =9 VY< = < W : N= KJ 9 J_ Y< 9 J_ /9 /9 / ZT H 9 / / Z 0 THZ = f : WT Jg / = Z Q = J_ / < = H Q 0< 9 = / Z h T < <=9 / Jc; / ] / VY< Z Jz 1891 9 WK ] / 0< h < <=9 / J H W =9 / =] / U = ] HZ Jz 1931 U 40 Jz

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/ J / ; 9 Q /Q 9 N < 9 < T Kierkegaard, , Ku RY V , H 0< h J_ J` =

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127

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T = / = /Q Q 0 T [ U Jc T T / VY< J <= J KJ = 9 W9 f 0< = 9 g (Signs of Times) H = = : T T =0 Z / / JcTT / U = 0 J H W 0< < H / = /= < T VY< / J_ 9 < KJT / = /Q 0< h Z J H9/ HK T J H H f 9U Ng : < (Heresy) Z h J_ < f 9 g (Dialogue) / 9 H9 R 9 < KJT 9=ZT Jj 9 = < YQ

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W TH J_ / ; 9 ZT 9 Z = /Q VY< 9 ZTU 0 /<9KJZ = /Q Ian Barbour, fScience and Religion Todayg H Ernan Mcmullin, fScience and the Catholic Traditiong Z Science and Religion : New Perspective on the Dialogue edited by Ina Barbour (London : SCM Press., 1968)

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/ 99 = U = ] HZ {} =UJ < 9 Z / N H = / 9 9 : /;Z Der Historische Jesus und der Kerygmatische Christus, edited by H.E. Ristow and K Matthiae (Berlin, 1960) Der Historische Jesus und Der Christus Unseres Glaubens, edited by K. Schubert (Vienna, 1962) H 9 < T / 99 = / Z = f 99 = H T = 9g 0 Paul van Buren, The Secular Meaning of the Gospel (Penguin Books, 1963) H Harvey Cox, The Secular City (Penguin Book, 1965) J_

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155

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156

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227

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228

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75. ( * (Perfection) / H <=9 / 9 Z H / [ K K Z 9 < J_ ! / <J ` Z J / ; HJ / ; 0< h J_ J! <J `Z 9 J HT: 9/ 9 [ <

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9 R Q 0 9 229

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H < / ! /;; Z J` / /;;/ 0< TH J_ < H =V Z J` / f Q: H /= H T g (God s will) 0< RY J` ! =Y 9 W H 9 J R J_ < /Q Z 9 [ 9 f H

T /Q =g VY< H =V W K9 9 f Z Q: H /= H T J_ KJZ / Z 9 g 0< TH Q: H /= H T V J 9 f = = 230

9 J H X

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76. 6 9 V0< / = Z < Q 9 9 KJRY 9 T ZT 9 / Z 9 T VY< J_ / N H : /;

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H K V0< / = /;;/

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N= 0< h K / H /;;/

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0< Z THZ / = /

g ( 16:10-12)

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= J_ 9 /Q Q H N= J_ [ / N H T K / J ; T H f VY< U 9=X ! k H R J [ K9 9= HJ ; H g (= 10:12) / 0 J ; /Q =Z H / [ K 0 9 0< : 9 VY< H J H 9 / 0 [ N Y< Z 9 / 0 J ; 9Z 9 T = / 0 W 0< fZ Jc;; H9 /= ZT R = : 9 H / : /< Z 0< H : <] Z 0< 9 ! 9 = ! H 9 <= ! 0< Z 9 =/< Z 9 H 9 ] =9] /Q J ; THK = H < = Â&#x20AC; U = < HJ ; H : /< g ( [N 1:1-7) J ; K Z < < YQ K T: J_ 9 9= 9 H HJ ; THZ 9 H 9 ZTK = 0< / b 0< : 9 <R 9 RY 9 9 RZ : H 9 = 9 / 0< 9=U =K Z = K 9 J_ U / 0 [ N <=9 / 0< QK9 9 f = Â&#x203A;= R T / : H H : /; K9 / T H : T Z Y< 0< / J ; H = ZT T 9 ZT R T 9 H J = T 9 ZT R T 9 Jc;; T H H Jc;; T / = <V K9 /< H T TH ZT 9 =: H T TH 9 H T H H T J H J ; 9 9 ZT T HU N^ H H J ; K9 Z <= ! H J_ U Z < : Z 9 / = V0< / N H9/ 9 R 9 = ! H 9 <= ! 0 9 R < = HJ ; TH Z ZT T H 9 TH J_ < 0< 9 ;; T T H 9 ] = 9] TH = {e T H 9 H 9 H9/ TH = {e T K9 TH 9=Z T T /<9 T < Q 9 R 9 <= ! 0< Z 9 0 g (2:1-13) J ; Z < Q HZ / 0 J ; J_ 9 < J_ ! 0< 9 <R < H T J R J ; TY J_ fJc;; g < 0< Z H T VY< H Jj =Z N H <J` / /;;/

H 9= Q = =TY 9 T = < Q 9 /Q T/ H 0< < < ! H /Q TH J_ R = J ; < T Z f = J_ / < / U ! 0 KJ 233

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? Q J_ K = J_ < = U= = HV U K Z 0 ?g ( 6:2-3) Z 9 V J H 9 0< h /Q K 9RY Q 9 VY< W JK 9 J ; /Q 0 Jc;; < T J` / a b H T VY< TTHK / fJc;; g N= KJ

234

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/ u/ 0 12 H 9 U 0 < : 9 T J H = J H J_ H T VY< : a /;;/ VY< J }= = = 9 K J` / 0 / 9 0 N/ = = < Z ; VY< J_ /; / N : < 0< Z H T J H 0 J H H9 T H T H 0 T N < 9 /Q Q 0 < 0< Z H T : Y RY Q H h Z 9= 9 H J` / J_ 0< =9 J H9/ = 0< 9 J_ J H9/ 9 VY< T 9 0< < N= H T Z : 9 H : J H9/ J H9/ J_ f < < 9 g : / 9 H J_ J H9/ H 9 N= / H T 9 Z / ! /;; Z 9 0< =RY / ! Z H =V J_ H T J_ H = VY< H T /;; K9 Z J H9/ 0< Z H =RY 0< Z : H 9= /Q 9 H : H 0 RY : T H T Z U H WT 0< R J f T/ H T g Z 235

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244

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R. Latourelle, Theology: Science of Salvation (Saint Paul Publication, 1969), p.86

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1 & G /6 $% + /6 # g / = 0 YQ 0< T/ 9 / h Z H 9 0< H =V U = ] H 9 9 = 9 H K Z H T J_ = < < H T Z = 0 < /Q 9 /Q Z = = U J / 99 = /Q = W = = 9 : K H H T TY K / J_ N= 9 = = : ! = Q J_ 9 ! /= /Q VY< 0< 9 = < YQ = : / 9 JcTT / H : /Q J H Y< 9 J_ 9 H fT 9 = g H T =9 0 / TH 9 H T HK /Q T h < / 99 = /Q =K Z K9 WTH W 9 J_ J H= / H J / ; / 0< 99 = =9 /Q TTHK Z : : / JcTT / W J_ RY 9 = = <TH : Z / : QVY< J_ / ! < : /;K HT / YQ : / Z = /Q VY< 9 fJc ; ; g H 9 ZT = K W 9 9 / - 99 = = WZ 9 THK = 9 <R R = /Q : H ! T RY 9/ Q 9 < J_ T 9 9 ZT H T/ Z = /= : 0 : Z H / [ <=9 / 0< Q / ! /;; K K RY f g / J_ N= K9 = / T = < <=9 / < H = TH WT 0< J ( J^ 3:15) = 9RY

/ Z / J_ =/; 0< J T: 9 ( = 53:4) H = Z ^ H N/ = 9 < R J T/ H T 0< /= 0 9 /<9 = H 9 J /Q 9 H J Q 0 J` ! T/ H T 9 /<9 = /Q = Z < N= TH WT 0< N J H /Q H T/ JZ Q KJ / ! /;; Z 9RY / J_ N= K9 = Z =h / N H 0< T/ H T ( ! 1:15) H H T H H ( = 17:4) 9 9 Z 9 H T ( = 10:10) 0< <J ` = < 0 < H WT 0< 9= N= Z T J H J 0 J_ Jz T 9 = H a =

251

H9 9RY 0< KR J < T H f =V g < J 9 f H= 9 9=Z g 0 f KR g < H J ` / Z J = = 0< Z H9 < 15 0< H = =; = H ; H 9 J_ / JVY< 9 ( 19:10) T H /< /Q = 9 ( 15:1; ! 9:10-13) 9 < H 0 J_ / Z < / 0< 9 H 0< T: 9 ( ! 19:10) Z H9 V = 9K9 9 f H T / U = TY K J H H = H =9 H 0< < 9 0< Z H THK TH 9 / g (= 3:16) 9= Q H H J / ; < H : J H 9 ( = 7:53) 0 ; 9 H = ( 4) V J 9RY 0< QK9 / T 9 0< h Z T =RY 9U 9RY < J_ J K 9 = 9 0 KR H =V 0 H KR N= T 9 J_ J 9 = H a = H 0 =9KJ 9 V J =Q: 0< =9 / QZ T =] / 0< h 9= f H =V K WT Z U 0< 9= JZ g (1 ! 1:15) Z / J ; H T/ U / K 9 / K Z R ! = <=9 / 0< / J_ N= U = < WT 0< KR J J_ / 9 J H W 0< h T/ H T H H T H H 9 9 Z 9 H T /< N= = 9 < 9 0< U= / J H W KR J /Q Q < Q YQ 0< H / J_ N= < H T / ! N= K K = < / /Q 9 RY / Q H H / 0 H Jj T = H T/ (Fathers of the Church) 9RY J H W Q9 f H T / ! N= 0< N= THK = J_ H T g / < V = 9K9 =9 / 9 f Z <= / H 0 < 0< Z H H H K J H : TZ /Q = J_ H T g (= 1:12) fT 9 K = H K / H N 0< / g (= 1:16)

252

V / 99 fR N= K K : J H W K K WT g f : K WT Z U ? W 0< 9= JZ K 0< Z < WT Z U Qg128 Jj T = 0< h W 9Z / N H =9 / QK / = = 9 KJ J_ H <V/ V U =J ; /Q Q W 0< U <K 0< 0< < H T / ! N=

86. .3 $ , - ! ! , #0 ! / = <J H 9 H =V J_ H T H N= !

K9 = / T 9 /Q Z W 0 / = 0 dV/ (432) VY< J_ U HJ H U N : = 129 / T /Q 20 Jz / = 0 U = (451) K J H 9 ! H T H! N= H =V 9 / Z H H =V K = K U =J H 9 f < Jj T = K K9 =9 / 9 H =9 0 H =V H T 9 J_ H T H 9 J_ N= = H T H N= < T 9 ;; < H = 9 ! =9 / H H 9 J_ H T H 9 ! / H 9 J_ N= f = 0 / = 9 Jg (u 4:15) ... TH 9 J_ Y< ! /Q W=/ / / N H ! /Q =/ = Z =9 H [ =9 K = J_ J_ H =9 : T H T J_ H9 T H T H =V / <J H K 9K9 H < H =V K H / < Jj T = K R = 9 0< Q RY g130 J H / = TTHK R f ! =g K = / T / J / ; / = W K T = <TH : /Q J_ /Q K T W K Z f / ! 9 0< g KJ 9 = = Z / ! = 0 : 9 f : K g 0 f J_ KJK = K g <9 H =V ! Z =9 J_ / = / 128

Contra Arianos II, 56; P.G. 26, 268 Z Jacques Noyon, Christologia per il nosto Tempo (ed. Pauline, 1970) , p. 323.

129

= K W 9= / 9 0< <9 H = J_ H T H N= K T J_ H T K H = J_

H =V Z ^ H < J_ N= /Q 50-51 130

Denzinger Schoenmetzer, Enchiridon Symbolorum, pp. 301-302

253

T : KJ < (Heresy) / <J `Z 9 = W 0 9 0< h Z = h /Q WK W 9 TH 9 T: J_ = Z <TH : /Q < < / = K J H J_ R = / : <K / Jj T H =V /Q : R HZ : 9 H 0 Z 9 QK K = 9 9 J` ! < TH= / 9 R Jc ;; H N = =0 =/ / ] H < < 9K9 Z H / [ /Q T Z R ! = / VY< / N / RH H 9 / Jj = H T Z H / [ /Q 9= H T/ WK H : / Q / 9 K Jj T = H / J ; H T/ K = = RY / ! h Q < TH R : K / Z 9 H U / U 0< ! = 9 / Q 1. Hypostasis =RY < < J_ = Z /9 HU = /9 Q h Q VY< = 9 Substance 2. Person =RY < Y< Z Hypostasis 0 Substances /Q =VY< 9 < 9 Y Y RZ 9 = H 9 R 9 J_ = K Hypostasis VY< / k N H J_ = < < Q = 9 Person ( ) 3. Human Nature ! N= =RY J H [ Hypostasis < = 9 Person ( ) 9 < J_ = HT 9 ;; 4. God H T Z / H U =RY fPure Actg ( ! k) VY< Z H K < J_ = /9 = Y< Z U / (Concept) J / ; 0< Z J H R R / ! h / = 9RY H =V 9 Z H 9 J_ H T H 9 J_ N= 9 J_ / Y< / =9 / = (Hypostatic Union) ( =RY H / 9 J_ = Being, Existence) K K = 9 9 ! H T H! N= 9 / J_ Y< /Q =/ J_ ! < / ( =RY Essence) = Z =9 (Person) H TY J_ H T H N = ! 9 J_ (Being, Existence) =9 0 H H T 9= Q H T/ TY R0 9 H = J_ H T 0 f Hg H H K Z : H =V J_ H T Z J / ; J_ 9 Z ! = H RY / ! J_ J H < < /Q 9 H H < Z = V U / K 9 / H / J / ; = Q 254

/\ 9 J H= Z V/ V = < YQ Z = Z K 9 = = J H= 9 J / ; 0< h VY< H [ 9 H 9 HJ H 9 /= Q < W THK J / ; Â&#x2039; V = (Existentialism) VY< U / <=9 / N= KJ T J / ; U W 9 0< H 9 Q W ^ <J / ; / J / ; W V - = 9 N= / N H ] H < KJT / 9 < /Q = < U : Y (Conscience) R Jj / 9 KJ / [ K (Infinity) R 9

T: / Z h R Z h U : Y Q : Z N= T/ < h /9 Z ^ H < / J_ = [ =Z de / [ 9H (Being) [ / J_ / N H N : Z K ZT H=Y = Z JcTT / [ 9H < Z h = f J_ H T g / [ < U = Q J_ 9 9 J Z 9 T VY< W J_ ^ / [ < T < H / ! (Mistery) < Jj /9 KJ : Y 9 J_ = f 9 Y< g /T! VY< J_ f 9 9 g (All) TH T: / /Q =K T / [ < T T 9 Y / 9 W 0< f 9 9 g (All) / J_ / H Y / QTHJ ` 131 / 99 = Z = 9 /= Q WK 99 = 9=J / ; 9 = 9 = 9 / Z / 9 0< <= 9 / H =V Q T 9 f / ! N= g (Incarnation) J_ H =9Z 9 J_ T N= R ZT 9 = [ 9 Z 9 < <=9 / 9 J_ Y< =9 9 J_ H T H 9 J_ N= (Hypostalic Union) 9 J_ 9 J_ KJK <! N= TH R / Z H J_ H9 T H T (Person of the Word of God) ZT Q W ZT 9=9 [ QK Z / ] H / Y< VY< J_ KJK 0 0< 0< h Z [ 9H 9 J_ N= J_ /9 9 J_ N= /< (Human being)132 0 /= Y< R 9 U = 0Q ^ 9! N= 9 J_ H T 9 9/ H 9 J R QK K J_ KJ / N= 0< h T Z H =V /Q VY< H T f= Z YQ 0 < 131

9 / N H Q VY< J_ N= Ku / ! 9 W V = H : K

9 0< U = /=9 ! Q VY< Z < QK K <=9 / 9 9 = (Pantheism) K Z < H T J_ Y< / < = U = < /Q =Z /9 / H 9 being / Being 9 / / ! / N H Transcendental K Z cosmic 0 realistic 132

Karl Rahner, Theological Investigations, vol. III (London, New York, 1969), p. 87.

255

/Q J9 g H TY J_ / [ Z 9 J / [ Z ^ H < J_ = 9 / : R H : = 9= / [ 9H 9 J_ (being) VY< U = [ 9H (Being) [ Z H 0< Q T J = K / f W g (Beatific Vision) / ; h [ 9H f Â g (Ecstacy) /Q J_ [ 9H < YQ H Y< VY< /Q / / ! J_ Y< / H T fR Y T /9 g Y < H J_ = K = / /9 KJ Z H =V < 0 [ 9H <R 9 ! N= / ! H T 9 J H / [ J_ Y< Z J_ H T (Divine Person) H U : Y Z [ 9H Q9 H J_ H9 T H T H K K f W g H T H H f J_ g H T < 0 / ! 9 0< / Jj T = K 9K9 9 f H / !

N= 0< Z N= = J_ H T g 9 = = <TH f RY g / ! 0< H =/ = H = 0< h VY< K K Z W 9 = TH f ! =g K 0< 9 Z 9 < H Jc;; N= Y TH 9 H RY /Q W 9 TH H : Z J_ 9 9 0< / ! Z /< 9 0< VY< H T J H Z 0< =9 / < H J H 0< Z T/

87. $ , J H9/ 9 Z W 9 / / ! H 9 H T / N= VY< K : H T Jj = H U = HU = J H < H 0 H 9 H T / N= K 9 / / ! U = 0 / < N= N= 0 / < h Z U H T K Z f < g < J H W K Z 9 J HT: 9/ /= 9 H / N= RY < K < /Q K J_ = f / g (being) VY< K T 9 / / ! ]/ f g H 9 / / ! J_ / Y< / =9K TTH RY < Z ^ H < J_ / H < h /Q Q W J_ J / N= / 9= Q 0< TH R f g H T H / / ! / H U = = /Q 0 9 N= R = YQ KJZ = H T J_ 9 Y< !

H U = N= J <= !

0 9 H T / ! N= J_ 0 / N= 0< Z N= T/ N= Q H 0< / / ! J_ Y< =9 / THK 9 J_ Y< 256

=9 / H T 9= J H9/ 9 QZ W f / g (Event) / H =V H H T / ! N= (Incarnation) H : Z N= R / / ! / H T J_ f g < / < /Q = VY< < H T 0 Z / ! /;; K H : = H H K J_ = N/ = f Y< g J H f Y< g H I f Y< g J_ fThe King, The Prophet, The Priestg /< H K f Z g H T J_ f H9 T g (The Word) /< J_ f N/ = g T/ H T VY< K /Q 9= 0 T: / / ! KJ K K T: / Z H T/ < H /Q YQ 0< J_ 0< = T/ Q H 9 U = H /Q KJRY < 9 f H T g 9= 9 T ZT (! ;9 9 = H T/ 16 H H T/ Z U Jc TT / 22) H J_ J H J H 9 9 R H T = 0 a b /Q J9 ( 7:62; 2 3:6) HT H T : Z N = J_ H T 9 H H9 T H J_ H T H J_ I R9 = H J_ H T 0< KR J N= K = 0< = H : /Q = 9 0 0< T = =9 / < H I Z J H H : H R9 = /Q =9 0< KR J /Q 9 N= Q YQ /Q Z / k ! k

88. $ , "( .3 - (The Lord) 9 0< 9 H J_ T 0 9 H < /Q J9 0 / <Z / ! /;; K 9RY H T Z ^ H J_ T H U H N= J 0 U H / N / N Z : KJ 9 R H Z / ! /;; Z : 9 f H- T g (Lord) 0 : <Z = H Z ^ H < J_ H J_ T =9 / H H J_ T Jj = H = Z H f H- T g Z = H =V / T / 0 H- H H J H 9 = : T / f T g < H /< 9 = : T / = < Z ; H TH J ` U = Z 9 H = 0< H TH W T /Q Y< f /Q < Jc Q H 0< T R 9= Q W J H Q H H J_ T T 9 H TH WT g (1 11:26)

257

/ ! /;; Z Z 9 : /; <=9 / 0< H- T 0 H J_ T / <J `Z ! h VY< = 9 H =V / 9 V J J H 9 fR J H 9=J 9 H =V J_ H J_ T H 9 0< Z ZT9 H T K = H =V T YQ T = WTH g ( 10:9) H TH WT = N/ = 0< 9 J_ T f T W 9 Jj H W 9 /9 Y< < 0< 9 f V0< / = g H f 0< R0 K g / H : 9= 9 = ! /= 0 Kd NH a = / 0< = K9 0< /Q K Z T/ ... H H = K9 0Q H < / H I 9 f N/ = N/ = /Q = H T = T = /Q =g (99 19:11-16) 9 H = QTH RY H =V VY< : T H Z 9 H 0 : VY< J_ < H 0 H /Q H T/ VY< J = / f H =g H fR 9=R9 = H VY< Z H H T /Q K : Z 9 9 Z HU H T 0 ? HJc < /Q K : Z 9 9 Z H = H T 0 ? H Jc =9 9 9 TH = W J_ = =9 / 9 9 / J H Jc =9 / g (1 10:16-17) H J_ Y< =9 / H T/ U = J_ / f NHg H H T/ J_ / f =g J_ H = 0< H T/ THK : : [ T = Z H T/ / < H= 9 H : / Z / ! /;; J / NU = VY< H : TZ fT Q= H R g (= 21:15) f = / 9/ KJ T Q [ g ( ! 28:20) H / / Q / T / 0 - H H WTT 9 KJ 9 KJ /<9U Z T/ f H g H 0< THK / 9 / H T/ TY < = = f T/ g H H 9 J_ T 0 T/ U QKJT J =

89. $ , 6( $ , ; $ (Trinity) H =V Jj = / ! <=9 / H T = = H T 9 f / g VY< Z [ N J_ : < W h = RY 9 / H 9 H Z 9 [ 9 U = = H T 9 f / g ( ) =9 / ( ! 6:9) H T W =0 =/ 9 H =V J_ H H f T J_ < / g 258

( 1:11) Z H9 = / K J_ = 9 f T K W HT T WT T 9 0 HJ H / = 0 H g (= 1:32) H 0< H WTT 9 KJ 9 HT WT =/ 9 ( T 2) H H H HT H =/ U f K / T U / HT VY< T H T 0< Z RY < h VY< H T K J H Z g (1 2:12) fR /Q = / THJ` / /;;/

H TH9 H 9 H THJ H 9= 0 Y< Z 0< TH = / KJ 0 HT 9 T VY< U K R / K9 K H K W HK T/ H /Q = T/ H H H : = / HTH = Z g (= 14:15-17) H =V 0< H H HT Z 9 =9 / f K 99 T QZ /Q =dc H < =/ = / H- 9= 0 0 HT T < H TH Z /Q TH < HTH Z H Y RY < < K = 9 g (= 24:25-26) H TH J_ H H J_ Y< =9 / H f =/ = 0< <TH / Q =/ K R / K9 K 0< HT 9 T TH WT H TH : KJ 9 T /Q 9 H THK / U = H TH / < < K dc HTH T Z RY <TH YQ H TH Z K / H U T H H TH T Z : < K / T < < H /Q W J_ 9=g (= 16:12-15) H =V 9RY 9 J_ Y< = 9 / H K9 = U = ] HZ ! N ^ = TH / ( = 17) f 0< Z J_ Y< =9 / =9 / < H = Z T H T = Z H g (= 17:21) 9 J_ Y< =9 H 9 H H H K YQ 0< H =V J ` /Q / f 0< < /Q H9T R : = 9 H9T R J H / = / H T H H9T R J_ H T H J H / = / H T 9 /Q < H T < /= H9T R K = < =9 < H T U =K /= H9T R g (= 1:1-3; 1:16-17) 9 J_ Y< =9 H 9 H H H 0 9 / / ! 9 / fU TH K 9 H T H H / =9 / < / T g (= 17:23) H T J_ 9 / f < 9 / = / T H T H T/ H <K 259

9 / = K T/ H T H H T J_ 9 / g (1= 4:7) < / 0 < HT

H Z H J_ H T 9= J_ = = = < <TH 9RY 0< H [ / J_ / ! / : /; H Y VYQ Q = /Q h N= K R f RY g K T R f ! =g K = W T =9 / K R H : K / / ! 0< h H =V K Jj =Z RY H H HT H K = = : 9 f g H / RY 9 J_ Y< =9 / H H / HT = 9 0< H T/ / 9 : Z 0< 9 H T J_ Y< =9 J_ H T =9 J_ H (One God, Three Persons) = J H ! =9 0 ! 0 9 J_ H T K 0Q H /Q J = J_ = / /T! Q H =V K Jj = HR R = 9=[ N N= VY< T: / H = Z 0< K

9 H R < H J_ T: / ! N= N= W R T: / QK U = : 9 9 R H T 9 R 9 / 9=T 9 ;; H T J H / = / < /9ZT / < 0 9 R 9 H =V J_ f /9Jzg ( 1:15) H T : / [ 9 T Z /T! Q WTH YQ T 9 9 J_ Y< =9 / H T

260

Y $ , - (The Church) J ` / H T/ /Q Z HJcTT / / N HU < V/ V H : T J_ < 9 9 U / 9=0 =/ J <= J / K T RY JcTT / 9 Z ; WK 9 J_ 9 H 9 0< / J_ 0Q ^ : /; H T/ VY< K K J H 9=U H < <J `[ = / /Q 9 0< H 9 <=9 / H T/ /\ YQ J_ H Z J == Z = U J H : 0< = T H /< RY f J` Jg /Q : /;Z / = 9 / /Q < Q VY< Jj Z T 9 ZT < H T/ ZT H ZT H9 R 9 0< h T / U Z JcTT /

90. $ , - * - 1 $ , - Z H9 / ! 9 : 9 f H T/ g = VY< H =V K / f 0 H Q TH /Q H T/ g ( ! 16:18) fR K = dc = T T Z H g ( ! 18:71) W J_ <R R = / H 9 / 99 = H <=9 ; <=9 / H / [ 9 : <Z /Q J_ : /Q 9 =9 = K H < : 9 f T/ H T g J ` = / T RY J H Y< = /Q Z H9 H =V J H T/ H T 9 f 9 < : K9 RY 9 H T/ H T = Z 9 T / ZT H 0<

9 R g ( 1:15) T/ H T K f < YQ g 9 =/ K TH RY = Z f H T/ H g ( ! 26:29) fTH g ( 22:18) f RY 9= H [ g ( 9:1) H [ RY 0< K

T/ Q W K K = 9 9 J` / aZ ^ H < J_ a 0 < 0< H / Z = /Q T/ H T =RY : T H T Z = / : T Q /Q W T/ H T 9 < 0 f 9 g 261

9= < H =V J H T/ H T H < 9RY f H T/ g Z H9 = /Q =9 ( ! 16:18 H 18:17 0 fJ H g 9 9 ) TY 0< 9 H =V K 9 ^ Z H T/ VY< K /Q YQ / T < H / - 0 H 9 H K 9RY fJ H Z g 0< Z = / fJ H g

/Q K R0 9 < 0< H H K 9 TH J_ 9 0 0< h J_ J H Z < H /Q YQ Z = J ` / T J H : 9

H Z ! 16:18 TY K =RY /Q H T/ Z / /Q J_ 9 ^ 0< H T/ <TH YQ / / 0 H H 0< < 0< K 9 / J_ J H fZ g < / T VY< J `Z T / 9 HT = 9 / : <Z 0 f H T/ H T g (Church of God) H fJ H

H T g (People of God) = /Q < 9RY f H T/ H g (Church of Christ) ( 16:16; 1:22) / 0 H H 0 ^ : /; : fJ H H T g fR H T K / 0 H WK J HU= H 9 0< WK J HU= / g (1 15:14) H H T/ WK / =9 / H -T/ T J H 9 < 0< VY< K f g H / 0 H 9 K / HT H T H 9 Z 9 / f / Jc g 9= /9ZT < 9

( T 2:42-47) ] : Y RY Z 9 H =V VY< J_ 0< =RY T/ H T <K RY 9 J_ /; / N 9 T <TH YQ = Z 9 H =VY< K < YQ 9Z / /Q 9= Q J H Z QTY = / Z J H H T/ 9 f <K / 0 g 0 f / ;g 9 0 J H Z / : 9 fJ H H T g (Community of God) VY< K K =RY = /Q =RY J H

H T Z 9 H = (Escathological People of God) : <Z = J H Z Q 0 fEkklesia of Godg f H T/ g Z [ N H9/ VY< Z : Z = / [ N / XN9 Church T [ N Z J H

9 V/ 9 Kurike Kirche, Kyrke " " VY< J 9 f J_ H J_ T g (Belonging to The Lord) 9 [ N H9/ 0< h Z : < T / 9 Ekklesia (Eglise, Chiesa, Eglesia) 9 = =RY J H Na <R = Z KJ / Z 262

0< 0 0 =RY / Z 0< 0 : QR =0 Z Z 9 = =RY (Congregation) <K / 0 T H T 9 U = H T J_ = 9 J_ fJ H H T g : 9 Ekklesia Z = < Z / 0 T / 9 HT = V J H THK J `Z = 0< h Z / ! /;; Z = T / 9 Z : Q 9RY J H < = V W ( T 5:18; 8:1) W 9 RY 9= 9 < HT/ HT =Z < h 9= ( T 7:38) =RY J H /<9= H = H ( T 9:31) Z / h =RY J H Z / U H < 0< h ( T 20:28) 9 =Z < 9RY QZ W 9 9 J_ Ekklesia H T = 9 Z 9 / V J Z : =9 / Q = /Q /Q T H T (1 11:16; 14:33; 2 8:18; 13:13; 1:2,22; 16:4,16 J_ ) /Q < = 0< R < 0 0 / J_ < /Q H T/ /Q =/ =RY 9 / H /< Z 9 /9 ( 15:5; dJ 2) / N H

9 / Q J_ 9 0< ! H /Q J_ 0< h 9= (1 11:18; 14:23) Z T =RY 9 dV/ J 9 <=9 / H T/ T K H T/ < J H 9 = 9= 9 H 9 0 J H H T TH W K 9 Z / ! /;; Z 9 = f H T/ g / N H J_ J H Z H T H : ! 9 / 9= 0 H Jc < h Z / H / K K / N H ! H T/ J_ H T/ VY< 0< H =V J_ : VY< TH : 9 HU /Q KJ T =Z 9 H = H T/ Z = TQ Y 0< U= / 9 H = 9 9 9 /Q JcTT / H K9 9= / H T/ 0 T/ H T J_ 9 0< /< VY< K / R = T RY = / TH W K T J` = / J ; H : H T/ VY< 9 T/ U = Z : T V / = / H T/ VY< J_ T/ H T < 0 J H W < : 9 ZTZ / T < H9 Z : f T/ H T g < H < T / 9 H V J Z : 9 f H T/ g < 9 : f T/ H T g Z = K < /Q H : /; < YQ H 9 H9 H 9 /< 0 / 0 263

H H =V VY< K K = 9 9 9 K ZT 0< T/ H T KJ H9 T/ QK J `Z W Z H =V 9 T/ H T K RY 9Z [ T < H T H : Z HU = H =V T T/ H T T/ H VY< K Jj = T/ H T Z J ` 9= 9 0< Q J H 9 TY K = H =V 9 f H- T g (Lord) 0 f J_ T g T / 9 9Z / = / 0 <=9 / V J 9 fg ( T 38:31) 9 ZT <9 T/ H T / H T/ J_ 0< 0 J_ < =9 / /Q J_ 0 0< T 9 0< <9 H =V K J H 0< T/ H T H H : Z J_ < J ` = Z 9 H 9 = Q T/ H T VY< J_ T/ <TH = Z JcTT / = 9= TY : Z 9 ZT9 T/ H T YQ 9 H : / /\ KJ[ =Z J H T/ = J_ 9 Reign of God VY< TH RY Z 9 H = /Q J ` 9Z Kingdom of God Z U QZ / N H < J_ J ` / 0 H T/ 9 Q K R / K T / ! /;; Z H -T/ =/ 9 9 f H T/ H T RY g T/ H J_ 0< <TH YQ Z 9 H = J_ T/ H 9 T /Q W TH W K 9 f g = H 9 H T/ / T/ H T H T/ =/ J H 9 = J H=/ J_ / H T/ J H f 9/ < H TH WT / /Q Y< g H T/ = H 9 f g T/ H T J_ 9 J_ T < H -T/ /Q J H ! T/ H T ! /Q T/ Q 0 f / ;g H T/ T f 0Q g T/ H /\ J U 9 [ N KJ 9= 9 H : / N= T/ H T T 0Q J_ / <K TTH K J_ H T H J_ T : T J_ : H J = = h H =V <=9 / T/ Q K Z <=9 / H T/ = K W : H =V K K 9 H T/ 0 T/ H T 0 9 H T/ K Z T/ H T / ! /;; Z QZ W 9 H T/ / / ! / T/ H T Z ^ H < H T/ 0 J H H T VY< 9 H = W= T/ H T = H KJ HJ H T/ H T Z U 264

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0 fd g < H =V J H 9 T: 9 K = 9 0< = = = 9 9/ 9 THK : 0< K K W 9/ H R = 0 / ! Z / ;T 0 H T R0 9 / ; 0 9 9 H T 9= / N J_ N : / = ! = J_ J Z RY H T = = ! /Q h H Y RY J HU= VY< J_ J HU= ] H K Z : KJ T = = VY< W YQ 9Z HJcTT / = =/ K /Q =/ K K 0< 9 9 T/ H T 9 < 0< h H TH f R g Z

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9 g ( = 55:3 H 89:28, 106:45) =/ =RY H H T < J H H ( = 63:7, = 16:5, u = 2:21) Z = < 9 H 9 = : h H H H 9 / H N= 9 H V0< / = / ! /;; < H H : 2. $ '' / : 9 fCharisg J_ : VY< H / [ / ! /;; ] / [ N J T [ N u HJ ` : QZ < Z / ! /;; Z U = ] H H9 V HT = V J J_ [ N <R =0 Z HR Z T = J_ : YQ T = 0< / = f H N H / T g (Grace to you and peace ; Mercy and peace be with you) / N H ] HJ H Y< Charis Z / ! /;; Z 0 =RY 9 /Q < H T J H Z J N= U = H =V Z 9 =9 / W =RY 9 < N= 9 < H J H Q = K W 9 / / ! QK T J = K / : H T H T K K J H 9 Z N = H9 N = K : = Z H H Z f J g U =K Z / / Z 9= 9 = H 9 / 309

Z H9 J ` : Q Z H9 /Q fR / ] H < / TH J_ < H /= H T K = K ? J W=/ / < / 9= R : ] H < : TH J_ < H /= H T K = K ? J=/ Z J 9= / =0 U = 9/ THK 0 T: 9 / g ( 6:32-34) =/ Z 9 = =9 / / ! /;; 9= 0< 0< 9 9 f = = /9 = J_ < H T UJ J g ( 1:30, 2:52) : / 9 = f H N g 0 9 < H T J H Z N= H =V Z H ( 4:22 , T 14:3,26, 20:24,32) Z 9 =9 / W =RY / 0 9 0< N= Z H9 T H T ( T 4:33, 11:23, 13:43) J_ / VY< H T J H Z 0< = H / T = h / Z d ( T 6:8) VY< W J_ / N H ] H ! N= H =V <K J H 9 ( T 14:26, 15:40) Z T = V J Charis K < < T T =RY 9U VY< / N H Z J H T J_ 9 < H T J H Z U = H =V J WK / H <J H 0< Q ( 1:15) 9 W 9 9 Z H N VY< J K / (dJ 1:7) 9 = H N : / J TY K K T: / = = Z J J_ 9 /Q VY< = = = KJZ U [ =Z H T J H Z < = H 0 ( 1:6, 11:5) J_ fU g Z VY< / / fU g U a J H 9 = (2 1:12) U Z QR f Jj g Z H =V (1 1:4) J_ U < H T 9 / / ! Z / N= UJ Z f g Z fU g [ =Z 9 Q H T J H Z J_ f : / g (Gift) Z J ( 3:24) J_ /= H J (5:12-21) J H H N J_ fU g VY< / / <K / J U Z Q de Z K Jj : / 9 V = 9RY H N Z / N H = / V J / Z H9 <9 fT 9 K = H K / H N 0< / g (= 1:16) V J j 9RY H N Z / N H < J_ 9 /Q (1J 1:10,13) 3. .b - 1 $ , - K Z <=9 / H N Z = < Jc; 0< : < h Z = h U = ] H : J H / : T / = < : /; < <=9 / H =V H H [ 9 <=9 / H N 9= Jj T = TY J9 f H T WT J_ N= 0< Z N= = J_ H T g VY< W = / < V = K 310

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T/ H T Z 9 H = 9 Z HJcTT / H T/ TH=/ = W U H /\ KJ 9 H T/ Q H =V /Q YQ 0< J_ 0< = T/ < : / TH RY H T/ K Z T/ H T =/ J H 9= J H=/ / ZT 0 Q d 9 0< Z H = 9 0< Z KJ T = Q 0< U= / T/ H T <TH RY H Z : / k ! k h 0< 9 U = / k ! k Q / THK f Q g T/ H K / 9 Z / /Q < / / k ! k 0< T =/ = Z 0< K

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Jose Miguez Bonino, fPopular Piety in Latin Americag in Christianism Y Soceidad (Buenos Aires, 1976), p. 31; cfr. Jose Miranda, Being and the

Messiah The Message of St. John (Orbis Books, 1977); Marx and the Bible (Orbis Books, 1974) 148 cfr. Gustavo Gutierrez, fReflections from a Latin American Perspective : Finding Our Way to Talk about Godg, in Irruption of the Third World : Challenge to Theology (Orbis Books, 1983) pp. 222-234; Juan Carlos Scannone, fTheology, Popular Culture and Discernment,g in Rosino Gibellini, ed., Frontiers of Theology in Latin America (Orbis Books, 1979)

318

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150

cfr. P.D. Devanandan, The Gospel of Renascent Hinduism (London : SCM, 1959)

151

Robin Boyd, An Introduction to Christian Indian Theology (Madras : CLS Press, 1975); Kristadvaita : A Theology for India (Madras : CLS Press,

1977) 152 Lynn de Silva, fTheological Construction in Buddhist Contextg in G.H. Anderson ed., Asian Voices in Christian Theology (Orbis Books, 1976); The Problem of the Self in Buddhism and Christinity (Colombo, 1975)

323

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324

< h J_ 9 < K 99 = T R K Z R T / H 99 = 9 = T J =RY <R < 0 R / J = N^ T J = / K K / Y N < 9 TH K / 9 9 J_ K HZ ^ H < 0< Z H H KR 9 TH J_ K Z / < J_ K 9= T W 9 / / ! H 9 J H9/ / H H = H / ! /;; / !- /;; Z W / =9 / < : KJ 9 9 J_ HZ h 99 = T : / /\ YQ J_ J H J_ H = ZT154

154

Minjung Theology, People as the Subjects of History, ed., Commission on Theological Concern of CCA, (Orbis Books, 1981)

325

* # ; " ( T < Z R 9) Appiah-Kubi, K., and Torres, S., eds. African Theology en Route. Orbis Books, 1979. Boff, L. Jesus Christ Liberator. Orbis Books, 1978. ______ .The Bible of the Oppressed. Orbis Books, 1982. ______ .The Power of the Poor in the History. Orbis Books, 1981. Bonino, J.M. Doing Theology in a Revolutionary Situation. Philadelphia : Fortress Press, 1975. Carino, F.V.,ed. Church, State and People : The Philippines in the 80s. CTC-CCA Publication, 1981. Christ, C., and Plaskow, J., eds. Womanspirit Rising : A Feminist Reader in Religion. N.Y. : Harper, 1979. Elwood, D.J., ed. Asian Christian Theology : Emerging Themes. Philadelphia : Westminster Press, 1980. Fabella, V., ed. Asia Struggle for Full Humanity. Orbis Books, 1980. Ileto, R.C.Pasyon and Revolution, Popular Movement in the Philippines, 1840-1910. Ateneo : Manila Univ. Press, 1979. Koyama, K. No Handle on the Cross. Orbis Books, 1977. ________. Three Mile an Hour God. Orbis Books, 1980. ________ . Waterbuffalo Theology. Orbis Books, 1974. Miranda, J. Being and the Messiah. Orbis Books, 1977. _______ . Marx and the Bible. Orbix Books, 1974. Moore, B., ed. The Challenge of Black Theology in South Africa. Atlanta : John Knox Press, 1974. Muzorewa, H. African Theology: Its Origin and Development. Orbis Book, 1984 Sobrino, J. Christology on the Crossroads. Orbis Books, 1978. Wilmore, G.S., and Cone, J.H., eds. Black Theology : A Documentary History, 1966-1979. Orbis Books, 1979. / b : , J . 5 ;X &$$X 0 6 . ", 2523. ________ H , J . 9 ! 5 . ! J T = , 2524.

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* # 1. ! , $ < = Brown, R.E.; Fitzmyer, J.; and Murphy, R.E., eds. The Jerome Biblical Commentary. Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Denzinger-Schoenmetzer. Enchiridon Symbolorum Definitionum et Declarationum in rebus fidei et morum. E d i t o X X X I V . H e r d e r , 1 9 6 7 . Dizionario Sotorico Religioso. Diretto da P. Chiochetta. Roma:Studium, 1966. Documenti II Vaticano II. Dehoniane, 1966. II Nuovo Catechismo Olandese. Ed. Italiana a cura di Centro Catechistico Salesiano. Elle Di Ci, 1969 II Nuovo Messaggio della Salvezza. A cura di G. canfora, P. Rossano, S. Zedda e altri. Vol. 1-5. Elle Di Ci, 1966. Jerusalem Bible. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1966. Leon-dufour, X., et autr. Vocabulaire de Theologie Biblique. 10e. ed. Paris: Ed. Du Cerf, 1970. Lortz, Joseph. Storia della chiesa nello Sviluppo delle Sue Idee. Vol. 1-2. Paoline, 1967. McKenzie, John L., and Geoffry, S.J. Dictionary of the Bible. London : Chapman, 1968. Misterium Salutis, Nuovo Corso di Dogmatica come Teologia della Storia della Salvezza.A cura di J. Feiner, M. Loeher, ed. italiana a cura di Tommaso Federici. Vol. 1-6. Brescia : Queriniana, 1965. Rahner, Karl. Theological Investigations. Translated by D. Bourke. Vol. 1-10. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1971. Rahner, Karl; Ernst, Cornelius; and Smith, Kevin. Sacramentum Mundi. Vol. 1-6. Burns and Oates, Herder and Herder, 1968. Schmaus, M. Dogmatica Cattolica. Ed. italiana a cura di Natale Bussi. Vol. 1-4. Marietti, 1969. Vorgrimler, Herbert, ed. Commentary on the Documents of Vatican II. Vol. 1-5. Burns and Oates, Herder and Herder, 1968 & #) 2 .0 [ T/ J H K =, 1971. 2 0 ) :: & 2 )& ) . H H / [ J H K = [ H / I J H K =, 1975. H K =9/ . 9 G $ #&9 # 0 $ ! ( ! ) (6#, " ( & !"$ # +# (0 $ (9 ( . = , 2519. . ( & ! ( 9# G+ '. + !( . : / ! U , 2527.

327

__________ . '. !#& ' #&( & ) , !' 9 G '()9 9 & #0 + & . 9 T/= H Y N , 2526. ___________ H H. ( 9 , '()9 & + & #9 . [ J H K = 0< /\ , 2524. [ / = 9 / < 2. 1968. 2. . Caird, G.B. Saint Luke. Penguin Books, 1971. Congar, Y. La Foi et la Theologie. Desclee, 1962. Danielou, J.; Couratin, A.H.; and Kent, J.Historical Theology. Pelican Books, 1969. Davidson, R., and Leaney, A.R.C. Biblical Criticism. Pelican Books, 1970. Dodd, C.H. The Parables of the Kingdom. 6th ed. Fontana Books, 1969. Fenton, J.C. Saint Matthew. Pelican Books, 1971. Kueng, H. The Church. 4th ed. London : Search Press, 1971. Kueng, H.u N. Christentum und Weltreligionen. Piper, 1984. Latourelle, R. Theology of Revelation. Mercier Press, 1968. ________ . Theology : Science of Salvation. St. Paul Publication, 1969. Leon-Dufour, X. Etudes DdEvangiles. Paris : ed. Du Seuil, 1965. ________ . Les Evangiles et IdHistoire de Jesus. Paris : ed. Du Seuil, 1963. Loew, J. Ce Jesus gudon appelle Christ. Fayard, 1970. Loof, H. Der Symbolbegriff in der neueren Religionsphilosophie and Theologie. Koelner Univ. Verlag, 1955. Loretz, O, u Strolz, W. Die Hermeneutische Frage in der Theologie. Herder, 1968. Luzbetak, L.J. The Church and Cultures. Techny, Illinois : Divine Word Publication, 1970. Marsh, J. Saint John. Penguin Books, 1968. Michiels, R. Jesus Christ, hier, auhourdd hui, demain. Casterman, 1971. Nicholls, W. Systematic and Philosophical Thology. Pengiun Books, 1971. Nineham, D.E.Saint Mark. Penguin Books, 1963. Ramos-Regidor, J.Il Sacramento della Penitenza. Elle Di Ci, 1970. Schillebeekx, E. Beitraege zu einer Hermeneutischen und Kritischen Theologie. Bilthoven, 1971. _________ . Christus and die Christen. Herder, 1977. _________ . God and the Future of Man. Sheed and Ward, 1968. _________ . Jesus. Herder, 1975.

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_________ . Offenbarung und Theologie. Mainz : Matthias Gruenewald-Verlag, 1965. Schoonenberg, P. Man and Sin. Sheed and Ward, 1965. Southern, R.W. Western Society and the church in the Middle Ages. Penguin Books, 1970. Spitz, L.W. The Reformation. Health and Co., 1962. Welte, B. Heilsverstaendnis. Herder, 1966.

329

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330

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331

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K 9 / , U / , 52, 64, 65, 66, 68, 81, 192, 194, 201, 253 U , 66, 68, 70, 194, 253 W V V 9 , 32 / , 48, 49, 56, 194, 197, 201 Â&#x2039; U , T/ , 53, 56 Â&#x2039; U < 3, 56 T , 39, 48, 223 / , 36 / 9 , 14 / u/ , 2, 3, 7, 12, 15, 34, 111, 116, 119, 165, 172, 177, 185, 187 / U V , 48, 49 / V , V , 194 / , 66, 68 / d / , 14 / , 114, 119, 149, 150, 154, 155, 177 ! V , V , 45 / V , T/ , 37 , 179

, 8, 129 = , 41, 42, / , 125 ; V / U , 222, 223 ; V U U U= , V , 76, 81 U V < 3, H / HJ J , 57, 62 , V , 31, 223 U , 14 = , 8, 13, 21, 105, 110, 125, 126. 127, 148, 152, 158, 161, 169, 200, 226 / , 3, 165 d, 119, 149, 150, 154, 177 / , 70, 71 , 9 , 73 , 65 , 91 = < 3, H / HJ J , 57 = , 125 ! , 121

332

, 6 = , 8, 125, 128 , , 32 U / , 71 U , 8 K V , 116 uH , 8, 129 u/ /=, 8 u/ , 188 u , 177 u JUJ , 245 u , 79 u < < 8, H T , 74 uU , 12, 14, 110 Uu , 8, 128, 182 Chenchiah, 226 De Silva, Lynn, 266 Panikkar, R., 266 Pieris, Aloisius, 266